{"pageNumber":"414","pageRowStart":"10325","pageSize":"25","recordCount":16443,"records":[{"id":21662,"text":"ofr95734 - 1996 - Chemical and stable-isotope data from an experiment to examine temporal variability in water samples from screened wells on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-11T16:57:15.485891","indexId":"ofr95734","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-734","title":"Chemical and stable-isotope data from an experiment to examine temporal variability in water samples from screened wells on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1994","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95734","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Reilly, T.E., LeBlanc, D., Bussey, K., Councell, T., Smith, R.L., and Böhlke, J., 1996, Chemical and stable-isotope data from an experiment to examine temporal variability in water samples from screened wells on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-734, v, 21 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95734.","productDescription":"v, 21 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51208,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0734/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156095,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0734/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.7684326171875,\n              41.63186741069748\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.873046875,\n              41.63186741069748\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.873046875,\n              42.16340342422401\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.7684326171875,\n              42.16340342422401\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.7684326171875,\n              41.63186741069748\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e1e4b07f02db5e483c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reilly, T. E.","contributorId":79460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LeBlanc, D.R.","contributorId":87141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bussey, K.W.","contributorId":48210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bussey","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Councell, T.B.","contributorId":44187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Councell","given":"T.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, R. L.","contributorId":93904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":185148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":22596,"text":"ofr95776 - 1996 - Summary of suspended-solids concentration data, San Francisco Bay, California, water year 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-07T09:51:27","indexId":"ofr95776","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-776","title":"Summary of suspended-solids concentration data, San Francisco Bay, California, water year 1994","docAbstract":"<p>Suspended-solids concentration data were collected in San Francisco Bay during water year 1994. Optical backscatterance sensors and water samples were used to monitor suspended solids continuously at two sites in Suisun Bay, two sites in Central San Francisco Bay, and three sites in South San Francisco Bay. Sensors were positioned at two depths at each site. In addition, a shallow-water instrument package was deployed in South San Francisco Bay three times for periods of several weeks to measure suspended-solids concentration and water velocity. Water samples were collected periodically and were analyzed for concentrations of suspended solids. The results of the analyses were used to calibrate the electrical output of the optical backscatterance sensors. This report presents the data-collection methods used and summarizes the suspended-solids concentration data collected from October 1993 through September 1994. Calibration plots and edited data for each sensor also are presented.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr95776","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Buchanan, P., Schoellhamer, D., and Sheipline, R., 1996, Summary of suspended-solids concentration data, San Francisco Bay, California, water year 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-776, v, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95776.","productDescription":"v, 48 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":52068,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0776/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155797,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0776/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.0523681640625,\n              37.339591851359174\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.8109130859375,\n              37.339591851359174\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.8109130859375,\n              38.199338565983844\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.0523681640625,\n              38.199338565983844\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.0523681640625,\n              37.339591851359174\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698974","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buchanan, P.A. 0000-0002-4796-4734","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4796-4734","contributorId":48997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchanan","given":"P.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schoellhamer, D. H. 0000-0001-9488-7340","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":85624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"D. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sheipline, R.C.","contributorId":39410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheipline","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":23965,"text":"ofr95470 - 1996 - Numerical model analysis of the effects of ground-water withdrawals on discharge to streams and springs in small basins typical of the Puget Sound Lowland, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:00","indexId":"ofr95470","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-470","title":"Numerical model analysis of the effects of ground-water withdrawals on discharge to streams and springs in small basins typical of the Puget Sound Lowland, Washington","docAbstract":"A numerical ground-water flow model of a hypothetical basin was constructed and used to investigate the effects of ground-water withdrawals on rates of natural discharge to streams and springs in small basins of the Puget Sound Lowland. Definitions of the topography, geology, drainage, and climate of the hypothetical basin were based on the features of typical small basins in the Puget Sound Lowland. This information was used to construct a 13-layer numerical ground-water flow model capable of simulating water levels, hydraulic gradients, and discharge to streams and springs. Three sequences of glacial drift and interglacial deposits were simulated in the model; each sequence consisted of recessional outwash, till, advance, outwash, and fine-grained interglacial sediments. Alluvial sediments of the major stream valleys and undifferentiated glacial and interglacial deposits were also included in the model.  The model was calibrated by comparing simulated hydrologic conditions with expected conditions and making adjustments to values of hydraulic characteristics as needed. The model was calibrated to predevelop- ment conditions (those prior to pumping), and then used to simulate the effects of pumping on natural discharge to streams and springs. Seven series of simulations were made to investigate the effects of (1) distance from the well to a stream, (2) the presence of confining layers, (3) pumping rate, (4) depth of the pumped aquifer, (5) distance from the well to a bluff, (6) well density, and (7) recharge rate. The discharge of wells pumping from unconfined outwash aquifers on the drift plains is derived almost entirely from capture of natural discharge to nearby stream reaches.  Increasing the lateral distance between the well and stream caused more of the well discharge to be captured from other streams on the drift plain. Pumping from aquifers separated from the stream by one or more confining layers caused a reduction in the effects of pumping on discharge to nearby streams that was offset by an increase in the effects on discharge to more distant streams and springs. The percentage of well discharge captured from springs on the bluff was sensitive to the distance of wells from the bluff. Simulations also showed that increased well density caused greater water-level decline locally, but, at equilibrium, did not affect the extent of the area affected by reduction of natural discharge to streams and springs. Finally, decreased recharge in areas where development had created impervious surfaces had a direct effect on the natural discharge rates to streams and springs. Increased recharge, however, increased natural discharge and offset the effects of well withdrawals. Further analysis of the time-dependent effects of with- drawals would provide additional insights, but would require the development of a transient version of the model.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr95470","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Morgan, D.S., and Jones, J.L., 1996, Numerical model analysis of the effects of ground-water withdrawals on discharge to streams and springs in small basins typical of the Puget Sound Lowland, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-470, vi, 73 p. :ill., col. map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95470.","productDescription":"vi, 73 p. :ill., col. map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1669,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wa.water.usgs.gov/pubs/ofr/ofr.95-470/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":154957,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0470/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53159,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0470/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696847","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, D. S.","contributorId":19184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, J. L.","contributorId":27065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":24668,"text":"ofr95749 - 1996 - Hydrologic data for the East Poplar oil field, Fort Peck Indian Reservation, Northeastern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-17T15:00:14","indexId":"ofr95749","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-749","title":"Hydrologic data for the East Poplar oil field, Fort Peck Indian Reservation, Northeastern Montana","docAbstract":"This report presents selected hydrologic data for the East Poplar oil field, located in the south-central part of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation in northeastern Montana. Data about the occurrence, quantity, and quality of ground and surface water are presented in tabular form. The tables contain records of privately owned wells (active and abandoned), monitoring wells installed by the U.S. Geological Survey and Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, oil wells, and brine-injection wells; lithologic descriptions of drill cuttings and well-completion data from monitoring wells; data from two aquifer tests conducted in Quaternary alluvial and glacial deposits; chemical quality of ground water; and information on the quantity and chemical quality of surface water. Records of electromagnetic geophysical measurements collected throughout an area of about 20 square miles of the study area are compiled and included on a floppy disk. Illustrations in this report contain information about study area location, site- numbering system, general physical and cultural features, and construction of monitoring wells installed by the U.S. Geological Survey. plate-sized map presents additional information about privately owned wells, monitoring wells, oil wells, brine-injections wells, surface-water data-collection sites, and area of electromagnetic data collection. The data presented in this report provide a base with which to better define and interpret the occurrence, quantity, and quality of ground and surface water in the vicinity of the Poplar River Valley in the south-central part of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation. The data can be used to help delineate the occurrence of brine and saline water in Quaternary alluvial and glacial deposits in the East Poplar oil field.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95749","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Thamke, J., Craigg, S.D., and Mendes, T., 1996, Hydrologic data for the East Poplar oil field, Fort Peck Indian Reservation, Northeastern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-749, v, 92 p. :ill., map ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95749.","productDescription":"v, 92 p. :ill., map ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157725,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0749/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":19507,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0749/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":53696,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0749/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":277679,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0749/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ec16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thamke, J.N.","contributorId":77965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thamke","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Craigg, S. D.","contributorId":59839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craigg","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mendes, T.M.","contributorId":48213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendes","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":24700,"text":"ofr96165 - 1996 - Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1993 through September 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:28","indexId":"ofr96165","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-165","title":"Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1993 through September 1995","docAbstract":"This report contains hydrologic and climatic data that describe the status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia. Data presented are from January 1993 through September 1995, although the report focuses on hydrologic events from July through September 1995. Cumulative rainfall for July through September 1995 was about 15 inches which is 32 percent less than the mean cumulative rainfall of about 22 inches for July through September. July and August are within the annual dry season, while September is the start of the annual wet season. Mean cumulative rainfall is calculated for the fixed base period 1951-90. Ground-water withdrawal during July through September 1995 averaged 888,500 gallons per day. Withdrawal for the same 3 months in 1994 averaged 919,400 gallons per day. Patterns of withdrawal during the third quarter of 1995 did not change significantly since 1993 at all five ground-water production areas. At the end of September 1995, the chloride concentration of the composite water supply was 51 milligrams per liter, well below the 250 milligrams per liter secondary drinking-water standard established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chloride concentrations of the composite water supply from July through September 1995 ranged between 42 and 68 milligrams per liter. Chloride concentration of ground water in monitoring wells at Cantonment and Air Operations continued to increase since April 1995, with water from the deepest monitoring wells increasing in chloride concentration by as much as 2,000 milligrams per liter. A fuel leak at Air Operations caused the shutdown of ten wells in May 1991. Four of the wells resumed pumping for water-supply purposes in April 1992. The remaining six wells are being used to hydraulically divert fuel migration away from water-supply wells by recirculating about 150,000 gallons of water each day.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96165","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Torikai, J., 1996, Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1993 through September 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-165, v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96165.","productDescription":"v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157922,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0165/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53733,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0165/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db635350","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torikai, J.D.","contributorId":93926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torikai","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":24822,"text":"ofr96108 - 1996 - Statistical and descriptive summaries of water-resources data for the Cannonball River basin, North Dakota and South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-14T16:36:44","indexId":"ofr96108","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-108","title":"Statistical and descriptive summaries of water-resources data for the Cannonball River basin, North Dakota and South Dakota","docAbstract":"<p>Existing hydrologic data and information for the Cannonball River Basin were compiled by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation. This report presents a summary of surface-water quality and streamflow data, ground-water quality data, ground-water level data, water-use data, and other information compiled from the U.S. Geological Survey, Bureau of Reclamation, North Dakota Game and Fish Department, North Dakota Department of Health, North Dakota Parks and Recreation Department, North Dakota State Water Commission, and Standing Rock Sioux Tribe data bases. The data are summarized statistically or descriptively, depending on the amount or nature of the data.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96108","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Wesolowski, E.A., Zainhofsky, S., and Dressler, V.M., 1996, Statistical and descriptive summaries of water-resources data for the Cannonball River basin, North Dakota and South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-108, iii, 301 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96108.","productDescription":"iii, 301 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157106,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0108/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53830,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0108/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e22ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wesolowski, Edwin A.","contributorId":14014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesolowski","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zainhofsky, S.D.","contributorId":78774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zainhofsky","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dressler, Valerie M. dressler@usgs.gov","contributorId":5791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dressler","given":"Valerie","email":"dressler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":192629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":24946,"text":"ofr95777 - 1996 - A guide to safe field operations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:20","indexId":"ofr95777","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-777","title":"A guide to safe field operations","docAbstract":"Most functions of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Water Resources Division (WRD) require employees to participate in numerous field activities ranging from routine meetings with cooperators, other federal and public officials, and private citizens to potentially hazardous assignments, such as making flood measurements and scuba diving to service underwater instruments. It is paramount that each employee be aware of safety procedures and operational policies of the WRD to ensure that (1) their activities avoid or minimize personal injury to the employee, coworkers, or anyone in the vicinity of the field activity, and (2) their conduct does not infringe on the personal or property rights of any individual or organization.\r\nThe purpose of the guide is to familiarize employees with the operational and safety procedures expected to be followed by each employee as a representative of the WRD. It is also intended as a training tool for all new employees and a document to be reviewed by each employee before undertaking a field assignment. It includes general procedures that are standard and applicable to all field operations, such as communication, vehicle operation, and adequate preparation for anticipated weather conditions. It also includes a discussion of specific procedures and safety considerations for most of the routine field assignments undertaken by hydrologists and hydrologic technicians of the WRD. The guide is not intended to be a technical handbook outlining step-by-step procedures for performing specific tasks or a comprehensive discussion of every possible activity that may be undertaken by a USGS employee. Employees are referred to the Techniques for Water-Resources Investigations (TWRI) series for specific technical procedures and to the U.S. Geological Survey Safety and Environmental Health Handbook 445-1-H (USGS, August 1989), USGS Occupational Hazards and Safety Procedures Handbook 445-2-H (December 1993), the WRD notebook on Safety Policy and Guidance Memoranda, and other references for procedures and safety issues related to nonroutine activities, such as operations on large vessels and aircraft.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;","doi":"10.3133/ofr95777","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Yobbi, D.K., Yorke, T., and Mycyk, R., 1996, A guide to safe field operations: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-777, iv, 29 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95777.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157311,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1919,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-777/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aeccd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yobbi, D. K.","contributorId":56622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yobbi","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yorke, T.H.","contributorId":108147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yorke","given":"T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mycyk, R.T.","contributorId":32566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mycyk","given":"R.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70204860,"text":"70204860 - 1996 - A metabolism-based trophic index for comparing the ecological values of shallow-water sediment habitats","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-20T10:17:56","indexId":"70204860","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-30T10:07:29","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A metabolism-based trophic index for comparing the ecological values of shallow-water sediment habitats","docAbstract":"<p><span>We determined fluxes of oxygen and nutrients between water and sediments at 21 sites primarily in Virginia and North Carolina estuaries, over the past 15 yr. These sites represented broad ranges in salinity, tidal amplitude, hydrology, nutrient availability, turbidity, light availability, depth, sediment grain size, and anthropogenic disturbance. In general, we found that heterotrophically dominated sediments had the potential to degrade water quality, whereas photoautotrophy in the sediments ameliorated this impact. We propose a benthic trophic state index as a management tool to make general assessments of the degree to which sediments support ecological processes related to photoautotrophy. The index can be based on simple measurements of metabolic parameters. We also evaluated the relative significance of variability in the index across a number of spatial and temporal scales. Reduced photoautotrophy and/or enhanced heterotrophy tended to be associated with finer-grained, organic-rich sediments. This sediment type was common in oligohaline areas at water depths exceeding 2 m. Temporally, autotrophy declined from winter to spring particularly at sandy sites, while interannual variability was more pronounced for mud sites.&nbsp;</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1352230","usgsCitation":"Rizzo, W., Dailey, S.K., Lackey, G.J., Christian, R., Berry, B.E., and Wetzel, R.L., 1996, A metabolism-based trophic index for comparing the ecological values of shallow-water sediment habitats: Estuaries, v. 19, no. 2, p. 247-256, https://doi.org/10.2307/1352230.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"247","endPage":"256","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":366707,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Neuse River estuary, York River estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -78.651123046875,\n              33.119150226768866\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.377197265625,\n              33.119150226768866\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.377197265625,\n              38.20365531807149\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.651123046875,\n              38.20365531807149\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.651123046875,\n              33.119150226768866\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rizzo, W.M.","contributorId":104849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rizzo","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dailey, S. K.","contributorId":218238,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dailey","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lackey, G. J.","contributorId":218239,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lackey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Christian, R.R.","contributorId":8593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christian","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Berry, B. E.","contributorId":218240,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Berry","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wetzel, R. L.","contributorId":218241,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wetzel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70185312,"text":"70185312 - 1996 - Quantification of natural vapor fluxes of trichloroethene in the unsaturated zone at Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-26T14:40:11","indexId":"70185312","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantification of natural vapor fluxes of trichloroethene in the unsaturated zone at Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey","docAbstract":"<p><span>The upward flux of trichloroethene (TCE) vapor through the unsaturated zone above a contaminated, water-table aquifer at Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey, has been studied under natural conditions over a 12-month period. Vertical gas-phase diffusion fluxes were estimated indirectly by measuring the TCE vapor concentration gradient in the unsaturated zone and using Fick's law to calculate the flux. The total gas-phase flux (e.g., the sum of diffusion and advection fluxes) was measured directly with a vertical flux chamber (VFC). In many cases, the upward TCE vapor flux was several orders of magnitude greater than the upward TCE diffusion flux, suggesting that mechanisms other than steady-state vapor diffusion are contributing to the vertical transport of TCE vapors through the unsaturated zone. The measured total flux of TCE vapor from the subsurface to the atmosphere is approximately 50 kg/yr and is comparable in magnitude to the removal rate of TCE from the aquifer by an existing pump-and-treat system and by discharge into a nearby stream. The net upward flux of TCE is reduced significantly during a storm event, presumably due to the mass transfer of TCE from the soil gas to the infiltrating rainwater and its subsequent downward advection. Several potential problems associated with the measurement of total gas-phase fluxes are discussed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es950610c","usgsCitation":"Smith, J., Tisdale, A.K., and Cho, H.J., 1996, Quantification of natural vapor fluxes of trichloroethene in the unsaturated zone at Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 30, no. 7, p. 2243-2250, https://doi.org/10.1021/es950610c.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2243","endPage":"2250","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337854,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-06-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d0ea1de4b0236b68f67389","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, James A.","contributorId":68718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tisdale, Amy K.","contributorId":189544,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tisdale","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cho, H. Jean","contributorId":189545,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cho","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jean","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70176367,"text":"70176367 - 1996 - Comparison of Eh and H2 measurements for delineating redox processes in a contaminated aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-19T13:47:31.715443","indexId":"70176367","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Comparison of <i>E</i><sub>h</sub> and H<sub>2</sub> measurements for delineating redox processes in a contaminated aquifer","title":"Comparison of Eh and H2 measurements for delineating redox processes in a contaminated aquifer","docAbstract":"<p><span>Measurements of oxidation-reduction potential (</span><i>E</i><sub>h</sub><span>) and concentrations of dissolved hydrogen (H</span><sub>2</sub><span>) were made in a shallow groundwater system contaminated with solvents and jet fuel to delineate the zonation of redox processes.<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>E</i><sub>h</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>measurements ranged from +69 to -158 mV in a cross section of the contaminated plume and accurately delineated oxic from anoxic groundwater. Plotting measured<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>E</i><sub>h</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>and pH values on an equilibrium stability diagram indicated that Fe(III) reduction was the predominant redox process in the anoxic zone and did not indicate the presence of methanogenesis and sulfate reduction. In contrast, measurements of H</span><sub>2</sub><span>concentrations indicated that methanogenesis predominated in heavily contaminated sediments near the water table surface (H</span><sub>2</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>∼ 7.0 nM) and that the methanogenic zone was surrounded by distinct sulfate-reducing (H</span><sub>2</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>∼ 1-4 nM) and Fe(III)-reducing (H</span><sub>2</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>∼ 0.1-0.8 nM) zones. The presence of methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, and Fe(III) reduction was confirmed by the distribution of dissolved oxygen, sulfate, Fe(II), and methane in groundwater. These results show that H</span><sub>2</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>concentrations were more useful for identifying anoxic redox processes than<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>E</i><sub>h</sub><span>measurements in this groundwater system. However, H</span><sub>2</sub><span>-based redox zone delineations are more reliable when H</span><sub>2</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>concentrations are interpreted in the context of electron-acceptor (oxygen, nitrate, sulfate) availability and the presence of final products [Fe(II), sulfide, methane] of microbial metabolism.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es960249","usgsCitation":"Chapelle, F.H., Haack, S.K., Adriaens, P., Henry, M.A., and Bradley, P.M., 1996, Comparison of Eh and H2 measurements for delineating redox processes in a contaminated aquifer: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 30, no. 12, p. 3365-3569, https://doi.org/10.1021/es960249.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"3365","endPage":"3569","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328474,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57d3dd31e4b0571647d19a42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapelle, Francis H. chapelle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"Francis","email":"chapelle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":648548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haack, Sheridan K. skhaack@usgs.gov","contributorId":1982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haack","given":"Sheridan","email":"skhaack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":648549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adriaens, Peter","contributorId":174543,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adriaens","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":648550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Henry, Mark A.","contributorId":174544,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Henry","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":648551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bradley, Paul M. 0000-0001-7522-8606 pbradley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Paul","email":"pbradley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":648552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70018965,"text":"70018965 - 1996 - The roles of organic matter in the formation of uranium deposits in sedimentary rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-19T16:56:57.876624","indexId":"70018965","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2954,"text":"Ore Geology Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The roles of organic matter in the formation of uranium deposits in sedimentary rocks","docAbstract":"<p><span>Because reduced uranium species have a much smaller solubility than oxidized uranium species and because of the strong association of organic matter (a powerful reductant) with many uranium ores, reduction has long been considered to be the precipitation mechanism for many types of uranium deposits. Organic matter may also be involved in the alterations in and around tabular uranium deposits, including dolomite precipitation, formation of silicified layers, iron-titanium oxide destruction, dissolution of quartz grains, and precipitation of clay minerals. The diagenetic processes that produced these alterations also consumed organic matter. Consequently, those tabular deposits that underwent the more advanced stages of diagenesis, including methanogenesis and organic acid generation, display the greatest range of alterations and contain the smallest amount of organic matter. Because of certain similarities between tabular uranium deposits and Precambrian unconformity-related deposits, some of the same processes might have been involved in the genesis of Precambrian unconformity-related deposits.</span></p><p><span>Hydrologic studies place important constraints on genetic models of various types of uranium deposits. In roll-front deposits, oxidized waters carried uranium to reductants (organic matter and pyrite derived from sulfate reduction by organic matter). After these reductants were oxidized at any point in the host sandstone, uranium minerals were reoxidized and transported further down the flow path to react with additional reductants. In this manner, the uranium ore migrated through the sandstone at a rate slower than the mineralizing ground water. In the case of tabular uranium deposits, the recharge of surface water into the ground water during flooding of lakes carried soluble humic material to the water table or to an interface where humate precipitated in tabular layers. These humate layers then established the chemical conditions for mineralization and related alterations. In the case of Precambrian unconformity-related deposits, free thermal convection in the thick sandstones overlying the basement rocks carried uranium to concentrations of organic matter in the basement rocks.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-1368(95)00015-1","usgsCitation":"Spirakis, C.S., 1996, The roles of organic matter in the formation of uranium deposits in sedimentary rocks: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 11, no. 1-3, p. 53-69, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-1368(95)00015-1.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"69","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226354,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bafa8e4b08c986b324960","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spirakis, Charles S.","contributorId":97111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spirakis","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":38231,"text":"pp1416D - 1996 - Hydrology of the Mississippi River valley alluvial aquifer, south-central United States","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":17922,"text":"ofr90358 - 1990 - Hydrology of the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer, South-Central United States","indexId":"ofr90358","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology of the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer, South-Central United States"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38231,"text":"pp1416D - 1996 - Hydrology of the Mississippi River valley alluvial aquifer, south-central United States","indexId":"pp1416D","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Hydrology of the Mississippi River valley alluvial aquifer, south-central United States"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:51","indexId":"pp1416D","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1416","chapter":"D","title":"Hydrology of the Mississippi River valley alluvial aquifer, south-central United States","docAbstract":"Ground-water flow simulation indicates that pumpage from the aquifer since the early 1900's has caused a decrease in ground-water outflow to rivers, an increase in flow from rivers into the aquifer, and an increase in flow to the aquifer through the overlying confining unit. By the mid-1970's, rivers became a source of more than 30 percent of total flow into the aquifer rather than the sink of net outflow, and by 1982 inflow through the overlying confining unit increased about 60 percent. Areas with the greatest potential for additional pumpage are northwestern Mississippi and northern parts of the area east of Crowleys Ridge.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Regional aquifer-system analysis--Gulf Coastal Plain","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1416D","usgsCitation":"Ackerman, D.J., 1996, Hydrology of the Mississippi River valley alluvial aquifer, south-central United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1416, p. D1-D56; 8 plates in separate case, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1416D.","productDescription":"p. D1-D56; 8 plates in separate case","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104648,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4877.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4877"},{"id":122122,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64577,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416d/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64578,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416d/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64579,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416d/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64580,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64572,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416d/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64573,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416d/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64574,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416d/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64575,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416d/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64576,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1416d/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668a97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ackerman, D. J.","contributorId":53380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":6920,"text":"fs24395 - 1996 - Naturally occurring and mining-affected dissolved metals in two subbasins of the Upper Animas River Basin, southwestern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-07T10:26:13","indexId":"fs24395","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"243-95","title":"Naturally occurring and mining-affected dissolved metals in two subbasins of the Upper Animas River Basin, southwestern Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs24395","usgsCitation":"Wright, W.G., and Janik, C.J., 1996, Naturally occurring and mining-affected dissolved metals in two subbasins of the Upper Animas River Basin, southwestern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 243-95, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs24395.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125343,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0243/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":34212,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0243/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Upper Animas River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"stroke\": \"#555555\",\n        \"stroke-width\": 2,\n        \"stroke-opacity\": 1,\n        \"fill\": \"#555555\",\n        \"fill-opacity\": 0.3\n      },\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107.74017333984375,\n              37.819548028632376\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.82806396484375,\n              37.65773212628272\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.87200927734375,\n              37.58811876638322\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.95852661132812,\n              37.26312408340919\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.9296875,\n              37.243448378654115\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.8912353515625,\n              37.243448378654115\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.85415649414062,\n              37.243448378654115\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.82257080078125,\n              37.25547303105431\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.81570434570312,\n              37.32102825630305\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.80059814453125,\n              37.397437140899775\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.77999877929686,\n              37.49556277942662\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.75802612304688,\n              37.58594229860422\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.677001953125,\n              37.621845878167704\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.64472961425781,\n              37.68871084320727\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.61383056640625,\n              37.82280243352756\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.74017333984375,\n              37.819548028632376\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4895e4b07f02db522911","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Winfield G.","contributorId":27044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Winfield","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Janik, Cathy J.","contributorId":87090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janik","given":"Cathy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":54,"text":"wsp2463 - 1996 - Geochemical and hydrologic controls on phosphorus transport in a sewage-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21792,"text":"ofr95381 - 1995 - Geochemical and hydrologic controls on phosphorus transport in a sewage-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","indexId":"ofr95381","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Geochemical and hydrologic controls on phosphorus transport in a sewage-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":54,"text":"wsp2463 - 1996 - Geochemical and hydrologic controls on phosphorus transport in a sewage-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","indexId":"wsp2463","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Geochemical and hydrologic controls on phosphorus transport in a sewage-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-08T20:20:18.838085","indexId":"wsp2463","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2463","title":"Geochemical and hydrologic controls on phosphorus transport in a sewage-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Currently (1993), about 170 kg/yr of phosphorus discharges into Ashumet Pond on Cape Cod from a plume of sewage-contaminated ground water. Phosphorus in the plume is mobile in two distinct geochemical environments--an anoxic zone containing dissolved iron and a suboxic zone containing dissolved oxygen. Phosphorus mobility in the suboxic zone is due to saturation of available sorption sites. Phosphorus loading to Ashumet Pond may increase significantly after sewage disposal is stopped due to phosphorus desorption from sediment surfaces.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wsp2463","usgsCitation":"Walter, D.A., Rea, B.A., Stollenwerk, K.G., and Savoie, J., 1996, Geochemical and hydrologic controls on phosphorus transport in a sewage-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2463, vi, 89 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2463.","productDescription":"vi, 89 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":413878,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25560.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":24689,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2463/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137435,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2463/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.7354736328125,\n              41.47154438707647\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.488525390625,\n              41.47154438707647\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.488525390625,\n              42.13896840458089\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.7354736328125,\n              42.13896840458089\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.7354736328125,\n              41.47154438707647\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae6ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walter, Donald A. 0000-0003-0879-4477 dawalter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0879-4477","contributorId":1101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Donald","email":"dawalter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":141879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rea, Brigid A.","contributorId":82282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"Brigid","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stollenwerk, Kenneth G. kgstolle@usgs.gov","contributorId":578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stollenwerk","given":"Kenneth","email":"kgstolle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":141878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Savoie, Jennifer G. jsavoie@usgs.gov","contributorId":1691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savoie","given":"Jennifer G.","email":"jsavoie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":141880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018537,"text":"70018537 - 1996 - Structural damage, ground failure, and hydrologic effects of the magnitude (Mw) 5.9 Draney Peak, Idaho, earthquake of February 3, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T16:34:12.897574","indexId":"70018537","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural damage, ground failure, and hydrologic effects of the magnitude (Mw) 5.9 Draney Peak, Idaho, earthquake of February 3, 1994","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.67.3.20","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"Schuster, R.L., and Murphy, W., 1996, Structural damage, ground failure, and hydrologic effects of the magnitude (Mw) 5.9 Draney Peak, Idaho, earthquake of February 3, 1994: Seismological Research Letters, v. 67, no. 3, p. 20-29, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.67.3.20.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"20","endPage":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227075,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -113.12347338999871,\n              43.647746754980034\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.12347338999871,\n              38.57518402288193\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.64134348337907,\n              38.57518402288193\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.64134348337907,\n              43.647746754980034\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.12347338999871,\n              43.647746754980034\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"67","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9bdee4b08c986b31d131","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schuster, R. L.","contributorId":19135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murphy, W.","contributorId":96027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017800,"text":"70017800 - 1996 - Episodic acidification of small streams in the northeastern United States: Episodic response project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T16:48:30.767717","indexId":"70017800","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Episodic acidification of small streams in the northeastern United States: Episodic response project","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Episodic Response Project (ERP) was an interdisciplinary study designed to address uncertainties about the occurrence, nature, and biological effects of episodic acidification of streams in the northeastern United States. The ERP research consisted of intensive studies of the chemistry and biological effects of episodes in 13 streams draining forested watersheds in the three study regions: the Northern Appalachian region of Pennsylvania and the Catskill and Adirondack Mountains of New York. Wet deposition was measured in each of the three study regions. Using automated instruments and samplers, discharge and chemistry of each stream was monitored intensively from fall 1988 through spring 1990. Biological studies focused on brook trout and native forage fish. Experimental approaches included in situ bioassays, radio transmitter studies of fish movement, and fish population studies. This paper provides an overview of the ERP, describes the methodology used in hydrologic and water chemistry components of the study, and summarizes the characteristics of the study sites, including the climatic and deposition conditions during the ERP and the general chemical characteristics of the study streams.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/2269377","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Wigington, P., Baker, J., DeWalle, D.R., Kretser, W., Murdoch, P., Simonin, H.A., Van Sickle, J., Mcdowell, M., Peck, D., and Barchet, W., 1996, Episodic acidification of small streams in the northeastern United States: Episodic response project: Ecological Applications, v. 6, no. 2, p. 374-388, https://doi.org/10.2307/2269377.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"374","endPage":"388","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228351,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a0fe4b0c8380cd5219e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wigington, P.J. Jr.","contributorId":96433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wigington","given":"P.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baker, J.P.","contributorId":95418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeWalle, David R.","contributorId":23291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWalle","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kretser, W.A.","contributorId":102650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kretser","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Murdoch, Peter S.","contributorId":73547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murdoch","given":"Peter S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Simonin, H. A.","contributorId":85713,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Simonin","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Van Sickle, J.","contributorId":79252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Sickle","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mcdowell, M.K.","contributorId":43928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mcdowell","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Peck, D.V.","contributorId":68053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Barchet, W.R.","contributorId":88896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barchet","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70185304,"text":"70185304 - 1996 - Overview of a simple model describing variation of dissolved organic carbon in an upland catchment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:37:53","indexId":"70185304","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Overview of a simple model describing variation of dissolved organic carbon in an upland catchment","docAbstract":"<p><span>Hydrological mechanisms controlling the variation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were investigated in the Deer Creek catchment located near Montezuma, CO. Patterns of DOC in streamflow suggested that increased flows through the upper soil horizon during snowmelt are responsible for flushing this DOC-enriched interstitial water to the streams. We examined possible hydrological mechanisms to explain the observed variability of DOC in Deer Creek by first simulating the hydrological response of the catchment using TOPMODEL and then routing the predicted flows through a simple model that accounted for temporal changes in DOC. Conceptually the DOC model can be taken to represent a terrestrial (soil) reservoir in which DOC builds up during low flow periods and is flushed out when infiltrating meltwaters cause the water table to rise into this “reservoir”. Concentrations of DOC measured in the upper soil and in streamflow were compared to model simulations. The simulated DOC response provides a reasonable reproduction of the observed dynamics of DOC in the stream at Deer Creek.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0304-3800(95)00049-6","usgsCitation":"Boyer, E.W., Hornberger, G., Bencala, K.E., and McKnight, D.M., 1996, Overview of a simple model describing variation of dissolved organic carbon in an upland catchment: Ecological Modelling, v. 86, no. 2-3, p. 183-188, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(95)00049-6.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"183","endPage":"188","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337845,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d0ea1de4b0236b68f6738b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyer, Elizabeth W.","contributorId":44659,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boyer","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":7260,"text":"Pennsylvania State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hornberger, George M.","contributorId":63894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"George M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70185706,"text":"70185706 - 1996 - Identification of hydraulic conductivity structure in sand and gravel aquifers: Cape Cod data set ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-29T10:25:38","indexId":"70185706","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of hydraulic conductivity structure in sand and gravel aquifers: Cape Cod data set ","docAbstract":"<p>This study evaluates commonly used geostatistical methods to assess reproduction of hydraulic conductivity (K) structure and sensitivity under limiting amounts of data. Extensive conductivity measurements from the Cape Cod sand and gravel aquifer are used to evaluate two geostatistical estimation methods, conditional mean as an estimate and ordinary kriging, and two stochastic simulation methods, simulated annealing and sequential Gaussian simulation. Our results indicate that for relatively homogeneous sand and gravel aquifers such as the Cape Cod aquifer, neither estimation methods nor stochastic simulation methods give highly accurate point predictions of hydraulic conductivity despite the high density of collected data. Although the stochastic simulation methods yielded higher errors than the estimation methods, the stochastic simulation methods yielded better reproduction of the measured In (K) distribution and better reproduction of local contrasts in In (K). The inability of kriging to reproduce high In (K) values, as reaffirmed by this study, provides a strong instigation for choosing stochastic simulation methods to generate conductivity fields when performing fine-scale contaminant transport modeling. Results also indicate that estimation error is relatively insensitive to the number of hydraulic conductivity measurements so long as more than a threshold number of data are used to condition the realizations. This threshold occurs for the Cape Cod site when there are approximately three conductivity measurements per integral volume. The lack of improvement with additional data suggests that although fine-scale hydraulic conductivity structure is evident in the variogram, it is not accurately reproduced by geostatistical estimation methods. If the Cape Cod aquifer spatial conductivity characteristics are indicative of other sand and gravel deposits, then the results on predictive error versus data collection obtained here have significant practical consequences for site characterization. Heavily sampled sand and gravel aquifers, such as Cape Cod and Borden, may have large amounts of redundant data, while in more common real world settings, our results suggest that denser data collection will likely improve understanding of permeability structure.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96WR00272","usgsCitation":"Eggleston, J., Rojstaczer, S., and Peirce, J., 1996, Identification of hydraulic conductivity structure in sand and gravel aquifers: Cape Cod data set : Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 5, p. 1209-1222, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR00272.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"1209","endPage":"1222","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338436,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7632e4b0ee37af29e4b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eggleston, J.R.","contributorId":58296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggleston","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rojstaczer, S.A.","contributorId":54620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rojstaczer","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peirce, J.J.","contributorId":189921,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peirce","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":39631,"text":"pp1408A - 1996 - Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19841,"text":"ofr9198 - 1993 - Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon","indexId":"ofr9198","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":39631,"text":"pp1408A - 1996 - Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon","indexId":"pp1408A","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-19T15:48:35","indexId":"pp1408A","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1408","chapter":"A","title":"Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon","docAbstract":"Regional aquifers underlying the 15,600-square-mile Snake River Plain in southern Idaho and eastern Oregon was studied as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's Regional Aquifer-System Analysis program. The largest and most productive aquifers in the Snake River Plain are composed of Quaternary basalt of the Snake River Group, which underlies most of the 10,8000-square-mile eastern plain. Aquifer tests and simulation indicate that transmissivity of the upper 200 feet of the basalt aquifer in the eastern plain commonly ranges from about 100,000 to 1,000,000 feet squared per day. However, transmissivity of the total aquifer thickness may be as much as 10 million feet squared per day. Specific yield of the upper 200 feet of the aquifer ranges from about 0.01 to 0.20. Average horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the upper 200 feet of the basalt aquifer ranges from less than 100 to 9,000 feet per day. Values may be one to several orders of magnitude higher in parts in individual flows, such as flow tops. Vertical hydraulic conductivity is probably several orders of magnitude lower than horizontal hydraulic conductivity and is generally related to the number of joints. Pillow lava in ancestral Snake River channels has the highest hydraulic conductivity of all rock types. Hydraulic conductivity of the basalt decreases with depth because of secondary filling of voids with calcite and silica. An estimated 80 to 120 million acre-feet of water is believed to be stored in the upper 200 feet of the basalt aquifer in the eastern plain. The most productive aquifers in the 4,800-square-mile western plain are alluvial sand and gravel in the Boise River valley. Although aquifer tests indicate that transmissivity of alluvium in the Boise River valley ranges from 5,000 to 160,000 feet squared per day, simulation suggests that average transmissivity of the upper 500 feet is generally less than 20,000 feet squared per day. Vertically averaged horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the upper 500 feet of alluvium ranges from about 4 to 40 feet per day; higher values can be expected in individual sand and gravel zones. Vertical hydraulic conductivity is considerably lower because of the presence of clay layers. Hydraulic heads measured in piezometers, interpreted from diagrams showing ground-water flow and equipotential lines and estimated by computer simulation, demonstrate that water movement is three dimensional through the rock framework. Natural recharge takes place along the margins of the plain where head decreases with depth; discharge takes place near some reaches of the Snake River and the Boise River where head increases with depth. Geothermal water in rhyolitic rocks in the western plain and western part of the eastern plain has higher hydraulic head than the overlying cold water. Geothermal water, therefore, moves upward and merges into the cold-water system. Basin water-budget analyses indicate that the volume of cold water. Carbon-14 age determinations, which indicate that residence time of geothermal water is 17,700 to 20,300 years, plus or minus 4,000 years, imply slow movement of water through the geothermal system. Along much of its length, the Snake River gains large quantities of ground water. On the eastern plain, the river gained about 1.9 million acre-feet of water between Blackfoot and Neeley, Idaho, in 1980. Between Milner and King Hill, Idaho, the river gained 4.7 million acre-feet, mostly as spring flow from the north side. Upstream from Blackfoot and in the vicinity of Lake Walcott, the rover loses flow to ground water during parts or all of the year. On the western plain, river gains from ground water are small relative to those on the eastern plain; most are from seepage. Streams in tributary drainage basins supply calcium/bicarbonate type and calcium/magnesium/bicarbonate type water to the plain. Water type is a reflection of the chemical composition of rocks in the drainage basin, Concentrations of dissolved solids are smallest, about 50 milligrams per liter, in streams such as the Boise River that drain areas of granitic rocks; concentrations are greatest, about 400 milligrams per liter, in streams such as the Owyhee and Raft Rivers that drain area of sedimentary rocks. Water chemistry reflects the interaction of surface water and ground water. The chemical composition of ground water in the plain is essentially the same as that in streamflow and groundwater discharge from tributary drainage basins. Tributary drainage basins supplied 85 percent of the ground-water recharge in the eastern plain during 1980 and a nearly equivalent percentage of the solute load in ground water; human activities and dissolution of minerals supplied the other solutes. Dissolved-solids concentrations in ground water were generally less than 400 milligrams per liter. Water from the lower geothermal system is chemically different from water from the upper cold-water system. Geothermal water typically has greater concentrations of sodium, bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride, fluoride, silica, arsenic, boron, and lithium and smaller concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and hydrogen. Difference are attributed to ion exchange as geothermal moves through the rock framework. Irrigation, mostly on the Snake River Plain, accounted for about 96 percent of consumptive water use in Idaho during 1980. The use of surface water for irrigation for more than 100 years has caused major changes in the hydrologic system on the plain. Construction of dams, reservoirs, and diversifications effected planned changes in the surface-water system but resulted in largely unplanned changes in the ground-water system. During those years of irrigation, annual recharge in the main part of the eastern plain increased to about 6.7 million acre-feet in 1980, or by about 70 percent. Most of the increase was from percolation of surface water diverted for irrigation. From preirrigation to 1952, groundwater storage increased about 24 million acre-feet, and storage decreased from 1952 to 1964 and from 1976 to 1980 because of below-normal precipitation and increased withdrawals of ground water for irrigation. Annual ground-water discharge increased to about 7.1 million acre-feet in 1980, or about 80 percent since the start of irrigation. About 10 percent of the 1980 total discharge was ground-water pumpage. About 3.1 million acres, or almost one-third of the plain, was irrigated during 1980: 2.0 million acres with surface water, 1.0 million acres with ground water, and 0.1 million acres with combined surface and ground water. About 8.9 million acre-feet of Snake River water was diverted for irrigation during 1980 and 2.3 million acre-feet of ground water was pumped from 5,300 wells. Most irrigation wells on the eastern plain are open to basalt. About two-thirds of them yield more than 1,500 gallons per minute with a reported maximum of 7,240 gallons per minute; drawdown is less than 20 feet in two-thirds of the wells. Most irrigation wells on the western plain are open to sedimentary rocks. About one-third of them yield more than 1,00 gallons per minute with a reported maximum of 3,850 gallons per minute; drawndown is less than 20 feet in about one-fifth of the wells. The major instream use of water on the Snake River Plain is hydroelectric power generation. Fifty-two million acre-feet of water generated 2.6 million megawatthours of electricity during 1980. Digital computer ground-water flows models of the eastern and western plain reasonably simulated regional changes in water levels and ground-water discharges from 1880 (preirrigation) to 1980. Model results support the concept of three-dimensional flow and the hypotheses of no underflow between the eastern and western plain. Simulation of the regional aquifer system in the eastern plain indicates that is 1980 hydrologic conditions, including pumpage, were to remain the same for another 30 years, moderate declines in ground-water levels and decreases in spring discharges would continue. Increased ground-water pumpage to irrigate an additional 1 million acres could cause ground-water levels to decline a few tens of feet in the central part of the plain and could cause corresponding decreases in ground-water discharge. A combination of actions such as increased ground-water pumpage and decreased use of surface water for irrigation (resulting in reduced recharge) would accentuate the changes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp1408A","usgsCitation":"Lindholm, G.F., 1996, Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1408, Report: vii, 59 p.; 1 Plate: 34.00 x 24.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1408A.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 59 p.; 1 Plate: 34.00 x 24.00 inches","numberOfPages":"68","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":104631,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4855.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4855"},{"id":124963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67291,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67292,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.0,42.0 ], [ -117.0,45.0 ], [ -111.0,45.0 ], [ -111.0,42.0 ], [ -117.0,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6985c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindholm, G. F.","contributorId":88763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindholm","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70185307,"text":"70185307 - 1996 - Glutathione conjugation and contaminant transformation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-26T14:39:33","indexId":"70185307","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Glutathione conjugation and contaminant transformation","docAbstract":"<p><span>The recent identification of a novel sulfonated metabolite of alachlor in groundwater and metolachlor in soil is likely the result of glutathione conjugation. Glutathione conjugation is an important biochemical reaction that leads, in the case of alachlor, to the formation of a rather difficult to detect, water-soluble, and therefore highly mobile, sulfonated metabolite. Research from weed science, toxicology, and biochemistry is discussed to support the hypothesis that glutathione conjugation is a potentially important detoxification pathway carried out by aquatic and terrestrial plants and soil microorganisms. A brief review of the biochemical basis for glutathione conjugation is presented. We recommend that multidisciplinary research focus on the occurrence and expression of glutathione and its attendant enzymes in plants and microorganisms, relationships between electrophilic substrate structure and enzyme activity, and the potential exploitation of plants and microorganisms that are competent in glutathione conjugation for phytoremediation and bioremediation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es950287d","usgsCitation":"Field, J.A., and Thurman, E., 1996, Glutathione conjugation and contaminant transformation: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 30, no. 5, p. 1413-1418, https://doi.org/10.1021/es950287d.","productDescription":"6 p. ","startPage":"1413","endPage":"1418","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337848,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d0ea1de4b0236b68f6738d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Field, Jennifer A.","contributorId":18632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70206237,"text":"70206237 - 1996 - Use of ground-penetrating radar and continuous seismic-reflection profiling on surface-water bodies in environmental and engineering studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-25T12:20:30","indexId":"70206237","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T12:15:26","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3928,"text":"Journal of Environmental & Engineering Geophysics","printIssn":"1083-1363","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of ground-penetrating radar and continuous seismic-reflection profiling on surface-water bodies in environmental and engineering studies","docAbstract":"<p>Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) and continuous seismic‐reflection profiling (CSP) on shallow rivers, lakes, and ponds are efficient and economical ways of obtaining subsurface hydrologic and geologic information for environmental and engineering studies. These methods are similar in that they produce continuous subsurface profiles, are easy to use in some applications, and the records can occasionally be straightforward to interpret. They are dissimilar in that GPR cannot penetrate electrically conductive water or subsurface sediments, and CSP usually cannot operate in water less than 5 feet (ft.) deep.</p><p>GPR records collected on a lake in New Hampshire have been interpreted to estimate the depth to bedrock and to evaluate the grain‐size characteristics of the underlying stratified drift at the lakeshore boundary. In a pond in Massachusetts, CSP and GPR were used to determine depth to bedrock and the grain‐size characteristics of the subbottom materials in part of the pond. Water‐column multiple reflections, depth and conductivity of water and subsurface materials, and diffractions degraded the quality of the GPR records. CSP records collected in the Connecticut River near Hartford, Connecticut were used to estimate the depth of till and bedrock interfaces and to evaluate grain‐size characteristics of subsurface materials. Interpreted CSP records also can indicate bedding planes within consolidated rock units. Water‐column multiple reflections and very shallow water degraded the quality of the CSP records. GPR and CSP methods have been used to delineate infilled scour holes near bridge piers. Scour holes that were filled with up to 8 ft. of loose sand were mapped during engineering scour studies near a bridge in Connecticut.</p><p>Because GPR and CSP operate on different physical principles, the two geophysical methods complement each other. Depending on the required depth of penetration and the degree of resolution needed, one or both of these methods can be used to acquire accurate and reliable subsurface hydrologic and geologic information critical to environmental and engineering studies.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental & Engineering Geophysical Society","doi":"10.4133/JEEG1.1.27","usgsCitation":"Haeni, F., 1996, Use of ground-penetrating radar and continuous seismic-reflection profiling on surface-water bodies in environmental and engineering studies: Journal of Environmental & Engineering Geophysics, v. 1, no. 1, p. 27-35, https://doi.org/10.4133/JEEG1.1.27.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"35","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368612,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haeni, F.P.","contributorId":87105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeni","given":"F.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":35684,"text":"b2094F - 1996 - Fluid inclusions and biomarkers in the Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead district; implications for the fluid-flow and thermal history of the Illinois Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:28","indexId":"b2094F","displayToPublicDate":"1996-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2094","chapter":"F","title":"Fluid inclusions and biomarkers in the Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead district; implications for the fluid-flow and thermal history of the Illinois Basin","docAbstract":"The Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead district is hosted by Ordovician carbonate rocks at the northern margin of the Illinois Basin. Fluid inclusion temperature measurements on Early Permian sphalerite ore from the district are predominantly between 90?C and I50?C. These temperatures are greater than can be explained by their reconstructed burial depth, which was a maximum of approximately 1 km at the time of mineralization. In contrast to the temperatures of mineral formation derived from fluid inclusions, biomarker maturities in the Upper Mississippi Valley district give an estimate of total thermal exposure integrated over time. Temperatures from fluid inclusions trapped during ore genesis with biomarker maturities were combined to construct an estimate of the district's overall thermal history and, by inference, the late Paleozoic thermal and hydrologic history of the Illinois Basin.\r\n\r\nCirculation of groundwater through regional aquifers, given sufficient flow rates, can redistribute heat from deep in a sedimentary basin to its shallower margins. Evidence for regional-scale circulation of fluids is provided by paleomagnetic studies, regionally correlated zoned dolomite, fluid inclusions, and thermal maturity of organic matter. Evidence for igneous acti vity contemporaneous with mineralization in the vicinity of the Upper Mississippi Valley district is absent.\r\n\r\nRegional fluid and heat circulation is the most likely explanation for the elevated fluid inclusion temperatures (relative to maximum estimated burial depth) in the Upper Mississippi Valley district. One plausible driving mechanism and flow path for the ore-forming fluids is groundwater recharge in the late Paleozoic Appalachian-Ouachita mountain belt and northward flow through the Reelfoot rift and the proto- Illinois Basin to the Upper Mississippi Valley district. Warm fluid flowing laterally through Cambrian and Ordovician aquifers would then move vertically upward through the fractures that control sphalerite mineralization in the Upper Mississippi Valley district.\r\n\r\nBiomarker reactant-product measurements on rock extracts from the Upper Mississippi Valley district define a relatively low level ofthermal maturity for the district, 0.353 for sterane and 0.577 for hopane. Recently published kinetic constants permit a time-temperature relationship to be determined from these biomarker maturities. Numerical calculations were made to simulate fluid heat flow through the fracture-controlled ore zones of the Thompson-Temperly mine and heat transfer to the adjacent rocks where biomarker samples were collected. Calculations that combine the fluid inclusion temperatures and the biomarker constraints on thermal maturity indicate that the time interval during which mineralizing fluids circulated through the Upper Mississippi Valley district is on the order of 200,000 years. \r\n\r\nFluid inclusion measurements and thermal maturities from biomarkers in the district reflect the duration of peak temperatures resulting from regional fluid circulation. On the basis of thermal considerations, the timing of fluorite mineralization in southern Illinois, and the northward-decreasing pattern of fluorine enrichment in sediments, we hypothesize that the principal flow direction was northward through the Cambrian and Ordovician aquifers of the Illinois Basin. A basin-scale flow system would result in mass transport (hydrocarbon migration, transport of metals in solution) and energy (heat) transport, which would in turn drive chemical reactions (for example, maturation of organic matter, mineralization, diagenetic reactions) within the Illinois Basin and at its margins.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/b2094F","usgsCitation":"Rowan, E.L., and Goldhaber, M.B., 1996, Fluid inclusions and biomarkers in the Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead district; implications for the fluid-flow and thermal history of the Illinois Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2094, iv, p. F1-F34, ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2094F.","productDescription":"iv, p. F1-F34, ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163250,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2094f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":63585,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2094f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de6c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowan, E. Lanier","contributorId":63070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lanier","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldhaber, Martin B. 0000-0002-1785-4243 mgold@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1785-4243","contributorId":1339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldhaber","given":"Martin","email":"mgold@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":215052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019384,"text":"70019384 - 1996 - Vegetation, substrate and hydrology in floating marshes in the Mississippi River Delta Plain wetlands, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-13T15:46:02.150942","indexId":"70019384","displayToPublicDate":"1996-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3676,"text":"Vegetatio","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vegetation, substrate and hydrology in floating marshes in the Mississippi River Delta Plain wetlands, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><span>In the 1940s extensive floating marshes (locally called ‘flotant’) were reported and mapped in coastal wetlands of the Mississippi River Delta Plain. These floating marshes included large areas of&nbsp;</span><i>Panicum hemitomon</i><span>-dominated freshwater marshes, and&nbsp;</span><i>Spartina patens/Scirpus olneyi</i><span>&nbsp;brackish marshes. Today these marshes appear to be quite different in extent and type. We describe five floating habitats and one non-floating, quaking habitat based on differences in buoyancy dynamics (timing and degree of floating), substrate characteristics, and dominant vegetation. All floating marshes have low bulk density, organic substrates. Nearly all are fresh marshes.&nbsp;</span><i>Panicum hemitomon</i><span>&nbsp;floating marshes presently occur within the general regions that were reported in the 1940's by O'Neil, but are reduced in extent. Some of the former&nbsp;</span><i>Panicum hemitomon</i><span>&nbsp;marshes have been replaced by seasonally or variably floating marshes dominated, or co-dominated by&nbsp;</span><i>Sagittaria lancifolia</i><span>&nbsp;or&nbsp;</span><i>Eleocharis baldwinii</i><span>.</span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF00044695","issn":"00423106","usgsCitation":"Sasser, C., Gosselink, J., Swenson, E., Swarzenski, C., and Leibowitz, N., 1996, Vegetation, substrate and hydrology in floating marshes in the Mississippi River Delta Plain wetlands, USA: Vegetatio, v. 122, no. 2, p. 129-142, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00044695.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"142","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226789,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Bayou Rigolettes, Jean Lafitte National Park, Kent Bayou, Lake Boeuf, Lake Salvador, Turtle Bayou","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.30969464983912,\n              30.56526183225492\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.30969464983912,\n              29.15369916122681\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.33342587197245,\n              29.15369916122681\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.33342587197245,\n              30.56526183225492\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.30969464983912,\n              30.56526183225492\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"122","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc1eae4b08c986b32a810","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sasser, C.E.","contributorId":81067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sasser","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gosselink, J. G.","contributorId":104645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gosselink","given":"J. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swenson, E.M.","contributorId":76475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swarzenski, C.M.","contributorId":74856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Leibowitz, N.C.","contributorId":97261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leibowitz","given":"N.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70074634,"text":"70074634 - 1996 - Solute transport along ground-water flows paths near the Nassau/Suffolk County border, Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-30T10:49:44","indexId":"70074634","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T10:42:46","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Solute transport along ground-water flows paths near the Nassau/Suffolk County border, Long Island, New York","largerWorkTitle":"Hydrology and hydrogeology of urban and urbanizing areas: a collection of papers presented at the conference held in Boston, Massachusetts, April 21-24, 1996","conferenceTitle":"Hydrology and Hydrogeology of Urban and Urbanizing Areas","conferenceDate":"1996-04-21T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Boston, MA","language":"English","publisher":"American Institute of Hydrology","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","usgsCitation":"Misut, P., and Brown, C.J., 1996, Solute transport along ground-water flows paths near the Nassau/Suffolk County border, Long Island, New York, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281721,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Nassau County;Suffolk County","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -74.0419,40.5418 ], [ -74.0419,41.1408 ], [ -71.8563,41.1408 ], [ -71.8563,40.5418 ], [ -74.0419,40.5418 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7339e4b0b29085108ce7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Misut, P.E.","contributorId":59827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Misut","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, C. J.","contributorId":90342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70199201,"text":"70199201 - 1996 - Benthic processes in South San Francisco Bay: The role of organic inputs and bioturbation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-10T10:42:14","indexId":"70199201","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T10:38:58","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Benthic processes in South San Francisco Bay: The role of organic inputs and bioturbation","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"San Francisco Bay: The ecosystem","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","publisherLocation":"San Francisco","usgsCitation":"Caffrey, J., Hammond, D.E., Kuwabara, J.S., Miller, L., and Twilley, R., 1996, Benthic processes in South San Francisco Bay: The role of organic inputs and bioturbation, chap. <i>of</i> San Francisco Bay: The ecosystem, p. 425-444.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"425","endPage":"444","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357189,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98e59de4b0702d0e849470","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hollibaugh, J.T.","contributorId":22886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollibaugh","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744648,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Caffrey, J.M.","contributorId":98750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caffrey","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammond, Douglas E.","contributorId":67878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kuwabara, James S. 0000-0003-2502-1601 kuwabara@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2502-1601","contributorId":3374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuwabara","given":"James","email":"kuwabara@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":744645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, L.G.","contributorId":32522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Twilley, R.R.","contributorId":94647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twilley","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
]}