Sediments from three gravity cores from an east-west shelf-to-slope transect along the axis of Pervenets Canyon in the northern Navarin basin, Bering Sea were analyzed for diatoms. The diatom floras present in the cores were divided into four assemblages following Sancetta (1981). The Bering Basin (deep water open ocean) and Sea Ice (ice cover at least six months per year) Assemblages were dominant in each core. The taxa that comprise the Bering Shelf Assemblage (continental shelf) indicate that downslope transport plays only a minor part in the development of the thanatocenoses. The presence (up to 10% of the total valve count) of the Productivity Assemblage, which consists mainly of poorly silicified, easily dissolved taxa, indicates that nutrient flux is relatively high in the region. Several taxa can be used as proxy indicators for specific water masses. Neodenticula seminae (Simonsen & Kanaya) Akiba & Yanagisawa is indicative of Holocene open marine (deep water) conditions. Nitzschia cylindra (Grunow) Hasle and N. grunowii Hasle are both associated with sea ice and are thought to indicate late Pleistocene conditions. The relative downcore abundance of these taxa was used to approximate the Pleistocene- Holocene boundary (recognized in Core 80–65 at a depth of about 75 cm).
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/0269249X.1993.9705247","usgsCitation":"Starratt, S.W., 1993, Late Quaternary paleoceanography of the Pervenets Canyon area of the Bering Sea: Evidence from the diatom flora: Diatom Research, v. 8, no. 1, p. 159-170, https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1993.9705247.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"159","endPage":"170","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228955,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4531e4b0c8380cd670ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Starratt, Scott W. 0000-0001-9405-1746 sstarrat@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9405-1746","contributorId":2891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starratt","given":"Scott","email":"sstarrat@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018349,"text":"70018349 - 1993 - An exsolution silica-pump model for the origin of myrmekite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:23","indexId":"70018349","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An exsolution silica-pump model for the origin of myrmekite","docAbstract":"Myrmekite, as defined here, is the microscopic intergrowth between vermicular quartz and modestly anorthitic plagioclase (calcic albite-oligoclase), intimately associated with potassium feldspar in plutonic rocks of granitic composition. Hypotheses previously invoked in explanation of myrmekite include: (1) direct crystallization; (2) replacement; (3) exsolution. The occurrence of myrmekite in paragneisses and its absence in rocks devold of discrete grains of potassium feldspar challenge those hypotheses based on direct crystallization or replacement. However, several lines of evidence indicate that myrmekite may in fact originate in response to kinetic effects associated with the exsolution of calcic alkali feldspar into discrete potassium feldspar and plagioclase phases. Exsolution of potassium feldspar system projected from [AlSi2O8] involves the exchange CaAlK-1Si-1, in which the AlSi-1 tetrahedral couple is resistant to intracrystalline diffusion. By contrast, diffusion of octahedral K proceeds relatively easily where it remains uncoupled to the tetrahedral exchange. We suggest here that where the ternary feldspar system is open to excess silica, the exchange reaction that produces potassium feldspar in the ternary plane is aided by the net-transfer reaction K+Si=Orthoclase, leaving behind indigenous Si that reports as modal quartz in the evolving plagioclase as the CaAl component is concomitantly incorporated in this same phase. Thus silica is \"pumped\" into the reaction volume from a \"silica reservoir\", a process that enhances redistribution of both Si and Al through the exsolving ternary feldspar. ?? 1993 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00712978","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Castle, R.O., and Lindsley, D., 1993, An exsolution silica-pump model for the origin of myrmekite: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 115, no. 1, p. 58-65, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00712978.","startPage":"58","endPage":"65","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227419,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205914,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00712978"}],"volume":"115","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea6be4b0c8380cd48854","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Castle, R. O.","contributorId":79880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castle","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lindsley, D.H.","contributorId":89265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsley","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018358,"text":"70018358 - 1993 - Descriptive models of major uranium deposits in China - Some results of the Workshop on Uranium Resource Assessment sponsored by the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, in cooperation with China National Nuclear Corporation, Beijing, and the U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, and Reston, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:22","indexId":"70018358","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2879,"text":"Nonrenewable Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Descriptive models of major uranium deposits in China - Some results of the Workshop on Uranium Resource Assessment sponsored by the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, in cooperation with China National Nuclear Corporation, Beijing, and the U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, and Reston, Virginia","docAbstract":"Four major types of uranium deposits occur in China: granite, volcanic, sandstone, and carbonaceous-siliceous-pelitic rock. These types are major sources of uranium in many parts of the world and account for about 95 percent of Chinese production. Descriptive models for each of these types record the diagnostic regional and local geologic features of the deposits that are important to genetic studies, exploration, and resource assessment. A fifth type of uranium deposit, metasomatite, is also modeled because of its high potential for production. These five types of uranium deposits occur irregularly in five tectonic provinces distributed from the northwest through central to southern China. ?? 1993 Oxford University Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nonrenewable Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF02257556","issn":"09611444","usgsCitation":"Finch, W., Feng, S., Zuyi, C., and McCammon, R., 1993, Descriptive models of major uranium deposits in China - Some results of the Workshop on Uranium Resource Assessment sponsored by the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, in cooperation with China National Nuclear Corporation, Beijing, and the U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, and Reston, Virginia: Nonrenewable Resources, v. 2, no. 1, p. 39-48, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02257556.","startPage":"39","endPage":"48","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205952,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02257556"},{"id":227598,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff29e4b0c8380cd4f05a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finch, W.I.","contributorId":75919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finch","given":"W.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feng, S.","contributorId":49665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feng","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zuyi, C.","contributorId":81754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zuyi","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McCammon, R.B.","contributorId":17218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCammon","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017395,"text":"70017395 - 1993 - Amino acid composition of suspended particles, sediment-trap material, and benthic sediment in the Potomac Estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-02T18:51:43.158094","indexId":"70017395","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Amino acid composition of suspended particles, sediment-trap material, and benthic sediment in the Potomac Estuary","docAbstract":"Sediment trap deployments in estuaries provide a method for estimating the amount of organic material transported to the sediments from the euphotic zone. The amino acid composition of suspended particles, benthic sediment, and sediment-trap material collected at 2.4 m, 5.8 m, and 7.9 m depths in the Potomac Estuary was determined in stratified summer waters, and in well-mixed oxygenated waters (DO) in late fall. The total vertical flow, or flux, of material into the top traps ranged from 3 g m-2 d-1 in August to 4.9 g m-2 d-1 in October. The carbon and nitrogen fluxes increased in the deepest traps relative to the surface traps during both sampling periods, along with that of the total material flux (up to 47.3 g m-2 d-1 in the deepest trap), although the actual weight percent of organic carbon and organic nitrogen decreased with depth. Amino acid concentrations ranged from 129 mg g-1 in surface water particulate material to 22 mg g-1 in particulate material in 9-m-deep waters and in the benthic sediment. Amino acid concentrations from 2.4-mg-depth sediment traps averaged 104??29 mg g-1 in stratified waters and 164??81 mg g-1 in well-mixed waters. The deep trap samples averaed, 77.3??4.8 mg g-1 amino acids in summer waters and 37??16 mg g-1 in oxygenated fall waters. Amino acids comprised 13% to 39% of the organic carbon and 12% to 89% of the orgnaic nitrogen in these samples. Analysis of the flux results suggest that resuspension combined with lateral advection from adjacent slopes can account for up to 27% of the material in the deep traps when the estuary was well-mixed and unstratified. When the estuary was stratified in late summer, the amino acid carbon produced by primary productivity in the euphotic zone decreased by 85% (86% for total organic carbon) at the pycnocline at 6 m depth, leaving up to 15% of the vertical organic flux available for benthic sediment deposition. ?? 1993 Estuarine Research Federation.","largerWorkTitle":"Estuaries","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.2307/1352588","issn":"15592723","usgsCitation":"Sigleo, A., and Shultz, D., 1993, Amino acid composition of suspended particles, sediment-trap material, and benthic sediment in the Potomac Estuary: Estuaries, v. 16, no. 3, p. 405-415, https://doi.org/10.2307/1352588.","startPage":"405","endPage":"415","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228922,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9b8e4b0c8380cd483e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sigleo, A.C.","contributorId":20899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sigleo","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shultz, D.J.","contributorId":60246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shultz","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017901,"text":"70017901 - 1993 - Application of headspace analysis to the study of sorption of hydrophobic organic chemicals to α-Al2O3","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-25T11:23:22","indexId":"70017901","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of headspace analysis to the study of sorption of hydrophobic organic chemicals to α-Al2O3","docAbstract":"The sorption of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) to ??-Al2O3 was investigated with a headspace analysis method. The semiautomated headspace analyzer gave rapid, precise, and accurate results for a homologous series alkylbenzenes even at low percentages of solute mass sorbed (3-50%). Sorption experiments carried out with benzene alone indicated weak interactions with well-characterized aluminum oxide, and a solids concentration effect was observed. When the sorption coefficients for benzene alone obtained by headspace analysis were extrapolated up to the solids concentrations typically used in batch sorption experiments, the measured sorption coefficients agreed with reported sorption coefficients for HOCs and sediments of low fractional organic carbon content. Sorbed concentrations increased exponentially with aqueous concentration in isotherms with mixtures of alkylbenzenes, indicating solute-solute interactions at the mineral surface. Sorption was, however, greater than predicted for partitioning of a solute between its pure liquid phase and water, indicating additional influences of the surface and/or the structured liquid near the mineral surface. ?? 1993 American Chemical Society.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es00042a016","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Pelinger, J.A., Eisenreich, S.J., and Capel, P.D., 1993, Application of headspace analysis to the study of sorption of hydrophobic organic chemicals to α-Al2O3: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 27, no. 5, p. 928-937, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00042a016.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"928","endPage":"937","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229046,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eca3e4b0c8380cd493cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pelinger, Judith A.","contributorId":69738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pelinger","given":"Judith","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eisenreich, Steven J.","contributorId":66001,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eisenreich","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6626,"text":"University of Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":377877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Capel, Paul D. 0000-0003-1620-5185 capel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":1002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"Paul","email":"capel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017792,"text":"70017792 - 1993 - Geologic assessments and characterization of marine sand resources - Gulf of Mexico region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-10T11:18:22","indexId":"70017792","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Geologic assessments and characterization of marine sand resources - Gulf of Mexico region","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey conducts geologic surveys and research in marine areas of the United States and its territories and possessions. An objective in some of the investigations is locating and evaluating marine sand and gravel resources and interpretation of the origins of the sand body deposits. Results from such studies over the past 30 years show that many extremely large deposits are located close to expanding metropolitan areas, which have a need for aggregate materials for construction, and near-developed coastal areas, where beach replenishment may be used to mitigate coastal erosion. The Gulf of Mexico continental shelf from the Florida Peninsula to the Mexico border is an enormous area, but little attention has been directed on sand and gravel resources. Based on limited surveys, the total sand and gravel resources for the entire Gulf of Mexico is estimated to be 269 billion cubic meters. However, the sand tends to be fine-grained and is often mixed with mud; gravel deposits, except for shell, are mostly nonexistent.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal zone: Proceedings of the symposium on coastal and ocean management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 8th Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management","conferenceDate":"July 19-23, 1993","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, LA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","isbn":"0872629600","usgsCitation":"Williams, S.J., and Cichon, H.A., 1993, Geologic assessments and characterization of marine sand resources - Gulf of Mexico region, in Coastal zone: Proceedings of the symposium on coastal and ocean management, New Orleans, LA, July 19-23, 1993, p. 217-223.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"223","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228997,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.6396484375,\n 25.562265014427492\n ],\n [\n -82.353515625,\n 29.38217507514529\n ],\n [\n -83.671875,\n 30.751277776257812\n ],\n [\n -86.9677734375,\n 31.203404950917395\n ],\n [\n -91.0986328125,\n 30.939924331023445\n ],\n [\n -94.2626953125,\n 30.675715404167743\n ],\n [\n -96.591796875,\n 29.6880527498568\n ],\n [\n -97.6025390625,\n 28.07198030177986\n ],\n [\n -98.349609375,\n 25.839449402063185\n ],\n [\n -98.39355468749999,\n 22.63429269379353\n ],\n [\n -97.2509765625,\n 19.352610894378625\n ],\n [\n -94.52636718749999,\n 17.769612247142653\n ],\n [\n -91.5380859375,\n 17.811456088564483\n ],\n [\n -90.17578124999999,\n 18.35452552912664\n ],\n [\n -88.72558593749999,\n 20.46818922264095\n ],\n [\n -87.275390625,\n 21.453068633086783\n ],\n [\n -80.6396484375,\n 25.562265014427492\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1931e4b0c8380cd558dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, S. Jeffress 0000-0002-1326-7420 jwilliams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1326-7420","contributorId":2063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"S.","email":"jwilliams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Jeffress","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cichon, Helana A.","contributorId":74896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cichon","given":"Helana","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017979,"text":"70017979 - 1993 - Friction in debris flows: inferences from large-scale flume experiments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:56","indexId":"70017979","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Friction in debris flows: inferences from large-scale flume experiments","docAbstract":"A recently constructed flume, 95 m long and 2 m wide, permits systematic experimentation with unsteady, nonuniform flows of poorly sorted geological debris. Preliminary experiments with water-saturated mixtures of sand and gravel show that they flow in a manner consistent with Coulomb frictional behavior. The Coulomb flow model of Savage and Hutter (1989, 1991), modified to include quasi-static pore-pressure effects, predicts flow-front velocities and flow depths reasonably well. Moreover, simple scaling analyses show that grain friction, rather than liquid viscosity or grain collisions, probably dominates shear resistance and momentum transport in the experimental flows. The same scaling indicates that grain friction is also important in many natural debris flows.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872629201","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R.M., and LaHusen, R.G., 1993, Friction in debris flows: inferences from large-scale flume experiments, in Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 2, San Francisco, CA, USA, 25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993, p. 1604-1609.","startPage":"1604","endPage":"1609","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228640,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13ece4b0c8380cd54820","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","contributorId":128306,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","id":536405,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":378096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LaHusen, Richard G.","contributorId":60205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaHusen","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017980,"text":"70017980 - 1993 - Repeatability and oblique flow response characteristics of current meters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70017980","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Repeatability and oblique flow response characteristics of current meters","docAbstract":"Laboratory investigation into the precision and accuracy of various mechanical-current meters are presented. Horizontal-axis and vertical-axis meters that are used for the measurement of point velocities in streams and rivers were tested. Meters were tested for repeatability and response to oblique flows. Both horizontal- and vertical-axis meters were found to under- and over-register oblique flows with errors generally increasing as the velocity and angle of flow increased. For the oblique flow tests, magnitude of errors were smallest for horizontal-axis meters. Repeatability of all meters tested was good, with the horizontal- and vertical-axis meters performing similarly.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872629201","usgsCitation":"Fulford, J.M., Thibodeaux, K.G., and Kaehrle, W.R., 1993, Repeatability and oblique flow response characteristics of current meters, in Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 2, San Francisco, CA, USA, 25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993, p. 1452-1457.","startPage":"1452","endPage":"1457","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228641,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa748e4b0c8380cd85316","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","contributorId":128306,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","id":536406,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Fulford, Janice M. jfulford@usgs.gov","contributorId":991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fulford","given":"Janice","email":"jfulford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":378098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thibodeaux, Kirk G.","contributorId":107036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thibodeaux","given":"Kirk","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kaehrle, William R.","contributorId":68044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaehrle","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018368,"text":"70018368 - 1993 - Experimental investigation and application of the equilibrium rutile + orthopyroxene = quartz + ilmenite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:24","indexId":"70018368","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental investigation and application of the equilibrium rutile + orthopyroxene = quartz + ilmenite","docAbstract":"Equilibria in the Sirf (Silica-Ilmenite-Rutile-Ferrosilite) system: {Mathematical expression} have been calibrated in the range 800-1100?? C and 12-26 kbar using a piston-cylinder apparatus to assess the potential of the equilibria for geobarometry in granulite facies assemblages that lack garnet. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that the two end-member equilibria involving quartz + geikielite = rutile + enstatite, and quartz + ilmenite = rutile + ferrosilite, are metastable. We therefore reversed equilibria over the compositional range Fs40-70, using Ag80Pd20 capsules with {Mathematical expression} buffered at or near iron-wu??stite. Ilmenite compositions coexisting with orthopyroxene are {Mathematical expression} of 0.06 to 0.15 and {Mathematical expression} of 0.00 to 0.01, corresponding to KD values of 13.3, 10.2, 9.0 and 8.0 (??0.5) at 800, 900, 1000 and 1100?? C, respectively, where KD=(XMg/XFe)Opx/(XMg/XFe)Ilm. Pressures have been calculated using equilibria in the Sirf system for granulites from the Grenville Province of Ontario and for granulite facies xenoliths from central Mexico. Pressures are consistent with other well-calibrated geobarometers for orthopyroxeneilmenite pairs from two Mexican samples in which oxide textures appear to represent equilibrium. Geologically unreasonable pressures are obtained, however, where oxide textures are complex. Application of data from this study on the equilibrium distribution of iron and magnesium between ilmenite and orthopyroxene suggests that some ilmenite in deep crustal xenoliths is not equilibrated with coexisting pyroxene, while assemblages from exposed granulite terranes have reequilibrated during retrogression. The Sirf equilibria are sensitive to small changes in composition and may be used for determination of activity/composition (a/X) relations of orthopyroxene if an ilmenite model is specified. A symmetric regular solution model has been used for orthopyroxene in conjunction with activity models for ilmenite available from the literature to calculate a/X relations in orthopyroxene of intermediate composition. Data from this study indicate that FeSiO3-MgSiO3 orthopyroxene exhibits small, positive deviations from ideality over the range 800-1100??C. ?? 1993 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00712975","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Hayob, J., Bohlen, S., and Essene, E., 1993, Experimental investigation and application of the equilibrium rutile + orthopyroxene = quartz + ilmenite: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 115, no. 1, p. 18-35, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00712975.","startPage":"18","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479513,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/47307>","text":"External Repository"},{"id":205835,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00712975"},{"id":227024,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0dd4e4b0c8380cd531f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayob, J.L.","contributorId":107866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayob","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohlen, S.R.","contributorId":105436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlen","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Essene, E.J.","contributorId":91625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Essene","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018011,"text":"70018011 - 1993 - Hydrothermal palygorskite and ferromanganese mineralization at a central California margin fracture zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-18T11:18:03.074917","indexId":"70018011","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrothermal palygorskite and ferromanganese mineralization at a central California margin fracture zone","docAbstract":"Ferromanganese oxyhydroxide crusts and nodules associated with palygorskite were recovered from the Santa Lucia Escarpment where the Morro Fracture Zone intersects the central California continental margin. Palygorskite was found in pure, high-Mg, low-Al, boxwork-textured veins, and disseminated in poorly consolidated palygorskite-rich mudstone. The purity of the palygorskite boxwork blades and the boxwork structure suggest formation by direct precipitation rather than by diagenetic or detrital processes. Interaction of hydrothermal fluids with oceanic basalt and/or deeper ultramafic rocks produced a Mg-Si enriched fluid supersaturated with respect to palygorskite that precipitated directly from the fluid at or near the seafloor.
The close association of Fe-Mn crusts and nodules with both the palygorskite-rich mudstone and boxwork-vein palygorskite suggests a genetic link between the three types of mineralization. Mixed origin hydrothermal-hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts, with up to 50% hydrothermal input, formed contemporaneously with and subsequent to palygorskite formation. Fe-Mn nodules collected in the same dredge are of combined hydrogenetic and diagenetic origin and appear to be unrelated to hydrothermal mineralization that produced the crusts and palygorskite. The thickness of the Fe-Mn crusts and rare diatom fragments within the mudstone suggest an age of formation between 13 and 5 Ma.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH)","doi":"10.2307/1447143","usgsCitation":"Rottiers, D.V., 1993, Relationship between the amount of bone, major cations, and body size in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar: Copeia, v. 1993, no. 2, p. 440-446, https://doi.org/10.2307/1447143.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"440","endPage":"446","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129219,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1993","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db63471b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rottiers, D. V.","contributorId":49301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rottiers","given":"D.","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014748,"text":"1014748 - 1993 - Effects of one-year exposures to gas supersaturation on lake trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-23T15:55:50.618654","indexId":"1014748","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of one-year exposures to gas supersaturation on lake trout","docAbstract":"Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were reared for 1 year in water with one of six levels of incoming differential gas pressure (▵P): 4, 17, 33, 43, 58, or 75 mm Hg. Growth and survival of fish were evaluated as measures of response to the potential long‐term stress of elevated dissolved gases in rearing water. Mortality rates were not different among fish held in supersaturated water up to ▵P 58 (108% of total gas saturation), but mortality at ▵P 75 (110% saturation) was significantly higher after day 28. From days 21 to 35, the number of nonfeeding, moribund fish increased with increasing gas level. By day 56, the length and weight of fish were significantly greater at ▵P 4 than at higher gas levels. Growth rate reductions were evident for lake trout in ▵P 17 and above for more than 252 d. Feed conversion efficiency was significantly better in fish held at ▵Ps 4 and 17 than at higher pressures. Lake trout grew fastest and most efficiently at ▵P 4 for 252 d, but ▵P 58 was also a safe rearing level in terms of mortality. There were no signs of gas bubble formation in fish held at or below ▵P 58 and only 3% of the fish at ▵P 75 exhibited emphysemas after 269 d of exposure. For optimum growth of juvenile lake trout, total dissolved gas levels should be less than ▵P 17, probably near ▵P 0.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1993)055%3C0169:EOOYET%3E2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Krise, W.F., 1993, Effects of one-year exposures to gas supersaturation on lake trout: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 55, no. 3, p. 169-176, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1993)055%3C0169:EOOYET%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"176","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129175,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611aff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krise, W. F.","contributorId":50842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krise","given":"W.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017483,"text":"70017483 - 1993 - The role of acoustic emission in the study of rock fracture","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-18T12:02:05","indexId":"70017483","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2071,"text":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of acoustic emission in the study of rock fracture","docAbstract":"The development of faults and shear fracture systems over a broad range of temperature and pressure and for a variety of rock types involves the growth and interaction of microcracks. Acoustic emission (AE), which is produced by rapid microcrack growth, is a ubiquitous phenomenon associated with brittle fracture and has provided a wealth of information regarding the failure process in rock. This paper reviews the successes and limitations of AE studies as applied to the fracture process in rock with emphasis on our ability to predict rock failure. Application of laboratory AE studies to larger scale problems related to the understanding of earthquake processes is also discussed. In this context, laboratory studies can be divided into the following categories. 1) Simple counting of the number of AE events prior to sample failure shows a correlation between AE rate and inelastic strain rate. Additional sorting of events by amplitude has shown that AE events obey the power law frequency-magnitude relation observed for earthquakes. These cumulative event count techniques are being used in conjunction with damage mechanics models to determine how damage accumulates during loading and to predict failure. 2) A second area of research involves the location of hypocenters of AE source events. This technique requires precise arrival time data of AE signals recorded over an array of sensors that are essentially a miniature seismic net. Analysis of the spatial and temporal variation of event hypocenters has improved our understanding of the progression of microcrack growth and clustering leading to rock failure. Recently, fracture nucleation and growth have been studied under conditions of quasi-static fault propagation by controlling stress to maintain constant AE rate. 3) A third area of study involves the analysis of full waveform data as recorded at receiver sites. One aspect of this research has been to determine fault plane solutions of AE source events from first motion data. These studies show that in addition to pure tensile and double couple events, a significant number of more complex event types occur in the period leading to fault nucleation. 4) P and S wave velocities (including spatial variations) and attenuation have been obtained by artificially generating acoustic pulses which are modified during passage through the sample. ?? 1993.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0148-9062(93)90041-B","issn":"01489062","usgsCitation":"Lockner, D., 1993, The role of acoustic emission in the study of rock fracture: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, v. 30, no. 7, p. 883-899, https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(93)90041-B.","startPage":"883","endPage":"899","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228887,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265934,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(93)90041-B"}],"volume":"30","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf4de4b08c986b3246cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lockner, D.","contributorId":102190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018018,"text":"70018018 - 1993 - Calibrated models as management tools for stream-aquifer systems: The case of central Kansas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T16:31:39.49638","indexId":"70018018","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calibrated models as management tools for stream-aquifer systems: The case of central Kansas, USA","docAbstract":"We address the problem of declining streamflows in interconnected stream-aquifer systems and explore possible management options to address the problem for two areas of central Kansas: the Arkansas River valley from Kinsley to Great Bend and the lower Rattlesnake Creek-Quivira National Wildlife Refuge area. The approach we followed implements, calibrates, and partially validates for the study areas a stream-aquifer numerical model combined with a parameter estimation package and sensitivity analysis. Hydrologic budgets for both predevelopment and developed conditions indicate significant differences in the hydrologic components of the study areas resulting from development. The predevelopment water budgets give an estimate of natural ground-water recharge, whereas the budgets for developed conditions give an estimate of induced recharge, indicating that major ground-water development changes the recharge-discharge regime of the model areas with time. Such stream-aquifer models serve to link proposed actions to hydrologic effects, as is clearly demonstrated by the effects of various management alternatives on the streamflows of the Arkansas River and Rattlesnake Creek. Thus we show that a possible means of restoring specified streamflows in the area is to implement protective stream corridors with restricted ground-water extraction.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(93)90140-5","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Sophocleous, M., and Perkins, S., 1993, Calibrated models as management tools for stream-aquifer systems: The case of central Kansas, USA: Journal of Hydrology, v. 152, no. 1-4, p. 31-56, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(93)90140-5.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"56","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228409,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"152","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f30be4b0c8380cd4b582","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sophocleous, M.","contributorId":13373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sophocleous","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perkins, S.P.","contributorId":12211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017776,"text":"70017776 - 1993 - Terrestrial and marine records of climatic and environmental changes during the Pliocene in subtropical Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-22T13:17:38.128102","indexId":"70017776","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Terrestrial and marine records of climatic and environmental changes during the Pliocene in subtropical Florida","docAbstract":"Pollen, ostracode, and benthic foraminifer assemblages deposited during sea-level high-stands in subtropical Florida record a climate change during the period 4.5-1.0 Ma. Before 3.5 Ma, open-shelf marine faunas and pollen assemblages with abundant Pinus, Quercus, Fagus, Carya, and nonarboreal pollen were present, indicating cooler conditions than today. From ∼3.5 to 1.0 Ma, marine and terrestrial records indicate warmer conditions, similar to those existing in south Florida today. Combined with evidence for much warmer than modern conditions at high latitudes, these data suggest that increased poleward oceanic heat transport, possibly related to the emergence of the Central American isthmus between ∼3.5 and 2.5 Ma, was a major influence on mid-Pliocene warmth.
Nearly a decade of intensive geophysical logging at fractured rock hydrology research sites indicates that geophysical logs can be used to identify and characterize fractures intersecting boreholes. However, borehole-to-borehole flow tests indicate that only a few of the apparently open fractures found to intersect boreholes conduct flow under test conditions. This paper presents a systematic approach to fracture characterization designed to define the distribution of fractures along boreholes, relate the measured fracture distribution to structure and lithology of the rock mass, and define the nature of fracture flow paths across borehole arrays. Conventional electrical resistivity, gamma, and caliper logs are used to define lithology and large-scale structure. Borehole wall image logs obtained with the borehole televiewer are used to give the depth, orientation, and relative size of fractures in situ. High-resolution flowmeter measurements are used to identify fractures conducting flow in the rock mass adjacent to the boreholes. Changes in the flow field over time are used to characterize the hydraulic properties of fracture intersections between boreholes. Application of this approach to an array of 13 boreholes at the Mirror Lake, New Hamsphire site demonstrates that the transient flow analysis can be used to distinguish between fractures communicating with each other between observation boreholes, and those that are hydraulically isolated from each other in the surrounding rock mass. The Mirror Lake results also demonstrate that the method is sensitive to the effects of boreholes on the hydraulic properties of the fractured-rock aquifer. Experiments conducted before and after the drilling of additional boreholes in the array and before and after installation of packers in existing boreholes demonstrate that the presence of new boreholes or the inflation of packers in existing boreholes has a large effect on the measured hydraulic properties of the rock mass surrounding the borehole array.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0926-9851(93)90036-X","issn":"09269851","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., 1993, Using borehole geophysics and cross-borehole flow testing to define hydraulic connections between fracture zones in bedrock aquifers: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 30, no. 4, p. 261-279, https://doi.org/10.1016/0926-9851(93)90036-X.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"261","endPage":"279","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228928,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc038e4b08c986b329fca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018316,"text":"70018316 - 1993 - Pilot studies of seismic hazard and risk in North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:28","indexId":"70018316","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pilot studies of seismic hazard and risk in North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia","docAbstract":"Earthquake ground motions in North Sulawesi on soft soil that have a 90% probability of not been exceeded in 560 years are estimated to be 0.63 g (63% of the acceleration of gravity) at Palu, 0.31 g at Gorontalo, and 0.27 g at Manado. Estimated ground motions for rock conditions for the same probability level and exposure time are 56% of those for soft soil. The hazard estimates are obtained from seismic sources that model the earthquake potential to a depth of 100 km beneath northern and central Sulawesi and include the Palu fault zone of western Sulawesi, the North Sulawesi subduction zone, and the southern most segment of the Sangihe subduction zone beneath the Molucca Sea. An attenuation relation based on Japanese strong-motion data and considered appropriate for subduction environments of the western Pacific was used in determination of ground motions. Following the 18 April 1990 North Sulawesi earthquake (Ms 7.3) a seismic hazard and risk assessment was carried out. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquake Spectra","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1193/1.1585707","issn":"87552930","usgsCitation":"Thenhaus, P., Hanson, S., Effendi, I., Kertapati, E., and Algermissen, S.T., 1993, Pilot studies of seismic hazard and risk in North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia: Earthquake Spectra, v. 9, no. 1, p. 97-120, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585707.","startPage":"97","endPage":"120","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205951,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585707"},{"id":227597,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b63e4b0c8380cd79400","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thenhaus, P.C.","contributorId":46089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thenhaus","given":"P.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanson, S.L.","contributorId":47361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Effendi, I.","contributorId":36810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Effendi","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kertapati, E.K.","contributorId":82986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kertapati","given":"E.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Algermissen, S. T.","contributorId":39790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Algermissen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018032,"text":"70018032 - 1993 - Salt transport in a tidal canal, West Neck Creek, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70018032","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Salt transport in a tidal canal, West Neck Creek, Virginia","docAbstract":"Flow and stability were monitored during 1989-92 in West Neck Creek, Virginia, which provides a direct hydraulic connection between the saline waters of Chesapeake Bay and the relatively fresh waters of Currituck Sound, North Carolina. Flow in the tidal creek was to the south 64 percent of the time, but 80 percent of the southward flows were less than 40 cubic feet per second. The highest flows were associated with rain storms. Salinity ranged from 0.1 parts per thousand to 24.5 per thousand, and the highest salinities were observed during periods of sustained, strong northerly winds. Salt loads ranged from 302 tons per day to the north to 4,500 tons per day to the south.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872629201","usgsCitation":"Bales, J.D., and Skrobialowski, S.C., 1993, Salt transport in a tidal canal, West Neck Creek, Virginia, in Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 2, San Francisco, CA, USA, 25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993, p. 1422-1427.","startPage":"1422","endPage":"1427","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228597,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ab026e4b0c8380cd8796f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","contributorId":128306,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","id":536421,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Bales, Jerad D. 0000-0001-8398-6984 jdbales@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8398-6984","contributorId":683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bales","given":"Jerad","email":"jdbales@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":378243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skrobialowski, Stanley C. 0000-0001-8627-0279 sski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8627-0279","contributorId":1402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skrobialowski","given":"Stanley","email":"sski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":378244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017490,"text":"70017490 - 1993 - Cycling of sulfur in subduction zones: The geochemistry of sulfur in the Mariana Island Arc and back-arc trough","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-09T00:59:56.563478","indexId":"70017490","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cycling of sulfur in subduction zones: The geochemistry of sulfur in the Mariana Island Arc and back-arc trough","docAbstract":"The sulfur contents and sulfur isotopic compositions of 24 glassy submarine volcanics from the Mariana Island Arc and back-arc Mariana Trough were determined in order to investigate the hypothesis that subducted seawater sulfur (δ34S= 21‰) is recycled through arc volcanism. Our results for sulfur are similar to those for subaerial arc volcanics: Mariana Arc glasses are enriched in34S (δ34S=up to10.3‰,mean= 3.8‰) and depleted in S (20–290 ppm, mean = 100 ppm) relative to MORB (850 ppm S,δ34S= 0.1 ± 0.5‰). The back-arc trough basalts contain 200–930 ppm S and haveδ34S values of1.1 ± 0.5‰, which overlap those for the arc and MORB. The low sulfur contents of the arc and some of the trough glasses are attributed to (1) early loss of small amounts of sulfur through separation of immiscible sulfide and (2) later vapor-melt equilibrium control of sulfur contents and loss of sulfur in a vapor phase from sulfide-undersaturated melts near the minimum in sulfur solubility atƒO2 ≈NNO (nickel-nickel oxide). Although these processes removed sulfur from the melts their effects on the sulfur isotopic compositions of the melts were minimal. Positive trends ofδ34S with87Sr/86Sr, LILE and LREE contents of the arc volcanics are consistent with a metasomatic seawater sulfur component in the depleted sub-arc mantle source. The lack of a34S-rich slab signature in the trough lavas may be attributed to equilibration of metasomatic fluid with mantle material along the longer pathway from the slab to the source of the trough volcanics. Sulfur is likely to have been transported into the mantle wedge by metasomatic fluid derived from subducted sediments and pore fluids.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(93)90057-G","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Alt, J., Shanks, W.C., and Jackson, M., 1993, Cycling of sulfur in subduction zones: The geochemistry of sulfur in the Mariana Island Arc and back-arc trough: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 119, no. 4, p. 477-494, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(93)90057-G.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"477","endPage":"494","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479487,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/30563","text":"External Repository"},{"id":228979,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"119","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd27e4b0c8380cd4e676","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alt, J.C.","contributorId":72951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alt","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shanks, Wayne C. III","contributorId":100527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"Wayne","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jackson, M.C.","contributorId":33868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014070,"text":"1014070 - 1993 - In vitro antigen trapping by gill cells of the rainbow trout: an immunohistochemical study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:08","indexId":"1014070","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1903,"text":"Histology and Histopathology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In vitro antigen trapping by gill cells of the rainbow trout: an immunohistochemical study","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Histology and Histopathology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"93-055/FH","usgsCitation":"Torroba, M., Anderson, D.P., Dixon, O.W., Casares, F., Varas, A., Alonso, L., Gomez del Moral, M., and Zapata, A., 1993, In vitro antigen trapping by gill cells of the rainbow trout: an immunohistochemical study: Histology and Histopathology, v. 8, p. 363-367.","productDescription":"p. 363-367","startPage":"363","endPage":"367","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129539,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5bd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torroba, M.","contributorId":65419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torroba","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, D. P.","contributorId":32469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dixon, O. W.","contributorId":101588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Casares, F.","contributorId":38929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casares","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Varas, A.","contributorId":56598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varas","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Alonso, L.","contributorId":34461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alonso","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gomez del Moral, M.","contributorId":83475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomez del Moral","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Zapata, A.G.","contributorId":54548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zapata","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70018341,"text":"70018341 - 1993 - Aerobic and anaerobic degradation of a range of alkyl sulfides by a denitrifying marine bacterium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-20T16:36:31.076145","indexId":"70018341","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aerobic and anaerobic degradation of a range of alkyl sulfides by a denitrifying marine bacterium","docAbstract":"A pure culture of a bacterium was obtained from a marine microbial mat by using an anoxic medium containing dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and nitrate. The isolate grew aerobically or anaerobically as a denitrifier on alkyl sulfides, including DMS, dimethyl disulfide, diethyl sulfide (DES), ethyl methyl sulfide, dipropyl sulfide, dibutyl sulfide, and dibutyl disulfide. Cells grown on an alkyl sulfide or disulfide also oxidized the corresponding thiols, namely, methanethiol, ethanethiol, propanethiol, or butanethiol. Alkyl sulfides were metabolized by induced or derepressed cells with oxygen, nitrate, or nitrite as electron acceptor. Cells grown on DMS immediately metabolized DMS, but there was a lag before DES was consumed; with DES-grown cells, DES was immediately used but DMS was used only after a lag. Chloramphenicol prevented the eventual use of DES by DMS-grown cells and DMS use by DES-grown cells, respectively, indicating separate enzymes for the metabolism of methyl and ethyl groups. Growth was rapid on formate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate but slow on methanol. The organism also grew chemolithotrophically on thiosulfate with a decrease in pH; growth required carbonate in the medium. Growth on sulfide was also carbonate dependent but slow. The isolate was identified as a Thiobacillus sp. and designated strain ASN-1. It may have utility for removing alkyl sulfides, and also nitrate, nitrite, and sulfide, from wastewaters.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.59.12.4083-4089.1993","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Visscher, P., and Taylor, B., 1993, Aerobic and anaerobic degradation of a range of alkyl sulfides by a denitrifying marine bacterium: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 59, no. 12, p. 4083-4089, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.59.12.4083-4089.1993.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"4083","endPage":"4089","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479506,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.59.12.4083-4089.1993","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227290,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Sapelo Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.3103415615737,\n 31.42496140554769\n ],\n [\n -81.3017584927262,\n 31.41441405613142\n ],\n [\n -81.2996985562027,\n 31.40327945622883\n ],\n [\n -81.29145881010932,\n 31.397418609820292\n ],\n [\n -81.28836890532409,\n 31.38950588672033\n ],\n [\n -81.28424903227707,\n 31.38598890685384\n ],\n [\n -81.28321906401534,\n 31.378075220610853\n ],\n [\n -81.26845618559734,\n 31.380126981063697\n ],\n [\n -81.26055976225746,\n 31.393315799603954\n ],\n [\n -81.25712653471874,\n 31.401814278934822\n ],\n [\n -81.25506659819524,\n 31.40620974219776\n ],\n [\n -81.25026007964061,\n 31.41910191341306\n ],\n [\n -81.24442359282357,\n 31.42554733462555\n ],\n [\n -81.23446723296085,\n 31.430820531572053\n ],\n [\n -81.23343726469913,\n 31.440487289001254\n ],\n [\n -81.20425483061659,\n 31.470067229250404\n ],\n [\n -81.18640204741403,\n 31.503443262541865\n ],\n [\n -81.17575904204236,\n 31.517492766021135\n ],\n [\n -81.19086524321449,\n 31.53505167491879\n ],\n [\n -81.19738837553847,\n 31.539733493086842\n ],\n [\n -81.2063147671401,\n 31.537392613350363\n ],\n [\n -81.21558448149587,\n 31.528321149999712\n ],\n [\n -81.21867438628114,\n 31.52919907206453\n ],\n [\n -81.22863074614452,\n 31.52861379160514\n ],\n [\n -81.23824378325374,\n 31.531540157223162\n ],\n [\n -81.2547232754411,\n 31.504028700685325\n ],\n [\n -81.2629630215351,\n 31.49788141732897\n ],\n [\n -81.26982947661322,\n 31.49788141732897\n ],\n [\n -81.28768225981581,\n 31.489684410831842\n ],\n [\n -81.29214545561696,\n 31.488513351256188\n ],\n [\n -81.29592200590983,\n 31.486463961720005\n ],\n [\n -81.29145881010932,\n 31.480022730892642\n ],\n [\n -81.29832526518747,\n 31.47358105663541\n ],\n [\n -81.30004187895682,\n 31.467138939000378\n ],\n [\n -81.29763861967919,\n 31.46128208371603\n ],\n [\n -81.30587836577318,\n 31.456010600731233\n ],\n [\n -81.30313178374207,\n 31.452203234043907\n ],\n [\n -81.30484839751145,\n 31.441366035695197\n ],\n [\n -81.30896827055847,\n 31.43550756876607\n ],\n [\n -81.3103415615737,\n 31.42496140554769\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"59","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e71ee4b0c8380cd47867","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Visscher, P.T.","contributorId":21568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Visscher","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, B.F.","contributorId":29141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018346,"text":"70018346 - 1993 - Kinematic stratification in the hinterland of the central Scandinavian Caledonides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-10T00:00:29.898034","indexId":"70018346","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2468,"text":"Journal of Structural Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kinematic stratification in the hinterland of the central Scandinavian Caledonides","docAbstract":"A transect through west-central Norway illustrates the changing geometry and kinematics of collision in the hinterland of the central Scandinavian Caledonides. A depth section through the crust is exposed on Fosen Peninsula, comprising three tectonic units separated by two shear zones. The lowest unit, exposed in the Roan window, is a modestly deformed, Caledonian granulite complex framed by a subhorizontal décollement, with NW-SE oriented lineations and kinematic indicators showing top-to-the-northwest transport. The middle unit, the Vestranden gneiss complex, contains relict granulites, but was penetratively deformed at amphibolite facies to produce an orogen-parallel family of structures during translation on the décollement. Shallow plunging lineations on steep schistosities are subparallel to fold axes of the dominant, upright, non-cylindrical folds. A small component of sinistral strike slip is also recorded. In contrast, southernmost Fosen Peninsula contains an abundance of cover rocks infolded with Proterozoic basement in a fold nappe, with shallow, E-dipping schistosities, down-dip lineations, and orogen-oblique, top-to-the-west shear sense indicators. A NE-striking, sinistral shear zone separates the gneisses from southern Fosen. Deformation in the Scandian hinterland was partitioned both in space and time, with orogen-parallel extension and shear at middle structural levels and orogen-oblique transport at shallower levels.
This paper describes a semi-implicit finite-difference model for the numerical solution of three-dimensional flow in bays and estuaries. The model treats the gravity wave and vertical diffusion terms in the governing equations implicitly, and other terms explicitly. The model achieves essentially second-order accurate and stable solutions in strongly nonlinear problems by using a three-time-level leapfrog-trapezoidal scheme for the time integration.
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