{"pageNumber":"4135","pageRowStart":"103350","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184914,"records":[{"id":70018030,"text":"70018030 - 1993 - Soils, time, and primate paleoenvironments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-27T14:26:09.654427","indexId":"70018030","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1600,"text":"Evolutionary Anthropology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soils, time, and primate paleoenvironments","docAbstract":"<p>Soils are the skin of the earth. From both poles to the equator, wherever rocks or sediment are exposed at the surface, soils are forming through the physical and chemical action of climate and living organisms. The physical attributes (color, texture, thickness) and chemical makeup of soils vary considerably, depending on the composition of the parent material and other variables: temperature, rainfall and soil moisture, vegetation, soil fauna, and the length of time that soil–forming processes have been at work. United States soil scientists<sup>1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>have classified modern soils into ten major groups and numerous subgroups, each reflecting the composition and architecture of the soils and, to some extent, the processes that led to their formation. The physical and chemical processes of soil formation have been active throughout geologic time; the organic processes have been active at least since the Ordovician.<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Consequently, nearly all sedimentary rocks that were deposited in nonmarine settings and exposed to the elements contain a record of ancient, buried soils or paleosols. A sequence of these rocks, such as most ancient fluvial (stream) deposits, provides a record of soil paleoenvironments through time.</p><p>Paleosols are also repositories of the fossils of organisms (body fossils) and the traces of those organisms burrowing, food–seeking, and dwelling activities (ichnofossils). Indeed, most fossil primates are found in paleosols. Careful study of ancient soils gives new, valuable insights into the correct temporal reconstruction of the primate fossil record and the nature of primate paleoenvironments.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/evan.1360020104","usgsCitation":"Bown, T.M., and Kraus, M.J., 1993, Soils, time, and primate paleoenvironments: Evolutionary Anthropology, v. 2, no. 1, p. 11-21, https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.1360020104.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"21","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228595,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-06-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9233e4b08c986b319d75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bown, Thomas M.","contributorId":67081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bown","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kraus, M. J.","contributorId":44605,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kraus","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017996,"text":"70017996 - 1993 - Use of geophysical data to assess scour development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-15T07:29:52","indexId":"70017996","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Use of geophysical data to assess scour development","docAbstract":"The development of scour holes in the Connecticut River near the new Baldwin Bridge has been documented by comparing geophysical records collected before (1989), during (1990), and after (1992) bridge construction. Eight piers that support the 570-m (meter) span over the Connecticut River were protected by 12-m wide cofferdams during construction. The maximum flow during the study was equivalent to a 3-year recurrence-interval flood, indicating no significant floods. Fathometer data indicate that deep scour holes, 1.5 to 6.4 m deep, developed north of piers 6, 7, and 8. Scour holes, less than 1.3 m-deep, developed south of these piers. The deepest scour hole was north of pier 7, where data show a flat river bottom in 1989, a scour 3.3-m deep in 1990, and a scour hole 6.4-m deep in 1992. Continuous seismic-profiling (CSP) data show that a 1.5 -m deep scour hole north of pier 6 in 1990 was filled in with 1.5-m of material by 1992. No infilling was detected in the scour holes north of piers 7 and 8. Numerous subbottom reflectors from geologic layers, up to 7.6 -m deep were identified in the CSP records.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"July 25-30, 1993","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872629201","usgsCitation":"Placzek, G., Haeni, P.F., and Trent, R., 1993, Use of geophysical data to assess scour development, <i>in</i> Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, San Francisco, CA, July 25-30, 1993, p. 2051-2056.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"2051","endPage":"2056","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228829,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc055e4b08c986b32a07e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","contributorId":128306,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","id":536412,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Placzek, Gary","contributorId":58295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Placzek","given":"Gary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haeni, Peter F.","contributorId":22518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeni","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trent, Roy","contributorId":97655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trent","given":"Roy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70180929,"text":"70180929 - 1993 - Conservation genetics of managed ungulate populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-08T17:38:34","indexId":"70180929","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":648,"text":"Acta Theriologica","onlineIssn":"2190-3743","printIssn":"0001-7051","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conservation genetics of managed ungulate populations","docAbstract":"<p>Natural populations of many species are increasingly impacted by human activities. Perturbations are particularly pronunced for large ungulates due in part to sport and commercial harvest, to reductions and fragmentation of native habitat, and as the result of reintroductions. These perturbations affect population size, sex and age composition, and population breeding structure, and as a consequence affect the levels and partitioning of genetic variation. Three case histories highlighting long-term ecological genetic research on mule <i>deer Odocoileus hemionus</i> (Rafinesque, 1817), white-tailed deer <i>O</i>. <i>virginianus</i> (Zimmermann, 1780), and Alpine ibex <i>Capra i. ibex</i> Linnaeus, 1758 are presented. Joint examinations of population ecological and genetic data from several populations of each species reveal: (1) that populations are not in genetic equilibrium, but that allele frequencies and heterozygosity change dramatically over time and among cohorts produced in successive years, (2) populations are genetically structured over short and large geographic distances reflecting local breeding structure and patterns of gene flow, respectively; however, this structure is quite dynamic over time, due in part to population exploitation, and (3) restocking programs are often undertaken with small numbers of founding individuals resulting in dramatic declines in levels of genetic variability and increasing levels of genetic differentiation among populations due to genetic drift. Genetic characteristics have and will continue to provide valuable indirect sources of information relating enviromental and human perturbations to changes in population processes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Polska Akademia Nauk","doi":"10.4098/AT.arch.93-44","usgsCitation":"Scribner, K.T., 1993, Conservation genetics of managed ungulate populations: Acta Theriologica, v. 38, no. 2, p. 89-101, https://doi.org/10.4098/AT.arch.93-44.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"101","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479491,"rank":3,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4098/at.arch.93-44","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":334984,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":351388,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://rcin.org.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=12252"}],"volume":"38","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-05-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589c3c50e4b0efcedb741119","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scribner, Kim T.","contributorId":146113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scribner","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":16582,"text":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife and Department of Zoology, 480 Wilson Rd. 13 Natural Resources Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70186729,"text":"70186729 - 1993 - The system controlling the composition of clastic sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T14:57:52","indexId":"70186729","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The system controlling the composition of clastic sediments","docAbstract":"<p><span>The composition of clastic sediments and rocks is controlled by a complex suite of parameters operating during pedogenesis, erosion, transport, deposition, and burial. The principal first-order parameters include source rock composition, modification by chemical weathering, mechanical disaggregation and abrasion, authigenic inputs, hydrodynamic sorting, and diagenesis. Each of these first-order parameters is influenced to varying degrees by such factors as the tectonic settings of the source region, transportational system and depositional environment, climate, vegetation, relief, slope, and the nature and energy of transportational and depositional systems. These factors are not independent; rather a complicated web of interrelationships and feedback mechanisms causes many factors to be modulated by others. Accordingly, processes controlling the composition of clastic sediments are best viewed as constituting a </span><i>system</i><span>, and in evaluating compositional information the dynamics of the system must be considered as whole.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE284-p1","usgsCitation":"Johnsson, M.J., 1993, The system controlling the composition of clastic sediments: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, v. 284, p. 1-20, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE284-p1.","productDescription":"20 p. ","startPage":"1","endPage":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339461,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"284","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a553e4b09da6799d6402","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnsson, Mark J.","contributorId":58631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnsson","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1014626,"text":"1014626 - 1993 - Life history and ecology of the mud sunfish (Acantharchus pomotis)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-01T12:12:25.012515","indexId":"1014626","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1337,"text":"Copeia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Life history and ecology of the mud sunfish (Acantharchus pomotis)","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH)","doi":"10.2307/1447156","usgsCitation":"Pardue, G., 1993, Life history and ecology of the mud sunfish (Acantharchus pomotis): Copeia, v. 1993, no. 2, p. 533-540, https://doi.org/10.2307/1447156.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"533","endPage":"540","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132126,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1993","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5454","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pardue, G.B.","contributorId":85921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pardue","given":"G.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1003990,"text":"1003990 - 1993 - Seasonal prevalence of Clostridium botulinum type C in the sediments of the northern California wetland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-18T11:25:55","indexId":"1003990","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal prevalence of Clostridium botulinum type C in the sediments of the northern California wetland","docAbstract":"<p>The prevalence of Clostridium botulinum type C (% of positive sediment samples) was determined in 10 marshes at Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge (SNWR), located in the Central Valley of California (USA), where avian botulism epizootics occur regularly. Fifty-two percent of 2,200 sediment samples collected over an 18-mo period contained C. botulinum type C (both neurotoxic and aneurotoxic) which was present throughout the year in all 10 marshes. The prevalence of C. botulinum type C was similar in marshes with either high or low botulism losses in the previous 5 yr. Marshes with avian botulism mortality during the study had similar prevalences as marshes with no mortality. However, the prevalence of C. botulinum type C was higher in marshes that remained flooded all year (permanent) compared with marshes that were drained in the spring and reflooded in the fall (seasonal). The prevalence of C. botulinum type C declined in seasonal marshes during the dry period. Similar declines did not occur in the permanently flooded marshes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-29.4.533","usgsCitation":"Sandler, R.J., Rocke, T., Samuel, M., and Yuill, T.M., 1993, Seasonal prevalence of Clostridium botulinum type C in the sediments of the northern California wetland: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 29, no. 4, p. 533-539, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-29.4.533.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"533","endPage":"539","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479523,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-29.4.533","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":135615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Sacramento","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.19371795654297,\n              39.452365839394055\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.13397979736327,\n              39.4528960328567\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.13466644287108,\n              39.36695204842929\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.1525192260742,\n              39.36827914916014\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.15320587158202,\n              39.361112505605156\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.17586517333984,\n              39.36190883564925\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.17620849609374,\n              39.36934081158634\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.19303131103516,\n              39.36854456627989\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.19371795654297,\n              39.452365839394055\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc301","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sandler, Renee J.","contributorId":93454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandler","given":"Renee","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rocke, Tonie E. 0000-0003-3933-1563","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3933-1563","contributorId":88680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rocke","given":"Tonie E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Samuel, M.D.","contributorId":13910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samuel","given":"M.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yuill, Thomas M.","contributorId":60580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yuill","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70186798,"text":"70186798 - 1993 - Finite-element mesh generation from mappable features","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T19:52:24","indexId":"70186798","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2047,"text":"International Journal of Geographical Information Systems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Finite-element mesh generation from mappable features","docAbstract":"<p><span>A vector-based geographical information system (GIS) is used to generate a variably-sized triangular element finite-element mesh from mappable features. Important digitally-mapped features are automatically linked to nodes in the finite-element model, ensuring an efficient, virtually error-free alternative to the tedious process of mesh design and data-input preparation by other methods. The procedure permits the user to work interactively with graphically-displayed hydrologic information about the study area allowing different mesh sizes to be used as needed, based on hydrologic complexity. The mesh-generaiion programs are stand-alone macros within the GIS that set up the basic data defining a finite-element mesh for many different finite-element model programs.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02693799308901970","usgsCitation":"Kuniansky, E.L., and Lowther, R.A., 1993, Finite-element mesh generation from mappable features: International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, v. 7, no. 5, p. 395-405, https://doi.org/10.1080/02693799308901970.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"395","endPage":"405","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339552,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ec9a31e4b0b4d95d335272","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuniansky, Eve L. 0000-0002-5581-0225 elkunian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5581-0225","contributorId":932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuniansky","given":"Eve","email":"elkunian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5064,"text":"Southeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowther, Robert A.","contributorId":190745,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lowther","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1014575,"text":"1014575 - 1993 - Digestion of larval American shad by cyprinids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-16T16:57:11.705804","indexId":"1014575","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1471,"text":"Ecology of Freshwater Fish","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Digestion of larval American shad by cyprinids","docAbstract":"<p><span>Cyprinids have pharyngeal teeth for grinding food before swallowing and a continuous gut with no discrete stomach. This digestive tract structure, as well as the feeding behavior traits shown by cyprinids, makes it difficult to identify and measure the amount of food consumed by these fishes. The relations among quantity of food in cyprinid gut, time after feeding and predator size were described by log-linear multiple regression. The number of intact American shad (</span><i>Alosa sapidissima</i><span>&nbsp;(Wilson)) larvae eaten in laboratory experiments was estimated by extrapolating the regression for the amount of food in the gut over time for predators of various size. The numbers of larval American shad in guts of fish captured in the Juniata River, Pennsylvania, were not significantly different from those estimated with the equations derived from laboratory data. In view of their abundance in rivers and their potential digestion rate for larval fish, cyprinids can be expected to have a marked influence on reducing the numbers of larval American shad.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1600-0633.1993.tb00096.x","usgsCitation":"Rottiers, D.V., and Johnson, J.H., 1993, Digestion of larval American shad by cyprinids: Ecology of Freshwater Fish, v. 2, p. 147-151, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.1993.tb00096.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"151","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130840,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d6c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rottiers, D. V.","contributorId":49301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rottiers","given":"D.","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, J. H.","contributorId":54914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017369,"text":"70017369 - 1993 - Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn) and nutrients in coastal waters adjacent to San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-04T18:59:23","indexId":"70017369","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn) and nutrients in coastal waters adjacent to San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Samples collected in December 1990 and July 1991 show that dissolved Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn distributions in the Gulf of the Farallones are dominated by mixing of two end-members: (1) metal-enriched San Francisco Bay water and (2) offshore California Current water. The range of dissolved metal concentrations observed is 0.2–0.9 nmol kg</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>for Cd, 1–20 nmol kg</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>for Cu, 4–16 nmol kg</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>for Ni, and 0.2–20 nmol kg</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>for Zn. Effective concentrations in fresh water discharged into San Francisco Bay during 1990–1991 (estimated by extrapolation to zero salinity) are 740–860 μmol kg</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>for silicate, 21–44 μmol kg</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>for phosphate, 10–15 nmol kg</span><sup>−1</sup><span>for Cd, 210–450 nmol kg</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>for Cu, 210–270 nmol kg</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>for Ni, and 190–390 nmol kg</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>for Zn. Comparison with effective trace metal and nutrient concentrations for freshwater discharge reported by Flegal et al. (1991) shows that input of these constituents to the northern reaches of San Francisco Bay accounts for only a fraction of the input to Gulf of the Farallones from the estuary system as a whole. The nutrient and trace metal composition of shelf water outside a 30-km radius from the mouth of the estuary closely resembles that of California Current water further offshore. In contrast to coastal waters elsewhere, there is little evidence of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn input by sediment diagenesis in continental shelf waters of California.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1352603","issn":"15592723","usgsCitation":"VanGeen, A., and Luoma, S.N., 1993, Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn) and nutrients in coastal waters adjacent to San Francisco Bay, California: Estuaries, v. 16, no. 3, p. 559-566, https://doi.org/10.2307/1352603.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"559","endPage":"566","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb671e4b08c986b326c89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"VanGeen, A.","contributorId":84086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanGeen","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017478,"text":"70017478 - 1993 - Erosion response of a disturbed sagebrush steppe hillslope","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-29T23:02:33.214972","indexId":"70017478","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Erosion response of a disturbed sagebrush steppe hillslope","docAbstract":"<div class=\"\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Land management activities that disrupt surface vegetation cover pose a serious threat to the long-term stability of buried-waste sites located within the semiarid sagebrush (<i>Artemisia tridentata</i><span>&nbsp;</span>Nutt.) steppe region of the northwestern USA. In this study, we evaluated the erosion response of a sagebrush hillslope subjected to three vegetation cover treatments: natural (undisturbed), bare (plant canopy and litter cover removed), and clipped (canopy removed). A rotating boom rainfall simulator was used to apply rain at 60 or 120 mm/h intensities to runoff plots (3.0 m by 10.7 m) with dry, wet, and very wet antecedent moisture conditions, and during two late and one early summer seasons. Supplemental overland flow was added at the upper end of each plot to simulate increased slope length during very wet runs. Maximum soil loss rates on the natural, clipped, and bare treatments were, respectively, 1, 5, and 216 mg/m<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>per s during the 60 mm/h rainfall intensity, and 13, 79, and 1473 mg/m<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>per s during the 120 mm/h rainfall intensity. Cumulative soil loss was typically 100 to 1000 times greater on the bare treatment than on the natural or clipped treatments. Increases in simulated slope length produced a near linear increase in soil loss from the bare treatment plots (about 0.02 g/m<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>per s soil loss per m of slope length) until 30 m, after which the effect of slope length declined. Surface crust development and mound-intermound microtopography played important roles in governing soil detachment and transport on the hillslope. Despite high rainfall intensity and surface runoff rates, rill erosion was negligible on both the undisturbed and disturbed portions of the hillslope.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200040010x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Goff, B., Bent, G., and Hart, G., 1993, Erosion response of a disturbed sagebrush steppe hillslope: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 22, no. 4, p. 698-709, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200040010x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"698","endPage":"709","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228798,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a3fe4b0c8380cd5227d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goff, B.F.","contributorId":101820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goff","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bent, G.C.","contributorId":81645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bent","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hart, G.E.","contributorId":38292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1014688,"text":"1014688 - 1993 - Morphometric differentiation of American shad and white sucker eggs from riverine samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-10T23:45:44.892039","indexId":"1014688","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphometric differentiation of American shad and white sucker eggs from riverine samples","docAbstract":"<div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><p class=\"last\">We developed a statistical method to distinguish the large demersal eggs of American shad from those of white sucker in riverine samples using egg morphometric analysis. Eggs were first screened by total diameter in deionized water according to ranges reported in the published literature. Differences in relative yolk diameter between the two species were then determined statistically from known museum sources. Only those eggs with relative yolk diameters greater than two standard deviations below the mean for white sucker eggs were considered to be American shad eggs. The criteria for American shad eggs were total diameter ≥2.3 nm and relative yolk diameter ≤66%. A partial test of the model showed predicted identity to agree with observed identity for 74 out of 75 shad eggs.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/02705060.1993.9664841","usgsCitation":"Ross, R.M., and Bennett, R.M., 1993, Morphometric differentiation of American shad and white sucker eggs from riverine samples: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 8, no. 2, p. 121-125, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1993.9664841.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"125","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129617,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698d7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, R. M.","contributorId":39311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennett, R. M.","contributorId":97852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018316,"text":"70018316 - 1993 - Pilot studies of seismic hazard and risk in North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:28","indexId":"70018316","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pilot studies of seismic hazard and risk in North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia","docAbstract":"Earthquake ground motions in North Sulawesi on soft soil that have a 90% probability of not been exceeded in 560 years are estimated to be 0.63 g (63% of the acceleration of gravity) at Palu, 0.31 g at Gorontalo, and 0.27 g at Manado. Estimated ground motions for rock conditions for the same probability level and exposure time are 56% of those for soft soil. The hazard estimates are obtained from seismic sources that model the earthquake potential to a depth of 100 km beneath northern and central Sulawesi and include the Palu fault zone of western Sulawesi, the North Sulawesi subduction zone, and the southern most segment of the Sangihe subduction zone beneath the Molucca Sea. An attenuation relation based on Japanese strong-motion data and considered appropriate for subduction environments of the western Pacific was used in determination of ground motions. Following the 18 April 1990 North Sulawesi earthquake (Ms 7.3) a seismic hazard and risk assessment was carried out. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquake Spectra","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1193/1.1585707","issn":"87552930","usgsCitation":"Thenhaus, P., Hanson, S., Effendi, I., Kertapati, E., and Algermissen, S.T., 1993, Pilot studies of seismic hazard and risk in North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia: Earthquake Spectra, v. 9, no. 1, p. 97-120, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585707.","startPage":"97","endPage":"120","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205951,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585707"},{"id":227597,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b63e4b0c8380cd79400","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thenhaus, P.C.","contributorId":46089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thenhaus","given":"P.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanson, S.L.","contributorId":47361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Effendi, I.","contributorId":36810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Effendi","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kertapati, E.K.","contributorId":82986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kertapati","given":"E.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Algermissen, S. T.","contributorId":39790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Algermissen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70018358,"text":"70018358 - 1993 - Descriptive models of major uranium deposits in China - Some results of the Workshop on Uranium Resource Assessment sponsored by the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, in cooperation with China National Nuclear Corporation, Beijing, and the U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, and Reston, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:22","indexId":"70018358","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2879,"text":"Nonrenewable Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Descriptive models of major uranium deposits in China - Some results of the Workshop on Uranium Resource Assessment sponsored by the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, in cooperation with China National Nuclear Corporation, Beijing, and the U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, and Reston, Virginia","docAbstract":"Four major types of uranium deposits occur in China: granite, volcanic, sandstone, and carbonaceous-siliceous-pelitic rock. These types are major sources of uranium in many parts of the world and account for about 95 percent of Chinese production. Descriptive models for each of these types record the diagnostic regional and local geologic features of the deposits that are important to genetic studies, exploration, and resource assessment. A fifth type of uranium deposit, metasomatite, is also modeled because of its high potential for production. These five types of uranium deposits occur irregularly in five tectonic provinces distributed from the northwest through central to southern China. ?? 1993 Oxford University Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nonrenewable Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF02257556","issn":"09611444","usgsCitation":"Finch, W., Feng, S., Zuyi, C., and McCammon, R., 1993, Descriptive models of major uranium deposits in China - Some results of the Workshop on Uranium Resource Assessment sponsored by the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, in cooperation with China National Nuclear Corporation, Beijing, and the U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, and Reston, Virginia: Nonrenewable Resources, v. 2, no. 1, p. 39-48, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02257556.","startPage":"39","endPage":"48","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205952,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02257556"},{"id":227598,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff29e4b0c8380cd4f05a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finch, W.I.","contributorId":75919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finch","given":"W.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feng, S.","contributorId":49665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feng","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zuyi, C.","contributorId":81754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zuyi","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McCammon, R.B.","contributorId":17218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCammon","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018368,"text":"70018368 - 1993 - Experimental investigation and application of the equilibrium rutile + orthopyroxene = quartz + ilmenite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:24","indexId":"70018368","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental investigation and application of the equilibrium rutile + orthopyroxene = quartz + ilmenite","docAbstract":"Equilibria in the Sirf (Silica-Ilmenite-Rutile-Ferrosilite) system: {Mathematical expression} have been calibrated in the range 800-1100?? C and 12-26 kbar using a piston-cylinder apparatus to assess the potential of the equilibria for geobarometry in granulite facies assemblages that lack garnet. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that the two end-member equilibria involving quartz + geikielite = rutile + enstatite, and quartz + ilmenite = rutile + ferrosilite, are metastable. We therefore reversed equilibria over the compositional range Fs40-70, using Ag80Pd20 capsules with {Mathematical expression} buffered at or near iron-wu??stite. Ilmenite compositions coexisting with orthopyroxene are {Mathematical expression} of 0.06 to 0.15 and {Mathematical expression} of 0.00 to 0.01, corresponding to KD values of 13.3, 10.2, 9.0 and 8.0 (??0.5) at 800, 900, 1000 and 1100?? C, respectively, where KD=(XMg/XFe)Opx/(XMg/XFe)Ilm. Pressures have been calculated using equilibria in the Sirf system for granulites from the Grenville Province of Ontario and for granulite facies xenoliths from central Mexico. Pressures are consistent with other well-calibrated geobarometers for orthopyroxeneilmenite pairs from two Mexican samples in which oxide textures appear to represent equilibrium. Geologically unreasonable pressures are obtained, however, where oxide textures are complex. Application of data from this study on the equilibrium distribution of iron and magnesium between ilmenite and orthopyroxene suggests that some ilmenite in deep crustal xenoliths is not equilibrated with coexisting pyroxene, while assemblages from exposed granulite terranes have reequilibrated during retrogression. The Sirf equilibria are sensitive to small changes in composition and may be used for determination of activity/composition (a/X) relations of orthopyroxene if an ilmenite model is specified. A symmetric regular solution model has been used for orthopyroxene in conjunction with activity models for ilmenite available from the literature to calculate a/X relations in orthopyroxene of intermediate composition. Data from this study indicate that FeSiO3-MgSiO3 orthopyroxene exhibits small, positive deviations from ideality over the range 800-1100??C. ?? 1993 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00712975","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Hayob, J., Bohlen, S., and Essene, E., 1993, Experimental investigation and application of the equilibrium rutile + orthopyroxene = quartz + ilmenite: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 115, no. 1, p. 18-35, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00712975.","startPage":"18","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479513,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/47307>","text":"External Repository"},{"id":205835,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00712975"},{"id":227024,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0dd4e4b0c8380cd531f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayob, J.L.","contributorId":107866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayob","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohlen, S.R.","contributorId":105436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlen","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Essene, E.J.","contributorId":91625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Essene","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1014761,"text":"1014761 - 1993 - Comparison of plasmids isolated from Romet-30-resistant Edwardsiella ictaluri and tribrissen-resistant Escherichia coli","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-22T11:58:15.62102","indexId":"1014761","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of plasmids isolated from Romet-30-resistant Edwardsiella ictaluri and tribrissen-resistant Escherichia coli","docAbstract":"<div class=\" metis-abstract\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p><i>Edwardsiella ictaluri</i>, the etiological agent of enteric septicemia of channel catfish (ESC) is the leading cause of bacterial disease in commercially raised channel catfish<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Ictalurus punctatus</i>. The only drug approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use against ESC is Romet-30. Recently, several isolates were obtained that had a naturally occurring resistance to Romet-30. On further characterization these isolates were shown to possess a 55-kilobase (kb) plasmid that encodes resistance to the drug. We compared Romet-30-resistant E. ictaluri and a Tribrissen-resistant strain of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Escherichia coli</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(strain 1898) isolated from equine cystitis. Antimicrobial profiles, plasmid screening, restriction digest, and Southern blot analysis indicated that the two plasmids are very similar. The resistance afforded to the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>E. coli</i><span>&nbsp;</span>was encoded by a 55-kb plasmid. Each of the R plasmids conferred resistance to Romet-30, tetracycline, and Terramycin (oxytetracycline). The R plasmid from<span>&nbsp;</span><i>E. coli</i><span>&nbsp;</span>strain 1898 was transferred to Romet-30-sensitive isolates of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>E. ictaluri</i><span>&nbsp;</span>by single-step conjugation, rendering the transconjugates resistant to Romet30, tetracycline, and Terramycin. Each plasmid was cleaved into fragments by restriction enzymes, then electrophoresed in an agarose gel and transferred to nitrocellulose. A labeled probe prepared from the R plasmid of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>E. ictaluri</i><span>&nbsp;</span>isolate 5-90-156, one of the original Romet-30-resistant<span>&nbsp;</span><i>E. ictaluri</i><span>&nbsp;</span>isolates, was added. Restriction enzyme digestion resulted in an equal number of fragments of equal mobility for the two plasmids, and the probe hybridized with the same fragments of each plasmid. These results indicate that the R plasmids of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>E. ictaluri</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>E. coli</i><span>&nbsp;</span>are similar, if not identical.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8667(1993)005<0009:COPIFR>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Cooper, R., Starliper, C.E., Shotts, E.B., and Taylor, P., 1993, Comparison of plasmids isolated from Romet-30-resistant Edwardsiella ictaluri and tribrissen-resistant Escherichia coli: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 5, no. 1, p. 9-15, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(1993)005<0009:COPIFR>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"15","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131362,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae32e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooper, R.K.","contributorId":83482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Starliper, C. E.","contributorId":59739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starliper","given":"C.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shotts, E. B. Jr.","contributorId":102414,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shotts","given":"E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, P.W.","contributorId":62556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017868,"text":"70017868 - 1993 - Petrology and isotopic composition of Quaternary basanites dredged from the Bering Sea continental margin near Navarin Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T16:20:46.35207","indexId":"70017868","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology and isotopic composition of Quaternary basanites dredged from the Bering Sea continental margin near Navarin Basin","docAbstract":"<p><span>Quaternary basanites were recovered from shallow water depth from the continental margin of the Bering Sea (58°39.0′N, 177°12.9′W) near Navarin Basin. The basanites are highly vesicular flow rock and hyaloclastites similar to other alkalic volcanic rocks erupted repeatedly during the late Cenozoic on islands in the Bering Sea region and in mainland Alaska. K–Ar ages for the basanites indicate at least two episodes of volcanism at about 1.1 and 0.4 Ma. Similar alkalic volcanism occurred sporadically at geographically widely separated centers in the Bering Sea region for at least the past 6 Ma. Chemically, these alkalic lavas are intraplate basalts similar to those erupted from oceanic islands and in some continental settings. Trace-element data indicate these alkalic lavas have been generated by small, but variable, amounts of partial melting of a meta-somatized lherzolite source. The relatively primitive compositions (MgO &gt; 9%), presence of mantle-derived xenoliths in some alkalic lavas, and presence of forsteritic olivine with low CaO and high NiO suggest that magma rose rapidly from greath depth without spending time in large, long-lived magma chambers. Although lavas from different volcanic centers in the Bering Sea region are similar with respect to major elements and many trace-element ratios, isotopic compositions indicate heterogeneities in the source. The Navarin basanites have higher&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup><span>Sr/</span><sup>86</sup><span>Sr and lower&nbsp;</span><sup>143</sup><span>Nd/</span><sup>144</sup><span>Nd values than any other lavas so far reported from this region. The&nbsp;</span><sup>207</sup><span>Pb/</span><sup>204</sup><span>Pb isotopic ratios indicate involvement of a crustal component, which may have resulted from metasomatism associated with subduction-related magmatic activity during the Early Eocene in this region. Although some volcanic episodes appear to have occurred roughly synchronously at geographically widely separated centers, no large-scale regional extension nor presence of large mantle plumes are indicated. Instead, alkalic volcanism apparently resulted from upwelling and decompressional melting of small isolated mantle diapirs in response to local lithospheric attenuation associated with jostling of blocks during adjustment to regional stresses.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e93-081","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Davis, A.S., Gunn, S., Gray, L., Marlow, M.S., and Wong, F.L., 1993, Petrology and isotopic composition of Quaternary basanites dredged from the Bering Sea continental margin near Navarin Basin: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 30, no. 5, p. 975-984, https://doi.org/10.1139/e93-081.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"975","endPage":"984","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228586,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia, United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea, Navarin Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -161.02644563755487,\n              64.01937447302842\n            ],\n            [\n              -185.30270672550836,\n              64.01937447302842\n            ],\n            [\n              -185.30270672550836,\n              53.06258501763452\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.02644563755487,\n              53.06258501763452\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.02644563755487,\n              64.01937447302842\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7823e4b0c8380cd78649","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, A. S.","contributorId":41424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gunn, S.H.","contributorId":65236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gunn","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gray, L.-B.","contributorId":10171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"L.-B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marlow, M. S.","contributorId":76743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marlow","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wong, F. L.","contributorId":87515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70017839,"text":"70017839 - 1993 - Influences of Relative Sea-Level Rise and Mississippi River Delta Plain Evolution on the Holocene Middle Amite River, Southeastern Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:55","indexId":"70017839","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influences of Relative Sea-Level Rise and Mississippi River Delta Plain Evolution on the Holocene Middle Amite River, Southeastern Louisiana","docAbstract":"The Holocene geomorphic history of southeastern Louisiana's middle Amite River is recorded in the stratigraphy of three alloformations, identified in decreasing age as the Watson (WAT), Denham Springs (DS), and Magnolia Bridge (MAG). The WAT meander belt formed by at least 9000 yr B.P., when sea level was lower and the Amite River was tributary to a larger ancestral drainage basin. The DS became an active meander belt by at least 3000 yr B.P., in response to relative sea-level rise and eastward progradation of the Mississippi River delta plain. The MAG developed its meander belt, in part, during the European settlement of the drainage basin, and is now attempting to adjust to modern anthropogenic influences. Geomorphic influences on the middle Amite River floodplain have temporal and spatial components that induce regional- and local-scale effects. Regional extrinsic influences caused meander belt avulsion that produced alloformations. However, local influences produced intrinsic geomorphic thresholds that modified channel morphology within a meander belt but did not induce alloformation development. Base-level influences of the relative sea-level rise and the Mississippi River delta plain were so dominant that the effects of possible climate change were not recognized in the Holocene Amite River system.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1993.1008","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Autin, W., 1993, Influences of Relative Sea-Level Rise and Mississippi River Delta Plain Evolution on the Holocene Middle Amite River, Southeastern Louisiana: Quaternary Research, v. 39, no. 1, p. 68-74, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1993.1008.","startPage":"68","endPage":"74","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206159,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1993.1008"},{"id":228866,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b9ae4b0c8380cd626bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Autin, W.J.","contributorId":7436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Autin","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017694,"text":"70017694 - 1993 - Influence of long term climate change on net infiltration at Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70017694","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Influence of long term climate change on net infiltration at Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"Net infiltration and recharge at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, a potential site for a high level nuclear waste repository, are determined both by the rock properties and past and future changes in climate. A 1-dimensional model was constructed to represent a borehole being drilled through the unsaturated zone. The rock properties were matched to the lithologies expected to be encountered in the borehole. As current paleoclimate theory assumes that 18O increases with wetter and cooler global climates, a past climate scenario, built on depletion of 18O from ocean sediments was used as a basis for climate change over the past 700,000 years. The climate change was simulated by assigning net infiltration values as a linear function of 8O. Assuming the rock properties, lithologies and climate scenarios are correct, simulations indicated that Yucca Mountain is not in steady state equilibrium at the surface (<75 meters) when compared to measured data, but that the system could be at steady state conditions at depths of >250 meters. Based on the cyclic climate inputs, the near surface is currently in a long term drying trend (for the last 3,000 years) yet recharge into the water table is continuing to occur at an average rate equivalent to the average input rate of the climate model, indicating that conditions at depth are damped out over very long time periods. The Paintbrush Tuff nonwelded units, positioned between the Tiva Canyon and Topopah Spring welded Tuff Members, do not appear to act as capillary barrier and therefore would not perch water. The low porosity vitric caprock and basal vitrophyre of the Topopah Spring Member, however, act as restrictive layers. The higher porosity rock directly above the caprock reduces the potential for the caprock to perch water leaving the basal vitrophyre as the most likely location for perched water to develop.","largerWorkTitle":"High Level Radioactive Waste Management","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 4th Annual International Conference on High Level Radioactive Waste Management","conferenceDate":"26 April 1993 through 30 April 1993","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, NV, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872629503","usgsCitation":"Flint, A.I., Flint, L.E., and Hevesi, J.A., 1993, Influence of long term climate change on net infiltration at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, <i>in</i> High Level Radioactive Waste Management, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 26 April 1993 through 30 April 1993, p. 152-159.","startPage":"152","endPage":"159","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228991,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b4fe4b0c8380cd623fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, Alan I.","contributorId":72952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Lorraine E. 0000-0002-7868-441X lflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":1184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Lorraine","email":"lflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hevesi, Joseph 0000-0003-2898-1800 jhevesi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2898-1800","contributorId":1507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hevesi","given":"Joseph","email":"jhevesi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017480,"text":"70017480 - 1993 - Chronology, Eruption Duration, and Atmospheric Contribution of the Martian Volcano Apollinaris Patera","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:58","indexId":"70017480","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chronology, Eruption Duration, and Atmospheric Contribution of the Martian Volcano Apollinaris Patera","docAbstract":"Geologic mapping, thermal inertia measurements, and an analysis of the color (visual wavelengths) of the martian volcano Apollinaris Patera indicate the existence of two different surface materials, comprising an early, easily eroded edifice, and a more recent, competent fan on the southern flank. A chronology of six major events that is consistent with the present morphology of the volcano has been identified. We propose that large scale explosive activity occurred during the formation of the main edifice and that the distinctive fan on the southern flank appears to have been formed by lavas of low eruptive rate similar to those that form compound pahoehoe flow fields on Earth. A basal escarpment typically 500 m in relief and morphologically similar to the one surrounding Olympus Mons was produced between the formation of the main edifice and the fan, indicating multistage eruptions over a protracted period of time. Contact relations between the volcanic units and the adjacent chaotic material indicate that formation of the chaotic material occurred over an extended period of time and may be related to the volcanic activity that formed Apollinaris Patera. Stereophotogrammetric measurements permit the volume of the volcano to be estimated at 105 km3. From this volume measurement and an inferred eruption rate (1.5 ?? 10-2 km3 yr-1) we estimate the total eruption duration for the main edifice to be ???107 yrs. Plausible estimates of the exsolved volatile content of the parent magma imply that greater than 1015 kg of water vapor was released into the atmosphere as a consequence of this activity. This large amount of water vapor as well as other exsolved gases must have had a significant impact on local, and possibly global, climatic conditions. ?? 1993 Academic Press. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/icar.1993.1103","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Robinson, M., Mouginis-Mark, P., Zimbelman, J.R., Wu, S., Ablin, K., and Howington-Kraus, A.E., 1993, Chronology, Eruption Duration, and Atmospheric Contribution of the Martian Volcano Apollinaris Patera: Icarus, v. 104, no. 2, p. 301-323, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1993.1103.","startPage":"301","endPage":"323","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206156,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.1993.1103"},{"id":228844,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5f9e4b0c8380cd4c519","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, M.S.","contributorId":34934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mouginis-Mark, P. J.","contributorId":41086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mouginis-Mark","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zimbelman, J. R.","contributorId":94685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimbelman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wu, S.S.C.","contributorId":10421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"S.S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ablin, K.K.","contributorId":79261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ablin","given":"K.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Howington-Kraus, A. E.","contributorId":90894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howington-Kraus","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70017776,"text":"70017776 - 1993 - Terrestrial and marine records of climatic and environmental changes during the Pliocene in subtropical Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-22T13:17:38.128102","indexId":"70017776","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Terrestrial and marine records of climatic and environmental changes during the Pliocene in subtropical Florida","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15575372\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><div id=\"15575372\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Pollen, ostracode, and benthic foraminifer assemblages deposited during sea-level high-stands in subtropical Florida record a climate change during the period 4.5-1.0 Ma. Before 3.5 Ma, open-shelf marine faunas and pollen assemblages with abundant<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Pinus</i>,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Quercus</i>,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Fagus</i>,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Carya</i>, and nonarboreal pollen were present, indicating cooler conditions than today. From ∼3.5 to 1.0 Ma, marine and terrestrial records indicate warmer conditions, similar to those existing in south Florida today. Combined with evidence for much warmer than modern conditions at high latitudes, these data suggest that increased poleward oceanic heat transport, possibly related to the emergence of the Central American isthmus between ∼3.5 and 2.5 Ma, was a major influence on mid-Pliocene warmth.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0679:TAMROC>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Willard, D., Cronin, T.M., Ishman, S., and Litwin, R.J., 1993, Terrestrial and marine records of climatic and environmental changes during the Pliocene in subtropical Florida: Geology, v. 21, no. 8, p. 679-682, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0679:TAMROC>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"679","endPage":"682","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228773,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba55ae4b08c986b3209b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willard, Debra  A. 0000-0003-4878-0942","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-0942","contributorId":85982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willard","given":"Debra  A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":377537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ishman, S. E.","contributorId":20346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ishman","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Litwin, R. J.","contributorId":92284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litwin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017803,"text":"70017803 - 1993 - The role of permafrost and seasonal frost in the hydrology of northern wetlands in North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T10:58:21","indexId":"70017803","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of permafrost and seasonal frost in the hydrology of northern wetlands in North America","docAbstract":"<p><span>Wetlands are a common landscape feature in the Arctic, Subarctic, and north Temperate zones of North America. In all three-zones, the occurrnce of seasonal frost results in similar surface-water processes in the early spring. For example, surface ice and snow generally melt before the soil frost thaws, causing melt water to flow into depressions, over the land surface and at times, across low topographic divides. However, evapotranspiration and ground-water movement differ among the three climatic zones because they are more affected by permafrost than seasonal frost. The water source for plants in the Arctic is restricted to the small volume of subsurface water lying above the permafrost. Although this is also true in the Subarctic where permafrost exists, where it does not, plants may receive and possibly reflect, more regional ground-water sources. Where permafrost exists, the interaction of wetlands with subsurface water is largely restricted to shallow local flow systems. But where permafrost is absent in parts of the Subarctic and all of the Temperature zone, wetlands may have a complex interaction with ground-water-flow systems of all magnitudes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(93)90043-9","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Woo, M., and Winter, T.C., 1993, The role of permafrost and seasonal frost in the hydrology of northern wetlands in North America: Journal of Hydrology, v. 141, no. 1-4, p. 5-31, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(93)90043-9.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"31","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228398,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"141","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf8ee4b08c986b3248aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woo, M.-K.","contributorId":23704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woo","given":"M.-K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017347,"text":"70017347 - 1993 - Method of estimating the amount of in situ gas hydrates in deep marine sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-10T11:10:13","indexId":"70017347","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Method of estimating the amount of in situ gas hydrates in deep marine sediments","docAbstract":"<p>The bulk volume of gas hydrates in marine sediments can be estimated by measuring interval velocities and amplitude blanking of hydrated zones from true amplitude processed multichannel seismic reflection data. In general, neither velocity nor amplitude information is adequate to independently estimate hydrate concentration. A method is proposed that uses amplitude blanking calibrated by interval velocity information to quantify hydrate concentrations in the Blake Ridge area of the US Atlantic continental margin. On the Blake Ridge, blanking occurs in conjunction with relatively low interval velocities. The model that best explains this relation linearly mixes two end-member sediments: hydrated and unhydrated sediment. Hydrate concentration in the hydrate end-member can be calculated from a weighted equation that uses velocity estimated from the seismic data, known properties of the pure hydrate, and porosity inferred from a velocity-porosity relationship. Amplitude blanking can be predicted as the proportions of hydrated and unhydrated sediment change across a reflection boundary. Our analysis of a small area near DSDP 533 indicates that the amount of gas hydrates is about 6% in total volume when the interval velocity is used as a criterion and about 9.5% when amplitude information is used. This compares with a calculated value of about 8% derived from the only available measurement in DSDP 533.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0264-8172(93)90050-3","issn":"02648172","usgsCitation":"Lee, M.W., Hutchinson, D.R., Dillon, W.P., Miller, J.J., Agena, W., and Swift, B., 1993, Method of estimating the amount of in situ gas hydrates in deep marine sediments: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 10, no. 5, p. 493-506, https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(93)90050-3.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"493","endPage":"506","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225020,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.40869140625,\n              32.287132632616384\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.50927734375,\n              32.287132632616384\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.50927734375,\n              35.8356283888737\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.40869140625,\n              35.8356283888737\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.40869140625,\n              32.287132632616384\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a555fe4b0c8380cd6d1c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Myung W.","contributorId":84358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Myung","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hutchinson, D. R.","contributorId":31770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":376205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, J. J.","contributorId":54588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Agena, Warren F.","contributorId":67079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agena","given":"Warren F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Swift, B.A.","contributorId":32937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swift","given":"B.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70017348,"text":"70017348 - 1993 - Spectral Distinctions between the Leading and Trailing Hemispheres of Callisto: New Observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:47","indexId":"70017348","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spectral Distinctions between the Leading and Trailing Hemispheres of Callisto: New Observations","docAbstract":"An analysis of recent telescopic observations of Callisto results in new insights regarding spectral variations from the leading to the trailing hemisphere of Callisto. Examination of data in the wavelength range from 2.0 to 2.5 ??m indicates that previous suggestions of spectral differences are most likely the result of experimental uncertainty or error. Slight variations in the slope of this wavelength range are consistent with larger ice grain sizes on the trailing hemisphere. The new observations confirm the presence of an absorption feature centered on 3.4 ??m in the spectrum of the leading hemisphere. Theoretical spectral modeling indicates this feature is caused by small amounts of fine-grained water ice. Finally, an absorption feature near 3.1 ??m is indicated but cannot be confirmed due to the strong variation in the spectrum of water ice in this region. If this feature is real, rather than an artifact of the reflectance modeling, it is similar in location and bandwidth to a feature seen in the spectrum of Ceres, attributed to NH4-bearing clays. ?? 1993 Academic Press. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/icar.1993.1083","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Calvin, W.M., and Clark, R.N., 1993, Spectral Distinctions between the Leading and Trailing Hemispheres of Callisto: New Observations: Icarus, v. 104, no. 1, p. 69-78, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1993.1083.","startPage":"69","endPage":"78","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205596,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.1993.1083"},{"id":225064,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9534e4b08c986b31adc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calvin, W. M.","contributorId":17379,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calvin","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, R. N.","contributorId":6568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018249,"text":"70018249 - 1993 - Use of chemistry and stable sulfur isotopes to determine sources of trends in sulfate of Colorado lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-11T08:30:25","indexId":"70018249","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of chemistry and stable sulfur isotopes to determine sources of trends in sulfate of Colorado lakes","docAbstract":"<p>The chemistry of lakes in the Mt. Zukel Wilderness Area (MZWA) and the Weminuche Wilderness Area (WWA) of Colorado has been monitored since 1985. The initial results indicate that changes have occurred in the chemistry of some lakes in both areas. Increased concentration of sulfate in lakes may be related to increased atmospheric deposition of sulfate or to changes of sulfate released by weathering and to changing dilution of sulfate by snowmelt. Stable S isotopes seem to be capable of separating the fraction of change in sulfate that is related to atmospheric and watershed sources. Because of the short period of record, it is not possible to determine whether the changes are part of a long-term trend or are merely natural fluctuations about some baseline.The chemistry of lakes in th Mt. Zirkel Wilderness Area (MZWA) and Weminche Wilderness Area (WWA) of Colorado has been monitored since 1985. The initial results indicate that changes have occurred in the chemistry of some lakes in both areas. Increased concentration of sulfate in lakes may be related to increased atmospheric deposition of sulfateor to changes of sulfate released by weathering and to changing dilution of sulfate by snowmelt. Stable S isotopes seem to be capable of separating the fraction of change in sulfate that is related to atmospheric and watershed sources. Because of the short period of record, it is not possible to determine whether the changes are part of long-term or are merely natural fluctuations about some baseline.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00478156","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Turk, J., Campbell, K., and Spahr, N., 1993, Use of chemistry and stable sulfur isotopes to determine sources of trends in sulfate of Colorado lakes: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 67, no. 3-4, p. 415-431, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00478156.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"431","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227372,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbed4e4b08c986b3297e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turk, J.T.","contributorId":94259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turk","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, K.","contributorId":63351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Campbell","given":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":47665,"text":"St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":379003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spahr, N.E.","contributorId":79476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spahr","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1013315,"text":"1013315 - 1993 - In my experience: Mitochondrial DNA in wildlife taxonomy and conservation biology: Cautionary notes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T09:43:28","indexId":"1013315","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In my experience: Mitochondrial DNA in wildlife taxonomy and conservation biology: Cautionary notes","docAbstract":"<p>Several recently published papers discussed the importance of systematics (the study of evolutionary and genetic relationships among organisms) and taxonomy (the naming and classification of organisms) for managing wildlife (Ryder 1986, Avise 1989, Amato 1991, O'Brien and Mayr 1991, Dowling et al. 1992), Often, classification below the species level is needed; for example, the Endangered Species Act of 1973 applies to local populations and subspecies as well as species. Conservation efforts may focus below the species level because of concerns about the fitness, evolutionary potentials, and locally adapted gene pools of natural populations (Soulé 1986, Hedrick and Milller 1992). This can be considered the genetic component of biodiversity.</p><p>Recent systematic studies with wildlife management applications have used modern molecular genetic methods. Analyses of a specific molecular marker, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), have been used in many of these studies (e.g., Shields and Wilson 1987, Avise and Nelson 1989, O'Brien et al. 1990, Wayne and Jenks 1991, Cronin 1992), However, there are limitations to the use of mtDNA in systematics (e.g., Overden et al., 1987, Pamilo and Nei 1988, Dowling et al. 1992). In my experience as a geneticist working with wildlife biologists, I have found a need for clarification of the use and limitations of modern molecular genetics. I specifically discuss the limitations of mtDNA data in systematic assessments of wildlife at and below the species level.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","usgsCitation":"Cronin, M.A., 1993, In my experience: Mitochondrial DNA in wildlife taxonomy and conservation biology: Cautionary notes: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 21, no. 3, p. 339-348.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"339","endPage":"348","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131205,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337961,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wildlife.org/publications/","text":"Publisher's Website"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699aa9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, Matthew A.","contributorId":57307,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cronin","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":7211,"text":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":28157,"text":"LGL Alaska Research Associates, Anchorage, AK","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":318598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}