The possible impact of periglacial climates on the rate of chemical weathering of a coarse-grained plagioclase-muscovite-quartz schist has been determined for a small watershed near Baltimore, Maryland. The isovolumetric chemical weathering model formulated from the geochemical mass balance study of the watershed shows that the weathering front advances at a velocity of 9.1 m/m.y., if the modern environmental parameters remain the same back through time. However, recent surficial geological mapping demonstrates that periglacial climates have impacted the area. Such an impact significantly affects two key chemical weathering parameters, the concentration of CO2 in the soil and groundwater moving past the weathering front. Depending upon the assumptions used in the model, the rate of saprolitization varies from 2.2 to 5.3 m/m.y.
The possible impact of periglacial processes suggested by the chemical weathering rates indicates a need to reconsider theories of landscape evolution as they apply to the northern Piedmont Province of the mid-Atlantic states. I suggest that from the Late Miocene to the present that the major rivers have become incised in their present locations; this incision has enhanced groundwater circulation and chemical weathering such that crystalline rocks beneath interfluvial areas remain mantled by saprolite; and the saprolite mantle has been partially stripped as periglacial conditions alternate with humid-temperate conditions.
No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetlands: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Conference of the Society of Wetland Scientists","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Thirteenth Annual Conference of the Society of Wetland Scientists, South Central Chapter","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, LA","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Wetland Scientists","usgsCitation":"Shafroth, P., Scott, M.L., Friedman, J.M., and Laven, R., 1993, Reproduction of an exotic riparian tree willow, Salix fragilis (L.), in Colorado, in Wetlands: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Conference of the Society of Wetland Scientists, New Orleans, LA, p. 718-723.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"718","endPage":"723","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326157,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a5b8d4e4b0ebae89b789f8","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Landin, M. C.","contributorId":173494,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Landin","given":"M. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644879,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Shafroth, P.B.","contributorId":65041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafroth","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, M. L.","contributorId":78261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Friedman, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-1329-0663","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-0663","contributorId":44495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Jonathan","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":644877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Laven, R. D.","contributorId":173493,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Laven","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70186940,"text":"70186940 - 1993 - Pressure increases, the formation of chromite seams, and the development of the ultramafic series in the Stillwater Complex, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-05T10:24:00","indexId":"70186940","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pressure increases, the formation of chromite seams, and the development of the ultramafic series in the Stillwater Complex, Montana","docAbstract":"This paper explores the hypothesis that chromite seams in the Stillwater Complex formed in response to periodic increases in total pressure in the chamber. Total pressure increased because of the positive δV of nucleation of CO2 bubbles in the melt and their subsequent rise through the magma chamber, during which the bubbles increased in volume by a factor of 4–6. By analogy with the pressure changes in the summit chambers of Kilauea and Krafla volcanoes, the maximum variation was 0⋅2–0⋅25 kbar, or 5–10% of the total pressure in the Stillwater chamber. An evaluation of the likelihood of fountaining and mixing of a new, primitive liquid that entered the chamber with the somewhat more evolved liquid already in the chamber is based upon calculations using observed and inferred velocities and flow rates of basaltic magmas moving through volcanic fissures. The calculations indicate that hot, dense magma would have oozed, rather than fountained into the chamber, and early mixing of the new and residual magmas that could have resulted in chromite crystallizing alone did not take place.
Mixing was an important process in the Stillwater magma chamber, however. After the new magma in the chamber underwent ˜5% fractional crystallization, its composition, temperature, and density approached those of the overlying liquid in the chamber and the liquids then mixed. If this process occurred many times over the course of the development of the Ultramafic series, a thick column of magma with orthopyroxene on its liquidus would have been the result. Thus, the sequence of multiple injections, fractionation, and mixing with previously fractionated magma could have been the mechanism that produced the thick bronzite cumulate layer (the Bronzitite zone) above the cyclic units.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/34.5.955","usgsCitation":"Lipin, B.R., 1993, Pressure increases, the formation of chromite seams, and the development of the ultramafic series in the Stillwater Complex, Montana: Journal of Petrology, v. 34, no. 5, p. 955-976, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/34.5.955.","productDescription":"22 p. ","startPage":"955","endPage":"976","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339753,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f1e0cde4b08144348b7e78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lipin, Bruce R. blipin@usgs.gov","contributorId":5723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipin","given":"Bruce","email":"blipin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":691078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017971,"text":"70017971 - 1993 - Crude oil in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer-III. Biogeochemical reactions and mass balance modeling in anoxic groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-14T13:15:27.616185","indexId":"70017971","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crude oil in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer-III. Biogeochemical reactions and mass balance modeling in anoxic groundwater","docAbstract":"Crude oil floating on the water table in a sand and gravel aquifer provides a constant source of hydrocarbons to the groundwater at a site near Bemidji, Minnesota. The degradation of hydrocarbons affects the concentrations of oxidized and reduced aqueous species in the anoxic part of the contaminant plume that developed downgradient from the oil body. The concentrations of Fe2+, Mn2+ and CH4, Eh measurements, and the δ13C ratios of the total inorganic C indicate that the plume became more reducing ver a 5-a period. However, the size of the contaminant plume remained stable during this time. Field data coupled with laboratory microcosm experiments indicate that benzene and the alkylbenzenes are degraded in an anoxic environment. In anaerobic microcosm experiments conducted under field conditions, almost complete degradation (98%) was observed for benzene in 125 d and for toluene in 45 d. Concentrations of aqueous Fe2+ and Mn2+ increased in these experiments, indicating that the primary reactions were hydrocarbon degradation coupled with Fe and Mn reduction.
Mass transfer calculations on a 40-m flowpath in the anoxic zone, downgradient from the oil body, indicated that the primary reactions in the anoxic zone are oxidation of organic compounds, precipitation of siderite and a ferroan calcite, dissolution of iron oxide and outgassing of CH4 and CO2. The major difference in the two models presented is the ratio of CO2 and CH4 that outgasses. Both models indicate quantitatively that large amounts of Fe are dissolved and reprecipitated as ferrous iron in the anoxic zone of the contaminant plume.
Mono Lake is a terminal, saline lake that became ectogenically meromictic in 1982–1983 and remained stratified until November 1988. During this period, the monimolimnion remained anoxic and nearly isothermal, while the upper mixolimnion was well oxygenated and exhibited a seasonal thermal regime. Dissolved sulfide and methane increased in the monimolimnion as a result of diffusive flux from the sediments. Winter mixing down to the chemocline distributed sulfide and methane throughout the mixolimnion. Lakewide inventories of dissolved sulfide and methane reflected the balance between increased concentrations and decreased monimolimnion volume over time. At overturn, the entire water column was isothermal and anoxic. Dissolved sulfide (380 × 106 mol) was oxidized in 1 week by molecular oxygen. Methane (12 × 106 mol) was removed more slowly by microbial oxidation and ventilation across the air‐water interface.
In recent years contamination of the Great Lakes ecosystem with planar chlorinated hydrocarbons (PCHs) has attracted considerable concern due to their known reproductive and teratogenic effects. The H4IIE bioassay has been standardized as a means of measuring the biological potency of a PCH mixture as 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-p-dibenzodioxin equivalents (TCDD-EQ). Using this bioassay we have investigated the biomagnification of TCDD-EQ in a semi-closed ecosystem. The biomagnification of TCDD-EQ is demonstrated and results indicate that the food chain is the major pathway for TCDD-EQ through this ecosystem. The H4IIE assay system is demonstrated to be a viable integrative measure of the total concentration of TCDD-EQ in different trophic levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0045-6535(93)90206-K","usgsCitation":"Jones, P.D., Ankley, G., Best, D.A., Crawford, R., DeGalan, N., Giesy, J., Kubiak, T., Ludwig, J.P., Newsted, J., Tillitt, D., and Verbrugge, D., 1993, Biomagnification of bioassay derived 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents: Chemosphere, v. 26, no. 6, p. 1203-1212, https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(93)90206-K.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1203","endPage":"1212","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330429,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58110e17e4b0f497e7983559","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, P. D.","contributorId":46462,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ankley, G.T.","contributorId":76710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ankley","given":"G.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Best, D. A.","contributorId":175435,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Best","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crawford, R.","contributorId":175434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Crawford","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"DeGalan, N.","contributorId":176340,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DeGalan","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Giesy, J. P.","contributorId":60574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giesy","given":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kubiak, T.J.","contributorId":150393,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kubiak","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6927,"text":"USFWS, National Wildlife Refuge System","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":652244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ludwig, J. P.","contributorId":176341,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ludwig","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Newsted, J.L.","contributorId":94937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newsted","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Tillitt, D. E.","contributorId":118820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"D. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Verbrugge, D. A.","contributorId":64960,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Verbrugge","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70017881,"text":"70017881 - 1993 - Upper-crustal structure beneath the Columbia River Basalt Group, Washington: Gravity interpretation controlled by borehole and seismic studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-26T13:12:58.467533","indexId":"70017881","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upper-crustal structure beneath the Columbia River Basalt Group, Washington: Gravity interpretation controlled by borehole and seismic studies","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional gravity model based on deep-borehole stratigraphy, densities from borehole gravimetry, and crustal structure from deep seismic and electrical surveys puts limits on sub-basalt crustal structure in the northwest quadrant of the Columbia Plateau, Washington. The gravity model indicates that the Miocene Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG) overlies a broad basin filled with sedimentary rocks that reach thicknesses in excess of 5 km; thickest sub-basalt sedimentary rocks are beneath the late Cenozoic Yakima basin. Analysis of residual gravity shows that the Eocene Chiwaukum graben does not continue beneath the CRBG and that sub-basalt sedimentary rocks are not thrust into the cores of the basalt anticlines in the Yakima fold belt. A gravity high that trends north-south in the center of the CRBG is probably caused by a broad basement ridge marked by thinner sedimentary rocks beneath the Columbia River basalts; the western edge of the north-south basement high is traced at the surface by the Hog Ranch-Naneum Ridge. A major crustal feature, the Olympic- Wallowa lineament, is expressed in the gravity field; the lineament crosses the north-south basement high but does not offset it, suggesting that any strike- slip motion on the lineament preceded development of the north-south basement high. An alternative interpretation of the north-south gravity high, based on a previous seismic study, relates it to a high-density structure in the crystalline basement, perhaps associated with a failed continental rift.
Early to middle Pleistocene boulder deposits are common features on southern Nevada hillslopes. These darkly varnished, ancient colluvial deposits stand but in stark contrast to the underlying light-colored bedrock of volcanic tuffs, and they serve as minor divides between drainage channels on modern hillslopes. To demonstrate the antiquity of these stable hillslope features, six colluvial boulder deposits from Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada, were dated by cation- ratio dating of rock varnish accreted on boulder surfaces. Estimated minimum ages of these boulder deposits range from 760 to 170 ka. Five additional older deposits on nearby Skull and Little Skull Mountains and Buckboard Mesa yielded cation-ratio minimum-age estimates of 1.38 Ma to 800 ka. An independent cosmogenic chlorine-36 surface exposure date was obtained on one deposit, which confirms an estimated early to middle Quaternary age. These deposits have provided the oldest age estimates for unconsolidated hillslope deposits in the southwestern United States.
We suggest that the colluvial boulder deposits were produced during early and middle Pleistocene glacial/pluvial episodes and were stabilized during the transition to drier interglacial climates. By comparison to modern periglacial environments, winter minimum monthly temperatures of -3 to -5 °C were necessary to initiate freeze-thaw conditions of such vigor to physically weather relatively large volumes of large boulders from the upper hillslopes of the Yucca Mountain area. These conditions imply that early and middle Pleistocene glacial winter temperatures were at least 1 to 3 °C colder than existed during the last Pleistocene glacial episode and 7 to 9 °C colder than present. We conclude that at least several early and middle Pleistocene glacial episodes were colder, and perhaps wetter, than glacial episodes of the late Pleistocene in the southern Great Basin.
Geomorphic processes necessary to form these colluvial boulder deposits are not active on modern hillslopes in the southern Great Basin. In addition, the lack of young, relatively unvarnished colluvial boulder deposits on these hillslopes suggests that boulder-forming conditions did not exist during the late Pleistocene in this region.
Modern semiarid hillslope processes primarily erode colluvium during infrequent high-intensity storms. The preservation of old, thin hillslope deposits and the less-than-2-m incision by hillslope runoff adjacent to these deposits, however, indicate that extremely low denudation rates have occurred on resistant volcanic hillslopes in the southern Great Basin during Quaternary time.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<1008:RCBDAP>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Whitney, J., and Harrington, C., 1993, Relict colluvial boulder deposits as paleoclimatic indicators in the Yucca Mountain region, southern Nevada: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 105, no. 8, p. 1008-1018, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<1008:RCBDAP>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1008","endPage":"1018","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228680,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.64843276598303,\n 36.3396601470037\n ],\n [\n -115.64843276598303,\n 37.359434339388415\n ],\n [\n -117.2744093284829,\n 37.359434339388415\n ],\n [\n -117.2744093284829,\n 36.3396601470037\n ],\n [\n -115.64843276598303,\n 36.3396601470037\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa6bde4b0c8380cd85011","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitney, J.W.","contributorId":27437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harrington, C.D.","contributorId":10570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrington","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70177900,"text":"70177900 - 1993 - Behavioral methods for assessing impacts of contaminants on early life stage fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-26T10:13:00","indexId":"70177900","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Behavioral methods for assessing impacts of contaminants on early life stage fishes","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water quality and the early life stages of fishes, American Fisheries Society Symposium 14","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Little, E.E., Fairchild, J., and DeLonay, A., 1993, Behavioral methods for assessing impacts of contaminants on early life stage fishes, in Water quality and the early life stages of fishes, American Fisheries Society Symposium 14, p. 67-76.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"76","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330389,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58110e17e4b0f497e798355b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Fuiman, Lee A.","contributorId":79148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuiman","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652086,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Little, E. E.","contributorId":13187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":652083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fairchild, J.F.","contributorId":88891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairchild","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeLonay, A. J. 0000-0002-3752-2799","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3752-2799","contributorId":34246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLonay","given":"A. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70177018,"text":"70177018 - 1993 - A comparison of water quality criteria for the Great Lakes based on human and wildlife health","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-14T13:31:49","indexId":"70177018","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of water quality criteria for the Great Lakes based on human and wildlife health","docAbstract":"Water quality criteria (WQC) can be derived in several ways. The usual techniques involve hazard and risk assessment procedures. For non-persistent, non-biomagnified compounds and elements, WQC are experimentally derived from their acute and chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms. For those persistent chlorinated hydrocarbons (PCHs) that are bioaccumulated and biomagnified, these traditional techniques have not been effective, partly because effects higher in the food web were not considered. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are the bioaccumulative synthetic chemicals of primary toxicological significance to the Great Lakes biota which have caused widespread injury to wildlife. In the Laurentian Great Lakes, the primary emphasis of hazard assessments has been on the potential for adverse effects in humans who eat fish. The primary regulatory endpoint of traditional hazard and risk assessments underlying current WQC are the probabilities of additional cancers occurring in the human population. The analysis presented here indicates that this is not adequate to restore sensitive wildlife species that are highly exposed to PCBs, especially those that have suffered serious population declines. Because WQC are legal instruments, the methods of deriving WQC have large implications for remediation, litigation, and damage assessments. Here WQC are derived for six species based on the responses of wildlife in the field or produced by feeding fish to surrogate species, rather than projecting a potential of increased cancer rates in humans. If the most sensitive wildlife species are restored and protected for very sensitive reproductive endpoints, then all components of the ecosystem, including human health, should be more adequately protected. The management of Great Lakes wildlife requires an understanding of the injury and causal relationships to persistent toxic substances.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(93)71267-8","usgsCitation":"Ludwig, J.P., Giesy, J.P., Summer, C.L., Bowerman, W., Aulerich, R.J., Bursian, S.J., Auman, H.J., Jones, P.D., Williams, L.L., Tillitt, D.E., and Gilbertson, M., 1993, A comparison of water quality criteria for the Great Lakes based on human and wildlife health: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 19, no. 4, p. 789-807, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(93)71267-8.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"789","endPage":"807","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502438,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/A_comparison_of_water_quality_criteria_for_the_Great_Lakes_based_on_human_and_wildlife_health/22933259","text":"External Repository"},{"id":329609,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5801eec0e4b0824b2d18c43d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ludwig, James P.","contributorId":175390,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ludwig","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Giesy, John P.","contributorId":57426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giesy","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Summer, Cheryl L.","contributorId":175391,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Summer","given":"Cheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bowerman, William","contributorId":175392,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowerman","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Aulerich, Richard J.","contributorId":170029,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aulerich","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bursian, Steven J.","contributorId":170027,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bursian","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Auman, Heidi J.","contributorId":175393,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Auman","given":"Heidi","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Jones, Paul D.","contributorId":175332,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Williams, Lisa L.","contributorId":172543,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Tillitt, Donald E. 0000-0002-8278-3955 dtillitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-3955","contributorId":1875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"Donald","email":"dtillitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Gilbertson, Michael","contributorId":111420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilbertson","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70017847,"text":"70017847 - 1993 - Potential problem with mean dimensionless hydrographs at ungaged sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:54","indexId":"70017847","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Potential problem with mean dimensionless hydrographs at ungaged sites","docAbstract":"A flood hydrograph for an ungaged stream site can be estimated from a mean dimensionless hydrograph and estimates of instantaneous peak discharge (Q) and total storm runoff volume (V). However, the time base of the resulting flood hydrograph can be inversely related to the magnitude of the peak discharge if estimates of runoff volume were defined using ordinary least-squares regression relations of the form V=f(Q). Such an inverse relation is not hydrologically consistent. The problem can be solved in several ways. Redefining the relation between V and Q using an alternative model that preserves the variance in V generally will produce exponents for Q that are near 1. The resulting estimated flood-hydrograph volumes will nearly match the original volumes near the mean of the logarithms of V and Q, but will differ as volumes and peak discharges depart from the mean values. The difference will depend on how much the original exponent of Q differed from 1. Another solution is to simply hold T???, the multiplier needed to expand the time base of a mean dimensionless hydrograph into the time base of an estimated flood hydrograph, constant. That solution is a questionable approach if basins vary either in size, shape, or slope. A third solution is to define T??? as a function of time to peak, Tp. Flood volume then depends only on Q, Tp, and the dimensionless hydrograph, thereby removing the need to define a relation for estimating volume.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Engineering Hydrology","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Engineering Hydrology","conferenceDate":"25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"087262921X","usgsCitation":"Wahl, K.L., and Rankl, J.G., 1993, Potential problem with mean dimensionless hydrographs at ungaged sites, in Proceedings of the Symposium on Engineering Hydrology, San Francisco, CA, USA, 25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993, p. 246-251.","startPage":"246","endPage":"251","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229001,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7f57e4b0c8380cd7aa90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wahl, Kenneth L.","contributorId":61024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahl","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rankl, James G.","contributorId":93026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rankl","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017842,"text":"70017842 - 1993 - Assimilation efficiency for sediment-sorbed benzo(a)pyrene by Diporeia spp.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-01T11:26:46","indexId":"70017842","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":874,"text":"Aquatic Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assimilation efficiency for sediment-sorbed benzo(a)pyrene by Diporeia spp.","docAbstract":"Two methods are currently available for determining contaminant assimilation efficiencies (AE) from ingested material in benthic invertebrates. These methods were compared using the Great Lakes amphipod Diporeia spp. and [14C]benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) sorbed to Florissant sediment (< 63 µm). The first approach, the direct measurement method, uses total organic carbon as a tracer and yielded AE values ranging from 45.9~50.4%. The second approach, the dual-labeled method, uses 51Cr as a non-assimilated tracer and did not yield AE values for our data. The inability of the dual-labeled approach to estimate AEs was due, in part, to the selective feeding by Diporeia resulting in a failure of the non-assimilated tracer (51Cr) to track with the assimilated tracer ([14C]BaP). The failure of the dual-labeled approach was not a result of an uneven distribution of the labels among particle size classes, but more likely resulted from differential sorption of the two isotopically labeled materials to particles of differing composition. The [14C]BaP apparently sorbs to organic particles that are selectively ingested, while the 51Cr apparently sorbs to particles which are selectively excluded by Diporeia. The dual-labeled approach would be a viable and easier experimental approach for determining AE values if the characteristics that govern selective feeding can be determined.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquatic Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0166-445X(93)90031-U","issn":"0166445X","usgsCitation":"Lydy, M., and Landrum, P., 1993, Assimilation efficiency for sediment-sorbed benzo(a)pyrene by Diporeia spp.: Aquatic Toxicology, v. 26, no. 3-4, p. 209-224, https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-445X(93)90031-U.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"209","endPage":"224","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228907,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee8ce4b0c8380cd49df7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lydy, M.J.","contributorId":77920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lydy","given":"M.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landrum, P.F.","contributorId":98423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landrum","given":"P.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017841,"text":"70017841 - 1993 - Efficient method for assessing channel instability near bridges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:54","indexId":"70017841","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Efficient method for assessing channel instability near bridges","docAbstract":"Efficient methods for data collection and processing are required to complete channel-instability assessments at 5,600 bridge sites in Indiana at an affordable cost and within a reasonable time frame while maintaining the quality of the assessments. To provide this needed efficiency and quality control, a data-collection form was developed that specifies the data to be collected and the order of data collection. This form represents a modification of previous forms that grouped variables according to type rather than by order of collection. Assessments completed during two field seasons showed that greater efficiency was achieved by using a fill-in-the-blank form that organizes the data to be recorded in a specified order: in the vehicle, from the roadway, in the upstream channel, under the bridge, and in the downstream channel.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1993 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering. Part 1 (of 2)","conferenceDate":"25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872629201","usgsCitation":"Robinson, B.A., and Thompson, R., 1993, Efficient method for assessing channel instability near bridges, in Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 1, San Francisco, CA, USA, 25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993, p. 513-515.","startPage":"513","endPage":"515","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228906,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0868e4b0c8380cd51ae8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, Bret A. barobins@usgs.gov","contributorId":3897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Bret","email":"barobins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":377714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, R.E. Jr.","contributorId":27101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"R.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017838,"text":"70017838 - 1993 - Temporal and spatial patterns of wetland sedimentation, West Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T16:41:47.256818","indexId":"70017838","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal and spatial patterns of wetland sedimentation, West Tennessee","docAbstract":"Dendrogeomorphic techniques were used to describe and interpret patterns of sedimentation rates at two forested wetland sites in West Tennessee. Fifty-five sampling stations were established along transects upstream and downstream from bridge structures, and 515 trees were examined for depth of sediment accretion and cored for age determination. Temporal variation in sedimentation rate may be related more to stream channelization and agricultural activity than to bridge and causeway construction. Sedimentation rates have increased substantially in the last 28 years, although channelized streams may have overall lower rates than unchannelized streams. Comparisons of sedimentation rates from deposition over artificial markers (short term) with those determined from tree-ring analysis (long-term) indicate that trends are similar where hydrogeomorphic conditions have not been altered substantially. No tendency for increased sedimentation upstream from bridges was observed. Deposition rates were inversely correlated with elevation and degree of ponding. Downstream deposition of sand splays appears to be related to flow constrictions and may be extensive. Mean overall rates of sedimentation (between 0.24 and 0.28 cm year−1), determined dendrogeomorphically, are comparable with other published rates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(93)90049-F","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Hupp, C., and Bazemore, D., 1993, Temporal and spatial patterns of wetland sedimentation, West Tennessee: Journal of Hydrology, v. 141, no. 1-4, p. 179-196, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(93)90049-F.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"196","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228865,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"141","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba4f1e4b08c986b3206b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hupp, C.R. 0000-0003-1853-9197","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1853-9197","contributorId":78775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"C.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bazemore, D.E.","contributorId":75968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bazemore","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017832,"text":"70017832 - 1993 - Dutrochus, a new microdomatid (Gastropoda) genus from the Middle Devonian (Eifelian) of west-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-07T11:07:35.834144","indexId":"70017832","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dutrochus, a new microdomatid (Gastropoda) genus from the Middle Devonian (Eifelian) of west-central Alaska","docAbstract":"A new gastropod genus, Dutrochus, is established for members of the family Microdomatidae that are characterized by a reticulate ornament of spiral cords and intersecting, finer collabral threads, with all but one spiral cord being of nearly equal strength, and the single remaining cord being of stronger (nearly twice the order) magnitude and being situated at the periphery. It is represented by the type and only known species, Dutrochus alaskensis n. gen. and sp., from the upper part (lower Middle Devonian; lower Eifelian) of the Lower? and Middle Devonian Cheeneetnuk Limestone, McGrath A-5 quadrangle, west-central Alaska. The genus is very close and nearly homeomorphic to the Permian microdomatid genus Glyptospira, but differs from the latter in possessing an extremely strong, peripheral spiral cord and an extremely thick, multi-layered apertural margin.