The following factors controlling the concentrations of thirteen metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Bi, Cd, Ni, Co, Hg, Ag, Cr, Mo, W, V) in sea-water were studied:
The principal conclusions are:
Two fundamental methods for studying aquifer hydrology are now in use. The first, applied many years ago, consists of detailed observation of aquifer inflow, outflow, and storage changes, and their variations in time. By analysis of these observations, estimates of the perennial recharge to the aquifer and other pertinent hydrologic data are obtained, all as gross characteristics of the aquifer. The need for greater detail gave rise to a second fundamental method: special field tests, such as pumping tests, by which the hydrologic coefficients could be measured in a comparatively short time. In order to evaluate properly the ability of an aquifer to serve as a source of perennial water supply, the geology and hydrology of the aquifer must be known in some detail over its entire area. The first method cannot supply the necessary detail in most cases, and the second method cannot ordinarily provide the needed areal coverage because of the lack of appropriate testing facilities. Thus an auxiliary third approach was sought which would combine the features of a simple data‐collection program with a final analysis yielding both adequate detail and areal coverage.
A method designed to satisfy these requirements is described. Water‐level altitudes, usually observed in the course of more general ground‐water studies, are analyzed by numerical methods, using finite‐difference approximations of the basic differential equations which describe ground‐water flow. Analytical methods are given for nonsteady flow through homogeneous and nonhomogeneous aquifers. Both direct and statistical solutions are shown. The hydrologic factors are computed as functions of transmissibility, and for the nonhomogeneous aquifer the variations of transmissibility in space are computed also from the water‐level data. Knowledge of the absolute value of any one of the hydrologic factors at some location in the aquifer permits conversion of the computed functions to absolute terms for all the aquifer flow field studied.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR037i004p00451","usgsCitation":"Stallman, R., 1956, Numerical analysis of regional water levels to define aquifer hydrology: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 37, no. 4, p. 451-460, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR037i004p00451.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"451","endPage":"460","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380366,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stallman, Robert W.","contributorId":32903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallman","given":"Robert W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70216232,"text":"70216232 - 1956 - Forecasting the dry‐weather flow of Pond Creek, Oklahoma: A progress report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-11T13:13:38.832974","indexId":"70216232","displayToPublicDate":"1956-11-10T12:24:32","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Forecasting the dry‐weather flow of Pond Creek, Oklahoma: A progress report","docAbstract":"Pond Creek in west‐central Oklahoma drains an area of 319 sq mi above the gaging station near Fort Cobb, Caddo County. Ground water, contained in the Permian Rush Springs sandstone under water‐table conditions, moves toward the creek at an almost unchanging rate. The discharge of ground water into the creek as dry‐weather flow is modified by evapotranspiration and antecedent overland runoff. Multiple correlations have been computed relating the dry‐weather flow to the water level in a well and to a factor indicative of the rate of evapotranspiration. A method for forecasting the factor indicative of evapotranspiration and one for forecasting the water level in the well during dry weather are given; the result is a method for forecasting the dry‐weather flow of the Creek. Forecasts of dry‐weather flow for seven and 21 days compare favorably with observed flows. The technique may be utilized to extend a forecast for several months.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR037i004p00442","usgsCitation":"Clark, W.E., 1956, Forecasting the dry‐weather flow of Pond Creek, Oklahoma: A progress report: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 37, no. 4, p. 442-450, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR037i004p00442.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"442","endPage":"450","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380363,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Pond Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.8165283203125,\n 35.08620310578525\n ],\n [\n -98.41278076171875,\n 35.08620310578525\n ],\n [\n -98.41278076171875,\n 35.58808520476323\n ],\n [\n -98.8165283203125,\n 35.58808520476323\n ],\n [\n -98.8165283203125,\n 35.08620310578525\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, William E.","contributorId":105365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70216228,"text":"70216228 - 1956 - Data of rock analyses—II Bibliography and index of rock analyses in the African periodical and serial literature","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-10T17:53:35.247718","indexId":"70216228","displayToPublicDate":"1956-11-10T11:43:10","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Data of rock analyses—II Bibliography and index of rock analyses in the African periodical and serial literature","docAbstract":"Our problem is founded on the fact that on the one hand every man's reading time is limited, whilst on the other hand there must exist, somewhere among the millions of items of literature available, the particular ones which contain the ideas most apposite to his needs, if only there were some means of singling these out from the mass.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(56)90049-7","usgsCitation":"Hooker, M., 1956, Data of rock analyses—II Bibliography and index of rock analyses in the African periodical and serial literature: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 9, no. 4, p. 190-213, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(56)90049-7.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"190","endPage":"213","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380357,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hooker, Marjorie","contributorId":88360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooker","given":"Marjorie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70216190,"text":"70216190 - 1956 - Uranium deposits of the northern part of the Boulder Batholith, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-09T21:15:57.834237","indexId":"70216190","displayToPublicDate":"1956-11-09T14:57:20","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium deposits of the northern part of the Boulder Batholith, Montana","docAbstract":"Uranium minerals and radioactivity anomalies occur in many silverlead veins and chalcedony veins and vein zones in the Boulder batholith of southwestern Montana. Pitchblende has been identified in a few silverlead veins. These silver-lead veins occupy shear zones along which there is no evidence of large-scale lateral displacement. The wall rock adjacent to the veins is intensely silicified and sericitized quartz monzonite and granodiorite. The veins have yielded substantial quantities of lead, silver, zinc, and gold. The silver-lead veins consist principally of galena, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite in a gangue of light- to dark-gray quartz, altered rock, gouge, and subordinate chalcedony and carbonate minerals. No anomalous radioactivity nor uranium minerals have been found in similar veins in prebatholithic rocks of the area.Chalcedony veins and vein zones, some of which are uraniferous, are distinctly different from the silver-lead veins and, with a single exception, are known only in the batholith. The chalcedony vein zones consist of one or more discontinuous stringers or veins of chalcedony and microcrystalline quartz in silicified and sericitized quartz monzonite and granodiorite, and in less strongly altered alaskite. Only small amounts of silver ore have been produced from these chalcedony veins and vein zones. All of the veins are early Tertiary in age, but the silver-lead veins probably are older than the chalcedony veins. Uranium is closely associated with chalcedony and microcrystalline quartz in both types of veins. This association suggests that all of the uranium in the area is of the same age. If so, some of the silver-lead veins must have been re-opened during the period of chalcedony vein formation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.51.4.362","usgsCitation":"Becraft, G., 1956, Uranium deposits of the northern part of the Boulder Batholith, Montana: Economic Geology, v. 51, no. 4, p. 362-374, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.51.4.362.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"362","endPage":"374","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480417,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc502291/","text":"External Repository"},{"id":380314,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Boulder Batholith","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.9779052734375,\n 46.038922598236\n ],\n [\n -111.5057373046875,\n 46.038922598236\n ],\n [\n -111.5057373046875,\n 46.61548796222358\n ],\n [\n -112.9779052734375,\n 46.61548796222358\n ],\n [\n -112.9779052734375,\n 46.038922598236\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"51","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1956-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becraft, G.E.","contributorId":99573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becraft","given":"G.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185477,"text":"70185477 - 1956 - Floods in relation to the river channel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-22T13:39:11","indexId":"70185477","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5272,"text":"Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Floods in relation to the river channel","docAbstract":"Among the rivers studied by us two broad types may be distinguished. Channels in the semi-arid areas scour at high discharges so that the bed lowers nearly as much as the water surface rises. Detailed data on the middle reaches of the Rio Grande in New Mexico during the spring floods of 1948 and 1952 indicate that the bed aggrades to nearly its pre-flood level as the flood recedes. Channel banks may move rapidly by undercutting during periods of scour and levees are liable to failure not from overtopping but by undercutting.
In Connecticut, a sub-humid area, the repetitive processes of scour and fill in the semi-arid region were not demonstrated by the great floods of 1955. In a few reaches fresh sand was deposited over gravel beds subsequently to be removed by lower flows. Boulders four to six feet in diameter were moved in places over undisturbed beds of one-inch gravel. Channel widening occurred primarily in rivers in narrow valleys which confined the flow within the channel. Scour and deposition on flood plains adjacent to the rivers was irregular. Most deposits could be traced to local sources. In general, flood waters modified but did not vastly alter the prevailing configuration of the channel and structure of the flood plain.
","conferenceTitle":"Symposium Darcy: Floods","conferenceDate":"September 20-26, 1956","conferenceLocation":"Dijon, France","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Hydrological Sciences","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., and Wolman, M.G., 1956, Floods in relation to the river channel: Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, p. 85-98.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"98","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338073,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338071,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://iahs.info/Publications-News/","text":"Publisher's Website","linkHelpText":"Back issues of this publication are available using the search function"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d66e4b0236b68f98f9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolman, M. Gordon","contributorId":85163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gordon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70047871,"text":"70047871 - 1955 - Effect of Arvin-Tehachapi earthquake on spring and streaflow","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":51218,"text":"ofr5325 - 1953 - Effect of Arvin-Tehachapi earthquake on springs and streamflow, California","indexId":"ofr5325","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"title":"Effect of Arvin-Tehachapi earthquake on springs and streamflow, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70047871,"text":"70047871 - 1955 - Effect of Arvin-Tehachapi earthquake on spring and streaflow","indexId":"70047871","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Effect of Arvin-Tehachapi earthquake on spring and streaflow"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-28T13:55:50","indexId":"70047871","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T13:45:55","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1438,"text":"Earthquakes in Kern County, California, during 1952 (Bulletin 171)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of Arvin-Tehachapi earthquake on spring and streaflow","docAbstract":"Flow in many of the streams and springs in the area covered by this report increased as a result of the Arvin-Tehachapi earthquake. Although this increase in flow appears to have been temporary, there was still evidence of it in some of the streams and springs as late as June 1953, when this report was prepared. It is doubtful if the earthquake had any permanent effect on the recharge areas or on the permeability of the aquifers. This temporary increase in some cases is probably due to the mere disturbance of the unconsolidated material in the discharge areas, resulting in the clearing of the existing outlets and opening of new ones.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquakes in Kern County, California, during 1952 (Bulletin 171)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"California Division of Mines","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","usgsCitation":"Briggs, R.C., and Troxell, H.C., 1955, Effect of Arvin-Tehachapi earthquake on spring and streaflow: Earthquakes in Kern County, California, during 1952 (Bulletin 171), p. 81-97.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"97","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":277110,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70047871.JPG"},{"id":277108,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://archive.org/stream/kernearthquakesi00calirich#page/n5/mode/2up"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.41,32.53 ], [ -124.41,42.01 ], [ -114.13,42.01 ], [ -114.13,32.53 ], [ -124.41,32.53 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"521f1be4e4b0f8bf2b0760f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Briggs, Revoe C.","contributorId":57353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Revoe","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Troxell, Harold C.","contributorId":33354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troxell","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5220610,"text":"5220610 - 1955 - Macracanthorhynchus ingens from raccoons in Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T11:46:21","indexId":"5220610","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:23","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3156,"text":"Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Macracanthorhynchus ingens from raccoons in Maryland","title":"Macracanthorhynchus ingens from raccoons in Maryland","docAbstract":"There have been very few published records of the occurrence of the acanthocephalan parasite Macracanthorhynchus ingens (von Linstow, 1897) in North America. Chandler (1942) and Moore (1946) reported 11 o 13 raccoons (Procyon lotor) trapped in Angelina County, Texas, infected with these intestinal parasites. From 1 to 90 worms occurred in these animals. Chandler and Melvin (1951), in a study of parasites collected from mammals in Pennsylvania, reported M. ingens common in its usual host, the raccoon, and also found immature worms believed to belong to this species in skunk, Mephitis nigra; mink, Mustela vision; fox, Urocyon cineraoargenteus; and mole, Parascalops breweri. Van Cleave (1953), in a review of North American Acanthocephala, lists the definitive host as raccoon of the States of Texas and Pennsylvania. He further states: “It is thought that the apparent discontinuous distribution of M. ingens is due to incomplete records of its occurrence in intervening states.” Subsequently, Goldberg (1954) reported 5 specimens of M. ingens in one of 14 skunks from Beltsville, Md.
This parasite appears to be fairly common in raccoons from Maryland, as indicated by material from two stations in the State. Of 44 intestinal tracts collected during the winter months, 1943-1946, at the Patuxent Research Refuge, laurel, Maryland, 22 (50%) contained M. ingens in their intestines (Ediger, 1950). Numbers of these parasites per host varied from 1 to 125. Since then, additional raccoons from the Patuxent Research refuge have been found infected with M. ingens.
The parasite has also been noted in raccoons collected from the Blackwater National Wildlife refuge and surrounding areas, near Cambridge on the eastern shore of Maryland. One raccoon obtained in May, 1950, contained five specimens of M. ingens. In a series of raccoons obtained by V.T. Harris, during the winter months 1950-1951, 32 (37%) of 86 raccoons examined were infected with M. ingens. Intensity varied from 1 to 44 worms per raccoon.
","language":"English","publisher":"Helminthological Society of Washington","usgsCitation":"Herman, C.M., 1955, Macracanthorhynchus ingens from raccoons in Maryland: Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, v. 22, no. 2, p. 105-105.","productDescription":"105","startPage":"105","endPage":"105","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62bb0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herman, Carlton M.","contributorId":88718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"Carlton","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":332099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5224527,"text":"5224527 - 1955 - Fifty-fifth Christmas Bird Count. 159. Ocean City, Md","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:09","indexId":"5224527","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:23","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":935,"text":"Audubon Field Notes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fifty-fifth Christmas Bird Count. 159. Ocean City, Md","docAbstract":"The distribution of dynamic pressure behind a Harris' hawk's wing was sampled using a wake rake consisting of 15 pitot tubes and one static tube. The hawk was holding on to a perch, but at an air speed and gliding angle at which it was capable of gliding. The perch was instrumented, so that the lift developed by the wing was known and the lift coefficient could be calculated. The mean of 92 estimates of profile drag coefficient was 0.0207, with standard deviation 0.0079. Lift coefficients ranged from 0.51 to 1.08. Reynolds numbers were nearly all in the range 143000-194000. The estimates of profile drag coefficient were reconcilable with previous estimates of the wing profile drag of the same bird, obtained by the subtractive method, and also with values predicted by the ?Airfoil-ii? program for designing aerofoils, based on a digitized wing profile from the ulnar region of the wing. The thickness of the wake suggested that the boundary layer was mostly or fully turbulent in most observations and separated in some, possibly as an active means of creating drag for control purposes. It appears that the bird could momentarily either increase or decrease the profile drag of specific parts of the wing, by active changes of shape, and it appeared to use the carpo-metacarpal region especially for such control movements. Further investigation in a low turbulence wind tunnel would help to resolve doubts about the possible influence of airstream turbulence on the behaviour of the boundary layer.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Audubon Field Notes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., 1955, Fifty-fifth Christmas Bird Count. 159. Ocean City, Md: Audubon Field Notes, v. 9, no. 2, p. 115-116.","productDescription":"115-116","startPage":"115","endPage":"116","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":16413,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/165/1/1","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":196155,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f49d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70210845,"text":"70210845 - 1955 - Sequence of alluviation along the Loup rivers, Valley County area, Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-29T15:54:33.264242","indexId":"70210845","displayToPublicDate":"1955-06-29T10:49:55","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sequence of alluviation along the Loup rivers, Valley County area, Nebraska","docAbstract":"Alluviation along the North and Middle Loup rivers in Valley County, Nebraska, produced a series of alluvial silt beds on which are developed five interstadial soils of Brady (?), Cary and Mankato (?), Mankato (?), early Recent and late Recent age. No deposits of Illinoian age were found and in at least one place the Brady (?) soil is superposed on a gleyed horizon developed on the Sappa formation, which overlies the Grand Island formation. Post-Yarmouth erosion removed the Sappa formation and part of the Grand Island formation at most places. The characteristic Sangamon soil was not developed on uneroded remnants of the soil of Yarmouth age because of a wet, poorly drained environment. A large collection of molluscs obtained from this gley soil supports stratigraphic evidence indicating a Yarmouth age.
Alluviation during the glacial substages of Wisconsin time and soil formation during the interglacial substages were uninterrupted by erosion until after development of the soil of Mankato age. The Wisconsin deposits were dissected to below the Brady soil in places, and the resulting gullies were filled with later alluvium. The late Recent fill terrace lies 15 feet below the top of the late Wisconsin terrace. Subsequent cutting and filling in late Recent time produced another terrace 11 feet below the older terrace. The modern gully was cut during the last century.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1955)66[1431:SOAATL]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.D., and Scott, G., 1955, Sequence of alluviation along the Loup rivers, Valley County area, Nebraska: GSA Bulletin, v. 66, no. 11, p. 1431-1448, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1955)66[1431:SOAATL]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1431","endPage":"1448","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":375979,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","county":"Valley County","otherGeospatial":"Loup River","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-98.7527,41.7398],[-98.75,41.4792],[-98.7496,41.3939],[-98.8574,41.3926],[-98.9811,41.3932],[-99.0882,41.3931],[-99.2015,41.3943],[-99.21,41.3944],[-99.2109,41.4802],[-99.2148,41.7398],[-99.1046,41.7396],[-98.9889,41.7405],[-98.7595,41.7399],[-98.7527,41.7398]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Valley\",\"state\":\"NE\"}}]}","volume":"66","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Robert D.","contributorId":85168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":791699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, Glenn R.","contributorId":33324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Glenn R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":791700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000146,"text":"1000146 - 1955 - The reproduction of lake trout in southern Lake Superior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-15T09:40:28","indexId":"1000146","displayToPublicDate":"1955-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The reproduction of lake trout in southern Lake Superior","docAbstract":"The use of internal standards in the analysis of ores and minerals of widely-varying matrix by means of fluorescent X-ray spectroscopy is frequently the most practical approach. Internal standards correct for absorption and enhancement effects except when an absorption edge falls between the comparison lines or a very strong emission line falls between the absorption edges responsible for the comparison lines. Particle size variations may introduce substantial errors. One method of coping with the particle size problem is grinding the sample with an added abrasive.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0371-1951(55)80011-2","usgsCitation":"Adler, I., and Axelrod, J.M., 1955, Internal standards in fluorescent X-ray spectroscopy: Spectrochimica Acta, v. 7, p. 91-99, https://doi.org/10.1016/0371-1951(55)80011-2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"99","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218979,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d2de4b0c8380cd63375","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adler, I.","contributorId":13371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adler","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Axelrod, J. M.","contributorId":29796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Axelrod","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70160581,"text":"70160581 - 1954 - Infectious diseases of Pacific salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-06T15:28:25.353372","indexId":"70160581","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Infectious diseases of Pacific salmon","docAbstract":"Investigations on infectious diseases of Pacific salmon due to micro-organisms other than viruses are reviewed. The etiological agents include trematodes, fungi, protozoa and bacteria. Bacteria have been found to be the most important agents of disease in the several species of Pacific salmon. Kidney disease, due to a small, unnamed Gram-positive diplobacillus, causes serious mortalities in young salmon reared in hatcheries. The disease has also been found in wild fish. Aquatic myxobacteria are important agents of disease both in the hatchery and in the natural habitat. One of the myxobacteria, Chondrococcus columnaris, causes disease at relatively high water temperatures. The problem of the taxonomy of this organism is discussed. Another myxobacterium, Cytophaga psychrophila, has been found responsible for epizootics in coho salmon at lower water temperatures, i.e., in the range of 40° to 55° F. In outbreaks of gill disease in young salmon, myxobacteria of several kinds have been implicated.
A variety of bacteria has been found responsible for outbreaks of disease in salmon in sea water. The most important of these is a species of Vibrio. Tuberculosis has been found in adult chinook salmon and the evidence indicates that the disease was contracted at sea.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1953)83[297:IDOPS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rucker, R.R., Earp, B.J., and Ordal, E.J., 1954, Infectious diseases of Pacific salmon: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 83, no. 1, p. 297-312, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1953)83[297:IDOPS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"297","endPage":"312","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312793,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"83","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"567bd3b9e4b0a04ef491a1e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rucker, Robert R.","contributorId":69615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rucker","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":813567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Earp, B. J.","contributorId":150825,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Earp","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":813568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ordal, E. J.","contributorId":150767,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ordal","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":813569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70160616,"text":"70160616 - 1954 - Virus diseases of fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-04T08:33:52","indexId":"70160616","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Virus diseases of fish","docAbstract":"Viruses are probably the cause of a wide spectrum of fish diseases. Although relatively few virus diseases of fish are known today, some of the diseases of unknown etiology, as well as some diseases presently accepted as due to bacteria, protozoa, fungi or nutritional deficiencies, possibly will be recognized eventually as virus diseases.
\nSome viruses may induce proliferative tissue changes whereas others may cause degenerative change. Although several diseases of a proliferative nature have been reported to be of virus origin, positive experimental evidence for the transmission of a virus from one fish to another, has been presented for only lymphocystis.
\nThe degenerative or non-neoplastic diseases of possible virus origin give the fish-culturist the most concern because of the severe mortalities resulting from infection. Epizootics of this nature have been reported in carp (Cyprinus carpio) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in Europe, in acara (Geophagus brasiliensis) in South America, in kokanee, (Oncorhynchus nerka kennerlyi) and in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka nerka) in the State of Washington. It has been demonstrated that each epizootic was caused by an infectious filterable agent, probably a virus.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1953)83[331:VDOF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Watson, S.W., 1954, Virus diseases of fish: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 83, no. 1, p. 331-341, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1953)83[331:VDOF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"331","endPage":"341","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312858,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"83","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56826b49e4b0a04ef4925bad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watson, Stanley W.","contributorId":151027,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Watson","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70000949,"text":"70000949 - 1954 - Tables for simplifying calculations of activities produced by thermal neutrons","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-27T20:55:04.56013","indexId":"70000949","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:30","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1971,"text":"Il Nuovo Cimento","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tables for simplifying calculations of activities produced by thermal neutrons","docAbstract":"The method of calculation described is useful for the types of work of which examples are given. It is also useful in making rapid comparison of the activities that might be expected from several different elements. For instance, suppose it is desired to know which of the three elements, cobalt, nickel, or vanadium is, under similar conditions, activated to the greatest extent by thermal neutrons. If reference is made to a cross-section table only, the values may be misleading unless properly interpreted by a suitable comparison of half-lives and abundances. In this table all the variables have been combined and the desired information can be obtained directly from the values ofA 3λ, the activity produced per gram per second of irradiation, under the stated conditions. Hence, it is easily seen that, under similar circumstances of irradiation, vanadium is most easily activated even though the cross section of one of the cobalt isotopes is nearly five times that of vanadium and the cross section of one of the nickel isotopes is three times that of vanadium.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF02802483","usgsCitation":"Senftle, F.E., and Champion, W., 1954, Tables for simplifying calculations of activities produced by thermal neutrons: Il Nuovo Cimento, v. 12, no. 3, p. 550-571, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02802483.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"550","endPage":"571","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203492,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687826","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senftle, F. E.","contributorId":47788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senftle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Champion, W.R.","contributorId":88856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5220675,"text":"5220675 - 1954 - A comparative study of 28 culture media for Trichomonas gallinae","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:40","indexId":"5220675","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:22","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1609,"text":"Experimental Parasitology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparative study of 28 culture media for Trichomonas gallinae","docAbstract":"1. 1. A study was made of the ability of 28 different culture media to support growth of 5 strains of Trichomonas gallinae with their normally associated bacteria. A standard inoculum of 50 protozoa was used, and the cultures were incubated at 35 ?C. Based upon the number of positive cultures obtained, abundance of growth, and number of strains which grew in a given medium, the most satisfactory were Ringer-Loeffler serum, saline-Loeffler serum, and saline-serum. 2. 2. Pigeon serum used alone in a simple saline solution produced abundant growth and when added to other nutrients greatly enhanced the medium. Autoclaving of the serum appeared to have no effect on its growth promoting qualities. 3. 3. Neither egg yolk nor egg albumin alone appeared capable of supporting appreciable growth of T. gallinae. 4. 4. In general, the heavier the bacterial population supported by a medium the poorer the growth of T. gallinae. 5. 5. Strains of T. gallinae differ in their culturability. One strain grew in 82% of the media tested, another only in 43%.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Experimental Parasitology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0014-4894(54)90024-7","usgsCitation":"Diamond, L.S., 1954, A comparative study of 28 culture media for Trichomonas gallinae: Experimental Parasitology, v. 3, no. 3, p. 251-258, https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4894(54)90024-7.","productDescription":"251-258","startPage":"251","endPage":"258","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193589,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16623,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4894(54)90024-7","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b103b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diamond, L. S.","contributorId":49060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diamond","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51702,"text":"ofr54176 - 1954 - Progress report on studies of salt-water encroachment on Long Island, New York, 1953","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-18T08:29:09","indexId":"ofr54176","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"54-176","title":"Progress report on studies of salt-water encroachment on Long Island, New York, 1953","docAbstract":"Nearly all the water used on Long Island, N. Y., is derived by wells from the thick and extensive water-bearing formations that underlie and compose the entire island. The unconsolidated deposits, consisting of sand, gravel, and clay, range in thickness from a few feet in northern Queens County to more than 2,000 feet in southern Suffolk County. Four main and relatively distinct aquifers, all interconnected hydraulically to a greater or lesser degree, have been recognized and delineated at least in a general way. They are, from younger to older, the upper Pleistocene deposits, in which the ground water is mainly unconfined, and three formations in which the water is generally confined - the Jameco gravel, of Pleistocene age, and the Magothy (?) formation and the Lloyd sand member of the Rartian formation, both of Lake Cretaceous age. Except for some artificial recharge, these aquifers are replenished entirely by infiltration of precipitation. Under natural conditions, the fresh water moves into and through the formations, discharging into the sea.
\nWith the growth of population on Long Island and the continuously increasing use of water over the years, not only has the infiltration of precipitation been seriously impeded at places, but the withdrawals from the ground-water reservoir have increased markedly. These factors have upset the natural balance between the fresh surface and ground water of the island and the surrounding sea water, and with increased use of water will do so more and more, thus leading to salt-water encroachment. In a sense, the whole problem of utilization of ground water on Long Island is one of determining how much ground water can be withdrawn without serious salt-water encroachment.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mineola, NY","doi":"10.3133/ofr54176","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nassau County Department of Public Works, New York State Water Power and Control Commission, Suffolk County Board of Supervisors, and the Suffolk County Water Authority","usgsCitation":"Lusczynski, N., and Upson, J., 1954, Progress report on studies of salt-water encroachment on Long Island, New York, 1953: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 54-176, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr54176.","productDescription":"7 p.","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288724,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288723,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0176/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","city":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -74.0419,40.5418 ], [ -74.0419,41.1408 ], [ -71.8563,41.1408 ], [ -71.8563,40.5418 ], [ -74.0419,40.5418 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65de77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lusczynski, N.J.","contributorId":10779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lusczynski","given":"N.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Upson, J. E.","contributorId":49342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Upson","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70221466,"text":"70221466 - 1954 - Criteria for the mode of emplacement of the alkaline stock at Mount Monadnock, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-16T16:23:34.929682","indexId":"70221466","displayToPublicDate":"1954-12-01T11:18:48","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Criteria for the mode of emplacement of the alkaline stock at Mount Monadnock, Vermont","docAbstract":"The alkaline stock at Mount Monadnock, Vermont, described briefly by Wolff (1929), has been restudied in detail. Its petrography and structure are discussed here and conclusions are drawn as to its mode of emplacement. The stock consists of plutonic and hypabyssal rocks which intrude folded Ordovician (?) schist and quartzite. The longer axis, trending north-northwest across the strike of the country rock, is 3 miles long, and the shorter one about 2 1/2 miles. Essentially the stock consists of quartz syenite, but it encloses a long arcuate mass of older essexite and transition rock, and along its eastern edge are later intrusions of granite. Late dikes of various compositions cut the plutonics and surrounding metamorphic rocks. The following facts have been established: (1) The igneous rocks are typical representatives of the White Mountain magma series (Mississippian?), quite lacking in foliation and lineation. (2) The stock is discordant and has an elliptical ground plan. (3) In detail the boundary is irregular and characterized by abundant dikes and xenoliths. (4) The igneous rocks make sharp contacts with the metamorphosed country rock. (5) The arcuate mass of older essexite is undoubtedly a screen. (6) The small bodies of late granite resemble ring dikes. (7) The stock is cut by prominent sets of steeply dipping radial and tangential joints. (8) The late dikes show radial and tangential patterns. (9) Along the northern and southern margins of the stock the country rock shows strikes and dips which differ from the regional ones. From these criteria it is concluded that the plutonic rocks have invaded the crust by cauldron subsidence accompanied by the stoping of large arcuate slabs and smaller blocks from the walls of the magma reservoir.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1954)65[97:CFTMOE]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Chapman, R.W., 1954, Criteria for the mode of emplacement of the alkaline stock at Mount Monadnock, Vermont: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 65, no. 2, p. 97-114, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1954)65[97:CFTMOE]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"114","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386546,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Monadnock Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.806640625,\n 44.84223815129917\n ],\n [\n -71.4825439453125,\n 44.84223815129917\n ],\n [\n -71.4825439453125,\n 44.999767019181284\n ],\n [\n -71.806640625,\n 44.999767019181284\n ],\n [\n -71.806640625,\n 44.84223815129917\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapman, Randolph W.","contributorId":86057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"Randolph","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221470,"text":"70221470 - 1954 - Aeromagnetic surveys in the Aleutian, Marshall, and Bermuda Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-16T18:07:28.759417","indexId":"70221470","displayToPublicDate":"1954-08-01T13:04:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aeromagnetic surveys in the Aleutian, Marshall, and Bermuda Islands","docAbstract":"Total‐intensity aeromagnetic surveys of the Aleutian Marshall, and Bermuda Islands were completed in 1948. The anomalies associated with the Aleutian volcanoes are attributed mainly to topographic relief and are not an indication of the degree of volcanic activity. Eniwetok presents a magnetic pattern that would be produced by an irregular‐shaped rimmed depression in the basement, modified by the two adjoining seamounts, and differs from Bikini, whose magnetic features would be produced by a broad seamount with irregular surface relief. The Bermuda survey demonstrated magnetic features typical of volcanic rocks. Comparison of an observed and a theoretical profile computed by Press and Ewing indicates that their assumptions are reasonably correct. The Aleutian Trench survey shows anomalies that are attributed to susceptibility contrasts but none that can be correlated with the trench. A traverse from Adak, Aleutian Islands, to Kwajalein, Marshall Islands, exhibited several large anomalies that are presumed to be caused by susceptibility contrasts but may be indications of uncharted seamounts. Two traverses, one from Cape May, N.J., to Bermuda and the other from Bermuda to Long Island, N.Y., reveal a change in the magnetic field approximately 300 miles from the Atlantic Coast that indicates a possible thinning of the sial and an exposure of sima.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR035i004p00558","usgsCitation":"Keller, F., Meuschke, J.L., and Alldredge, L., 1954, Aeromagnetic surveys in the Aleutian, Marshall, and Bermuda Islands: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 35, no. 4, p. 558-572, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR035i004p00558.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"558","endPage":"572","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386550,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United Kingdom","otherGeospatial":"Bermuda","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.357421875,\n 31.203404950917395\n ],\n [\n -62.97363281249999,\n 31.203404950917395\n ],\n [\n -62.97363281249999,\n 33.394759218577995\n ],\n [\n -66.357421875,\n 33.394759218577995\n ],\n [\n -66.357421875,\n 31.203404950917395\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keller, Fred Jr.","contributorId":62664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Fred","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meuschke, J. L.","contributorId":53349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meuschke","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alldredge, L.R.","contributorId":53457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alldredge","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70221460,"text":"70221460 - 1954 - Sedimentary facies of iron-formation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-16T15:56:48.830475","indexId":"70221460","displayToPublicDate":"1954-05-01T10:54:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sedimentary facies of iron-formation","docAbstract":"The sedimentary iron-formations of Precambrian age in the Lake Superior region can be divided on the basis of the dominant original iron mineral into four principal facies: sulfide, carbonate, oxide, and silicate. As chemical sediments, these rocks reflect certain aspects of the chemistry of the depositional environments. The major control, at least for the sulfide, carbonate, and oxide types, probably was the oxidation potential. The evidence indicates that deposition took place in restricted basins, which were separated from the open sea by thresholds that inhibited free circulation and permitted development of abnormalities in oxidation potential and water composition. The sporadic distribution of metamorphism and of later oxidation permits description of the primary facies on the basis of unoxidized, essentially unmetamorphosed material. The sulfide facies is represented by black slates in which pyrite may make up as much as 40 percent of the rock. The free-carbon content of these rocks typically ranges from 5 to 15 percent, indicating that ultra-stagnant conditions prevailed during deposition. Locally, the pyritic rocks contain layers of iron-rich carbonate. The carbonate facies consists, in its purer form, of interbedded iron-rich carbonate and chert. It is a product of an environment in which oxygen concentration was sufficiently high to destroy most of the organic material but not high enough to permit formation of ferric compounds. The oxide facies is found as two principal types, one characterized by magnetite and the other by hematite. Both minerals appear to be of primary origin. The magnetite-banded rock is one of the dominant lithologies in the region; it consists typically of magnetite interlayered with chert, carbonate, or iron silicate, or combinations of the three. Its mineralogy and association suggest origin under weakly oxidizing to moderately reducing conditions, but the mode of precipitation of magnetite is not clearly understood. The hematite-banded rocks consist of finely crystalline hematite interlayered with chert or jasper. Oolitic structure is common. This facies doubtless accumulated in a strongly oxidizing, probably near-shore, environment similar to that in which younger hema-titic ironstones such as the Clinton oolite were deposited. The silicate facies contains one or more of the hydrous ferrous silicates (greenalite, minnesotaite, stilpnomelane, chlorite) as a major constituent. Granule structure, similar to that of glauconite, is typical of some varieties; others are nongranular and finely laminated. The most common association of the silicate rocks is with either carbonate- or magnetite-bearing rocks, which suggests that the optimum conditions for deposition ranged from slightly oxidizing to slightly reducing. The relationship between the iron-rich rocks and volcanism, stressed by many authors, is considered by the writer to be structural, not chemical: in the Lake Superior region both iron-deposition and volcanism are believed to be related to geosynclinal development during Huronian time. In Michigan, the lower Huronian rocks are iron-poor quartzite and dolomite-typical \"stable-shelf\" deposits; much of the upper Huronian consists of iron-poor graywacke and slate with associated volcanic rocks -a typical \"geosynclinal\" assemblage. Thus the iron-rich beds of the middle Huronian and lower part of the upper Huronian were deposited during a transitional stage in structural history. The major environmental requirement for deposition of iron-formation is the closed or restricted basin; this requirement coincides in time with what would be a normal stage in evolution of the geosyncline: namely, structural development of offshore buckles or swells that subsequently develop into island arcs characterized by volcanism.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.49.3.235","usgsCitation":"James, H.L., 1954, Sedimentary facies of iron-formation: Economic Geology, v. 49, no. 3, p. 235-293, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.49.3.235.","productDescription":"59 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"293","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386540,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States, Canada","otherGeospatial":"Lake Superior","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.7685546875,\n 46.164614496897094\n ],\n [\n -82.3974609375,\n 46.164614496897094\n ],\n [\n -82.3974609375,\n 50.00773901463687\n ],\n [\n -92.7685546875,\n 50.00773901463687\n ],\n [\n -92.7685546875,\n 46.164614496897094\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"49","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1954-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"James, H. L.","contributorId":96732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221464,"text":"70221464 - 1954 - Symposium on land erosion: Introduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-16T16:13:58.901482","indexId":"70221464","displayToPublicDate":"1954-04-01T11:11:23","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Symposium on land erosion: Introduction","docAbstract":"One of the very obvious geologic phenomena that is continuously in operation throughout the Earth's land surface is erosion, the process of wearing away the soil or the surface mantle. The falling of rain drops on an unprotected slope, the flow of water across land or in a channel, the borings of a rodent, the expansion of a root, the pull of gravity, the gouging of a glacier, or the impinging of wind on an open surface are some of the forces continually at work in this erosion process. The tendency of these forces is to bring everything to a common level and the moment a point of land or a continent rises above its surroundings, gravity, rain, wind, and all the other forces set to work, bringing it back to the level of its nieghbor. The poetic expression “the everlasting hills” is an illusion, for these erosion forces have been operative since the dawn of geologic history and the evidence is conclusive that in this sequence of time numerous generations of hills and mountain ranges have been uplifted and then razed by erosion, the waste and rock debris of one range forming the source material for its successor. We could not have the great deposits of alluvium and the thick beds of conglomerate, sandstones, and shales that occur at present throughout the Earth without erosion to furnish the source material.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR035i002p00243","usgsCitation":"Peterson, H., 1954, Symposium on land erosion: Introduction: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 35, no. 2, p. 243-244, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR035i002p00243.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"243","endPage":"244","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386544,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, H.V.","contributorId":86007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"H.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70160620,"text":"70160620 - 1953 - A contagious disease of salmon, possibly of virus origin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T18:13:45","indexId":"70160620","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1663,"text":"Fishery Bulletin","printIssn":"0090-0656","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A contagious disease of salmon, possibly of virus origin","docAbstract":"Production records for 1885, 1891–1908, and 1929–49, indicate cyclic fluctuations for several important species of fish. The average annual take (all species) of 3,582,000 pounds in 1929–49 was 3,503,000 pounds below the 1891–1908 mean of 7,085,000 pounds. Decline in the output of lake herring alone from 5,841,000 pounds in 1891–1908 to 1,070,000 pounds in 1929–49—a drop of 4,771,000 pounds—more than accounted for the decrease. For species other than lake herring the combined output increased from 1,244,000 pounds in 1891–1908 to 2,512,000 in 1929–49—a rise of 1,268,000 pounds. The 1929–49 fluctuations of abundance (as estimated from records of catch per unit of effort) were considerable for all principal species. In the late years of the period, lake trout were scarce as the result of sealamprey depredations, but the abundance levels of whitefish, lake herring, and walleyes were extremely high; at the same time the smelt was showing good recovery from the disastrous 1943 mortality. With certain exceptions, correlations between fluctuations of fishing intensity and the abundance of individual species were low, probably because most operations are based on several species and hence not ordinarily sensitive to changes in the abundance of a particular one. A combination of intensive fishing and high abundance of three principal species carried the production to 5% million pounds in 1947 and the modern record high of between 7% and 8 million pounds in 1948 and 1949. With this prosperity has developed a most difficult situation arising from friction between local commercial fishermen and newcomers from other areas and from the activities of sport fishermen and resort owners who believe that drastic restrictions on commercial fishing will insure a perpetual high level of abundance of walleyes. Statistics for 1950 are given in a supplement.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Rucker, R., Whipple, W., Parvin, J., and Evans, C., 1953, A contagious disease of salmon, possibly of virus origin: Fishery Bulletin, v. 54, no. 1, p. 35-46.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"46","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312868,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312867,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/spo/FishBull/54-1/rucker.pdf","text":"pdf"},{"id":352114,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/spo/FishBull/54-1/541toc.html"}],"volume":"54","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56826b3ae4b0a04ef4925b1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rucker, R.R.","contributorId":104000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rucker","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whipple, W.J.","contributorId":150866,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whipple","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parvin, J.R.","contributorId":150868,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parvin","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Evans, C.A.","contributorId":150869,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Evans","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5220132,"text":"5220132 - 1953 - A life history study of the yellow throat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:35","indexId":"5220132","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:22","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A life history study of the yellow throat","docAbstract":"Investigations concerning the life history of the Yellow-throat were made in southern Michigan during the spring and summer of 1938. Supplementary information was also obtained at Arlington, Virginia, in 1940 and at the Patuxent Research Refuge, Maryland, in 1947.....Resident males established territories almost immediately upon arrival in spring. In southern Michigan some resident males arrived at least as soon as, if not before, transient males. Most females appeared on their nesting ground about a week later. Adults were engaged in nesting activities from the time of their arrival in spring until the advent of the post-nuptial molt in late summer.....Typical Yellow-throat habitat consists of a mixture of a dense herbaceous vegetation and small woody plants in damp or wet situations. At Ann Arbor, the Yellow-throat was a common breeding species in its restricted suitable habitat. The population density in one area of suitable habitat was about 69 territorial males per 100 acres. Of 11 territorial males that were intensively studied, one was polygamous (with two mates), nine were monogamous, and one was probably monogamous (with at least one mate).....The song of the individual Yellow-throat was heard throughout the breeding season except for the courtship period. Two major types of song were the common song given while perched, and an occasional, more elaborate, flight song. Most males sing in spurts, singing at fairly regular intervals for a considerable period and then abruptly ceasing for another period. The vocabulary of both sexes included several types of call notes that appeared either to have special functions or to represent outward expressions of distinct emotional states of the bird.....Resident males were antagonistic toward each other throughout the breeding season. Most remained on well-established territories during this period. Territories of 10 monogamous males ranged in size from .8 to 1.8 acres but the territory of one polygamous male occupied. 3.4 acres. The behavior of males during inter-territorial encounters was similar in some respects to their behavior when courting females.....While courting females, the males are very attentive and seldom sing for about one week. During the courtship period the female locates the nesting site and builds the nest without assistance from the male.....Nests, constructed of dried plant materials, were situated on or near the ground and were supported on all sides by stems of herbaceous plants or limbs of shrubs. Many nests were composed of three layers with the coarser materials being used in the outer layer.....The full clutch of eggs in 12 nests ranged from 4 to 6 (average, 4.6). Early clutches seem to be larger than later ones. After the first egg is laid, one is laid on each succeeding day until the clutch is complete. Incubation period is about 12 days. Incubation is only by the female. Records of daytime incubation schedules of three females about half way through incubation indicate that the periods spent on and off the nests average about 61 and 16 minutes, respectively.....Young Yellow-throats usually remain in the nest for eight or nine days. During this period they grow and develop rapidly. Their weight quintuples in six days. Both sexes are active in feeding the young and in removing excreta from the nest. Records of feeding at three nests showed a range of one feeding per 5 1/2 minutes to one feeding per 22 minutes, the rate increasing with age of young. Adults care for the young for at least two weeks after the young leave the nest.....Ten of 12 females that were intensively studied were successful in raising young beyond the nestling stage. Only one of these raised two broods, although three females built at least three nests each. In 19 nests, 11 (58 per cent) produced nestlings and 7 (37 per cent) produced fledglings. In total, the 19 nests produced an average of one fledgling Yellow-throat per nest. Of 22 nests that were found near Ann Arbor, 10 (45 ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Stewart, R.E., 1953, A life history study of the yellow throat: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 65, no. 2, p. 99-115.","productDescription":"99-115","startPage":"99","endPage":"115","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":16620,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Wilson/v065n02/p0099-p0115.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":193538,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae353","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, R. E.","contributorId":93426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":15374,"text":"ofr5432 - 1953 - Observation of a \"front\" of regional metamorphism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-21T09:42:16","indexId":"ofr5432","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"54-32","title":"Observation of a \"front\" of regional metamorphism","docAbstract":"
Drawing his inspiration from the theories on metamorphism by reaction in the solid state, and from some observations, Rene Perrin in his article 'Perrin, Rene, Le metamorphisms generateur de plissement, Annales des Hines, Paris, October 1935.' \"Metamorphism, the generator of folding\" stated in 1935:
\n1) that some \"sudden arrest\" of regional metamorphism way occur and that some formations may present a barrier to its progress. It seemed to him that the Trias effectively played that role in some parts of the Alps (Perrin, Rene, p. 14 and 15).
\n2) p. 33 \"A sedimentary formation overlying a folded crystalline rock in disconformity with the schistosity of the latter, does not prove that this rock (the crystalline) was formed and folded prior to the deposition of the sediment.\" Finally, he advised one (p. 32), before drawing any definite conclusion from the absence of contact metamorphism, to observe very closely the modifications either of the crystalline rock, or of the sedimentary formation, or of both in the vicinity of the contact, any modification being an indication of metamorphic action.
\nBecause these concepts seemed at first extremely bold, the authors made a thorough study of some specific cases.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5432","usgsCitation":"Perrin, R., Roubault, M., and Britt, S.H., 1953, Observation of a \"front\" of regional metamorphism: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 54-32, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5432.","productDescription":"15 p.","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148371,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr5432.PNG"},{"id":310220,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0032/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"otherGeospatial":"M15374ont-Blanc","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 6.762084960937499,\n 45.83071305019327\n ],\n [\n 6.762084960937499,\n 46.042735653846506\n ],\n [\n 7.072448730468749,\n 46.042735653846506\n ],\n [\n 7.072448730468749,\n 45.83071305019327\n ],\n [\n 6.762084960937499,\n 45.83071305019327\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696543","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perrin, Rene","contributorId":44934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perrin","given":"Rene","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roubault, Marcel","contributorId":147905,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roubault","given":"Marcel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Britt, S. H. (translator)","contributorId":30636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Britt","given":"S.","suffix":"(translator)","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":171026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":4216,"text":"cir231 - 1953 - Exploratory drilling program of the U.S. Geological Survey for evidences of zinc-lead mineralization in Iowa and Wisconsin, 1950-51","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":12408,"text":"ofr521 - 1952 - Description of rock formations and minerals from holes drilled in Tete des Morts area, Iowa","indexId":"ofr521","publicationYear":"1952","noYear":false,"title":"Description of rock formations and minerals from holes drilled in Tete des Morts area, Iowa"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4216,"text":"cir231 - 1953 - Exploratory drilling program of the U.S. Geological Survey for evidences of zinc-lead mineralization in Iowa and Wisconsin, 1950-51","indexId":"cir231","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"title":"Exploratory drilling program of the U.S. Geological Survey for evidences of zinc-lead mineralization in Iowa and Wisconsin, 1950-51"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-04T20:36:34.125772","indexId":"cir231","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"231","title":"Exploratory drilling program of the U.S. Geological Survey for evidences of zinc-lead mineralization in Iowa and Wisconsin, 1950-51","docAbstract":"The Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead district covers 2, 500 square miles of Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa. It is one of the oldest mining districts in the United States, as lead mining by settlers began in 1788. Zinc has been mined since 1859, and the present production is more than ten times that of lead. \r\n\r\nRecks exposed in the district range from Early Ordovician to Middle Silurian in age, and, except for the St. Peter sandstone and the Maquoketa shale, consist mainly of dolomite. Structural compression has resulted in gentle folds and faults; principal trends are northwestward, northeastward, and eastward. \r\n\r\nGalena (lead sulfide) has been mined principally from vertical joints in the upper, noncherty part of the Galena dolomite. On the other hand, sphalerite (zinc sulfide) and a minor amount of smithsonite (zinc carbonate) are found as veins, breccia ore, and disseminations in the lower, cherty part of the Galena dolomite, in strata of the Decorah formation, and in the upper beds of the Platteville formation; these 'lower-run' ore bodies are in inclined reverse faults (pitches) and associated bedding-plane faults (flats) that are localized along synclinal trends. Lead and zinc minerals are found in beds of the Prairie du Chien group where they are exposed along the northern edge of the district. \r\n\r\nSince 1942 the U. S. Geological Survey has been studying the geology of the zinc-lead district and has been mapping the structure, stratigraphy, and the occurrences of ore bodies. The program here described was centered in two areas at the margin of the district. Twenty-five holes that totalled 7,466 feet were drilled in 1950-51. In the Tete des Morts area, Iowa, the drilling showed lithology, structure, and evidences of mineralization that are favorable indications of the possible existence of pitch-type lower-run ore bodies; it showed a lateral extension of the potentially productive part of the district. In the Highland area, Wisconsin, lithology and evidences of mineralization found in strata of the Prairie du Chien group indicate that this unit might warrant further investigation as a potential source of ore at a lower stratigraphic position than that now being prospected in the main part of the zinc-lead district, farther south. Drilling in beds of the Prairie du Chien showed a vertical extension of the potentially productive part of the district.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir231","usgsCitation":"Agnew, A.F., Flint, A., and Allingham, J.W., 1953, Exploratory drilling program of the U.S. Geological Survey for evidences of zinc-lead mineralization in Iowa and Wisconsin, 1950-51: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 231, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir231.","productDescription":"37 p.","numberOfPages":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":463625,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23567.htm","text":"Highland area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":126711,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0231/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31330,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0231/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":463626,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23855.htm","text":"Tetes Des Morts area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f8c11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Agnew, Allen Francis","contributorId":78727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agnew","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"Francis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Arthur E.","contributorId":45300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Arthur E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allingham, John W.","contributorId":91848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allingham","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}