The Hydrate-01 Stratigraphic Test Well was drilled at the Kuparuk 7-11-12 site on the Alaska North Slope in December 2018. Sonic log data provide compressional (P) and shear (S) slowness from which we determine gas hydrate saturation (Sgh) estimates using effective medium theory. The sonic Sgh estimates compare favorably with Sgh estimated from resistivity and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logs, showing that gas hydrate occupies up to approximately 90% of the pore space in the target reservoir sands. The informally named B1 sand (2294 feet below mean sea level) shows lower VP/VS ratios than the D1 sand (2770 feet below mean sea level), with the lower part of the B1 sand showing lower VP/VS ratios than the upper part of the B1 sand. This corresponds to a stiffer, or more “cemented”, behavior for the lower B1 sand and less cemented behavior for the D1 sand. This trend could be due to differences in the reservoirs themselves or in the gas hydrate morphology or to both factors. We observe that the presence of gas hydrate in the upper B1 sand has greater impact on hydraulic permeability (measurements suggest a greater difference between intrinsic and effective permeability) than in the D1 sand, possibly related to gas hydrate morphology but more likely due simply to higher gas hydrate saturations in the upper B1 sand. Analyses of Sgh relative to porosity, shale fraction, and intrinsic permeability show that reservoir quality (as represented by these three metrics) exerts control on gas hydrate saturation. Grain size and mineralogy data show somewhat smaller grains and better sorting in the D1 reservoir relative to the upper B1 reservoir and smaller grains and greater clay fraction in the lower B1 reservoir relative to the other two reservoir zones. Together, these data suggest that reservoir characteristics play a role in the observed VP/VS patterns, but gas hydrate morphology (possibly varying with saturation) must also be considered.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are contaminants of concern due to their widespread occurrence in the environment, persistence, and potential to elicit a range of negative health effects. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances are regularly detected in surface waters, but their effects on many aquatic organisms are still poorly understood. Species with thyroid-dependent development, like amphibians, can be especially susceptible to PFAS effects on thyroid hormone regulation. We examined sublethal effects of aquatic exposure to four commonly detected PFAS on larval northern leopard frogs (Rana [Lithobates] pipiens), American toads (Anaxyrus americanus), and eastern tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum). Animals were exposed for 30 days (frogs and salamanders) or until metamorphosis (toads) to 10, 100, or 1000 μg/L of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), or 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS). We determined that chronic exposure to common PFAS can negatively affect amphibian body condition and development at concentrations as low as 10 µg/L. These effects were highly species dependent, with species having prolonged larval development (frogs and salamanders) being more sensitive to PFAS than more rapidly developing species (toads). Our results demonstrate that some species could experience sublethal effects at sites with surface waters highly affected by PFAS. Our results also indicate that evaluating PFAS toxicity using a single species may not be sufficient for accurate amphibian risk assessment. Future studies are needed to determine whether these differences in susceptibility can be predicted from species' life histories and whether more commonly occurring environmental levels of PFAS could affect amphibians.
Scoping reviews, in which the literature on a given topic is systematically collated and summarized, aid literature searches and highlight knowledge gaps on a given topic, thus hastening scientific progress and informing conservation efforts. Because much research and conservation is targeted at the species level, ornithology and bird conservation would benefit from scoping reviews of individual species. We present and apply a framework for scoping reviews for three disparate raptor species: California Condor Gymnogyps californianus, Harpy Eagle Harpia harpyja and Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus. We consulted expert panels to develop appropriate search strings and lists of essential literature, i.e. ‘benchmark articles’. We searched Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar. Searches for California Condor, Harpy Eagle and Gyrfalcon returned 268, 138 and 343 articles, respectively, that discuss, review or collect empirical data for the focal species. Our searches returned all benchmark articles identified by species experts, indicating that the searches captured the most important work on each species. We coded each study according to the topic addressed, country and month in which data were collected. We also coded threats, stresses and conservation actions addressed by studies, following definitions used by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) during Red List assessments. Literature summaries for each species include the number of studies addressing certain topics, monthly timing of research and global maps of research focus. Our coding scheme revealed important knowledge gaps for each species. Effects of conservation actions on wild individuals were less studied for California Condors. Harpy Eagles were less studied outside of Brazil and Panama, and Gyrfalcons were less studied outside of their breeding season. Scoping reviews of the world's bird species would help to identify critical knowledge gaps, thereby aiding the global effort to assuage the sixth mass extinction.
Ecologically relevant references are useful for evaluating ecosystem recovery, but references that are temporally static may be less useful when environmental conditions and disturbances are spatially and temporally heterogeneous. This challenge is particularly acute for ecosystems dominated by sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), where communities may require decades to recover from disturbance. We demonstrated application of a dynamic reference approach to studying sagebrush recovery using three decades of sagebrush cover estimates from remote sensing (1985–2018). We modelled recovery on former oil and gas well pads (n = 1200) across southwestern Wyoming, USA, relative to paired references identified by the Disturbance Automated Reference Toolset. We also used quantile regression to account for unmodelled heterogeneity in recovery, and projected recovery from similar disturbance across the landscape. Responses to weather and site-level factors often differed among quantiles, and sagebrush recovery on former well pads increased more when paired reference sites had greater sagebrush cover. Little (<5%) of the landscape was projected to recover within 100 years for low to mid quantiles, and recovery often occurred at higher elevations with cool and moist annual conditions. Conversely, 48%–78% of the landscape recovered quickly (within 25 years) for high quantiles of sagebrush cover. Our study demonstrates advantages of using dynamic reference sites when studying vegetation recovery, as well as how additional inferences obtained from quantile regression can inform management.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/ece3.8508","usgsCitation":"Monroe, A., Nauman, T.W., Aldridge, C.L., O’Donnell, M.S., Duniway, M.C., Cade, B.S., Manier, D., and Anderson, P.J., 2022, Assessing vegetation recovery from energy development using a dynamic reference approach: Ecology and Evolution, v. 12, no. 2, p. 1-22, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8508.","productDescription":"e8508, 22 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"22","ipdsId":"IP-129277","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":448700,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8508","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":435946,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9OP5D76","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Sagebrush recovery analyzed with a dynamic reference approach in southwestern Wyoming, USA 1985-2018"},{"id":396353,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.07177734375,\n 43.88205730390537\n ],\n [\n -111.016845703125,\n 41.02135510866602\n ],\n [\n -105.31494140625,\n 41.02135510866602\n ],\n [\n -109.281005859375,\n 43.874138181474734\n ],\n [\n -111.07177734375,\n 43.88205730390537\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Monroe, Adrian P. 0000-0003-0934-8225 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0000-0002-1105-1327","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1105-1327","contributorId":244206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manier","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Anderson, Patrick J. 0000-0003-2281-389X andersonpj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2281-389X","contributorId":3590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Patrick","email":"andersonpj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70228826,"text":"70228826 - 2022 - Face-off: Novel depredation and nest defense behaviors between an invasive and a native predator in the Greater Everglades Ecosystem, Florida, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-23T16:19:06.431573","indexId":"70228826","displayToPublicDate":"2022-02-23T10:11:54","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1467,"text":"Ecology and Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Face-off: Novel depredation and nest defense behaviors between an invasive and a native predator in the Greater Everglades Ecosystem, Florida, USA","docAbstract":"We describe several photo-documented novel interactions between intraguild predators in southern Florida—the native bobcat (Lynx rufus) and the invasive Burmese python (Python bivittatus). Over several days we documented a bobcat's depredation of an unguarded python nest and subsequent python nest defense behavior following the return of both animals to the nest. This is the first documentation of any animal in Florida preying on python eggs, and the first evidence or description of such antagonistic interactions at a python nest.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/ece3.8639","usgsCitation":"Currylow, A.F., McCollister, M.F., Anderson, G.E., Josimovich, J.M., Fitzgerald, A.L., Romagosa, C.M., and Yackel Adams, A.A., 2022, Face-off: Novel depredation and nest defense behaviors between an invasive and a native predator in the Greater Everglades Ecosystem, Florida, USA: Ecology and Evolution, v. 12, no. 2, p. 1-6, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8639.","productDescription":"e8639, 6 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","ipdsId":"IP-134051","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":448702,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8639","text":"External Repository"},{"id":435947,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P97ZDQHY","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Photo-documented sequences from 01 Jun 2021 - 30 Aug 2021 showing novel interactions between intraguild predators in southern Florida, USA, bobcat and Burmese python"},{"id":396350,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Greater Everglades Ecosystem","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.6336669921875,\n 24.472150437226865\n ],\n [\n -79.969482421875,\n 24.472150437226865\n ],\n [\n -79.969482421875,\n 27.27416111737468\n ],\n [\n -82.6336669921875,\n 27.27416111737468\n ],\n [\n -82.6336669921875,\n 24.472150437226865\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-02-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Currylow, Andrea Faye 0000-0003-1631-8964","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1631-8964","contributorId":257055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Currylow","given":"Andrea","email":"","middleInitial":"Faye","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCollister, Matthew F.","contributorId":264909,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCollister","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Gretchen Erika 0000-0002-5887-4961","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5887-4961","contributorId":271047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Gretchen","email":"","middleInitial":"Erika","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Josimovich, Jillian Maureen 0000-0002-7523-3496 jjosimovich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7523-3496","contributorId":257058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Josimovich","given":"Jillian","email":"jjosimovich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Maureen","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fitzgerald, Austin Lee 0000-0002-9016-1849","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9016-1849","contributorId":264910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzgerald","given":"Austin","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Romagosa, Christina M.","contributorId":200925,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Romagosa","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Yackel Adams, Amy A. 0000-0002-7044-8447 yackela@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7044-8447","contributorId":3116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yackel Adams","given":"Amy","email":"yackela@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70229800,"text":"70229800 - 2022 - Higher temperature sensitivity of flowering than leaf-out alters the time between phenophases across temperate tree species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-12T14:04:44.422624","indexId":"70229800","displayToPublicDate":"2022-02-23T10:07:07","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1839,"text":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Higher temperature sensitivity of flowering than leaf-out alters the time between phenophases across temperate tree species","docAbstract":"The aims of this study were to evaluate the changes in the length of the time period between leaf-out and flowering across temperate tree species, and associate these changes with potential physiological and environmental drivers to enhance mechanistic insight into these phenomena.
Central Europe.
1980–2016.
Six temperate woody species.
Statistical analyses were carried out based on long-term ground observations of both spring leaf-out and flowering across temperate tree species during 1980–2016, a period characterized by rapid warming.
The temperature sensitivity of flowering (−5.4 ± 0.04 days/℃, mean ± SE) was higher than that of leaf-out (−4.6 ± 0.04 days/℃) across all species, regardless of whether leaf-out occurred before or after flowering. This study postulates a hypothesis attributing the different temperature sensitivities to different thermal sensitivities, thermal requirements, and photoperiodic controls.
The larger temperature sensitivity of flowering than leaf-out resulted in an extended time period between flowering and leaf-out in species that bloom before leafing out, but a shorter time period between these phenophases in species with the opposite strategy. We would like to emphasize the importance of changes in time period between different phenophases, and we recommend conducting experimental research to reveal the underlying mechanisms of plant phenology response to climate change, and to explore its potential ecological implications.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/geb.13463","usgsCitation":"Geng, X., Fu, Y., Piao, S., Hao, F., De Boeck, H.J., Zhang, X., Chen, S., Guo, Y., Prevey, J.S., Vitasse, Y., Penuelas, J., Janssens, I.A., and Stenseth, N.C., 2022, Higher temperature sensitivity of flowering than leaf-out alters the time between phenophases across temperate tree species: Global Ecology and Biogeography, v. 31, no. 5, p. 901-911, https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13463.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"901","endPage":"911","ipdsId":"IP-120459","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":448703,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl%3A30003","text":"External Repository"},{"id":397239,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Austria, Croatia, Germany, Montenegro, Slovenia, Switzerland","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[16.97967,48.1235],[16.90375,47.71487],[16.34058,47.7129],[16.53427,47.49617],[16.2023,46.85239],[16.3705,46.84133],[16.56481,46.50375],[16.88252,46.38063],[17.63007,45.95177],[18.45606,45.75948],[18.82984,45.90888],[19.07277,45.52151],[19.39048,45.23652],[19.00549,44.86023],[18.55321,45.08159],[17.86178,45.06774],[17.00215,45.23378],[16.53494,45.21161],[16.31816,45.00413],[15.95937,45.23378],[15.75003,44.81871],[16.23966,44.35114],[16.45644,44.04124],[16.91616,43.66772],[17.29737,43.44634],[17.67492,43.02856],[18.56,42.65],[18.70648,43.20011],[19.03165,43.43253],[19.21852,43.52384],[19.48389,43.35229],[19.63,43.21378],[19.95857,43.10604],[20.3398,42.89852],[20.25758,42.81275],[20.0707,42.58863],[19.80161,42.50009],[19.73805,42.68825],[19.30449,42.19574],[19.37177,41.87755],[19.16246,41.95502],[18.88214,42.28151],[18.45002040576871,42.479990627248036],[18.45002,42.47999],[17.50997,42.84999],[16.93001,43.21],[16.01538,43.50722],[15.17445,44.24319],[15.37625,44.31792],[14.92031,44.73848],[14.9016,45.07606],[14.25875,45.23378],[13.95225,44.80212],[13.65698,45.13694],[13.6794,45.48415],[13.71506,45.50032],[13.93763,45.59102],[13.69811,46.01678],[13.80648,46.50931],[12.37649,46.76756],[12.15309,47.11539],[11.16483,46.94158],[11.04856,46.75136],[10.4427,46.89355],[10.36338,46.48357],[9.92284,46.3149],[9.18288,46.44021],[8.96631,46.03693],[8.48995,46.00515],[8.31663,46.16364],[7.75599,45.82449],[7.27385,45.77695],[6.84359,45.99115],[6.5001,46.42967],[6.02261,46.27299],[6.03739,46.72578],[6.76871,47.28771],[6.73657,47.5418],[7.1922,47.44977],[7.46676,47.62058],[7.59368,48.33302],[8.09928,49.01778],[6.65823,49.20196],[6.18632,49.4638],[6.24275,49.90223],[6.04307,50.12805],[6.15666,50.80372],[5.98866,51.85162],[6.5894,51.85203],[6.84287,52.22844],[7.09205,53.14404],[6.90514,53.48216],[7.10042,53.69393],[7.93624,53.7483],[8.12171,53.52779],[8.80073,54.02079],[8.57212,54.39565],[8.52623,54.96274],[9.28205,54.83087],[9.92191,54.9831],[9.93958,54.59664],[10.95011,54.36361],[10.93947,54.00869],[11.95625,54.19649],[12.51844,54.47037],[13.64747,54.07551],[14.11969,53.75703],[14.35332,53.24817],[14.07452,52.98126],[14.4376,52.62485],[14.68503,52.08995],[14.6071,51.74519],[15.017,51.10667],[14.57072,51.00234],[14.30701,51.11727],[14.05623,50.92692],[13.33813,50.73323],[12.96684,50.48408],[12.24011,50.26634],[12.41519,49.96912],[12.52102,49.54742],[13.03133,49.30707],[13.59595,48.87717],[14.3389,48.55531],[14.90145,48.9644],[15.25342,49.03907],[16.02965,48.7339],[16.49928,48.78581],[16.96029,48.59698],[16.87998,48.47001],[16.97967,48.1235]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Austria\"}}]}","volume":"31","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-02-23","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geng, 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Silva","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835840,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Engelstad, Peder","contributorId":238758,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Engelstad","given":"Peder","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jarnevich, Catherine S. 0000-0002-9699-2336 jarnevichc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9699-2336","contributorId":3424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarnevich","given":"Catherine","email":"jarnevichc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hogan, Terri","contributorId":240929,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hogan","given":"Terri","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":48162,"text":"National Park Service, Fort Collins, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sofaer, Helen R. 0000-0002-9450-5223","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9450-5223","contributorId":216681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sofaer","given":"Helen","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pearse, Ian S. 0000-0001-7098-0495","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7098-0495","contributorId":211154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearse","given":"Ian","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sieracki, Jennifer","contributorId":236914,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sieracki","given":"Jennifer","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":835795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Frakes, Neil","contributorId":177303,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Frakes","given":"Neil","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sullivan, Julia","contributorId":238757,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Julia","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":47756,"text":"Student contractor to the U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Young, Nicholas E.","contributorId":189060,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Young","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Prevéy, Janet S. 0000-0003-2879-6453","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2879-6453","contributorId":222702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prevéy","given":"Janet","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Belamaric, Pairsa Nicole 0000-0001-7529-0370","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7529-0370","contributorId":267846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belamaric","given":"Pairsa","email":"","middleInitial":"Nicole","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":47756,"text":"Student contractor to the U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":835800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Laroe, Jillian Marie 0000-0002-1429-9811","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1429-9811","contributorId":279978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laroe","given":"Jillian","email":"","middleInitial":"Marie","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70239146,"text":"70239146 - 2022 - Fluoride in thermal and non-thermal groundwater: Insights from geochemical modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-29T13:08:08.17597","indexId":"70239146","displayToPublicDate":"2022-02-23T07:06:50","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":12990,"text":"Science of the Total Evironment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluoride in thermal and non-thermal groundwater: Insights from geochemical modeling","docAbstract":"High fluoride (F) groundwaters (>1 mg/L) have been recognized as a water quality problem for nearly a century and occur in many countries worldwide. The affected aquifers can be sedimentary, metamorphic or igneous rocks, but the process giving rise to high-F concentrations has been studied with geochemical modeling and an examination of the rock sources. The association of high-F with silicic igneous rocks such as granites and rhyolites results from magmatic differentiation (fractional crystallization, fractional melting, and crustal assimilation) wherein F is enriched in the liquid phase because of its incompatibility in the mafic minerals that crystallize early during cooling. Further development of F-rich groundwaters occurs during the evolution of Na-HCO3 waters because of removal of Ca through ion-exchange and calcite precipitation, thereby raising the F concentration from minerals like fluorite and fluorapatite to maintain solubility equilibrium. Increasing temperatures enhance this effect because of the retrograde solubility of calcite. From geochemical modeling using the PhreeqcI code, the primary variables controlling F concentrations are DIC (dissolved inorganic carbon), salinity (ionic strength), PCO2, and temperature. Complexing is also important but plays a more secondary role. Considering these variables, an improved set of plotting parameters, F/Cl vs. HCO3/Cl, are shown to be effective in interpreting groundwater analyses. This approach is demonstrated by examining case studies from the Black Creek aquifer, South Carolina, USA, the Madison regional aquifer, midwestern USA, the Mizunami Underground Research Laboratory, Japan, New Zealand thermal waters, the San Luis Valley groundwaters, Colorado, USA, and the Aquia aquifer, Maryland, USA.
Mangrove surface elevation is the crux of mangrove vulnerability to sea level rise. Local topography influences critical periods of tidal inundation that govern distributions of mangrove species and dictates future distributions. This study surveyed ground surface elevations of the extensive mangroves of Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia, integrating four survey technologies to solve issues of canopy blocking satellite reception, dense aerial roots limiting line-of-sight, and remoteness from surveyed datums. The island-wide average elevation of the mangrove seaward edge was −0.57 ± 0.13 m relative to MSL, while the landward average elevation was 0.33 ± 0.12 m relative to MSL. The overall mangrove elevation range was thus estimated to be 0.90 m. Mangrove species Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Rhizophora apiculata and Sonneratia alba had large, overlapping elevation ranges, while Rhizophora stylosa occurred low in the tide frame. These species are likely to be less vulnerable to rising sea level given their greater range of elevation occurrence and presumably flooding tolerance, and hence have the highest adaptive capacity to rising sea level. Some landward edge species had very narrow elevation ranges, increasing their vulnerability to sea-level rise, with adjacent potential upland migration areas limited due to steep topography and human development. Pohnpei mangroves occupied 74% of the mean tidal range, similar to surveys elsewhere in the Pacific. This study demonstrates how more extensive understanding of the elevation distributions of intertidal species can contribute to sea-level rise vulnerability assessments, to allow prioritised climate change adaptation. However, more work is needed in standardizing approaches for global comparisons.
Gas hydrate production technologies commonly feature reservoir depressurization. Depressurization occurs when a pressure gradient is established in a well, drawing mobile water from the reservoir and reducing reservoir pressure. As such, the occurrence of mobile water is a necessary condition for effective gas production from gas hydrate reservoirs using common borehole-based methods. However, recent field programs have revealed that mobile water exists widely within the overall gas hydrate reservoir system, including within overlying and underlying units once thought of as virtually impermeable seals. Further, excess free water may also be commonly found in hydrate-free or hydrate-poor permeable strata interbedded within the larger gas hydrate reservoir system. Such internal sources of water are complex to characterize, difficult to explain, potentially highly heterogeneous, and may pose significant challenges to depressurization-based production. This report summarizes the general occurrence of water in gas hydrate systems and select technical implications.
The study of volcano deformation has grown significantly through they year 2020 since the development of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) in the 1990s. This relatively new data source, which provides evidence of changes in subsurface magma storage and pressure without the need for ground-based equipment, has matured during the past decade. It now provides a means to address previously inaccessible questions and offers input to increasingly complex models of magmatic processes. Here, we review how technological advances in InSAR during 2010-2020 have facilitated our ability to monitor and interpret volcanic processes, primarily through rapid and accurate observations of the changing surfaces at active volcanoes worldwide. Specifically, we examine how current systems achieve excellent resolution in time and space, provide global coverage, and generate products that are easy to use by non-specialists—factors that have often limited the practical study of volcanoes using radar measurements. We also look to the future, offering our perspective about how advancements in technology and data management in the decade to come will increase the value and accessibility of InSAR applied to the geodetic study of volcanoes and monitoring of hazardous volcanic processes. New developments will include the launch of additional satellites by both public space agencies and private companies, as well as implementation of algorithms for exploiting the growing volumes of data. To meet their full potential, these efforts will require coordination between data users and data providers so that the relevant imagery is acquired, made available to volcanologists in a timely fashion, and utilized to assess and mitigate volcanic hazards.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00445-022-01531-1","usgsCitation":"Poland, M., and Zebker, H., 2022, Volcano geodesy using InSAR in 2020: The past and next decades: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 84, no. 3, 27, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-022-01531-1.","productDescription":"27, 8 p.","ipdsId":"IP-133322","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":397694,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-02-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poland, Michael 0000-0001-5240-6123","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":49920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael","affiliations":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":838942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zebker, Howard 0000-0001-9931-5237","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9931-5237","contributorId":289333,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zebker","given":"Howard","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":838943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70251316,"text":"70251316 - 2022 - Permeability measurement and prediction with nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of gas hydrate-bearing sediments recovered from Alaska North Slope 2018 Hydrate-01 Stratigraphic Test Well","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-03T14:13:07.268011","indexId":"70251316","displayToPublicDate":"2022-02-22T08:06:41","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":17149,"text":"Energy and Fuels Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Permeability measurement and prediction with nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of gas hydrate-bearing sediments recovered from Alaska North Slope 2018 Hydrate-01 Stratigraphic Test Well","docAbstract":"Permeability of porous media, such as oil and gas reservoirs, is the crucial material parameter for predicting their hydraulic behavior. A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyzer is widely used as a powerful tool to predict permeability of various media. NMR T2 (transverse or spin–spin) relaxation time distribution, which is related to pore size distribution, gives the information to allow calculation of effective (initial) permeability. In this study, we investigate effective, intrinsic (absolute), and relative water and gas permeabilities of hydrate-bearing pressure core samples. These samples were recovered from the Alaska North Slope 2018 Hydrate-01 Stratigraphic Test Well by sidewall pressure coring and then analyzed in a laboratory using both fluid flow test and NMR analyzer. The peak of the NMR T2 distribution was measured at 10–20 ms using a laboratory NMR analyzer, which compares well with in situ measurements obtained via logging while drilling NMR data for two samples with high gas hydrate saturations (Sh = 76% and 74%). Further, comparison of laboratory NMR T2 distribution after hydrate dissociation revealed that the hydrate existed in large pore spaces. Effective permeabilities predicted by the Timur-Coates (TC) model and the Schlumberger-Doll-Research (SDR) model, with T2 cutoff 33 ms, were about an order of magnitude less than the laboratory measured values. Alternative TC model-based calculations with the T2 cutoff reduced to 10 ms and a newly developed hydraulic radius model better matched the laboratory data. For the analysis of the intrinsic permeabilities, the TC model with a T2 cutoff of 33 ms and SDR model were greater than the laboratory derived values, while the hydraulic radius model more closely matched the laboratory-derived values. In addition, permeability measurements were also made relative to gas and water under constant three-phase flow (water–gas–hydrate) conditions. After hydrate dissociation, a relative permeability curve was developed for each of the analyzed core samples based on the Corey petrophysical model. The results indicate that the gas permeability changed rapidly at high water saturation around 90%. Thus, we infer that the selection of relative reservoir parameters should focus on the higher water saturation conditions.
We introduce procedures to validate site response in sedimentary basins as predicted using ground motion simulations. These procedures aim to isolate contributions of site response to computed intensity measures relative to those from seismic source and path effects. In one of the validation procedures, simulated motions are analyzed in the same manner as earthquake recordings to derive non-ergodic site terms. This procedure compares the scaling with sediment isosurface depth of simulated versus empirical site terms (the latter having been derived in a separate study). A second validation procedure utilizes two sets of simulations, one that considers three-dimensional (3D) basin structure and a second that utilizes a one-dimensional (1D) representation of the crustal structure. Identical sources are used in both procedures, and after correcting for variable path effects, differences in ground motions are used to estimate site amplification in 3D basins. Such site responses are compared to those derived empirically to validate both the absolute levels and the depth scaling of site response from 3D simulations. We apply both procedures to southern California in a manner that is consistent between the simulated and empirical data (i.e. by using similar event locations and magnitudes). The results show that the 3D simulations overpredict the depth-scaling and absolute levels of site amplification in basins. However, overall patterns of site amplification with depth are similar, suggesting that future calibration may be able to remove observed biases.
Episodes of unrest are not as well documented as eruptions at most volcanoes globally. Iliamna is an andesitic stratovolcano in the Cook Inlet of Alaska that has experienced several episodes of unrest. Unrest in 1996 was previously studied. Here we present data from a minor period of unrest between 2002 and 2006, and a more significant period in 2012. None of the episodes led to an eruption. A dike intrusion was suggested for the 1996 unrest based on increases in gas emissions and seismic analysis. The 2002–2006 period was characterized by a slight increase in the rate of seismicity to 13 events per day and was particularly notable due to an increase in deep long period (DLP) seismic events between 15 and 37 km that were not observed at other times. This period also included one airborne gas measurement with and elevated CO2/SO2 molar ratio (17). In 2012, Iliamna unrest was characterized by significantly elevated gas emissions (up to 582 t/d SO2 and 1385 t/d CO2) and up to 49 located earthquakes per day (M > 0), and was remarkably similar to the 1996 unrest. Differences in the observed evolution of the CO2/SO2 gas ratio in 2012 (2.2–4) compared to that in 1996 (up to 18) suggests that no new deep magma was involved in 2012, however this does not preclude the movement of a previously intruded magma. A months-long increase in the SO2/H2S molar ratio from 8 to 17 during the peak of the activity could reflect a temperature increase on the order of 10–30 °C of the emitted gas. Compared to pre-eruptive unrest at other Cook Inlet volcanoes, Iliamna unrest in 2012 differed in that gas emissions were < 1500 t/d and seismicity lacked a rapidly escalating sequence of earthquakes and volcanic tremor, which is normally observed in the hours to days before eruption. The observation of DLPs, the fact that Iliamna produces moderately elevated degassing over decadal timeframes, and the persistent dominance of SO2 over H2S, suggests that periodic input of fresh magma from the lower crust sustains the shallower magmatic system over time, which sets it apart from neighboring volcanoes in the Cook Inlet that show minimal activity between eruptions. Various scenarios could explain why Iliamna did not proceed to eruption in 2012. Finally, we present criteria by which monitoring data may suggest an increased likelihood of eruption at Iliamna in the future.
The Neosho madtom (Noturus placidus) is a small catfish, generally less than 3 inches in length, unique to the Neosho-Spring River system within the Arkansas River Basin. It was federally listed as threatened in 1990, largely due to habitat loss. For conservation efforts, we generated whole-genome sequence data from 10 Neosho madtom individuals originating from 3 geographically separated populations to evaluate genetic diversity and population structure. A Neosho madtom genome was de novo assembled, and genome size and content were assessed. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were assessed from de Bruijn graphs, and via reference alignment with both the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) reference genome and Neosho madtom reference genome. Principal component analysis and structure analysis indicated weak population structure, suggesting fish from the 3 locations represent a single population. Using a novel method, genome-wide conservation and divergence between the Neosho madtom, channel catfish, and zebrafish (Danio rerio) was assessed by pairwise contig alignment, which demonstrated that genes important to embryonic development frequently had conserved sequences. This research in a threatened species with no previously published genomic resources provides novel genetic information to guide current and future conservation efforts and demonstrates that using whole-genome sequencing provides detailed information of population structure and demography using only a limited number of rare and valuable samples.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/g3journal/jkac046","usgsCitation":"Whitacre, L.K., Wildhaber, M.L., Johnson, G., Durbin, H.J., Rowan, T.N., Peoria Tribe, Schnabel, R.D., Mhlanga-Mutangadura, T., Tabor, V.M., Fenner, D., and Decker, J.E., 2022, Exploring genetic variation and population structure in a threatened species, Noturus placidus, with whole-genome sequence data: G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics, v. 12, no. 4, jkac046, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.1093/g3journal/jkac046.","productDescription":"jkac046, 9 p.","ipdsId":"IP-088642","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":448714,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/g3journal/jkac046","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":435950,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9MAPT9T","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Neosho Madtom (Noturus placidus) short read archive and whole genome sequence data"},{"id":398631,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.50390624999999,\n 36.35052700542763\n ],\n [\n -93.251953125,\n 36.35052700542763\n ],\n [\n -93.251953125,\n 37.99616267972814\n ],\n [\n -96.50390624999999,\n 37.99616267972814\n ],\n [\n -96.50390624999999,\n 36.35052700542763\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitacre, Lynsey K.","contributorId":290182,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whitacre","given":"Lynsey","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":62373,"text":"Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":840417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wildhaber, Mark L. 0000-0002-6538-9083 mwildhaber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6538-9083","contributorId":1386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildhaber","given":"Mark","email":"mwildhaber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":840418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Gary S.","contributorId":290183,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Gary S.","affiliations":[{"id":62375,"text":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of 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D.","contributorId":290184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schnabel","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":62373,"text":"Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":840472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mhlanga-Mutangadura, Tendai","contributorId":290186,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mhlanga-Mutangadura","given":"Tendai","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":62375,"text":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":840473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Tabor, Vernon M.","contributorId":290187,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tabor","given":"Vernon","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":62378,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kansas Ecological 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complexity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-25T12:48:05.003019","indexId":"70229024","displayToPublicDate":"2022-02-22T06:46:39","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2982,"text":"PNAS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kelp-forest dynamics controlled by substrate complexity","docAbstract":"The factors that determine why ecosystems exhibit abrupt shifts in state are of paramount importance for management, conservation, and restoration efforts. Kelp forests are emblematic of such abruptly shifting ecosystems, transitioning from kelp-dominated to urchin-dominated states around the world with increasing frequency, yet the underlying processes and mechanisms that control their dynamics remain unclear. Here, we analyze four decades of data from biannual monitoring around San Nicolas Island, CA, to show that substrate complexity controls both the number of possible (alternative) states and the velocity with which shifts between states occur. The superposition of community dynamics with reconstructions of system stability landscapes reveals that shifts between alternative states at low-complexity sites reflect abrupt, high-velocity events initiated by pulse perturbations that rapidly propel species across dynamically unstable state–space. In contrast, high-complexity sites exhibit a single state of resilient kelp–urchin coexistence. Our analyses suggest that substrate complexity influences both top-down and bottom-up regulatory processes in kelp forests, highlight its influence on kelp-forest stability at both large (island-wide) and small (<10 m) spatial scales, and could be valuable for holistic kelp-forest management.
We analyzed impacts of interannual disturbance on the water balance of watersheds in different forested ecosystem case studies across the United States from 1985 to 2016 using a remotely sensed long-term land cover monitoring record (U.S. Geological Survey Land Change Monitoring, Assessment, and Projection (LCMAP) Collection 1.0 Science products), gridded precipitation and evaporation data, and streamgaging data using paired watersheds (high and low disturbance). LCMAP products were used to quantify the timing and degree of interannual disturbance and to gain a better understanding of how land cover change affects the water balance of disturbed watersheds. In this paper, we present how LCMAP science products can be used to improve knowledge for hydrologic modeling, climate research, and forest management. Anthropogenic influences (e.g., dams and irrigation diversions) often minimize the impacts of land cover change on water balance dynamics when compared to interannual fluctuations of hydroclimatic events (e.g., drought and flooding). Our findings show that each watershed exhibits a complex suite of influences involving climate variables and other factors that affect each of their water balances differently when land cover change occurs. In this study, forests within arid to semi-arid climates experience greater water balance effects from land cover change than watersheds where water is less limited.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/land11020316","usgsCitation":"Healey, N.C., and Rover, J., 2022, Analyzing the effects of land cover change on the water balance for case study watersheds in different forested ecosystems in the USA: Land, v. 11, no. 2, 316, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/land11020316.","productDescription":"316, 43 p.","ipdsId":"IP-130474","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":448718,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/land11020316","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":396438,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"MultiPolygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n [\n 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-117.03121,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -116.04818,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -110.05,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -107.05,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -104.04826,\n 48.99986\n ],\n [\n -100.65,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -97.22872,\n 49.0007\n ],\n [\n -95.15907,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -95.15609,\n 49.38425\n ],\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ]\n ]\n ]\n ]\n },\n \"properties\": {\n \"name\": \"United States\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Healey, Nathan C. 0000-0002-8516-2636","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8516-2636","contributorId":280023,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Healey","given":"Nathan","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":57411,"text":"KBR, Inc.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rover, Jennifer 0000-0002-3437-4030","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3437-4030","contributorId":211850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rover","given":"Jennifer","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70264656,"text":"70264656 - 2022 - Rainfall triggering of post-fire debris flows over a 28-year period near El Portal, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-18T16:02:43.640972","indexId":"70264656","displayToPublicDate":"2022-02-21T10:55:38","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7559,"text":"Environmental and Engineering Geoscience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rainfall triggering of post-fire debris flows over a 28-year period near El Portal, California, USA","docAbstract":"Wildfires frequently affect the steep hillslopes near El Portal, California (United States), a small community established during the California Gold Rush in the mid-1800s. In addition to the historical significance of El Portal, State Route 140 (SR 140) is a major transportation and economic corridor connecting the San Joaquin Valley to Yosemite National Park (YNP). In 2019, an estimated 4.5 million tourists visited and accessed YNP via SR 140. In the years after wildfires, the burned watersheds produced debris flows during intense rainfall, impacting the El Portal community and motorists traveling on SR 140 and local roads. The steepness of the hillslopes and confinement of the valley limit options for mitigating debris-flow risk. As such, emergency managers are left with evacuation orders or temporary road closures as the best options for risk reduction. The effectiveness of these options is highly dependent on establishing an accurate local rainfall intensity-duration threshold that officials can use to guide emergency response actions and timing. We present an overview of the rainfall conditions that initiated 12 post-fire debris-flow events near El Portal from 1991 to 2018 and objectively define rainfall intensity-duration thresholds from triggering rainfall rates. Our results highlight the modest rainfall rates that triggered debris flows in these steep watersheds, while radar data from more recent events (2012–2018) portray the spatial variability of intense rainfall in the area. Additional rainfall monitoring is needed to provide a robust rainfall threshold that will effectively mitigate risk for residents and motorists while minimizing the impact of road closures and evacuations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association of Environmental & Engineering Geologists","doi":"10.2113/EEG-D-21-00031","usgsCitation":"De Graff, J.V., Staley, D.M., Stock, G., Takenaka, K., Gallegos, A., and Neptune, C., 2022, Rainfall triggering of post-fire debris flows over a 28-year period near El Portal, California, USA: Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, v. 28, no. 1, p. 133-145, https://doi.org/10.2113/EEG-D-21-00031.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"145","ipdsId":"IP-134684","costCenters":[{"id":78686,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center - Seismology / Geomagnetism","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":483478,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"El Portal, Yosemite National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.333,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -120.25,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -120.25,\n 37.333\n ],\n [\n -119.333,\n 37.333\n ],\n [\n -119.333,\n 38\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"De Graff, Jerome V.","contributorId":195393,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"De Graff","given":"Jerome","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":931121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Staley, Dennis M. 0000-0002-2239-3402 dstaley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2239-3402","contributorId":4134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staley","given":"Dennis","email":"dstaley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":931122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stock, Greg M.","contributorId":258810,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stock","given":"Greg M.","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":931123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Takenaka, Kellen","contributorId":352407,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Takenaka","given":"Kellen","affiliations":[{"id":37389,"text":"U.S. Forest Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":931124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gallegos, Alan L.","contributorId":352408,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gallegos","given":"Alan L.","affiliations":[{"id":37389,"text":"U.S. Forest Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":931125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Neptune, Chad K.","contributorId":352411,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neptune","given":"Chad K.","affiliations":[{"id":84211,"text":"California State University, Fresno CA USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":931126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70235911,"text":"70235911 - 2022 - Rockfall kinematics from massive rock cliffs: Outlier boulders and flyrock from Whitney Portal, California, rockfalls","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-25T15:34:43.529882","indexId":"70235911","displayToPublicDate":"2022-02-21T10:17:41","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7559,"text":"Environmental and Engineering Geoscience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rockfall kinematics from massive rock cliffs: Outlier boulders and flyrock from Whitney Portal, California, rockfalls","docAbstract":"Geologic conditions and topographic setting are among the most critical factors for assessing rockfall hazards. However, other subtle features of rockfall motion may also govern the runout of rockfall debris, particularly for those sourced from massive cliffs where debris can have substantial momentum during transport. Rocks may undergo collisions with trees and talus boulders, with the latter potentially generating flyrock—launched rock pieces resulting from boulder collisions that follow distinctively different paths than the majority of debris. Collectively, these intricacies of rockfall kinematics may substantially govern the hazards expected from rockfall to both persons and infrastructure located beneath steep cliffs. Here, we investigate the kinematics, including outlier boulder and flyrock trajectories, of seismically triggered rockfalls on 24 June 2020 that damaged campground facilities near Whitney Portal, CA, a heavily used outdoor recreation gateway to the Sierra Nevada mountains. Our results, obtained in part by rockfall runout model simulations, indicate that outlier boulder trajectories resulted from opportunities provided by less steep terrain beyond the talus edge. The influence of trees, initially thought to have served a protective capacity in attenuating rockfall energy, appears to have been negligible for the large boulder volumes (>50 m3) mobilized, although they did potentially deflect the trajectory of flyrock debris. Rockfall outlier boulders from the event were comparable in volume and runout distance to prehistoric boulders located beyond the talus slope, thereby providing some level of confidence in the use of a single rockfall shadow angle for estimating future rockfall hazards at the site.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association of Environmental & Engineering Geologists","doi":"10.2113/EEG-D-21-00023","usgsCitation":"Collins, B.D., Corbett, S.C., Horton, E.J., and Gallegos, A., 2022, Rockfall kinematics from massive rock cliffs: Outlier boulders and flyrock from Whitney Portal, California, rockfalls: Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, v. 28, no. 1, p. 3-24, https://doi.org/10.2113/EEG-D-21-00023.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"24","ipdsId":"IP-126637","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":435954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P93TJUXH","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Field, remote sensing, and modeling data used for Collins et al., Rockfall Kinematics from Massive Rock Cliffs: Outlier Boulders and Flyrock Resulting from the 2020 Whitney Portal, California Rockfalls"},{"id":405580,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Whitney Portal","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.32550048828126,\n 36.54688017175944\n ],\n [\n -118.20001602172852,\n 36.54688017175944\n ],\n [\n -118.20001602172852,\n 36.615252060835196\n ],\n [\n -118.32550048828126,\n 36.615252060835196\n ],\n [\n -118.32550048828126,\n 36.54688017175944\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, Brian D. 0000-0003-4881-5359 bcollins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4881-5359","contributorId":149278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"Brian","email":"bcollins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":849667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Corbett, Skye C. 0000-0003-3277-1021 scorbett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3277-1021","contributorId":200617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corbett","given":"Skye","email":"scorbett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":849668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horton, Elizabeth Jean","contributorId":295558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"Jean","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":849669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gallegos, Alan J.","contributorId":295559,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gallegos","given":"Alan J.","affiliations":[{"id":37389,"text":"U.S. Forest Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":849670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70237759,"text":"70237759 - 2022 - Unravelling a 2300 year long sedimentary record of megathrust and intraslab earthquakes in proglacial Skilak Lake, south-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-14T15:06:47.199697","indexId":"70237759","displayToPublicDate":"2022-02-21T09:14:44","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3369,"text":"Sedimentology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unravelling a 2300 year long sedimentary record of megathrust and intraslab earthquakes in proglacial Skilak Lake, south-central Alaska","docAbstract":"Seismic hazards in subduction settings typically arise from megathrust, intraslab and crustal earthquake sources. Despite the frequent occurrence of intraslab earthquakes in subduction zones and their potential threat to communities, their long-term recurrence behaviour is barely studied. Sedimentary sequences in lakes may register ground shaking from different seismic sources. This study investigates two long sediment cores (13 m and 16 m) from Skilak Lake, a proglacial lake in south-central Alaska, to evaluate whether different seismic sources leave a distinct imprint. The sedimentary record shows a continuously varved sediment sequence, occasionally interrupted by turbidites, slump deposits and tephra beds. Turbidites and slump deposits were objectively identified using a statistical outlier analysis on varve thickness. The earthquake origin of these deposits was ascertained by resemblance with deposits induced by instrumentally recorded earthquakes (for example, 1964 ce Mw 9.2 megathrust and 1954 ce Mw 6.4 intraslab earthquakes) and correlation with multiple coeval landslide deposits on sub-bottom profiles. The Skilak Lake record chronicles 19 earthquakes with moderate to very high confidence level in the past 1350 years. The sedimentary evidence of instrumentally-recorded intraslab and megathrust earthquakes within the past 70 years demonstrates that not only megathrust earthquakes, but also past intraslab events are recorded. Although reported seismic intensities at Skilak Lake are comparable for the 1964 ce megathrust and the 1954 ce intraslab earthquakes, the long duration and low frequency content of seismic ground motion during megathrust earthquakes facilitate the triggering of multiple, voluminous landslides and the generation of megaturbidites. In contrast, the shorter duration and higher frequency source spectrum of intraslab earthquakes may only induce surficial slope remobilization and the generation of thinner turbidites. This study demonstrates that the sedimentary record of Skilak Lake has the potential to decipher multiple seismic sources, which opens possibilities for a comprehensive seismic hazard analysis for south-central Alaska.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/sed.12986","usgsCitation":"Praet, N., Van Daele, M., Moernaut, J., Mestdagh, T., Vandorpe, T., Jensen, B.J., Witter, R., Haeussler, P., and De Batist, M., 2022, Unravelling a 2300 year long sedimentary record of megathrust and intraslab earthquakes in proglacial Skilak Lake, south-central Alaska: Sedimentology, v. 69, no. 5, p. 2151-2180, https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12986.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"2151","endPage":"2180","ipdsId":"IP-135294","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":408605,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Skilak Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150.55,\n 60.5\n ],\n [\n -150.55,\n 60.35\n ],\n [\n -150.05,\n 60.35\n ],\n [\n -150.05,\n 60.5\n ],\n [\n -150.55,\n 60.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"69","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-04-02","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Praet, Nore","contributorId":194083,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Praet","given":"Nore","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":855465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Daele, Maarten 0000-0002-8530-4438","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8530-4438","contributorId":194085,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Van Daele","given":"Maarten","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27279,"text":"Department of Geology and Soil Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":855466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moernaut, Jasper","contributorId":194084,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moernaut","given":"Jasper","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":855467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mestdagh, Thomas 0000-0002-6312-7039","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6312-7039","contributorId":298372,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mestdagh","given":"Thomas","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":64542,"text":"Flanders Marine Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":855468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vandorpe, Thomas 0000-0002-1461-2484","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1461-2484","contributorId":298373,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vandorpe","given":"Thomas","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":64542,"text":"Flanders Marine Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":855469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jensen, Britta J.L. 0000-0001-9134-7170","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9134-7170","contributorId":244298,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jensen","given":"Britta","email":"","middleInitial":"J.L.","affiliations":[{"id":36696,"text":"University of Alberta","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":855470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Witter, Robert C. 0000-0002-1721-254X rwitter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1721-254X","contributorId":4528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witter","given":"Robert C.","email":"rwitter@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":855471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":219956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter J.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":855472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"De Batist, Marc 0000-0002-1625-2080","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1625-2080","contributorId":194089,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"De Batist","given":"Marc","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":855473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70228780,"text":"70228780 - 2022 - Detrital zircon provenance of the Cretaceous-Neogene East Coast Basin reveals changing tectonic conditions and drainage reorganization along the Pacific margin of Zealandia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-12T13:34:28.945014","indexId":"70228780","displayToPublicDate":"2022-02-21T08:56:48","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1820,"text":"Geosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detrital zircon provenance of the Cretaceous-Neogene East Coast Basin reveals changing tectonic conditions and drainage reorganization along the Pacific margin of Zealandia","docAbstract":"The Upper Cretaceous–Pliocene strata of New Zealand record ~100 m.y. of Zealandia’s evolution, including development of the Hikurangi convergent margin and Alpine transform plate boundary. A comprehensive, new detrital zircon U-Pb data set (8315 analyses from 61 samples) was generated along a ~700 km transect of the East Coast Basin of New Zealand. Age distributions were analyzed and interpreted in terms of published data available for Cambrian–Cretaceous igneous and metasedimentary source terranes using a Monte Carlo mixture modeling approach. Results indicate a widespread Early Cretaceous transition in sediment source from the Gondwana interior to the Median Batholith magmatic arc prior to Late Cretaceous rifting from Antarctica. Submergence of Zealandia during a Late Cretaceous–Paleogene drift phase led to major drainage reorganization and the influx of Eastern Province sediment to the East Coast Basin. A long-lived sediment conduit that transported extraregional Western Province detritus to the south-central East Coast Basin may have developed along a structural precursor to the Alpine Fault. Marked Neogene increase of Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Torlesse Composite Terrane sediment to the central East Coast Basin resulted from exhumation of the Axial Ranges, convergence along the Hikurangi subduction margin, and concurrent development of the Alpine Fault. Concurrent influx of contemporaneous Neogene zircon in the northern East Coast Basin indicated the onset of subduction-related volcanism of the Northland–Coromandel Volcanic Arc. Middle Miocene–Pliocene exhumation and dextral translation of the Nelson region along the Alpine Fault resulted in the eastward routing of Western Province sediment to the central East Coast Basin. Finally, topography developed across the plate boundary and ultimately partitioned continental drainage of Zealandia, such that sediment from the Murihiku, Caples, and Rakaia Terranes in the Otago region was routed to the southern extent of the East Coast Basin. These results illuminate the evolution of the Zealandia continental drainage divide in response to the initiation of the Pacific-Australian plate boundary and demonstrate the power of mixture modeling and large data sets for deciphering sediment routing in dynamic tectonic environments.
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