Small bodies of granophyre occur in the upper part of diabase bodies of Triassic age in southeastern Pennsylvania. One near Harrisburg was penetrated by a diamond-drill. Drill core specimens show a gradation from diabase to granophyre.
New data include 10 chemical analyses, spectrographic determinations of trace elements, and the results of petrographic study of specimens from the drill core. The sequence, from diabase to granophyre, includes a chilled zone that represents an original magma of tholeiitic composition, normal diabase, pegmatitic facies of diabase, and granophyric diabase that is intermediate in composition and petrographic characteristics between diabase and granophyre, and finally granophyre. Alkalies and silica increase progressively from diabase to granophyre; iron increases to a maximum in transitional granophyric diabase, then decreases in the granophyre.
It is concluded that crystal fractionation in a large sheetlike body of tholeiitic magma yielded a small amount of granophyre. Prior to complete solidification, a residual liquid rich in iron, alkalies, and silica accumulated locally in the upper part of the diabase sheet. In places volatile-rich iron-bearing solutions escaped into the overlying sedimentary rocks and deposited magnetite; the remaining liquid crystallized t o fine-grained granophyre.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1953)64[675:POGIDN]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hotz, P.E., 1953, Petrology of granophyre in diabase near Dillsburg, Pennsylvania: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 64, no. 6, p. 675-704, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1953)64[675:POGIDN]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"675","endPage":"704","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386616,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","city":"Dillsburg","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.04900741577148,\n 40.107881296903194\n ],\n [\n -77.02720642089844,\n 40.107881296903194\n ],\n [\n -77.02720642089844,\n 40.12100925481713\n ],\n [\n -77.04900741577148,\n 40.12100925481713\n ],\n [\n -77.04900741577148,\n 40.107881296903194\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hotz, Preston E.","contributorId":37083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hotz","given":"Preston","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000323,"text":"1000323 - 1953 - Movement of parasitic-phase sea lampreys in Lakes Huron and Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-15T11:49:13","indexId":"1000323","displayToPublicDate":"1953-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movement of parasitic-phase sea lampreys in Lakes Huron and Michigan","docAbstract":"A program of tagging was carrie dout in the waters of northern Lake Huron during the fall and winter of 1951-52 in order to supplement the small amount of information available on movement of sea lampreys during their parasitic phase. A total of 219 parasitic-phase sea lampreys were tagged and released at three localities. Of this number 38 or 17.2 percent were recovered. One tag was recovered near North Manitou Island, Lake Michigan. The remaining 37 were take in Lake Huron or in streams tributary to that lake. The dispersal of tagged lampreys throughout Lake Huron was wide. Five marked individuals were taken in the southern part of the lake over 150 miles from the point of tagging; 4 of these 5 were captured in Canadian waters. The marked lampreys exhibited no distinct pattern of migration other than a tendency toward a general southeasterly movement in Lake Huron.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1952)82[123:MOPSLI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Smith, B.R., and Elliott, O.R., 1953, Movement of parasitic-phase sea lampreys in Lakes Huron and Michigan: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 82, no. 1, p. 123-128, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1952)82[123:MOPSLI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"123","endPage":"128","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128614,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4814","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Bernard R.","contributorId":38924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Bernard","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elliott, Oliver R.","contributorId":11549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Oliver","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1285,"text":"wsp1190 - 1953 - Ground-water conditions in artesian aquifers in Brown County, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-11T19:43:34.619708","indexId":"wsp1190","displayToPublicDate":"1953-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1190","title":"Ground-water conditions in artesian aquifers in Brown County, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"The principal water-bearing rocks underlying Brown County, Wis., are thick sandstone units of Cambrian and Ordovician age. Other aquifers include limestone and dolomite of Ordovician age, dolomite of Silurian age, and sands and gravel of Pleistocene and Recent age. Underlying the water-bearing formations are crystalline rocks of pre-Cambrian age which contain little or no water. \r\n\r\nGround water is the source of all public and most private and industrial supplies in. the county. Several of the large industries use large quantities of surface water also. Most of the water is pumped from wells that penetrate the Cambrian sandstones where the water occurs under artesian conditions. From 1886, when the first deep well was drilled, to 1949, the pumpage in the county increased to an average of about 5 million gallons a day (mgd) in 1939 and to about 10 mgd in 1949.\r\n\r\nThe piezometric level, which was about 100 feet above the land surface in 1886, was about 300 feet below the land surface in 1949. About 200 feet of this decline took place after 1938. The water-level-measurement program begun in 1946 shows that yearly fluctuations of water levels in observation wells range from less than 1 foot to about 90 feet, the fluctuations being larger at the center of the heavily pumped area. The highest water levels occur in the winter or spring and the lowest in the summer near the end of the season of maximum withdrawal. Coefficients of transmissibility and storage for the sandstones were obtained by making controlled pumping tests at Green Bay and De Pere. The coefficients were verified by comparing computed water-level declines and rates of withdrawal with actual ones. The computed values were within I0 percent of the actual values. \r\n\r\nProbable declines of water levels by 1960 were computed, using the same coefficients of transmissibility and storage, and assuming three different conditions of pumping. The additional decline in water level will be 15 to 150 feet in the center of the pumped area, depending upon the amount of increased pumping and its distribution relative to the present pumped area and to the recharge area. \r\n\r\nThe water from the sandstones is a hard calcium magnesium bicarbonate water. Further work is needed to determine whether there is danger of contamination by salt water which occurs down the dip in the same formations. It is concluded that the rate of withdrawal from the area can be increased to 15 mgd by 1960 without dangerously lowering water levels, provided that new wells are properly spaced. In order to avoid expressive lowering of water levels, it is recommended that new wells be located west of Green Bay toward the recharge area. \r\n\r\nA detailed study has not been made of shallow aquifers in the county. Further work should be done to evaluate the possibilities of auxiliary supplies from the limestone of the Platteville formation or from the Niagara dolomite. \r\n\r\nConservation should be practice.4 by all users of ground water to avoid waste resulting in lower water levels and higher pumping costs.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1190","usgsCitation":"Drescher, W.J., 1953, Ground-water conditions in artesian aquifers in Brown County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1190, Report: iv, 49 p.; 7 Plates: 20.00 x 9.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1190.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 49 p.; 7 Plates: 20.00 x 9.00 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"53","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415594,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Brown 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William James","contributorId":95448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drescher","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":143500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000145,"text":"1000145 - 1953 - The effect of ether anesthesia on fin-clipping rate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-15T13:56:55","indexId":"1000145","displayToPublicDate":"1953-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of ether anesthesia on fin-clipping rate","docAbstract":"As part of an experimental program to learn the effects of stocking lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Superior, 141, 392 fingerlings were marked at the Charlevoix (Michigan) Station of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in October 1952. The adipose fin was removed from all fish, the right pelvic from the remainder. A random sample of 2, 417 of the fish showed an average total length of 4.0 inches (range, 2.7 to 5.4). The mean weight of all fish marked was slightly less than one-third ounce (49 fish per pound). The local women, none of whom had previous experience in the work, were employed to mark the fish. Bone-cutting forceps were used for excision of the fins, and each worker wore a bobbinet glove to facilitate handling of the fish. On alternate days the fish were anesthetized with ether before marking, to determine the effect of its use on the fin-clipping rate.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1953)15[80:TEOEAO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Eschmeyer, P.H., 1953, The effect of ether anesthesia on fin-clipping rate: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 15, no. 2, p. 80-82, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1953)15[80:TEOEAO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"80","endPage":"82","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133229,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649641","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eschmeyer, Paul H.","contributorId":86719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eschmeyer","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":15683,"text":"ofr52129 - 1952 - Uranium-bearing deposits west of Clancey, Jefferson County, Montana","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15683,"text":"ofr52129 - 1952 - Uranium-bearing deposits west of Clancey, Jefferson County, Montana","indexId":"ofr52129","publicationYear":"1952","noYear":false,"title":"Uranium-bearing deposits west of Clancey, Jefferson County, Montana"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":35628,"text":"b988F - 1953 - Uranium-bearing deposits west of Clancey, Jefferson County, Montana","indexId":"b988F","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","title":"Uranium-bearing deposits west of Clancey, Jefferson County, Montana"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":35628,"text":"b988F - 1953 - Uranium-bearing deposits west of Clancey, Jefferson County, Montana","indexId":"b988F","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"title":"Uranium-bearing deposits west of Clancey, Jefferson County, Montana"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-29T18:12:48.631272","indexId":"ofr52129","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1952","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"52-129","title":"Uranium-bearing deposits west of Clancey, Jefferson County, Montana","docAbstract":"Nine uranium deposits occur in a small area vest of Clancey,Jefferson County, Mont. These deposits are all in or near silicifiedfracture zones in quarts monsonite and related rocks of the Boulderbatholith. The deposits contain pockets of uranium minerals in cavities in brecciated silicified rock. The primary uranium mineral pitch-blende has been found in one pod. Secondary uranium minerals occur as fracture linings and in pore spaces in and adjacent to the silicified zones.
Uranium in the Clancey district was deposited probably during oneof the later of at least four periods of silicification. The quartsmonsonite, rather than the younger alaskitic dike rocks, is the host rock of the deposits.
Newmont Mining Corp. has leased the properties containing theuranium deposits and has begun development of one of these deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr52129","usgsCitation":"Roberts, W.A., and Gude, A.J., 1952, Uranium-bearing deposits west of Clancey, Jefferson County, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 52-129, Report: iii, 31 p.; 5 Figures: 30.37 x 22.30 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr52129.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 31 p.; 5 Figures: 30.37 x 22.30 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":486816,"rank":7,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1952/0129/figure-7.pdf","text":"Figure 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":486815,"rank":6,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1952/0129/figure-6.pdf","text":"Figure 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Wayne Arthur","contributorId":10281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"Arthur","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gude, Arthur J.","contributorId":26676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gude","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51090,"text":"ofr528 - 1952 - Memorandum on the ground-water resources of the Horse Creek and Cherry Creek drainage basins, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-21T13:04:01","indexId":"ofr528","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1952","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"52-8","title":"Memorandum on the ground-water resources of the Horse Creek and Cherry Creek drainage basins, Wyoming","docAbstract":"This report is one of several that are being made by the United States Geological Survey as part of the program of the Department of the Interior for the control, conservation, development, and use of the water resources of the Missouri River basin. The purpose of this report is to present an annotated bibliography of all existing reports pertaining to ground-water supplies in the area reported upon; to collect and analyze all data on public, industrial, and irrigation pumping from wells that are not covered by previous reports; to indicate areas where additional large-scale pumping might be undertaken; to estimate the possibility of depletion of stream flow by ground-water pumping from the developed areas and from areas where large-scale pumping maybe undertaken in the future; to point out areas where aquifers might be artificially recharged; and to recommend areas where detailed ground-water studies should be made, indicating the studies needed.
The writer spent approximately 2 weeks in the field during June 1952 evaluating the results of previous studies to determine their adequacy with respect to the purpose of this report. It was found that the previous studies in the area adequately covered the ground-water conditions for this purpose; consequently, the following discussion is abstracted largely from reports covering those studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr528","collaboration":"Compiled as part of program of Interior Department for development of the Missouri River Basin","usgsCitation":"Babcock, H.M., 1952, Memorandum on the ground-water resources of the Horse Creek and Cherry Creek drainage basins, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 52-8, ii, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr528.","productDescription":"ii, 12 p.","costCenters":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":86449,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1952/0008/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":178995,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1952/0008/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Horse Creek and Cherry Creek Drainage Basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.55639648437499,\n 41.008920735004885\n ],\n [\n -104.0625,\n 41.008920735004885\n ],\n [\n -104.0625,\n 42.9524020856897\n ],\n [\n -106.55639648437499,\n 42.9524020856897\n ],\n [\n -106.55639648437499,\n 41.008920735004885\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ce4b07f02db613f86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Babcock, H. M.","contributorId":90698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Babcock","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221611,"text":"70221611 - 1952 - Magmatic differentiation in tertiary and quaternary volcanic rocks from Adak and Kanaga Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-25T13:47:20.593876","indexId":"70221611","displayToPublicDate":"1952-12-01T08:40:41","publicationYear":"1952","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magmatic differentiation in tertiary and quaternary volcanic rocks from Adak and Kanaga Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska","docAbstract":"Samples of 17 volcanic rocks of Tertiary and Quaternary age from Adak and Kanaga islands have been chemically analyzed and studied microscopically. Spectrograms have been made of 10 of them. The rocks from Adak represent one center of possibly older Tertiary age and two centers of younger Tertiary or Quaternary age. The rocks from Kanaga Island represent both a shield volcano of possibly Tertiary age, partly destroyed by the formation of a caldera, and a young cone of Quaternary age that has grown within the caldera. All the rocks are basalt or andesite. Modally, all are characterized by relatively large crystals of plagioclase more calcic than andesine, and by one or more of the following ferromagnesian minerals: olivine, hypersthene, augite, and hornblende. Apatite and iron ores are common, and late silica minerals and orthoclase occur interstitially in the groundmasses of some rocks. As analyses of no more than four samples are available for each center, the small differences between sets of analyses representing different centers are of doubtful significance. Consequently, the analyses representing all the centers have been plotted on each of the several diagrams used. The several types of variation diagrams show that the province is a calc-alkaline one. The alkali-lime index is in the neighborhood of 63. This very high value is comparable with that for Katmai and is only slightly less than the maximum for the Japanese volcanic rock series. The quantities of minor constituents present are not exceptional for the rock types analyzed; the rocks from Adak are apparently more strontium-rich than those from Kanaga. The chemical analyses of the more basic rock types, as compared with the average analysis of plateau basalt, suggest that the Aleutian parental magma could have been derived from a plateau basalt magma by the addition of plagioclase and the subtraction of pyroxene, iron ore, and some quartz. The distribution of the minor elements can be explained more easily by postulating that, at least on Kanaga Island, some sediments have been assimilated. The derivation of the analyzed rocks from the Aleutian parental magma is most easily explained by the hypothesis that the plagioclase remained in suspension while the ferromagnesian minerals were settling out.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1952)63[485:MDITAQ]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Coats, R.R., 1952, Magmatic differentiation in tertiary and quaternary volcanic rocks from Adak and Kanaga Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 63, no. 5, p. 485-514, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1952)63[485:MDITAQ]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"485","endPage":"514","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386736,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aleutian Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -157.1484375,\n 58.95000823335702\n ],\n [\n -169.3212890625,\n 54.49556752187406\n ],\n [\n -182.1533203125,\n 52.482780222078226\n ],\n [\n -187.470703125,\n 53.61857936489517\n ],\n [\n -193.9306640625,\n 55.89995614406812\n ],\n [\n -194.4580078125,\n 55.00282580979323\n ],\n [\n -180.17578125,\n 50.28933925329178\n ],\n [\n -162.59765625,\n 53.199451902831555\n ],\n [\n -156.2255859375,\n 56.389583525613055\n ],\n [\n -157.1484375,\n 58.95000823335702\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"63","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coats, Robert R.","contributorId":37788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coats","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70217842,"text":"70217842 - 1952 - Discussion of “tide‐producing forces and artesian pressures”","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-05T18:44:33.420843","indexId":"70217842","displayToPublicDate":"1952-08-01T12:40:56","publicationYear":"1952","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Discussion of “tide‐producing forces and artesian pressures”","docAbstract":"I was an employee of the Texas State Board of Water Engineers in charge of the Fort Stockton field office at the time that the data for this paper were gathered. Since I have done both extensive and detailed ground‐water work in the Fort Stockton area, including the setting and maintaining of the water‐stage recorder at the Gonzales well, I believe I can add some pertinent hydrologic remarks about this paper.
The authors state that the principal water‐bearing formation is a limestone. This opinion is not shared by myself and most likely the majority of other geologists in this area. Adkins [1927] favored the basal Cretaceous sands as the principal source of water to Comanche Springs. I believe that the most extensive and the principal water‐bearing formation is a sand and sandstone. The crevices and channels reported in wells and exposed at the springs are only a localized condition resulting from structural weakness and solution caused by a high water surface. The piezometric surface in sand and crevice wells is essentially identical; this suggests that there exists but one principal aquifer in this area. W.N. White, former District Geologist in Texas for the U.S. Geological Survey, in a personal communication to me in 1948, reported Comanche Springs to be the most reliable springs in Texas. This reliable flow strongly supports the concept of a sand aquifer, whose catchment area, or source, is of vast and varied extent, and a great distance from its outlet.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR033i004p00597","usgsCitation":"Culbertson, T., George, W., and Romberg, F.E., 1952, Discussion of “tide‐producing forces and artesian pressures”: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 33, no. 4, p. 597-600, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR033i004p00597.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"597","endPage":"600","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":383059,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Culbertson, Tom","contributorId":248797,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Culbertson","given":"Tom","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"George, William O.","contributorId":106016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"William O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Romberg, Frederick E.","contributorId":248796,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Romberg","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70221559,"text":"70221559 - 1952 - Report of the Committee on Land Erosion, 1950–1951","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-22T14:33:11.468201","indexId":"70221559","displayToPublicDate":"1952-06-01T09:26:39","publicationYear":"1952","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Report of the Committee on Land Erosion, 1950–1951","docAbstract":"Activities of the Committee on Land Erosion, since the present Committee was appointed in September, 1950, have been confined mainly to correspondence among members as a means of becoming better acquainted and of deciding on a suitable program for consideration of the Committee Erosion being such a far-flung and complex phenomenon defies any small group to consider all of its many facets. It is obvious, therefore, that greatest practical results would be obtained if Committee activities were confined in the main to those investigations in which members are currently engaged.
Colman and Sinclair state that one of their chief current interests is the study of possibilities for decreasing creep on steep mountain slopes in Southern California. They have reason to believe that a considerable part (the precise amount being unknown) of the debris issuing from the canyons starts its way to channels as dry sliding or other type of soil movement that takes place during the dry seasons although the actual damage occurs during wet periods. Initially they hope to obtain more information on channel accumulations and to learn more about where the material comes from and how and when it moves to the channel. With this information they expect to be in a better position to study means of decreasing debris movement. The importance of debris movement into the densely populated valleys of Southern California is of such an order that additional planning along these lines can be well justified.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR033i003p00450","usgsCitation":"Peterson, H., 1952, Report of the Committee on Land Erosion, 1950–1951: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 33, no. 3, p. 450-452, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR033i003p00450.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"450","endPage":"452","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386649,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"southern California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.12597656249999,\n 34.19817309627726\n ],\n [\n -114.7412109375,\n 35.137879119634185\n ],\n [\n -117.68554687499999,\n 37.33522435930639\n ],\n [\n -121.904296875,\n 36.27970720524017\n ],\n [\n -120.5419921875,\n 34.45221847282654\n ],\n [\n -117.0703125,\n 32.509761735919426\n ],\n [\n -114.82910156249999,\n 32.731840896865684\n ],\n [\n -114.521484375,\n 32.80574473290688\n ],\n [\n -114.12597656249999,\n 34.19817309627726\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, H.V.","contributorId":86007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"H.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":71301,"text":"tei242 - 1952 - Compilation of data on the uranium and equivalent uranium content of samples analyzed by U.S. Geological Survey during a program of sampling mine, mill, and smelter products","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-06T07:50:28","indexId":"tei242","displayToPublicDate":"1952-01-01T09:53:00","publicationYear":"1952","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"242","title":"Compilation of data on the uranium and equivalent uranium content of samples analyzed by U.S. Geological Survey during a program of sampling mine, mill, and smelter products","docAbstract":"In 1942 the Geological Survey began to collect, in response to a request made by the War Production Board, samples of mine, mill, and smelter products. About 1,400 such samples were collected and analyzed spectrographically for about 20 elements that were of strategic importance, in order to determine whether any of the products analyzed might be possible sources of some of the needed elements. When attention was directed to radioactive elements in 1943, most of the samples were scanned for radioactivity. Part of the work was done on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the Atomic Energy Commission.
\nThe sources, mine mill, smelter, or prospect, from which these samples were collected, the kind of material sampled, i.e. ores, concentrates, middlings, tailings, flue dusts, and so forth, and the radioactivity of the samples are listed in this report. Samples of the materials collected in the course of the Geological Survey’s investigations for uranium are excluded, but about 500 such samples were analyzed spectrographically for some or all of the same 20 elements sought in the samples that are the subject of this report. Most of the samples were tested only for their radioactivity, but a few were analyzed chemically for uranium. The radioactivity of many of the samples tested in the early screening was determined only qualitatively. Several samples were tested at one time, and if the count obtained did not exceed a predetermined minimum above background, the samples were not tested individually. If the count was more than this minimum, the samples were tested individually to identify the radioactive sample or samples and to obtain a quantitative value for the radioactivity. In general, the rough screening served as a basis for separating samples in which the radioactivity amount to less than 0.003 percent equivalent uranium from those in which it exceeded that amount. Some aspects of various phases of the investigation of radioactivity in these samples have been reported in various other reports, as follows.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei242","collaboration":"This report concerns work done partly on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"Hall, M.L., and Butler, A.P., 1952, Compilation of data on the uranium and equivalent uranium content of samples analyzed by U.S. Geological Survey during a program of sampling mine, mill, and smelter products: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 242, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei242.","productDescription":"46 p.","numberOfPages":"47","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":284051,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tei242.jpg"},{"id":285625,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0242/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53558ffce4b0120853e8be90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, Marlene Louise","contributorId":40516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Marlene","email":"","middleInitial":"Louise","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Butler, Arthur Pierce Jr.","contributorId":88826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"Arthur","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Pierce","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001374,"text":"1001374 - 1952 - Hybridization of Canada geese with blue geese in the wild","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T12:18:45","indexId":"1001374","displayToPublicDate":"1952-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1952","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hybridization of Canada geese with blue geese in the wild","docAbstract":"While carrying out hunter bag checks in the vicinity of Sand Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Columbia, South Dakota, during the 1950 waterfowl hunting season, the author examined two adult male geese which proved to be crosses between one of the smaller Canada Geese (possibly Richardson's Goose, Branta canadensis hutchinsi) and the Blue Goose, Chen caerulescens.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4081022","usgsCitation":"Nelson, H., 1952, Hybridization of Canada geese with blue geese in the wild: The Auk, v. 69, no. 4, p. 425-428, https://doi.org/10.2307/4081022.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"425","endPage":"428","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480435,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4081022","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":129247,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Sand Lake National Wildlife Refuge","volume":"69","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687d9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, H.K.","contributorId":21489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"H.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000314,"text":"1000314 - 1952 - Movements of yellow perch marked in southern Green Bay, Lake Michigan, in 1950","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-15T14:12:53","indexId":"1000314","displayToPublicDate":"1952-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1952","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movements of yellow perch marked in southern Green Bay, Lake Michigan, in 1950","docAbstract":"The older Precambrian rocks of Arizona include the Vishnu, Yavapai, and Pinal schists, all overlain unconformably by nonmetamorphosed younger Precambrian rocks. The older Precambrian schists, unnamed gneisses, and associated granitic masses crop out in many of the mountain ranges southwest of the Colorado plateau. The stratigraphy and structure of the schists can be unraveled to some extent by detailed mapping, and work now in progress by the U. S. Geological Survey in the Bagdad, Prescott-Jerome, and Little Dragoon areas, is revealing folded structures trending generally northwest to northeast. Earlier work by Wilson in the Mazatzal Mountains revealed southeastward-dipping, low-angle thrust faults of older Precambrian age. In the Bagdad and Prescott-Jerome areas, a variety of igneous rocks, including rhyolite, alaskite porphyry, diorite, and gabbro, were intruded into the schists prior to the widespread invasion of granite. Only one period of orogeny followed by the intrusion of granitic rocks can be recognized in each area studied to date. The degree of metamorphism is not uniform and some of the pre-intrusive rocks are nonfoliated, whereas others are highly schistose. Some of the intrusive rocks, including granite, show the effect of dynamic metamorphism. The grade of metamorphism is low to intermediate, except near the large masses of granite where coarse-grained sillimanite-bearing schists are found.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1951)62[1331:OPSIA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Anderson, C.A., 1951, Older Precambrian structure in Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 62, no. 11, p. 1331-1346, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1951)62[1331:OPSIA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1331","endPage":"1346","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386750,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.0283203125,\n 37.03763967977139\n ],\n [\n -114.0380859375,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -114.23583984374999,\n 35.99578538642032\n ],\n [\n -114.67529296874999,\n 36.10237644873644\n ],\n [\n -114.58740234375,\n 34.97600151317588\n ],\n [\n -114.19189453125,\n 34.27083595165\n ],\n [\n -114.49951171875,\n 33.87041555094183\n ],\n [\n -114.6533203125,\n 33.22949814144951\n ],\n [\n -114.47753906249999,\n 32.95336814579932\n ],\n [\n -114.82910156249999,\n 32.45415593941475\n ],\n [\n -110.93994140625,\n 31.372399104880525\n ],\n [\n -109.0283203125,\n 31.3348710339506\n ],\n [\n -109.0283203125,\n 37.03763967977139\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Charles A.","contributorId":81108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221626,"text":"70221626 - 1951 - Geologic history of sea water: An attempt to state the problem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-25T16:48:53.505239","indexId":"70221626","displayToPublicDate":"1951-10-01T11:46:04","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic history of sea water: An attempt to state the problem","docAbstract":"Paleontology and biochemistry together may yield fairly definite information, eventually, about the paleochemistry of sea water and atmosphere. Several less conclusive lines of evidence now available suggest that the composition of both sea water and atmosphere may have varied somewhat during the past; but the geologic record indicates that these variations have probably been within relatively narrow limits. A primary problem is how conditions could have remained so nearly constant for so long.
It is clear, even from inadequate data on the quantities and compositions of ancient sediments, that the more volatile materials—H2O, CO2, Cl, N, and S— are much too abundant in the present atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere and in ancient sediments to be explained, like the commoner rock-forming oxides, as the products of rock weathering alone. If the earth were once entirely gaseous or molten, these “excess” volatiles may be residual from a primitive atmosphere. But if so, certain corollaries should follow about the quantity of water dissolved in the molten earth and the expected chemical effects of a highly acid, primitive ocean. These corollaries appear to be contradicted by the geologic record, and doubt is therefore cast on this hypothesis of a dense primitive atmosphere. It seems more probable that only a small fraction of the total “excess” volatiles was ever present at one time in the early atmosphere and ocean.
Carbon plays a significant part in the chemistry of sea water and in the realm of living matter. The amount now buried as carbonates and organic carbon in sedimentary rocks is about 600 times as great as that in today's atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. If only 1/100 of this buried carbon were suddenly added to the present atmosphere and ocean, many species of marine organisms would probably be exterminated. Furthermore, unless CO2 is being added continuously to the atmosphere-ocean system from some source other than rock weathering, the present rate of its subtraction by sedimentation would, in only a few million years, cause brucite to take the place of calcite as a common marine sediment. Apparently, the geologic record shows no evidence of such simultaneous extinctions of many species nor such deposits of brucite. Evidently the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere and ocean has remained relatively constant throughout much of the geologic past. This calls for some source of gradual and continuous supply, over and above that from rock weathering and from the metamorphism of older sedimentary rocks.
A clue to this source is afforded by the relative amounts of the different “excess” volatiles. These are similar to the relative amounts of the same materials in gases escaping from volcanoes, fumaroles, and hot springs and in gases occluded in igneous rocks. Conceivably, therefore, the hydrosphere and atmosphere may have come almost entirely from such plutonic gases. During the crystallization of magmas, volatiles such as H2O and CO2 accumulate in the remaining melt and are largely expelled as part of the final fractions. Volcanic eruptions and lava flows have brought volatiles to the earth's surface throughout the geologic past; but intrusive rocks are probably a much more adequate source of the constituents of the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Judged by the thermal springs of the United States, hot springs (carrying only 1 per cent or less of juvenile matter) may be the principal channels by which the “excess” volatiles have escaped from cooling magmas below.
This mechanism fails to account for a continuous supply of volatiles unless it also provides for a continuous generation of new, volatile-rich magmas. Possibly such local magmas form by a continuous process of selective fusion of subcrustal rocks, to a depth of several hundred kilometers below the more mobile areas of the crust. This would imply that the volume of the ocean has grown with time. On this point, geologic evidence permits differences of interpretation; the record admittedly does not prove, but it seems consistent with, an increasing growth of the continental masses and a progressive sinking of oceanic basins. Perhaps something like the following mechanism could account for a continuous escape of volatiles to the earth's surface and a relatively uniform composition of sea water through much of geologic time: (1) selective fusion of lower-melting fractions from deep-seated, nearly anhydrous rocks beneath the unstable continental margins and geosynclines; (2) rise of these selected fractions (as granitic and hydrous magmas) and their slow crystallization nearer the surface; (3) essentially continuous isostatic readjustment between the differentiating continental masses and adjacent ocean basins; and (4) renewed erosion and sedimentation, with resulting instability of continental margins and mountainous areas and a new round of selective fusion below.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1951)62[1111:GHOSW]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rubey, W.W., 1951, Geologic history of sea water: An attempt to state the problem: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 62, no. 9, p. 1111-1148, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1951)62[1111:GHOSW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"48 p.","startPage":"1111","endPage":"1148","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386749,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rubey, William W.","contributorId":16899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubey","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221628,"text":"70221628 - 1951 - Iron formation and associated rocks in the Iron River district, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-25T19:25:10.392161","indexId":"70221628","displayToPublicDate":"1951-05-01T14:18:51","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Iron formation and associated rocks in the Iron River district, Michigan","docAbstract":"The iron formation of the Iron River district is part of a Precambrian sequence of strata characterized by a high iron content and varied mineralogy. The iron formation, where unoxidized, consists largely of interlaminated chert and siderite. It is underlain by a graphitic slate containing about 20 per cent iron in the form of very finely disseminated pyrite. Graywacke overlies the iron formation with at least local disconformity; this rock consists of clastic grains in a matrix of siderite or iron-rich chlorite. Above the gray-wacke is a magnetic ironstone, a laminated rock that now consists of iron-rich chlorite, magnetite, chert, and siderite, each layer being an intermixture of two or more of these constituents. The average iron content of the entire sequence, including the iron formation, is approximately 20 per cent. The rocks are only slightly metamorphosed, although the area is one of intense structural deformation.
The origin of the rocks is discussed, and it is concluded that the high iron content is primary. The rocks are believed to be the products of an era of iron-rich sedimentation in which the specific iron mineral formed —sulfide, carbonate, or silicate—depended upon the immediate depositional environment. Inasmuch as the formation of iron-rich minerals continued despite extensive changes in both the basin of deposition and the adjacent land areas, the ultimate cause for such an epoch is one that transcended such factors. Evidence is presented to show that the climate of the era, when linked with certain other factors, is entirely adequate to explain the formation of these iron-rich rocks.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1951)62[251:IFAARI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"James, H., 1951, Iron formation and associated rocks in the Iron River district, Michigan: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 62, no. 3, p. 251-266, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1951)62[251:IFAARI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"251","endPage":"266","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386751,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Iron River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.121337890625,\n 45.75219336063106\n ],\n [\n -87.82470703125,\n 45.75219336063106\n ],\n [\n -87.82470703125,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n -88.121337890625,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n -88.121337890625,\n 45.75219336063106\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"James, Harold L.","contributorId":88204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"Harold L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70094973,"text":"70094973 - 1951 - Preliminary report on the geology and ground-water supply of the Newark, New Jersey, area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-26T11:57:25","indexId":"70094973","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T09:47:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":136,"text":"Special Report (New Jersey Division of Water Policy and Supply)","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"10","title":"Preliminary report on the geology and ground-water supply of the Newark, New Jersey, area","docAbstract":"In the Newark area, ground water is used chiefly for industrial cooling, air-conditioning, general processing, and for sanitary purposes. A small amount is used in the manufacture of beverages. Total ground-water pumpage in Newark is estimated at not less than 20,000,000 gallons daily.
\nThe Newark area is underlain by formations of Recent, Pleistocene and Triassic age, and the geology and hydrologic properties of these formations are discussed. Attention is called to the important influence of a buried valley in the rock floor beneath the Newark area on the yield of wells located within it. Data on the fluctuation of the water levels and the variation in pumpage are presented, and their significance discussed. The results of a pumping test made during the investigation were inconclusive. The beneficial results of artificially recharging the aquifers in one part of the area are described.
\nThe intrusion of salt water into certain parts of the ground-water body is described and graphically portrayed by a map showing the chloride concentration of the ground water in various parts of the City. Insofar as available data permit, the chemical quality of the ground water is discussed and records are given of the ground-water temperatures in various parts of the City.
\nThere has been marked lowering of the water table in the eastern part of the area, accompanied by salt water intrusion, indicating that the safe yield of the formations in this part of Newark has probably been exceeded. It is recommended that the study of the ground-water resources of this area be continued, and that artificial recharging of the aquifers be increased over as wide an area as possible.
","language":"English","publisher":"New Jersey Deptartment of Conservation and Economic Development, Division of Water Policy and Supply","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Herpers, H., and Barksdale, H.C., 1951, Preliminary report on the geology and ground-water supply of the Newark, New Jersey, area: Special Report (New Jersey Division of Water Policy and Supply) 10, 52 p.","productDescription":"52 p.","numberOfPages":"53","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":282811,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70094973.jpg"},{"id":284824,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70094973/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","city":"Newark","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -74.251324,40.673903 ], [ -74.251324,40.788139 ], [ -74.112787,40.788139 ], [ -74.112787,40.673903 ], [ -74.251324,40.673903 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53559529e4b0120853e8c156","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herpers, Henry","contributorId":8378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herpers","given":"Henry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barksdale, Henry C.","contributorId":11463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barksdale","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011152,"text":"70011152 - 1951 - Cooperative investigation of precision and accuracy in chemical analysis of silicate rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-27T21:20:57.515039","indexId":"70011152","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cooperative investigation of precision and accuracy in chemical analysis of silicate rocks","docAbstract":"This is the preliminary report of the first extensive program ever organized to study the analysis of igneous rocks, a study sponsored by the United States Geological Survey, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Large samples of two typical igneous rocks, a granite and a diabase, were carefully prepared and divided. Small samples (about 70 grams) of each were sent to 25 rock-analysis laboratories throughout the world; analyses of one or both samples were reported by 34 analysts in these laboratories. The results, which showed rather large discrepancies, are presented in histograms. The great discordance in results reflects the present unsatisfactory state of rock analysis. It is hoped that the ultimate establishment of standard samples and procedures will contribute to the improvement of quality of analyses. The two rock samples have also been thoroughly studied spectrographically and petrographically. Detailed reports of all the studies will be published.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac60059a014","usgsCitation":"Schlecht, W., 1951, Cooperative investigation of precision and accuracy in chemical analysis of silicate rocks: Analytical Chemistry, v. 23, no. 11, p. 1568-1571, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60059a014.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1568","endPage":"1571","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbeae4b0c8380cd4e027","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schlecht, W.G.","contributorId":62744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlecht","given":"W.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70184455,"text":"70184455 - 1951 - Rainfall frequency: An aspect of climatic variation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T15:12:00","indexId":"70184455","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rainfall frequency: An aspect of climatic variation","docAbstract":"Analyses which have been made in the past have shown no significant trend in annual values of rainfall during the period of rainfall records in the southwestern United States. In the present study, frequency of daily rains of various sizes are analyzed for four long-record stations in New Mexico. It is shown that the frequency of rains smaller than 0.50 inch in a day progressively increased from 1850 to about 1930. Opposite trends in different size classes tended to partially compensate one another in such a way that trends do not appear in the annual rainfall totals. Frequency of rains of various sizes comprising wet years and dry are compared. Some effects of changes in rainfall frequency on vegetation and erosion are discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR032i003p00347","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., 1951, Rainfall frequency: An aspect of climatic variation: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 32, no. 3, p. 347-357, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR032i003p00347.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"347","endPage":"357","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":337168,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","volume":"32","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c277fbe4b014cc3a3e7720","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011154,"text":"70011154 - 1951 - Determination of molybenum in soils and rocks: A geochemical semimicro field method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:36","indexId":"70011154","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of molybenum in soils and rocks: A geochemical semimicro field method","docAbstract":"Reconnaissance work in geochemical prospecting requires a simple, rapid, and moderately accurate method for the determination of small amounts of molybdenum in soils and rocks. The useful range of the suggested procedure is from 1 to 32 p.p.m. of molybdenum, but the upper limit can be extended. Duplicate determinations on eight soil samples containing less than 10 p.p.m. of molybdenum agree within 1 p.p.m., and a comparison of field results with those obtained by a conventional laboratory procedure shows that the method is sufficiently accurate for use in geochemical prospecting. The time required for analysis and the quantities of reagents needed have been decreased to provide essentially a \"test tube\" method for the determination of molybdenum in soils and rocks. With a minimum amount of skill, one analyst can make 30 molybdenum determinations in an 8-hour day.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Analytical Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Ward, F.N., 1951, Determination of molybenum in soils and rocks: A geochemical semimicro field method: Analytical Chemistry, v. 23, no. 5, p. 788-790.","startPage":"788","endPage":"790","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220960,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffb6e4b0c8380cd4f352","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, F. N.","contributorId":96254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2773,"text":"wsp1079C - 1950 - Ground-water resources of Atascosa County, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T10:00:22","indexId":"wsp1079C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1079","chapter":"C","title":"Ground-water resources of Atascosa County, Texas","docAbstract":"Atascosa County, Tex., is underlain by water-bearing sands of Tertiary age that furnish water for domestic and stock supplies throughout the county, for the public supply of all except one of the towns and cities in the county, for irrigation in several localities, for drilling oil wells in the central and southern parts of the county, for washing glass sand in the northern part of the county, and for maintaining several lakes that are used for hunting and fishing. By far the most productive formation is the Carrizo sand, but supplies of considerable magnitude are also obtained from sands in the Mount Selman and Cook Mountain. formations. The rate of withdrawal from the Carrizo sand amounted to about 15,500 acre-feet a year in 1944-45 or an average of about 13.8 million gallons a day. This was about 6,000 acre-feet a year greater in 1944-45 than it was in 1929-30. Of the total amount of water withdrawn in 1944-45 about 6,500 acre-feet a year is largely wasted from uncontrolled flowing wells. If the waste of water from wells in the Carrizo sand were stopped, the consumption of water for useful purposes could be increased about 70 percent without increasing the draft on the underground reservoir. The increase in total withdrawals from the Carrizo sand has been accompanied by a general decline in the artesian head between 1929-30 and 1944 ranging from 3 to 25 feet. On the whole, the evidence shows that the artesian reservoir is not being overdrawn and that it will sustain a somewhat greater draft.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1079C","usgsCitation":"Sundstrom, R.W., and Follett, C., 1950, Ground-water resources of Atascosa County, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1079, iii, 107-153 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1079C.","productDescription":"iii, 107-153 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":29221,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1079c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138669,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1079c/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db5454b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sundstrom, Raymond W.","contributorId":8080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sundstrom","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Follett, C.R.","contributorId":14800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Follett","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70215453,"text":"70215453 - 1950 - Discussion of “Annual floods and the partial duration flood series”","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-20T17:08:50.078713","indexId":"70215453","displayToPublicDate":"1950-10-20T11:55:22","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Discussion of “Annual floods and the partial duration flood series”","docAbstract":"The writer is interested in finding from this paper a similar idea which he had in mind when engaging in a statistical study of hydrologic data, a part of the Highway Drainage Research Project being carried out in the Department of Civil Engineering, the University of Illinois. However, a complete presentation of the study will be reserved for future publications, and only fragments of thought are discussed here.
In treating hydrologic data for the study of their frequency of recurrence, two phases of study are generally met. One is the frequency of recurrence for the observed distributions, and the other is the corresponding frequency of recurrence for the theoretical distributions of best‐fit. The former is usually required for the purpose of plotting observed data, and hence is called the “plotting positions,” a term used by Foster [1934, p. 1217]. The latter is treated by the mathematical theory of probability, and generally serves as a theoretical interpretation of the observed phenomena.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR031i006p00939","usgsCitation":"Chow, V.T., and Langbein, W.B., 1950, Discussion of “Annual floods and the partial duration flood series”: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 31, no. 6, p. 393-941, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR031i006p00939.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"393","endPage":"941","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379551,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chow, Ven Te","contributorId":243424,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chow","given":"Ven","email":"","middleInitial":"Te","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":802229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langbein, W. B.","contributorId":102053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":802230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70215452,"text":"70215452 - 1950 - Characteristics of marine uranium-bearing sedimentary rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-06T15:07:37.747911","indexId":"70215452","displayToPublicDate":"1950-10-20T11:49:25","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characteristics of marine uranium-bearing sedimentary rocks","docAbstract":"Many marine sedimentary black shale and phosphorite formations contain 0.01 to 0.02 percent uranium, and one, the alum shale of Sweden, contains as much as 0.5 percent. The published fact that uranium is already being recovered on a laboratory scale from Swedish deposits forcefully suggests that similar deposits in the United States and possibly many other countries may prove to be an important future source of uranium.The marine uranium-bearing black shales are rich in organic matter and sulfides and contain little or no carbonate. The best are found in relatively thin formations of pre-Mesozoic age. The nature of the uranium-bearing mineral or compound is not known. In contrast, nonmarine black shales, as a group, are not uraniferous.All marine phosphorites tested thus far are uraniferous and so too are the phosphatic nodules found in many marine black shales. With some exceptions, the uranium increases in a general way with increase in phosphate content and is believed to be in the phosphate mineral. Like the black shales, the phosphorite formations are characteristically thin; many are associated with unconformities or, in other words, periods during which little else in the way of sediment accumulated.Significant concentrations of uranium in marine sediments other than black shales and phosphorites are thus far known only in beach placer deposits and the gold-bearing conglomerates of the Witwatersrand district, South Africa.Uranium may be found in other types of marine sediments on further prospecting, but especially promising are the sediments rich in organic matter, phosphate, or both, found in relatively thin formations believed to be the entire depositional products of long periods of geologic time. Such formations are most characteristic of those areas where, at the time of deposition, the adjacent land masses were so stable and low that the influx of clastic materials was small; the basin of deposition was large or of such configuration that fine-grained sediments could accumulate; and chemical conditions in the seawater prevented deposition of large amounts of carbonate.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.45.1.35","usgsCitation":"McKelvey, V., and Nelson, J.M., 1950, Characteristics of marine uranium-bearing sedimentary rocks: Economic Geology, v. 45, no. 1, p. 35-53, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.45.1.35.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"53","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379550,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1950-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKelvey, Vincent E.","contributorId":106637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKelvey","given":"Vincent E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":802227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, John Marshall","contributorId":17323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"Marshall","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":802228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70215344,"text":"70215344 - 1950 - Discussion of “The relation of geology to dry weather stream flow in Ohio”","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-28T21:24:14.295586","indexId":"70215344","displayToPublicDate":"1950-10-15T13:45:28","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Discussion of “The relation of geology to dry weather stream flow in Ohio”","docAbstract":"The concepts presented in this paper are of great value to the ground‐water hydrologist. They indicate one way to analyze and conveniently use the vast accumulation of stream‐flow records collected by governmental agencies as a tool for geophysical reconnaisance. To be usable as a method of geophysical prospecting for ground water, stream‐flow records must first be transformed into flow‐duration curves. Then, by means of the 90 per cent index, chosen by Cross, or other, more suitable indices, the ground‐water storage characteristics of the surficial deposits of drainage basins can readily be determined. Where there is good indication of extensive groundwater storage, it is probable that large supplies of ground water can be developed for use.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR031i003p00473","usgsCitation":"Cross, W.P., 1950, Discussion of “The relation of geology to dry weather stream flow in Ohio”: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 31, no. 3, p. 473-474, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR031i003p00473.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"473","endPage":"474","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379424,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"31","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cross, William Perry","contributorId":21137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cross","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Perry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":801804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70215330,"text":"70215330 - 1950 - Summary of Kinoshita's kuroko deposits of Japan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-07T18:00:04.383385","indexId":"70215330","displayToPublicDate":"1950-10-15T12:44:29","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Summary of Kinoshita's kuroko deposits of Japan","docAbstract":"Summarized translation of a report by Kameki Kinoshita, published in Japanese in 1943, on kuroko deposits (black ore deposits) of Japan. \"Kuroko means two things. One is the common mixture of sphalerite, galena, and barite which is ordinarily black to grayish white, depending on the proportion of barite. The other meaning is the unusual assemblage of separate bodies of: 1, sphalerite-galena-barite; 2, massive pyrite; 3, disseminated chalcopyrite in silicified rock; and 4, massive gypsum. Rarely are all four of these ore bodies present in any one mine, yet the assemblage is still called kuroko, regardless of color.\"
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.45.4.363","usgsCitation":"Collins, J.J., 1950, Summary of Kinoshita's kuroko deposits of Japan: Economic Geology, v. 45, no. 4, p. 363-376, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.45.4.363.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"363","endPage":"376","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379415,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","otherGeospatial":"Hokkaido, Honshu","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 130.78125,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n 142.11914062499997,\n 35.817813158696616\n ],\n [\n 146.6015625,\n 43.26120612479979\n ],\n [\n 145.1513671875,\n 44.902577996288876\n ],\n [\n 141.240234375,\n 45.79816953017265\n ],\n [\n 139.1748046875,\n 42.74701217318067\n ],\n [\n 138.33984375,\n 38.272688535980976\n ],\n [\n 135,\n 36.94989178681327\n ],\n [\n 130.0341796875,\n 34.84987503195418\n ],\n [\n 128.0126953125,\n 32.39851580247402\n ],\n [\n 129.990234375,\n 30.107117887092357\n ],\n [\n 130.78125,\n 30.29701788337205\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"45","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1950-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, John J. jcollins@whoi.edu","contributorId":91049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"John","email":"jcollins@whoi.edu","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":801744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70215316,"text":"70215316 - 1950 - Dispersion of copper from the San Manuel copper deposit, Pinal County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-15T17:03:08.847488","indexId":"70215316","displayToPublicDate":"1950-10-15T11:47:16","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dispersion of copper from the San Manuel copper deposit, Pinal County, Arizona","docAbstract":"At San Manuel, near Tucson, Arizona, recent churn drilling has blocked out large reserves of low-grade \"porphyry copper\" ore. This virgin deposit has a small outcrop and seems ideally suited for a geochemical study of the dispersion pattern produced by weathering in a desert climate. Samples of soils, alluvium, ground water, and vegetation were analyzed for copper. To avoid grinding, to accentuate differences in copper concentration, and to decrease sampling error, sampling was confined to the silt and clay fraction of the soil and alluvium. A sensitive field test for copper, using hydrochloric acid for a digestant and dithizone for copper determination, proved both quick and reliable.
The results of the study show that at present little copper from the ore body dissolves in the ground water or runoff, and also that very little is taken up by plants growing on the ore outcrop. For this reason, prospecting for similar deposits by the sampling and analysis of ground water or vegetation is unlikely to be fruitful. A study of plant ecology, however, shows that certain plant species grow preferentially on outcrops of copper ore and may be useful as indicators of ore.
Chrysocolla along joints carries most of the copper in the oxidized zone. The chrysocolla is slowly disintegrated mechanically as the rock weathers and enters the fine fraction of the soil. Slope wash and soil creep carry the copper along with the other soil materials into the nearby washes, where they are incorporated in the alluvium and swept downstream during floods. Abrasion probably continues to concentrate the copper in the fines, but the net change downstream is a decrease in copper content caused by dilution.
As copper can now be readily determined by chemical analysis in the field, analysis of soil and alluvium seems to be one of the best geochemical methods of prospecting for copper in a desert environment. Wherever appreciable copper is found in alluvium or soils, upstream or upslope sampling can be used to trace the copper back to its source.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.45.6.493","usgsCitation":"Lovering, T.S., Huff, L.C., and Almond, H., 1950, Dispersion of copper from the San Manuel copper deposit, Pinal County, Arizona: Economic Geology, v. 45, no. 6, p. 493-514, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.45.6.493.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"493","endPage":"514","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379409,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"San Manuel Copper Deposit","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 32.44720279964938\n ],\n [\n -110.61172485351562,\n 32.44720279964938\n ],\n [\n -110.61172485351562,\n 32.96834738864797\n ],\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 32.96834738864797\n ],\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 32.44720279964938\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"45","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1950-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lovering, T. S.","contributorId":108085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovering","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":801677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huff, Lyman C.","contributorId":47440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huff","given":"Lyman","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":801678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Almond, H.","contributorId":47911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Almond","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":801679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}