Reinterpretation of published data for shale cuttings from the Gulf of Mexico sedimentary basin identifies three reaction zones for illite formation with increasing depth for well CWRU6. In a shallow zone (1.85 to 3 km), non-expanding illite-like layers formed primarily by the coalescence of smectite 2:1 layers around interlayer K+. In a middle zone (3 to 4 km), illite crystals neoformed from solution as coarser K-bearing phases and smectite were dissolved by organic acids. In the deepest zone (>4 km), illite recrystallized as less stable illite crystals dissolved, and more stable illite crystals grew during mineral ripening. The progressive loss of radiogenic argon in the deepest zone yielded a constant apparent age for the clays with depth, an effect previously attributed to “punctuated diagenesis.” The above hypothesis for illite formation emphasizes the need to establish the zone (i.e., the reaction mechanism) from which shales were derived before making detailed geologic interpretations based on illite mineralogy.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1993.0410103","usgsCitation":"Eberl, D.D., 1993, Three zones for illite formation during burial diagenesis and metamorphism: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 41, no. 1, p. 26-37, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1993.0410103.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"26","endPage":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228514,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb319e4b08c986b325b9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eberl, D. D.","contributorId":66282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018210,"text":"70018210 - 1993 - Oxygen buffering of Kilauea volcanic gases and the oxygen fugacity of Kilauea basalt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-12T16:15:08.171924","indexId":"70018210","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxygen buffering of Kilauea volcanic gases and the oxygen fugacity of Kilauea basalt","docAbstract":"Volcanic gases collected during episode 1 of the Puu Oo eruption along the east rift zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, have uniform C-O-H-S-Cl-F compositions that are sharply depleted in CO2. The CO2-poor gases are typical of Type II volcanic gases (gerlach and Graeber, 1985) and were emitted from evolved magma stored for a prolonged period of time in the east rift zone after releasing CO2-rich gases during an earlier period of temporary residence in the summit magma chamber. The samples are remarkably free of contamination by atmospheric gases and meteoric water. Thermodynamic evaluation of the analytical data shows that the episode 1 gases have equilibrium compositions appropriate for temperatures between 935 and 1032°C. Open- and closed-system equilibrium models of species distributions for the episode 1 gases show unequivocally that coexisting lavas buffered the gas oxygen fugacities during cooling. These models indicate that the fO2 buffering process occurs by transfer of oxygen from the major species in the gas phase (H2O, CO2, SO2) to the lava during cooling and that the transfer of oxygen also controls the fugacities of several minor and trace species (H2, CO, H2S, S2, Cl2, F2), in addition to O2 during cooling. Gas/lava exchanges of other components are apparently insignificant and exert little influence, compared to oxygen exchange, during cooling. Oxygen transfer during cooling is variable, presumably reflecting short-term fluctuations in gas flow rates. Higher flow rates restrict the time available for gas/lava oxygen transfer and result in gases with higher equilibrium temperatures. Lower flow rates favor fO2-constrained equilibration by oxygen transfer down to lower temperatures. Thus, the chemical equilibrium preserved in these gases is a heterogeneous equilibrium constrained by oxygen fugacity, and the equilibrium temperatures implied by the compositions of the gases reflect the temperatures at which gas/lava oxygen exchange ceased. This conclusion challenges the common assumption that volcanic gases are released from lava in a state of chemical equilibrium and then continue equilibrating homogeneously with falling temperature until reaction rates are unable to keep pace with cooling. No evidence is found, moreover, that certain gas species are kinetically more responsive and able to equilibrate down to lower temperatures than those of the last gas/lava oxygen exchange. Homogeneous reaction rates in the gas phase are apparently slow compared to the time it took for the gases to move from the last site of gas/lava equilibration to the site of collection. An earlier set of data for higher temperature CO2-rich Type I volcanic gases, which come from sustained summit lava lake eruptions supplied by magma that experienced substantially shorter periods of crustal storage, shows fO2 buffering by oxygen transfer up to 1185°C. Oxygen fugacity measurements in drill holes into ponded lava flows suggest that buffering by oxygen transfer may control the fO2 of residual gases down to several hundred degrees below the solidus in the early stages of cooling. Although the details of the fO2 buffering mechanisms for oxygen transfer are unknown, the fact that fO2 buffering is effective from molten to subsolidus conditions suggests that the reaction mechanisms must change with cooling as the reactants change from predominantly melt, to melt plus crystals, to glass plus crystals. Mass balance calculations suggest that redox reactions between the gas and ferrous/ferric iron in the lava are plausible mechanisms for the oxygen transfer and that the fO2 of the gases is buffered by sliding ferrous/ferric equilibria in the erupting lavas. Contrary to expectations based on models predicting the oxidation of basalt by H2 and CO escape during crustal storage, CO2-rich Type I gases and CO2-poor Type II gases have identical oxygen fugacities despite greatly different crustal storage and degassing histories. Volcanic gas data give a tightly constrained log fO2 of NNO − 0.5 (±0.05) for subaerially erupted Kilauea basalt from liquidus to solidus temperatures, consistent with recent fO2 determinations for the mantle source regions of ocean island basalts. Because the oxygen fugacities of volcanic gases emitted by subaerial lavas imply that the fO2 of Kilauea basalt is unchanged during crustal storage, Kilauea basalt either arrives in the crust with an oxygen fugacity between NNO and FMQ, or it develops an oxygen fugacity in this range immediately upon arrival in the summit chamber.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(93)90169-W","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Gerlach, T., 1993, Oxygen buffering of Kilauea volcanic gases and the oxygen fugacity of Kilauea basalt: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, no. 4, p. 795-814, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90169-W.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"795","endPage":"814","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227501,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7288e4b0c8380cd76b5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerlach, T.M.","contributorId":38713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017406,"text":"70017406 - 1993 - Radiocarbon ages from two submerged strandline features in the western Gulf of Maine and a sea-level curve for the northeastern Massachusetts coastal region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-19T09:16:32","indexId":"70017406","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiocarbon ages from two submerged strandline features in the western Gulf of Maine and a sea-level curve for the northeastern Massachusetts coastal region","docAbstract":"New radiocarbon dates provide ages for two submerged strandline features on the Massachusetts inner shelf. These ages provide limited control on a relative sea-level (RSL) curve for the late Wisconsinan and Holocene. The curve indicates a late Wisconsinan high stand of RSL of +33 m about 14,000 yr ago and a very short-lived relative low stand of about -43 m at about 12,000 yr ago followed by a rise to present sea level. Rapid changes of RSL around 12,000 yr ago may be related to changes in global glacial meltwater discharge and eustatic sea-level change shown by dated corals off Barbados. Variations in the magnitude and timing of RSL change from south to north along the coast of the western Gulf of Maine are due to greater crustal depression and later deglaciation to the north.","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1006/qres.1993.1054","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Oldale, R.N., Colman, S.M., and Jones, G.A., 1993, Radiocarbon ages from two submerged strandline features in the western Gulf of Maine and a sea-level curve for the northeastern Massachusetts coastal region: Quaternary Research, v. 40, no. 1, p. 38-45, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1993.1054.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"38","endPage":"45","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228370,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachussets","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Maine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.68603515625,\n 42.70665956351041\n ],\n [\n -70.02685546875,\n 42.65012181368022\n ],\n [\n -68.719482421875,\n 42.81152174509788\n ],\n [\n -67.32421875,\n 43.100982876188546\n ],\n [\n -66.37939453125,\n 43.34116005412307\n ],\n [\n -66.016845703125,\n 43.50075243569041\n ],\n [\n -66.126708984375,\n 43.70759350405294\n ],\n [\n -66.456298828125,\n 45.10454630976873\n ],\n [\n -67.67578124999999,\n 44.47299117260252\n ],\n [\n -69.049072265625,\n 44.08758502824516\n ],\n [\n -70.345458984375,\n 43.5326204268101\n ],\n [\n -70.68603515625,\n 42.70665956351041\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a93cde4b0c8380cd8102e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oldale, R. N.","contributorId":92680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oldale","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":376347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, Glenn A.","contributorId":17779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":376346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017472,"text":"70017472 - 1993 - A new diamond anvil cell for hydrothermal studies to 2.5 GPa and from -190 to 1200 °C","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-25T11:19:13","indexId":"70017472","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3276,"text":"Review of Scientific Instruments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new diamond anvil cell for hydrothermal studies to 2.5 GPa and from -190 to 1200 °C","docAbstract":"A new style of diamond anvil cell(DAC) has been designed and built for conducting research in fluids at pressures to 2.5 GPa and temperatures from −190 to 1200 °C. The new DAC has been used for optical microscope observations and synchrotron x‐ray diffraction studies. Fringes produced by interference of laser light reflected from top and bottom anvil faces and from top and bottom sample faces provide a very sensitive means of monitoring the volume of sample chamber and for observing volume and refractive index changes in samples that have resulted from transitions and reactions. X‐ray diffraction patterns of samples under hydrothermal conditions have been made by the energy dispersive method using synchrotron radiation. The new DAC has individual heaters and individual thermocouples for the upper and lower anvils that can be controlled and can maintain temperatures with an accuracy of ±0.5 °C. Low temperatures are achieved by introducing liquid nitrogen directly into the DAC. The equation of state of H2O and the α‐β quartz transition are used to determine pressure with an accuracy of ±1% in the aqueous samples. The new DAC has been used to redetermine five isochores of H2O as well as the dehydration curves of brucite, Mg(OH)2, and muscovite, KAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH)2.
","language":"English","publisher":"AIP","doi":"10.1063/1.1143931","issn":"00346748","usgsCitation":"Bassett, W.A., Shen, A., Bucknum, M., and Chou, I., 1993, A new diamond anvil cell for hydrothermal studies to 2.5 GPa and from -190 to 1200 °C: Review of Scientific Instruments, v. 64, no. 8, p. 2340-2345, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1143931.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"2340","endPage":"2345","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228704,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206143,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1143931"}],"volume":"64","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e49fe4b0c8380cd4679b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bassett, William A.","contributorId":47533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bassett","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shen, A.H.","contributorId":7855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shen","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bucknum, M.","contributorId":84927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bucknum","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chou, I.-M. 0000-0001-5233-6479","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-6479","contributorId":44283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chou","given":"I.-M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":376583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017497,"text":"70017497 - 1993 - Volumetric calculations in an oil field: The basis method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T15:15:51","indexId":"70017497","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volumetric calculations in an oil field: The basis method","docAbstract":"The basis method for estimating oil reserves in place is compared to a traditional procedure that uses ordinary kriging. In the basis method, auxiliary variables that sum to the net thickness of pay are estimated by cokriging. In theory, the procedure should be more powerful because it makes full use of the cross-correlation between variables and forces the original variables to honor interval constraints. However, at least in our case study, the practical advantages of cokriging for estimating oil in place are marginal. ?? 1993.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0098-3004(93)90065-D","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Olea, R., Pawlowsky, V., and Davis, J., 1993, Volumetric calculations in an oil field: The basis method: Computers & Geosciences, v. 19, no. 10, p. 1517-1527, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(93)90065-D.","startPage":"1517","endPage":"1527","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266164,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(93)90065-D"},{"id":228327,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc367e4b08c986b32b162","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olea, Ricardo A. 0000-0003-4308-0808","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-0808","contributorId":26436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olea","given":"Ricardo A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":376660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pawlowsky, V.","contributorId":20921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pawlowsky","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, J.C.","contributorId":72121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017495,"text":"70017495 - 1993 - Evaluation of the energy budget method of determining evaporation at Williams Lake, Minnesota, using alternative instrumentation and study approaches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-06T14:25:03","indexId":"70017495","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of the energy budget method of determining evaporation at Williams Lake, Minnesota, using alternative instrumentation and study approaches","docAbstract":"Best estimates of evaporation at Williams Lake, north central Minnesota, were determined by the energy budget method using optimum sensors and optimum placement of sensors. These best estimates are compared with estimates derived from using substitute data to determine the effect of using less accurate sensors, simpler methods, or remotely measured data. Calculations were made for approximately biweekly periods during five open water seasons. For most of the data substitutions that affected the Bowen ratio, new values of evaporation differed little from best estimates. The three data substitution methods that caused the largest deviations from the best evaporation estimates were (1) using changes in the daily average surface water temperature as an indicator of the lake heat storage term, (2) using shortwave radiation, air temperature, and atmospheric vapor pressure data from a site 110 km away, and (3) using an analog surface water temperature probe. Recalculations based on these data substitutions resulted in differences from the best estimates as much as 89%, 21%, and 10%, respectively. The data substitution method that provided evaporation values that most closely matched the best estimates was measurement of the lake heat storage term at one location in the lake, rather than at 16 locations. Evaporation values resulting from this substitution method usually were within 2% of the best estimates.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR00743","usgsCitation":"Rosenberry, D., Sturrock, A., and Winter, T.C., 1993, Evaluation of the energy budget method of determining evaporation at Williams Lake, Minnesota, using alternative instrumentation and study approaches: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 8, p. 2473-2483, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00743.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2473","endPage":"2483","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228325,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Williams Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.6766996383667,\n 46.94873885817681\n ],\n [\n -94.66219425201415,\n 46.94873885817681\n ],\n [\n -94.66219425201415,\n 46.9591673117941\n ],\n [\n -94.6766996383667,\n 46.9591673117941\n ],\n [\n -94.6766996383667,\n 46.94873885817681\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ce2e4b0c8380cd52d2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenberry, D.O. 0000-0003-0681-5641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":38500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"D.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":376654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sturrock, A.M.","contributorId":25947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sturrock","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Winter, T. C.","contributorId":23485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018373,"text":"70018373 - 1993 - Manganese minerals and associated fine particulates in the streambed of Pinal Creek, Arizona, U.S.A.: a mining-related acid drainage problem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-04T19:09:10","indexId":"70018373","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Manganese minerals and associated fine particulates in the streambed of Pinal Creek, Arizona, U.S.A.: a mining-related acid drainage problem","docAbstract":"The Pinal creek drainage basin in Arizona is a good example of the principal non-coal source of mining-related acid drainage in the U.S.A., namely copper mining. Infiltration of drainage waters from mining and ore refining has created an acid groundwater plume that has reacted with calcite during passage through the alluvium, thereby becoming less acid. Where O2 is present and the water is partially neutralized, iron oxides have precipitated and, farther downstream where the pH of the stream water is near neutral, high-Mn crusts have developed.
Trace metal composition of several phases in the Pinal Creek drainage basin illustrates the changes caused by mining activities and the significant control Mn-crusts and iron oxide deposits exert on the distribution and concentration of trace metals. The phases and locales considered are the dissolved phase of Webster Lake, a former acid waste disposal pond; selected sections of cores drilled in the alluvium within the intermittent reach of Pinal Creek; and the dissolved phase, suspended sediments, and streambed deposits at specified locales along the perennial reach of Pinal creek.
In the perennial reach of Pinal Creek, manganese oxides precipitate from the streamflow as non-cemented particulates and coatings of streambed material and as cemented black crusts. Chemical and X-ray diffraction analyses indicate that the non-cemented manganese oxides precipitate in the reaction sequence observed in previous laboratory experiments using simpler solution composition, Mn3O4 to MnOOH to an oxide of higher oxidation number usually <4.0, i.e. Na-birnessite, and that the black cemented crusts contain (Ca,Mn,Mg)CO3 and a 7-Åphyllomanganate mixture of rancieite ((Ca,Mn)Mn4O9 · (3H2O)) and takanelite ((Mn,Ca)Mn4O9 · (3H2O)). In the laboratory, aerating and increasing the pH of Pinal Creek water to 9.00 precipitated (Ca,Mn,Mg)CO3 from an anoxic groundwater that contained CO2HCO3, and precipitated Mn3O4 and subsequently MnOOH from an oxic surface water from which most of the dissolved CO2 had been removed.
It is suggested that the black cemented crusts form by precipitation of Fe on the Mn-enriched carbonates, creating a site for the MnFe oxidation cycle and thus encouraging the conversion of the carbonates to 7-Åphysllomanganates. The non-magnetic <63-μm size-fractions of the black cemented crusts consisted mostly of the manganese-calcium oxides but also contained about 20% (Ca,Mn,Mg)CO3, 5% Fe (calculated as FeOOH), 2–4% exchangeable cations, and trace amounts of several silicates.
Metastable ikaite (CaCO3·6H2O) forms abundantly during winter months along the south shoreline of Mono Lake where shoreline springs mix with lake water. Ikaite precipitates because of its decreased solubility at low temperature and because of orthophosphate-ion inhibition of calcite and aragonite. During the spring some of the ikaite is transformed to anhydrous CaCO3 and is incorporated into tufa, but most is dispersed by wave action into the lake where it reacts to form gaylussite (Na2Ca(CO3)2· 5H2O). Spring waters have low pH values, are dominantly Ca-Na-HCO3, have low radiocarbon activities, and are mixtures of deep-seated geothermal and cold groundwaters. Chemical modeling reveals that precipitation of CaCO3 can occur over a broad range of mixtures of spring and lake water with a maximum production occurring at 96% spring water and 4% lake water. Under these conditions all the Ca and a significant fraction of the CO3 of the precipitate is spring supplied. A radiocarbon age of 19,580 years obtained on a natural ikaite sample supports this conclusion. With the springs supplying a large and probably variable portion of the carbonate, and with apparent 14C age of the carbonate varying from spring to spring, tufa of similar actual antiquity may yield significantly different 14C dates, making tufa at this location unsuitable for absolute age dating by the radiocarbon method.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(93)90339-X","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Bischoff, J.L., Stine, S., Rosenbauer, R., Fitzpatrick, J., and Stafford, T.W., 1993, Ikaite precipitation by mixing of shoreline springs and lake water, Mono Lake, California, USA: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, no. 16, p. 3855-3865, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90339-X.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"3855","endPage":"3865","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228845,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3869e4b0c8380cd6156d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bischoff, J. L.","contributorId":28969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stine, S.","contributorId":24089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stine","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosenbauer, R.J.","contributorId":37320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbauer","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, J.A.","contributorId":52205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stafford, Thomas W. Jr.","contributorId":21283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stafford","given":"Thomas","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018325,"text":"70018325 - 1993 - Oblique synoptic images, produced from digital data, display strong evidence of a \"new\" caldera in southwestern Guatemala","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:24","indexId":"70018325","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oblique synoptic images, produced from digital data, display strong evidence of a \"new\" caldera in southwestern Guatemala","docAbstract":"The synoptic view of broad regions of the Earth's surface as displayed in Landsat and other satellite images has greatly aided in the recognition of calderas, ignimbrite plateaus and other geologic landforms. Remote-sensing images that include visual representation of depth are an even more powerful tool for geologic interpretation of landscapes, but their use has been largely restricted to the exploration of planets other than Earth. By combining Landsat images with digitized topography, we have generated regional oblique views that display compelling evidence for a previously undocumented late-Cenozoic caldera within the active volcanic zone of southwestern Guatemala. This \"new\" caldera, herein called Xela, is a depression about 30 km wide and 400-600 m deep, which includes the Quezaltenango basin. The caldera depression is breached only by a single river canyon. The caldera outline is broadly circular, but a locally scalloped form suggests the occurrence of multiple caldera-collapse events, or local slumping of steep caldera walls, or both. Within its northern part, Xela caldera contains a toreva block, about 500 m high and 2 km long, that may be incompletely foundered pre-caldera bedrock. Xela contains several post-caldera volcanoes, some of which are active. A Bouguer gravity low, tens of milligals in amplitude, is approximately co-located with the proposed caldera. The oblique images also display an extensive plateau that dips about 2?? away from the north margin of Xela caldera. We interpret this landform to be underlain by pyroclastic outflow from Xela and nearby Atitla??n calderas. Field mapping by others has documented a voluminous rhyolitic pumiceous fallout deposit immediately east of Xela caldera. We speculate that Xela caldera was the source of this deposit. If so, the age of at least part of the caldera is between about 84 ka and 126 ka, the ages of deposits that stratigraphically bracket this fallout. Most of the floor of Xela caldera is covered with Los Chocoyos pyroclastics, 84-ka deposits erupted from Atitla??n caldera. Oblique images produced from digital data are unique tools that can greatly facilitate initial geologic interpretation of morphologically young volcanic (and other) terrains where field access is limited, especially because conventional visual representations commonly lack depth perspective and may cover only part of the region of interest. ?? 1993.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Duffield, W., Heiken, G., Foley, D., and McEwen, A., 1993, Oblique synoptic images, produced from digital data, display strong evidence of a \"new\" caldera in southwestern Guatemala: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 55, no. 3-4, p. 217-224.","startPage":"217","endPage":"224","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227022,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6a4fe4b0c8380cd740e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duffield, W.","contributorId":42715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heiken, G.","contributorId":11768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heiken","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foley, D.","contributorId":29356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McEwen, A.","contributorId":39105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEwen","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017428,"text":"70017428 - 1993 - Alteration and geochemical zoning in Bodie Bluff, Bodie mining district, eastern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T00:28:28.394498","indexId":"70017428","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alteration and geochemical zoning in Bodie Bluff, Bodie mining district, eastern California","docAbstract":"Banded, epithermal quartz-adularia veins have produced about 1.5 million ounces of gold and 7 million ounces of silver from the Bodie mining district, eastern California. The veins cut dacitic lava flows, pyroclastic rocks and intrusions. Sinter boulders occur in a graben structure at the top of Bodie Bluff and fragments of sinter and mineralized quartz veins occur in hydrothermal breccias nearby. Explosive venting evidently was part of the evolution of the ore-forming geothermal systems which, at one time, must had reached the paleosurface. Previous reconnaissance studies at Bodie Bluff suggested that the geometry of alteration mineral assemblages and distribution of some of the major and trace elements throughout the system correspond to those predicted by models of hot-spring, volcanic rock hosted precious metal deposits (Silberman, 1982; Silberman and Berger, 1985). The current study was undertaken to evaluate these sugestions further.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(93)90007-9","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Herrera, P., Closs, L., and Silberman, M., 1993, Alteration and geochemical zoning in Bodie Bluff, Bodie mining district, eastern California: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 48, no. 2, p. 259-275, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(93)90007-9.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"259","endPage":"275","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228751,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e976e4b0c8380cd482ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herrera, P.A.","contributorId":42377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herrera","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Closs, L.G.","contributorId":14137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Closs","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Silberman, M.L.","contributorId":10013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silberman","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017491,"text":"70017491 - 1993 - The analysis of forms of sulfur in ancient sediments and sedimentary rocks: comments and cautions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T18:47:59","indexId":"70017491","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The analysis of forms of sulfur in ancient sediments and sedimentary rocks: comments and cautions","docAbstract":"Assumptions commonly made during analysis of the amount of monosulfides [acid-volatile sulfides (AVS)] and disulfides in modern sediments, may not be valid for ancient sedimentary rocks. It is known that ferric iron can oxidize H2S during AVS analysis unless a reducing agent such as stannous chloride is added to the treatment. In addition, some monosulfides such as greigite and pyrrhotite require heat during the AVS analysis in order to dissolve completely. However, the use of heat and/or stannous chloride in the AVS treatment may partially dissolve disulfides and it is generally recommended that stannous chloride not be used in the AVS treatment for modern sediments. Most of the monosulfides are assumed to be recovered as AVS without the addition of stannous chloride. This study investigates the recovery of monosulfides during sulfur speciation analysis with application to ancient sedimentary rocks. Sulfur in samples containing naturally occurring greigite and mackinawite or pyrite was measured using variations of a common sulfur-speciation scheme. The sulfur-speciation scheme analyzes for monosulfide sulfur, disulfide sulfur, elemental sulfur, inorganic sulfate and organically bound sulfur. The effects of heat, stannous chloride and ferric iron on the amounts of acid-volatile sulfide and disulfide recovered during treatment for AVS were investigated. Isotopic compositions of the recovered sulfur species along with yields from an extended sulfur-speciation scheme were used to quantify the effects. Hot 6 N HCl AVS treatment recovers > 60% of the monosulfides as AVS in samples containing pure greigite and mackinawite. The remaining monosulfide sulfur is recovered in a subsequent elemental sulfur extraction. Hot 6 N HCl plus stannous chloride recovers 100% of the monosulfides as AVS. The addition of ferric iron to pure greigite and mackinawite samples during AVS treatment without stannous chloride decreased the amount of monosulfides recovered as AVS and, if present in great enough concentration, oxidized some of the AVS to a form not recovered in later treatments. The hot stannous chloride AVS treatments dissolve <5% of well-crystallized pyrite in this study. The amount of pyrite dissolved depends on grain size and crystallinity. Greigite in ancient sedimentary rocks was quantitatively recovered as AVS only with hot 6 N HCl plus stannous chloride. Hot 6 N HCl AVS treatment of these rocks did not detect any monosulfides in most samples. A subsequent elemental sulfur extraction did not completely recover the oxidized monosulfides. Therefore, the use of stannous chloride plus heat is recommended in the AVS treatment of ancient sedimentary rocks if monosulfides are present and of interest. All assumptions about the amount of monosulfides and disulfides recovered with the sulfur-speciation scheme used should be verified by extended sulfur-speciation and/or isotopic analysis of the species recovered. ?? 1993.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(93)90103-P","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Rice, C.A., Tuttle, M.L., and Reynolds, R.L., 1993, The analysis of forms of sulfur in ancient sediments and sedimentary rocks: comments and cautions: Chemical Geology, v. 107, no. 1-2, p. 83-95, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(93)90103-P.","startPage":"83","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266060,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(93)90103-P"},{"id":229023,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba9bae4b08c986b32247f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rice, C. A.","contributorId":106116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tuttle, M. L.","contributorId":71992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuttle","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reynolds, R. L. 0000-0002-4572-2942","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-2942","contributorId":79885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"R.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017840,"text":"70017840 - 1993 - Origin and significance of tourmaline-rich rocks in the Broken Hill district, Australia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T17:39:10.583577","indexId":"70017840","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin and significance of tourmaline-rich rocks in the Broken Hill district, Australia","docAbstract":"Tourmaline-rich rocks are widespread minor lithologies within the Early Proterozoic Willyama Supergroup in the Broken Hill district, Australia. Tourmaline concentrations occur in strata-bound and local stratiform tourmalinites, clastic metasedimentary rocks, quartz-gahnite lode rocks, stratiform Pb-Zn-Ag sulfide ores, garnet quartzites, strata-bound scheelite deposits, quartz-tourmaline nodules, discordant quartz veins, and granitic pegmatites. Most of the tourmaline-rich rocks are within the Broken Hill Group that hosts the main Pb-Zn-Ag ores.At the Globe mine along the northeast end of the main lodes, tourmalinites are closely associated with Pb-Zn-Ag mineralization and in places are interbedded with Mn-rich garnet quartzites. Galena and other ore minerals occur locally in the cores of recrystallized tourmaline grains in these tourmalinites, indicating that tourmaline and sulfides were present together prior to deformation and high-grade metamorphism. Electron microprobe analyses of tourmalines intergrown with Fe sulfides at the Globe mine show Mg-rich compositions relative to tourmalines in sulfide-free assemblages from the same area, suggesting early (premetamorphic) introduction of boron and Mg enrichment of tourmaline by sulfide-silicate reactions during metamorphism.Combined field and geochemical data indicate that the district tourmalinites represent normal clastic sediments that were metasomatically altered by boron-rich hydrothermal fluids at or below the sediment-water interface. Whole-rock chemical analyses of 33 tourmaline-rich rocks show linear trends of data for major and trace elements that closely resemble the trends observed for unmineralized elastic metasedimentary rocks of the district. Average Fe/Al, Mg/Al, Na/Al, and Ti/Al molar ratios of the tourmaline-rich rocks and clastic metasediments are very similar; the average K/Al molar ratio of the tourmaline-rich rocks is significantly lower than that of the clastic metasediments, reflecting the loss of K during tourmalinite formation. Chondrite-normalized patterns of rare earth elements (REE) in the quartz-rich tourmalinites are generally similar to those of the clastic metasediments, except for minor depletions of light REE; local positive and negative Ce anomalies suggest tourmalinite formation in the presence of seawater or a seawater-derived pore fluid. The geochemical data imply relative immobility of Al, Ti, Cr, and heavy REE during hydrothermal alteration and later metamorphism. Boron isotope analyses of 52 tourmaline separates show a total range of delta 11 B values from -26.8 to -17.0 per mil. Fine-grained, euhedral, nonpoikilitic tourmalines from tourmalinites in the andalusite-muscovite zone in the northern part of the district (e.g., Black Prince mine) have delta 11 B values from -21 to -17 per mil, whereas coarse granoblastic and poikilo-blastic tourmalines from the sillimanite and two-pyroxene granulite zones in the southern part of the district (e.g., Globe mine) have delta 11 B values of-24 to -19 per mil. Tourmalines in strongly retrogressed tourmalinites have delta 11 B values from about -27 to -20 per mil. The observed variations in delta 11 B are consistent with prograde and retrograde metamorphic fractionation of boron isotopes, in which the fluid phase is preferentially enriched in the heavier isotope ( 11 B). Premetamorphic hydrothermal fluids that deposited the Black Prince tourmalinites had delta 11 B values of-8 to -5 per mil at 200 degrees to 300 degrees C, suggesting a boron source from nonmarine evaporite borates.Tourmalinites in the Broken Hill district apparently formed by the same submarine hydrothermal processes as the main Pb-Zn-Ag lodes and the siliceous ferromanganese protoliths of the garnet quartzites. In our model, the hydrothermal system(s) acquired abundant boron by leaching evaporitic borates within the Thackaringa Group, the stratigraphic sequence that underlies the Broken Hill Group and most of the tourmaline concentrations. We suggest that evaporites of the Thackaringa Group provided a source of readily extractable boron for formation of the tourmalinites and also the source of the fluoride, sulfur, and perhaps the carbonate in the main lodes; such evaporites may have been critical for increased metal chloride complexing and transport necessary for deposition of the high-grade Pb-Zn-Ag ores. The Broken Hill deposit may have formed contemporaneously with the Mount Isa and McArthur River Pb-Zn-Ag deposits in similar evaporite-bearing sequences during widespread Early Proterozoic continental rifting.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.88.3.505","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Slack, J.F., Palmer, M.R., Stevens, B., and Barnes, R., 1993, Origin and significance of tourmaline-rich rocks in the Broken Hill district, Australia: Economic Geology, v. 88, no. 3, p. 505-541, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.3.505.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"505","endPage":"541","numberOfPages":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228905,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70bee4b0c8380cd76202","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slack, J. F.","contributorId":75917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Palmer, M. R.","contributorId":81256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stevens, B.P.J.","contributorId":61173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"B.P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barnes, R.G.","contributorId":12621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017458,"text":"70017458 - 1993 - Red River of the North Basin, Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-04T10:58:27","indexId":"70017458","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Red River of the North Basin, Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota","docAbstract":"This report describes the physical, chemical, and aquatic-biological characteristics that could affect regional water quality in the Red River of the North study unit. These characteristics define the overall environmental setting of the study unit. This report provides base line and historical information for future reports that will address specific water-quality issues and processes controlling and affecting water quality in the study unit, and for reports for the national-synthesis component of the NAWQA program that will integrate the results of the study-unit investigations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Urbana, IL","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1993.tb03229.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Stoner, J.D., Lorenz, D.L., Wiche, G.J., and Goldstein, R.M., 1993, Red River of the North Basin, Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 29, no. 4, p. 575-615, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1993.tb03229.x.","productDescription":"41 p.","startPage":"575","endPage":"615","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479516,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1993/33978","text":"External 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Jeffrey D. stoner@usgs.gov","contributorId":3721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoner","given":"Jeffrey","email":"stoner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":376531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lorenz, David L. 0000-0003-3392-4034 lorenz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3392-4034","contributorId":1384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenz","given":"David","email":"lorenz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wiche, Gregg J. gjwiche@usgs.gov","contributorId":1675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiche","given":"Gregg","email":"gjwiche@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goldstein, Robert M.","contributorId":68267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017506,"text":"70017506 - 1993 - Fingerprinting the K/T impact site and determining the time of impact by UPb dating of single shocked zircons from distal ejecta","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-09T00:57:24.06941","indexId":"70017506","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fingerprinting the K/T impact site and determining the time of impact by UPb dating of single shocked zircons from distal ejecta","docAbstract":"U![\"single](\"https://sdfestaticassets-us-east-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/55/entities/sbnd.gif\")
Pb isotopic dating of single 1–3 μg zircons from K/T distal ejecta from a site in the Raton Basin, Colorado provides a powerful new tool with which to determine both the time of the impact event and the age of the basement at the impact site. Data for the least shocked zircons are slightly displaced from the 544 ± 5 Ma primary age for a component of the target site, white those for highly shocked and granular grains are strongly displaced towards the time of impact at 65.5 ± 3.0 Ma. Such shocked and granular zircons have never been reported from any source, including explosive volcanic rocks. Zircon is refractory and has one of the highest thermal blocking temperatures; hence, it can record both shock features and primary and secondary ages without modification by post-crystallization processes. Unlike shocked quartz, which can come from almost anywhere on the Earth's crust, shocked zircons can be shown to come from a specific site because basement ages vary on the scale of meters to kilometers. With UPb zircon dating, it is now possible to correlate ejecta layers derived from the same target site, test the single versus multiple impact hypothesis, and identify the target source of impact ejecta. The ages obtained in this study indicate that the Manson impact site, Iowa, which has basement rocks that are mid-Proterozoic in age, cannot be the source of K/T distal ejecta. The K/T distal ejecta probably originated from a single impact site because most grains have the same primary age.
We conducted deformation experiments on Carrara marble in the aragonite and calcite stability fields to observe the synkinematic transformation of calcite to aragonite, and to identify any relationships between transformation and deformation or sample strength. Deformation-induced microstructures in calcite crystals varied most significantly with temperature, ranging from limited slip and twinning at 400°C, limited recrystallization at 500°C, widespread recrystallization at 600 and 700°C, to grain growth at 800–900°C. Variations in confining pressure from 0.3 to 2.0 GPa have no apparent effect on calcite deformation microstructures. Aragonite grew in 10−6-10−7 s−1strain rate tests conducted for 18–524 h at confining pressures of 1.7–2.0 GPa and temperatures of 500–600°C. As in our previously reported hydrostatic experiments on this same transformation, the aragonite nucleated on calcite grain boundaries. The extent of transformation varied from a few percent conversion near pistons at 400°C, 2.0 GPa and 10−4 s−1 strain rate in a 0.8 h long experiment, to 98% transformation in a 21-day test at a strain rate of 10−7 s−7, a temperature of 600°C and a pressure of 2.0 GPa. At 500°C, porphyroblastic 100–200 μm aragonite crystals grew at a rate faster than 8 × 10−1m s−1. At 600°C, the growth of aragonite neoblasts was slower, ≈6 × 10−1 m s −1, and formed ‘glove-and-finger’ cellularprecipitation-like textures identical to those observed in hydrostatic experiments. The transformation to aragonite is not accompanied by a shear instability or anisotropic aragonite growth, consistent with its relatively small volume change and latent heat in comparison with compounds that do display those features.
Cyprinids have pharyngeal teeth for grinding food before swallowing and a continuous gut with no discrete stomach. This digestive tract structure, as well as the feeding behavior traits shown by cyprinids, makes it difficult to identify and measure the amount of food consumed by these fishes. The relations among quantity of food in cyprinid gut, time after feeding and predator size were described by log-linear multiple regression. The number of intact American shad (Alosa sapidissima (Wilson)) larvae eaten in laboratory experiments was estimated by extrapolating the regression for the amount of food in the gut over time for predators of various size. The numbers of larval American shad in guts of fish captured in the Juniata River, Pennsylvania, were not significantly different from those estimated with the equations derived from laboratory data. In view of their abundance in rivers and their potential digestion rate for larval fish, cyprinids can be expected to have a marked influence on reducing the numbers of larval American shad.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1600-0633.1993.tb00096.x","usgsCitation":"Rottiers, D.V., and Johnson, J.H., 1993, Digestion of larval American shad by cyprinids: Ecology of Freshwater Fish, v. 2, p. 147-151, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.1993.tb00096.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"151","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130840,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d6c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rottiers, D. V.","contributorId":49301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rottiers","given":"D.","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, J. H.","contributorId":54914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014604,"text":"1014604 - 1993 - Effects of dietary selenium and vitamin E on red blood cell peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase activity, and macrophage superoxide anion production in channel catfish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-22T23:58:33.356916","indexId":"1014604","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of dietary selenium and vitamin E on red blood cell peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase activity, and macrophage superoxide anion production in channel catfish","docAbstract":"Fingerling channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus were fed purified diets either unsupplemented and deficient in both selenium and vitamin E, deficient in either selenium or vitamin E, adequate in both selenium (0.2 mg/kg) and vitamin E (60 mg/kg), or excessive in both nutrients (four times the recommended levels). After 115–120 d of feeding the experimental diets, the red blood cell membranes offish fed diets deficient in vitamin E were more susceptible to peroxidation than were those of fish fed diets that met or exceeded vitamin E recommendations. Hepatic, selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity was suppressed in fish fed diets deficient in selenium when compared with this enzyme activity in fish fed diets containing recommended or higher levels of selenium. Intracellular superoxide anion production of macrophages was higher in fish fed the diet fortified with four times the recommended levels of both nutrients than in fish fed the other diets. None of the results indicated that selenium and vitamin E were complementing each other or that one nutrient was compensating for a deficiency of the other. The results of this study support the presently recommended levels of selenium and vitamin E for channel catfish diets and indicate that higher-than-recommended levels of one or both nutrients may enhance macrophage function.
Elevations in the non-specific defence mechanisms were noted after trout were injected or bathed in glucan solutions or in solutions containing the glucan combined with a bacterin, Y. ruckeri O-antigen. Periodic non-lethal blood samples showed that neutrophil activity as evaluated by the ability of the cells to stick to glass and produce oxidative radicals as detected by the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) assay, rose after treatments within 2 days. Elevated phagocytosis, assessed by increased uptake of glutaraldehyde-treated sheep red blood cells, also confirmed these kinetics. The numbers of circulatory glass-adherent cells from fish given the glucans by injection or bath was twice the level of the sham-treated controls; likewise the phagocytic ratio also was two-fold higher. In following the kinetics of the non-specific defensive responses, the injection of the glucan caused an immediate, slight reduction of NBT staining cells and numbers of leukocytes before the 2–3 day rise; this was not obvious in the fish given the glucan by bath. The glucans could play an important role in the prevention of diseases in fish culture.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0044-8486(93)90416-V","usgsCitation":"Jeney, G., and Anderson, D.P., 1993, Glucan injection or bath exposure given alone or in combination with a bacterin enhance the non-specific defence mechanisms in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Aquaculture, v. 116, no. 4, p. 315-329, https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(93)90416-V.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"315","endPage":"329","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131956,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abee4b07f02db674925","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jeney, G.","contributorId":89834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jeney","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Douglas P.","contributorId":70696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186783,"text":"70186783 - 1993 - Wyoming Geological Association special symposium on oil and gas and other resources of the Wind River basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T18:09:36","indexId":"70186783","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Wyoming Geological Association special symposium on oil and gas and other resources of the Wind River basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","language":"English","publisher":"Wyo. Geol. Assoc.","usgsCitation":"1993, Wyoming Geological Association special symposium on oil and gas and other resources of the Wind River basin, Wyoming, 425 p. .","productDescription":"425 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339537,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ec9a32e4b0b4d95d33527e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Keefer, W. R.","contributorId":21538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"W.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690566,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Metzger, W.J.","contributorId":190734,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Metzger","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690567,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Go, L. H.","contributorId":190733,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Go","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690568,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014616,"text":"1014616 - 1993 - Enhanced immune response and protection rainbow trout to Aeromonas salmonicida bacterin following prior immersion immunostimulants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-27T14:52:56.149888","indexId":"1014616","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1653,"text":"Fish and Shellfish Immunology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Enhanced immune response and protection rainbow trout to Aeromonas salmonicida bacterin following prior immersion immunostimulants","docAbstract":"Bathing rainbow trout for 30 min in immunostimulant solutions before a 2 min bath in Aeromonas salmonicida O antigen bacterin elevated both the nonspecific defence mechanisms and the specific immune response. Levamisole, a known T lymphocyte stimulator in mammals; QAC, a quaternary ammonium compound, and ISK a short-chain polypeptide, heightened the neutrophil oxidative activity as measured by nitroblue tetrazolium assay and increased the phagocytic uptake of glutaraldehyde-fixed sheep red blood cells. The heightened activity of the specific immune response was monitored by counting numbers of plaque-forming cells, and by demonstrating elevated circulatory antibody titres. Protection levels against the virulent pathogen were also increased when the fish were challenged 14 days later. Giving an immunostimulatory bath before the antigen bath is a relatively easy method of increasing efficacy and potency of immunogens for the prevention of diseases in fishes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/fsim.1993.1005","usgsCitation":"Jeney, G., and Anderson, D.P., 1993, Enhanced immune response and protection rainbow trout to Aeromonas salmonicida bacterin following prior immersion immunostimulants: Fish and Shellfish Immunology, v. 3, p. 51-58, https://doi.org/10.1006/fsim.1993.1005.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131835,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6676d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jeney, G.","contributorId":89834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jeney","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Douglas P.","contributorId":70696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1003990,"text":"1003990 - 1993 - Seasonal prevalence of Clostridium botulinum type C in the sediments of the northern California wetland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-18T11:25:55","indexId":"1003990","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal prevalence of Clostridium botulinum type C in the sediments of the northern California wetland","docAbstract":"The prevalence of Clostridium botulinum type C (% of positive sediment samples) was determined in 10 marshes at Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge (SNWR), located in the Central Valley of California (USA), where avian botulism epizootics occur regularly. Fifty-two percent of 2,200 sediment samples collected over an 18-mo period contained C. botulinum type C (both neurotoxic and aneurotoxic) which was present throughout the year in all 10 marshes. The prevalence of C. botulinum type C was similar in marshes with either high or low botulism losses in the previous 5 yr. Marshes with avian botulism mortality during the study had similar prevalences as marshes with no mortality. However, the prevalence of C. botulinum type C was higher in marshes that remained flooded all year (permanent) compared with marshes that were drained in the spring and reflooded in the fall (seasonal). The prevalence of C. botulinum type C declined in seasonal marshes during the dry period. Similar declines did not occur in the permanently flooded marshes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-29.4.533","usgsCitation":"Sandler, R.J., Rocke, T., Samuel, M., and Yuill, T.M., 1993, Seasonal prevalence of Clostridium botulinum type C in the sediments of the northern California wetland: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 29, no. 4, p. 533-539, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-29.4.533.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"533","endPage":"539","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479523,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-29.4.533","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":135615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Sacramento","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.19371795654297,\n 39.452365839394055\n ],\n [\n -122.13397979736327,\n 39.4528960328567\n ],\n [\n -122.13466644287108,\n 39.36695204842929\n ],\n [\n -122.1525192260742,\n 39.36827914916014\n ],\n [\n -122.15320587158202,\n 39.361112505605156\n ],\n [\n -122.17586517333984,\n 39.36190883564925\n ],\n [\n -122.17620849609374,\n 39.36934081158634\n ],\n [\n -122.19303131103516,\n 39.36854456627989\n ],\n [\n -122.19371795654297,\n 39.452365839394055\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc301","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sandler, Renee J.","contributorId":93454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandler","given":"Renee","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rocke, Tonie E. 0000-0003-3933-1563","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3933-1563","contributorId":88680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rocke","given":"Tonie E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Samuel, M.D.","contributorId":13910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samuel","given":"M.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yuill, Thomas M.","contributorId":60580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yuill","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70186788,"text":"70186788 - 1993 - Velocity dependent friction of granite over a wide range of conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T18:45:56","indexId":"70186788","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Velocity dependent friction of granite over a wide range of conditions","docAbstract":"Direct shear sliding experiments on bare ground surfaces of Westerly granite have been conducted over an exceptionally wide range of sliding rates (10−4 µm/s to 10³ µm/s) at unconfined normal stresses (σn) of 5, 15, 30, 70, and 150 MPa. A new sample configuration was developed that permitted measurements at normal stresses of 70 and 150 MPa without immediate sample failure. Measurements of steady-state velocity dependence of friction at velocities between 10−4 and 1 µm/s show similar velocity weakening behavior at all normal stresses, with more negative dependence at lower slip rates. However, at rates above 10 µm/s, velocity weakening is observed only at σn=30, 70 and 150 MPa, while velocity neutral behavior is observed at σn=15 MPa and velocity strengthening is observed at σn=5 MPa. The greater velocity weakening observed at velocities below 10−2 µm/s may suggest a transition in competing deformation mechanisms, or the influence of additional mechanisms. The transition to velocity strengthening at high velocity and low normal stress implies that rapid slip on shallow faults could be arrested before resulting in true stick-slip behavior. Stable fault creep and creep events observed at shallow levels on some natural faults may result from this transition in velocity dependence.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93GL00368","usgsCitation":"Kilgore, B.D., Blanpied, M., and Dieterich, J., 1993, Velocity dependent friction of granite over a wide range of conditions: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 20, no. 10, p. 903-906, https://doi.org/10.1029/93GL00368.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"903","endPage":"906","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339542,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ec9a31e4b0b4d95d335278","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kilgore, Brian D. 0000-0003-0530-7979 bkilgore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-7979","contributorId":3887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilgore","given":"Brian","email":"bkilgore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blanpied, Michael L. mblanpied@usgs.gov","contributorId":4807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanpied","given":"Michael L.","email":"mblanpied@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":690575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dieterich, James H.","contributorId":81489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dieterich","given":"James H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1004099,"text":"1004099 - 1993 - Quarterly Wildlife Mortality Report April 1993- June 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-28T11:09:12","indexId":"1004099","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3499,"text":"Supplement to the Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quarterly Wildlife Mortality Report April 1993- June 1993","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Supplement to the Journal of Wildlife Diseases","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Kidd, G., 1993, Quarterly Wildlife Mortality Report April 1993- June 1993: Supplement to the Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 29, no. 4, 3 p.","productDescription":"3 p.","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131236,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -180.17578125,\n 17.14079039331665\n ],\n [\n -180.17578125,\n 72.71190310803662\n ],\n [\n -65.7421875,\n 72.71190310803662\n ],\n [\n -65.7421875,\n 17.14079039331665\n ],\n [\n -180.17578125,\n 17.14079039331665\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64aabc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kidd, G.","contributorId":91440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kidd","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014605,"text":"1014605 - 1993 - Effect of vitamin E on the immune response of channel catfish to Edwardsiella ictaluri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-22T23:56:13.99828","indexId":"1014605","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of vitamin E on the immune response of channel catfish to Edwardsiella ictaluri","docAbstract":"Three-month-old fingerling channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus were fed purified diets supplemented with ∝-tocopherol acetate to provide 0, 60, and 2,500 mg vitamin E/kg for 180 d. A 30-s immersion bath and an oral booster were used to deliver a bacterin of formalin-killed Edwardsiella ictaluri to half of the fish from each dietary treatment. Resistance of red blood cells to peroxidation was used as an index of antioxidant status. The susceptibility of red blood cells to oxidative hemolysis decreased with increasing levels of dietary vitamin E. Vaccinated and nonvaccinated fish were evaluated for agglutinating antibody titers and macrophage activity. Humoral antibody titers in response to E. ictaluri were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher in vaccinated fish than in nonvaccinated fish; however, no such differences in agglutinating antibody titers were detected among any of the dietary treatment groups. Both vaccination and vitamin E significantly enhanced the ability of macrophages to phagocytize virulent E. ictaluri. Results of this study indicate that elevated levels of dietary vitamin E may affect the ability of channel catfish to respond immunologically to bacterial pathogens.