The ability of a subducted slab or subducted sediment to contribute many incompatible trace elements to arc source regions may depend on the stabilities of accessory minerals within these rocks, which can only be studied indirectly. In contrast, the role of accessory minerals in lower-T and -P metasomatic processes within paleo-subduction zones can be studied directly in subduction-zone metamorphic terranes.
\nThe Gee Point-Iron Mountain locality of the Shuksan Metamorphic Suite, North Cascades, Washington State, is a high-T mélange of metamafic blocks in a matrix of meta-ultramafic rocks. This mélange is similar in geologic setting and petrology to the upper part of an unnamed amphibolite unit of the Catalina Schist, Santa Catalina Island, southern California. Both are interpreted as shear zones between mantle and slab rocks that formed during the early stages of subduction. Some garnet amphibolite blocks from the Gee Point-Iron Mountain locality display trace-element enrichments similar to those in counterparts from the Catalina Schist. Some Catalina blocks are highly enriched in Th, rare-earth elements (REE), the high-field-strength elements Ti, Nb, Ta, Zr and Hf (HFSE), U and Sr compared to mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB), and to other garnet amphibolite blocks in the same unit. Textural and geochemical data indicate that accessory minerals of metamorphic origin control the enrichment of Th, REE and HFSE in blocks from both areas. The Mg-rich rinds around blocks and the meta-ultramafic matrix from both mélanges are highly enriched in a large number of trace elements compared to harzburgites, dunites and serpentinites. Evidence for recrystallization or formation of accessory minerals in the former rocks suggests that these minerals control some of the trace-element enrichments.
\nData from the Gee Point and Catalina mélanges suggest that the accessory minerals titanite, rutile, apatite, zircon and REE-rich epidote play a significant role in the enrichment of trace elements in both mafic and ultramafic rocks during subduction-related fluid-rock interaction. Mobilization of incompatible elements, and deposition of such elements in the accessory minerals of mafic and ultramafic rocks may be fairly common in fluid-rich metamorphic environments in subduction zones.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(93)90258-K","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Sorensen, S.S., and Grossman, J.N., 1993, Accessory minerals and subduction zone metasomatism: a geochemical comparison of two mélanges (Washington and California, U.S.A.): Chemical Geology, v. 110, no. 1-3, p. 269-297, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(93)90258-K.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"297","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228874,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266062,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(93)90258-K"}],"volume":"110","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e66be4b0c8380cd473f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sorensen, Sorena S.","contributorId":7009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorensen","given":"Sorena","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grossman, Jeffrey N. 0000-0001-9099-9628","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9099-9628","contributorId":37317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018366,"text":"70018366 - 1993 - A brief history of radioactive glassware","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-16T16:02:50.838645","indexId":"70018366","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3227,"text":"Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A brief history of radioactive glassware","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Radiological Society of North America","doi":"10.1148/radiographics.13.3.8316677","issn":"02715333","usgsCitation":"Landa, E.R., and DiSantis, D., 1993, A brief history of radioactive glassware: Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc, v. 13, no. 3, p. 697-699, https://doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.13.3.8316677.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"697","endPage":"699","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226983,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e32ee4b0c8380cd45e7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landa, E. R.","contributorId":100002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landa","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DiSantis, D.J.","contributorId":86911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiSantis","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018373,"text":"70018373 - 1993 - Manganese minerals and associated fine particulates in the streambed of Pinal Creek, Arizona, U.S.A.: a mining-related acid drainage problem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-04T19:09:10","indexId":"70018373","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Manganese minerals and associated fine particulates in the streambed of Pinal Creek, Arizona, U.S.A.: a mining-related acid drainage problem","docAbstract":"The Pinal creek drainage basin in Arizona is a good example of the principal non-coal source of mining-related acid drainage in the U.S.A., namely copper mining. Infiltration of drainage waters from mining and ore refining has created an acid groundwater plume that has reacted with calcite during passage through the alluvium, thereby becoming less acid. Where O2 is present and the water is partially neutralized, iron oxides have precipitated and, farther downstream where the pH of the stream water is near neutral, high-Mn crusts have developed.
Trace metal composition of several phases in the Pinal Creek drainage basin illustrates the changes caused by mining activities and the significant control Mn-crusts and iron oxide deposits exert on the distribution and concentration of trace metals. The phases and locales considered are the dissolved phase of Webster Lake, a former acid waste disposal pond; selected sections of cores drilled in the alluvium within the intermittent reach of Pinal Creek; and the dissolved phase, suspended sediments, and streambed deposits at specified locales along the perennial reach of Pinal creek.
In the perennial reach of Pinal Creek, manganese oxides precipitate from the streamflow as non-cemented particulates and coatings of streambed material and as cemented black crusts. Chemical and X-ray diffraction analyses indicate that the non-cemented manganese oxides precipitate in the reaction sequence observed in previous laboratory experiments using simpler solution composition, Mn3O4 to MnOOH to an oxide of higher oxidation number usually <4.0, i.e. Na-birnessite, and that the black cemented crusts contain (Ca,Mn,Mg)CO3 and a 7-Åphyllomanganate mixture of rancieite ((Ca,Mn)Mn4O9 · (3H2O)) and takanelite ((Mn,Ca)Mn4O9 · (3H2O)). In the laboratory, aerating and increasing the pH of Pinal Creek water to 9.00 precipitated (Ca,Mn,Mg)CO3 from an anoxic groundwater that contained CO2HCO3, and precipitated Mn3O4 and subsequently MnOOH from an oxic surface water from which most of the dissolved CO2 had been removed.
It is suggested that the black cemented crusts form by precipitation of Fe on the Mn-enriched carbonates, creating a site for the MnFe oxidation cycle and thus encouraging the conversion of the carbonates to 7-Åphysllomanganates. The non-magnetic <63-μm size-fractions of the black cemented crusts consisted mostly of the manganese-calcium oxides but also contained about 20% (Ca,Mn,Mg)CO3, 5% Fe (calculated as FeOOH), 2–4% exchangeable cations, and trace amounts of several silicates.
It is well known that illite-smectite can form from smectite at elevated temperatures in natural and experimental systems. However, the conversion of smectite to illite-smectite is also found in some natural systems that have never been heated. The present experiments show that illite layers can form from smectite by chemical reaction at 35° and 60°C at high solution pH. The rate of this reaction is accelerated by wetting and drying.
","language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland","doi":"10.1180/claymin.1993.028.1.06","usgsCitation":"Eberl, D.D., Velde, B., and McCormick, T.C., 1993, Synthesis of illite-smectite from smectite at Earth surface temperatures and high pH: Clay Minerals, v. 28, no. 1, p. 49-60, https://doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1993.028.1.06.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"60","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228856,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba354e4b08c986b31fc70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eberl, D. D.","contributorId":66282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Velde, Bruce","contributorId":200276,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Velde","given":"Bruce","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCormick, T. C.","contributorId":70950,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCormick","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017438,"text":"70017438 - 1993 - Development of the 1990 Kalapana Flow Field, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70017438","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of the 1990 Kalapana Flow Field, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The 1990 Kalapana flow field is a complex patchwork of tube-fed pahoehoe flows erupted from the Kupaianaha vent at a low effusion rate (approximately 3.5 m3/s). These flows accumulated over an 11-month period on the coastal plain of Kilauea Volcano, where the pre-eruption slope angle was less than 2??. the composite field thickened by the addition of new flows to its surface, as well as by inflation of these flows and flows emplaced earlier. Two major flow types were identified during the development of the flow field: large primary flows and smaller breakouts that extruded from inflated primary flows. Primary flows advanced more quickly and covered new land at a much higher rate than breakouts. The cumulative area covered by breakouts exceeded that of primary flows, although breakouts frequently covered areas already buried by recent flows. Lava tubes established within primary flows were longer-lived than those formed within breakouts and were often reoccupied by lava after a brief hiatus in supply; tubes within breakouts were never reoccupied once the supply was interrupted. During intervals of steady supply from the vent, the daily areal coverage by lava in Kalapana was constant, whereas the forward advance of the flows was sporadic. This implies that planimetric area, rather than flow length, provides the best indicator of effusion rate for pahoehoe flow fields that form on lowangle slopes. ?? 1993 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00302000","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Mattox, T.N., Heliker, C., Kauahikaua, J., and Hon, K., 1993, Development of the 1990 Kalapana Flow Field, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 55, no. 6, p. 407-413, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302000.","startPage":"407","endPage":"413","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206162,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302000"},{"id":228886,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0067e4b0c8380cd4f74b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mattox, T. N.","contributorId":55450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattox","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heliker, C.","contributorId":80314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heliker","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kauahikaua, J. 0000-0003-3777-503X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-503X","contributorId":26087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hon, K.","contributorId":20471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hon","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017696,"text":"70017696 - 1993 - Effects of climate change on drought risks in the Apalachicola, Chattahoochee, and Flint River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70017696","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Effects of climate change on drought risks in the Apalachicola, Chattahoochee, and Flint River basin","docAbstract":"Possible effects of climate change on the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) River basin is simulated with a computer model. Model inputs are monthly temperature and precipitation that simulate several possible climate change scenarios. Preliminary results for climate scenarios based on output for three popular general circulation models indicate that lower flows will occur more frequently if the regional climate warms and monthly precipitation decreases during critical summer months.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Engineering Hydrology","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Engineering Hydrology","conferenceDate":"25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"087262921X","usgsCitation":"Tasker, G.D., 1993, Effects of climate change on drought risks in the Apalachicola, Chattahoochee, and Flint River basin, in Proceedings of the Symposium on Engineering Hydrology, San Francisco, CA, USA, 25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993, p. 49-54.","startPage":"49","endPage":"54","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06aee4b0c8380cd51382","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tasker, Gary D.","contributorId":95035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tasker","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017489,"text":"70017489 - 1993 - Mercury, arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River, Bethel, Alaska, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70017489","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury, arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River, Bethel, Alaska, USA","docAbstract":"The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources. ?? 1993 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00789322","issn":"01775146","usgsCitation":"Belkin, H., and Sparck, H., 1993, Mercury, arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River, Bethel, Alaska, USA: Environmental Geology, v. 22, no. 2, p. 106-110, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00789322.","startPage":"106","endPage":"110","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206172,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00789322"},{"id":228978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5435e4b0c8380cd6cef4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belkin, H. E. 0000-0001-7879-6529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":38160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"H. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sparck, H.M.","contributorId":43518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparck","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017491,"text":"70017491 - 1993 - The analysis of forms of sulfur in ancient sediments and sedimentary rocks: comments and cautions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T18:47:59","indexId":"70017491","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The analysis of forms of sulfur in ancient sediments and sedimentary rocks: comments and cautions","docAbstract":"Assumptions commonly made during analysis of the amount of monosulfides [acid-volatile sulfides (AVS)] and disulfides in modern sediments, may not be valid for ancient sedimentary rocks. It is known that ferric iron can oxidize H2S during AVS analysis unless a reducing agent such as stannous chloride is added to the treatment. In addition, some monosulfides such as greigite and pyrrhotite require heat during the AVS analysis in order to dissolve completely. However, the use of heat and/or stannous chloride in the AVS treatment may partially dissolve disulfides and it is generally recommended that stannous chloride not be used in the AVS treatment for modern sediments. Most of the monosulfides are assumed to be recovered as AVS without the addition of stannous chloride. This study investigates the recovery of monosulfides during sulfur speciation analysis with application to ancient sedimentary rocks. Sulfur in samples containing naturally occurring greigite and mackinawite or pyrite was measured using variations of a common sulfur-speciation scheme. The sulfur-speciation scheme analyzes for monosulfide sulfur, disulfide sulfur, elemental sulfur, inorganic sulfate and organically bound sulfur. The effects of heat, stannous chloride and ferric iron on the amounts of acid-volatile sulfide and disulfide recovered during treatment for AVS were investigated. Isotopic compositions of the recovered sulfur species along with yields from an extended sulfur-speciation scheme were used to quantify the effects. Hot 6 N HCl AVS treatment recovers > 60% of the monosulfides as AVS in samples containing pure greigite and mackinawite. The remaining monosulfide sulfur is recovered in a subsequent elemental sulfur extraction. Hot 6 N HCl plus stannous chloride recovers 100% of the monosulfides as AVS. The addition of ferric iron to pure greigite and mackinawite samples during AVS treatment without stannous chloride decreased the amount of monosulfides recovered as AVS and, if present in great enough concentration, oxidized some of the AVS to a form not recovered in later treatments. The hot stannous chloride AVS treatments dissolve <5% of well-crystallized pyrite in this study. The amount of pyrite dissolved depends on grain size and crystallinity. Greigite in ancient sedimentary rocks was quantitatively recovered as AVS only with hot 6 N HCl plus stannous chloride. Hot 6 N HCl AVS treatment of these rocks did not detect any monosulfides in most samples. A subsequent elemental sulfur extraction did not completely recover the oxidized monosulfides. Therefore, the use of stannous chloride plus heat is recommended in the AVS treatment of ancient sedimentary rocks if monosulfides are present and of interest. All assumptions about the amount of monosulfides and disulfides recovered with the sulfur-speciation scheme used should be verified by extended sulfur-speciation and/or isotopic analysis of the species recovered. ?? 1993.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(93)90103-P","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Rice, C.A., Tuttle, M.L., and Reynolds, R.L., 1993, The analysis of forms of sulfur in ancient sediments and sedimentary rocks: comments and cautions: Chemical Geology, v. 107, no. 1-2, p. 83-95, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(93)90103-P.","startPage":"83","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266060,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(93)90103-P"},{"id":229023,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba9bae4b08c986b32247f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rice, C. A.","contributorId":106116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tuttle, M. L.","contributorId":71992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuttle","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reynolds, R. L. 0000-0002-4572-2942","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-2942","contributorId":79885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"R.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017405,"text":"70017405 - 1993 - Generation of aliphatic acid anions and carbon dioxide by hydrous pyrolysis of crude oils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-14T12:23:58.754861","indexId":"70017405","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Generation of aliphatic acid anions and carbon dioxide by hydrous pyrolysis of crude oils","docAbstract":"Two crude oils with relatively high (0.60 wt%) and low (0.18 wt%) oxygen contents were heated in the presence of water in gold-plated reactors at 300??C for 2348 h. The high-oxygen oil was also heated at 200??C for 5711 h. The compositions of aqueous organic acid anions of the oils and of the headspace gases were monitored inn order to investigate the distribution of organic acids that can be generated from liquid petroleum. The oil with higher oxygen content generated about five times as much organic anions as the other oil. The dominant organic anions produced were acetate, propionate and butyrate. Small amounts of formate, succinate, methyl succinate and oxalate were also produced. The dominant oxygen-containing product was CO2, as has been observed in similar studies on the hydrous pyrolysis of kerogen. These results indicate that a significant portion (10-30%) of organic acid anions reported i be generated by thermal alteration of oils in reservoir rocks. The bulk of organic acid anions present in formation waters, however, is most likely generated by thermal alteration of kerogen in source rocks. Kerogen is more abundant than oil in sedimentary basins and the relative yields of organic acid anions reported from the hydrous pyrolysis of kerogen are much higher than the yields obtained for the two oils. ?? 1993.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(93)90001-W","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Kharaka, Y., Lundegard, P., Ambats, G., Evans, W.C., and Bischoff, J.L., 1993, Generation of aliphatic acid anions and carbon dioxide by hydrous pyrolysis of crude oils: Applied Geochemistry, v. 8, no. 4, p. 317-324, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(93)90001-W.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"324","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228369,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1551e4b0c8380cd54d5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kharaka, Y.K.","contributorId":23568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kharaka","given":"Y.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lundegard, P.D.","contributorId":71323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lundegard","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ambats, G.","contributorId":64825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ambats","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Evans, William C.","contributorId":104903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bischoff, J. L.","contributorId":28969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017419,"text":"70017419 - 1993 - Mesozoic stratigraphy and paleoenvironments of the Georges Bank Basin: A correlation of exploratory and cost wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T12:11:34","indexId":"70017419","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mesozoic stratigraphy and paleoenvironments of the Georges Bank Basin: A correlation of exploratory and cost wells","docAbstract":"The Exxon 975-1, Conoco 145-1, and Mobil 312-1 hydrocarbon exploratory wells and the Continental Offshore Stratigraphic Test (COST) G-1 and G-2 wells were drilled in the southeastern part of the Georges Bank Basin. We used drill cuttings and logs from these wells to describe and correlate the dominant lithostratigraphic units and to document lateral changes in the depositional environments. The strata penetrated by the Exxon 975-1 and COST G-1 wells are much more terrestrial than at the seaward (downdip) COST G-2, Conoco 145-1, and Mobil 312-1 wellsites. Oldest rocks penetrated by the exploratory wells represent a Middle Jurassic carbonate-evaporite sequence that correlates to the Iroquois Formation. The Iroquois records nonmarine to marginal-marine sabkha, tidal-flat, and restricted lagoonal paleoenvironments in the Exxon 975-1 and COST G-1 wells, but progressively changes to inner neritic, littoral, and lagoonal paleoenvironments at the Mobil 312-1 wellsite. The nonmarine deltaic siliciclastics of the overlying Mohican Formation, Misaine Shale, and Mic Mac-Mohawk Formations are thicker and the marine carbonates of the Scatarie and Bacarro Limestones are usually thinner in the Jurassic strata of the Exxon 975-1 and COST G-1 wells than at the other wellsites. Similarly, lower delta-plain and delta-front facies of the Early Cretaceous Missisuaga and Logan Canyon Formations at the Exxon 975-1 and COST G-1 wellsites reflect a greater terrestrial influence than the laterally-equivalent shallow marine to delta-front facies present at the downdip wellsites. ?? 1993.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(93)90015-N","usgsCitation":"Poppe, L., and Poag, C.W., 1993, Mesozoic stratigraphy and paleoenvironments of the Georges Bank Basin: A correlation of exploratory and cost wells: Marine Geology, v. 113, no. 3-4, p. 147-162, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(93)90015-N.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"162","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228604,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Georges Bank Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.267578125,\n 39.774769485295465\n ],\n [\n -61.3037109375,\n 39.774769485295465\n ],\n [\n -61.3037109375,\n 46.89023157359399\n ],\n [\n -74.267578125,\n 46.89023157359399\n ],\n [\n -74.267578125,\n 39.774769485295465\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"113","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5458e4b0c8380cd6cf5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poppe, L.J.","contributorId":72782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poppe","given":"L.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poag, C. W.","contributorId":16402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018020,"text":"70018020 - 1993 - Empirical model for the volume-change behavior of debris flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:21","indexId":"70018020","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Empirical model for the volume-change behavior of debris flows","docAbstract":"The potential travel down hillsides; movement stops where the volume-change behavior of flows as they travel down hillsides ; movement stops where the volume of actively flowing debris becomes negligible. The average change in volume over distance for 26 recent debris flows in the Honolulu area was assumed to be a function of the slope over which the debris flow traveled, the degree of flow confinement by the channel, and an assigned value for the type of vegetation through which the debris flow traveled. Analysis of the data yielded a relation that can be incorporated into digital elevation models to characterize debris-flow travel on Oahu.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872629201","usgsCitation":"Cannon, S., 1993, Empirical model for the volume-change behavior of debris flows, in Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 2, San Francisco, CA, USA, 25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993, p. 1768-1773.","startPage":"1768","endPage":"1773","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228411,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a090be4b0c8380cd51d95","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","contributorId":128306,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","id":536418,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Cannon, S.H.","contributorId":38154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017372,"text":"70017372 - 1993 - Thermal stability of hydrocarbons in nature: Limits, evidence, characteristics, and possible controls","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-01T17:44:13.027266","indexId":"70017372","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal stability of hydrocarbons in nature: Limits, evidence, characteristics, and possible controls","docAbstract":"Numerous petroleum-geochemical analyses of deeply buried, high-rank, fine-grained rocks from ultra-deep wellbores by different investigators demonstrate that C15+ hydrocarbons (HCs) persist in moderate to high concentrations at vitrinite reflectance (R0) values of 2.0–5.0% and persist in measurable concentrations up to R0 = 7.0–8.0%, at which point the thermal deadline for C15+ HC's is finally approached. Qualitative analyses have been carried out on
(1) high-rank gas condensates which have been exposed to the HC-thermal-destructive phase,
(2) bitumens from high-temperature aqueous-pyrolysis experiments in the HC-thermal-destructive phase, and
(3) bitumens from high-rank, fine-grained rocks near the HC-thermal-destructive phase.
These analyses clearly demonstrate that well-defined compositional suites are established in the saturated, aromatic, and sulfur-bearing aromatic HCs in and near the HC-thermal-destructive phase.
On the other hand, accepted petroleum-geochemical paradigms place rigid limits on HC thermal stability: C15+ HCs begin thermal cracking at R0 values of 0.9% and are completely thermally destroyed by R0 = 1.35%; C2-C4 HC gases are thermally destroyed by R0 = 2.0% and methane is thermally destroyed by R0 = 4.0%. Furthermore, published data and observations in many HC basins worldwide support these models; for example,
(1) sharp basinal zonations of gas and oil deposits vs. maturation rank in HC basins and
(2) decreasing C15+ HC concentrations in some fine-grained rocks at ranks of R0 ≥ 0.9%.
The fact that observed data (C15+ HCs thermally stable to R0 = 7.0–8.0%) is so far removed from predicted behavior (C15+) HCs expected to be thermally destroyed by R0 = 1.35%) may be due to
(1) a lack of recognition of some important possible controlling parameters of organic matter (OM) metamorphism and too much importance given to other assumed controlling parameters; and
(2) assigning HC distribution patterns in petroleum basins to HC thermal cracking when such patterns may be due to other causes.
In the first case, laboratory experiments strongly suggest that the presence of water, increasing fluid pressures, and closed systems (product retention) all suppress OM metamorphic reactions. Conversely, the absence of water, low fluid pressures, and open systems (product escape) all promote OM metamorphic reactions. These experiments also demonstrate that OM metamorphic reactions proceed by reaction kinetics greater than first order. Thus, the effect of geologic time appears to have been over-estimated in OM metamorphism. In the second case, the strong decreases in C15+ HC concentrations in fine-grained rocks with Type III OM over R0 = 0.9−1.35% are most probably due to intense primary migration and loss of HCs to drilling muds during the trip uphole in drilling operations. Data from coals demonstrate that these decreases in HC concentrations cannot be due to C15+ HC thermal destruction. Oil deposits are generally found at shallow depths in basins, and “dry gas” (methane ≤ 98% of all HC gases) deposits are found at the greatest depths. This HC distribution pattern would be caused by methane, generated during the late stages of C15+ HC generation, flushing oil (including C2–C4 HC gases condensed into the liquid phase) out of deep basinal traps by Gussow's (1954) principle of differential entrapment. Hence, only “dry gas” deposits are left in the basin deeps. Oil emplacement processes in traps during expulsion and secondary migration could also contribute to the HC distribution pattern observed in petroleum basins.
The process of carbonate dissolution at the sediment-water interface has two possible endmember boundary conditions. Either the carbonate particles dissolve mostly before they are incorporated into the sediment by bioturbation (interface dissolution), or the vertical mixing is rapid relative to their extermination rate (homogeneous dissolution). In this study, a detailed radiocarbon profile was determined in deep equatorial Pacific sediment that receives a high rate of carbonate supply. In addition, a box model of sediment mixing was used to simulate radiocarbon, carbonate content and excess thorium profiles that result from either boundary process following a dissolution increase. Results from homogeneous dissolution imply a strong, very recent erosional event, while interface dissolution suggests that moderately increased dissolution began about 10,000 years ago. In order to achieve the observed mixed layer radiocarbon age, increased homogeneous dissolution would concentrate a greater amount of clay and 230Th than is observed, while for interface dissolution the predicted concentrations are too small. These results together with small discontinuities beneath the mixed layer in 230Th profiles suggest a two-stage increase in interface dissolution in the deep Pacific, the first occurring near the beginning of the Holocene and the second more recently, roughly 5000 years ago.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(93)90139-N","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Keir, R., and Michel, R.L., 1993, Interface dissolution control of the 14C profile in marine sediment: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, no. 15, p. 3563-3573, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90139-N.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"3563","endPage":"3573","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228420,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cf8e4b0c8380cd631c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keir, R.S.","contributorId":28025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keir","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michel, R. L.","contributorId":86375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017441,"text":"70017441 - 1993 - Three dimensional images of geothermal systems: local earthquake P-wave velocity tomography at the Hengill and Krafla geothermal areas, Iceland, and The Geysers, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70017441","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Three dimensional images of geothermal systems: local earthquake P-wave velocity tomography at the Hengill and Krafla geothermal areas, Iceland, and The Geysers, California","docAbstract":"Local earthquake tomography - the use of earthquake signals to form a 3-dimensional structural image - is now a mature geophysical analysis method, particularly suited to the study of geothermal reservoirs, which are often seismically active and severely laterally inhomogeneous. Studies have been conducted of the Hengill (Iceland), Krafla (Iceland) and The Geysers (California) geothermal areas. All three systems are exploited for electricity and/or heat production, and all are highly seismically active. Tomographic studies of volumes a few km in dimension were conducted for each area using the method of Thurber (1983).","largerWorkTitle":"Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1993 Annual Meeting on Utilities and Geothermal: An Emerging Partnership","conferenceDate":"10 October 1993 through 13 October 1993","conferenceLocation":"Burlingame, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA, United States","issn":"01935933","isbn":"0934412715","usgsCitation":"Julian, B., Prisk, A., Foulger, G., and Evans, J., 1993, Three dimensional images of geothermal systems: local earthquake P-wave velocity tomography at the Hengill and Krafla geothermal areas, Iceland, and The Geysers, California, in Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council, v. 17, Burlingame, CA, USA, 10 October 1993 through 13 October 1993, p. 113-121.","startPage":"113","endPage":"121","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228925,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb30ae4b08c986b325b44","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Anon","contributorId":128316,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Anon","id":536365,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Julian, B.R.","contributorId":101272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julian","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prisk, A.","contributorId":16598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prisk","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foulger, G.R.","contributorId":14439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foulger","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Evans, J.R.","contributorId":50526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018339,"text":"70018339 - 1993 - Tectonic characterization of a potential high-level nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:24","indexId":"70018339","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Tectonic characterization of a potential high-level nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"Tectonic characterization of a potential high-level nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, is needed to assess seismic and possible volcanic hazards that could affect the site during the preclosure (next 100 years) and the behavior of the hydrologic system during the postclosure (the following 10,000 years) periods. Tectonic characterization is based on assembling mapped geological structures in their chronological order of development and activity, and interpreting their dynamic interrelationships. Addition of mechanistic models and kinematic explanations for the identified tectonic processes provides one or more tectonic models having predictive power. Proper evaluation and application of tectonic models can aid in seismic design and help anticipate probable occurrence of future geologic events of significance to the repository and its design.","largerWorkTitle":"Dynamic Analysis and Design Considerations for High-Level Nuclear Waste Repositories","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Dynamic Analysis and Design Considerations for High-Level Nuclear Waste Repositories","conferenceDate":"19 August 1992 through 20 August 1992","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872629457","usgsCitation":"Whitney, J.W., and O’Leary, D.W., 1993, Tectonic characterization of a potential high-level nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, in Dynamic Analysis and Design Considerations for High-Level Nuclear Waste Repositories, San Francisco, CA, USA, 19 August 1992 through 20 August 1992, p. 85-96.","startPage":"85","endPage":"96","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227245,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba454e4b08c986b320268","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitney, John W. 0000-0003-3824-3692 jwhitney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3824-3692","contributorId":804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"John","email":"jwhitney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":379270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Leary, Dennis W.","contributorId":63396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Leary","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014910,"text":"1014910 - 1993 - Methods for nonlethal gill biopsy and measurement of Na+, K+ and -ATPase activity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:27","indexId":"1014910","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methods for nonlethal gill biopsy and measurement of Na+, K+ and -ATPase activity","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"94-124/TF","usgsCitation":"McCormick, S., 1993, Methods for nonlethal gill biopsy and measurement of Na+, K+ and -ATPase activity: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 50, no. 3, p. 656-658.","productDescription":"p. 656-658","startPage":"656","endPage":"658","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132110,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b9e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCormick, S. D. 0000-0003-0621-6200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":20278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017504,"text":"70017504 - 1993 - An extremely low UPb source in the Moon: U Th Pb, Sm Nd, Rb Sr, and 40Ar 39Ar isotopic systematics and age of lunar meteorite Asuka 881757","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-01T17:21:56.42327","indexId":"70017504","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"An extremely low UPb source in the Moon: U Th Pb, Sm Nd, Rb Sr, and 40Ar 39Ar isotopic systematics and age of lunar meteorite Asuka 881757","title":"An extremely low UPb source in the Moon: U Th Pb, Sm Nd, Rb Sr, and 40Ar 39Ar isotopic systematics and age of lunar meteorite Asuka 881757","docAbstract":"We have undertaken U Th Pb, Sm Nd, Rb Sr, and
The lead isotopic composition of Asuka 881757 is nonradiogenic compared with typical Apollo mare basalts and the estimated
The U-Th-Pb, Sm-Nd, and Rb-Sr data on Asuka 881757 suggest that the basalt was derived from a low
The Island Mountain deposit, an anomalous massive sulfide in the Central belt of the Franciscan subduction complex, northern California Coast Ranges, formed during hydrothermal activity in a sediment-dominated paleo-sea-floor environment. Although the base of the massive sulfide is juxtaposed against a 500-m-wide melange band, its gradational upper contact within a coherent sequence of sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone indicates that hydrothermal activity was concurrent with turbidite deposition. Accumulations of sulfide breccia and clastic sulfide were produced by mass wasting of the sulfide mound prior to burial by turbidites. The bulk composition of sulfide samples (pyrrhotite rich; high Cu, As, and Au contents; radiogenic Pb isotope ratios) is consistent with a hydrothermal system dominated by fluid-sediment interaction. On the basis of a comparison with possible contemporary tectonic analogues at the southern Gorda Ridge and the Chile margin triple junction, we propose that massive sulfide mineralization in the Central belt of the Franciscan complex resulted from hydrothermal activity at a late Mesozoic sediment-covered ridge axis prior to collision with the North American plate.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA Publications","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0137:MSMAAL>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Koski, R.A., Lamons, R.C., Dumoulin, J.A., and Bouse, R.M., 1993, Massive sulfide metallogenesis at a late Mesozoic sediment-covered spreading axis: Evidence from the Franciscan complex and contemporary analogues: Geology, v. 21, no. 2, p. 137-140, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0137:MSMAAL>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"140","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227415,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.85961914062501,\n 38.85682013474361\n ],\n [\n -121.11328124999999,\n 38.85682013474361\n ],\n [\n -121.11328124999999,\n 40.97160353279909\n ],\n [\n -124.85961914062501,\n 40.97160353279909\n ],\n [\n -124.85961914062501,\n 38.85682013474361\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5266e4b0c8380cd6c3b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koski, Randolph A. rkoski@usgs.gov","contributorId":2949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koski","given":"Randolph","email":"rkoski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":379163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lamons, Roberta C.","contributorId":37485,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lamons","given":"Roberta","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6626,"text":"University of Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":379165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":379166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bouse, Robin M.","contributorId":27076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bouse","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018325,"text":"70018325 - 1993 - Oblique synoptic images, produced from digital data, display strong evidence of a \"new\" caldera in southwestern Guatemala","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:24","indexId":"70018325","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oblique synoptic images, produced from digital data, display strong evidence of a \"new\" caldera in southwestern Guatemala","docAbstract":"The synoptic view of broad regions of the Earth's surface as displayed in Landsat and other satellite images has greatly aided in the recognition of calderas, ignimbrite plateaus and other geologic landforms. Remote-sensing images that include visual representation of depth are an even more powerful tool for geologic interpretation of landscapes, but their use has been largely restricted to the exploration of planets other than Earth. By combining Landsat images with digitized topography, we have generated regional oblique views that display compelling evidence for a previously undocumented late-Cenozoic caldera within the active volcanic zone of southwestern Guatemala. This \"new\" caldera, herein called Xela, is a depression about 30 km wide and 400-600 m deep, which includes the Quezaltenango basin. The caldera depression is breached only by a single river canyon. The caldera outline is broadly circular, but a locally scalloped form suggests the occurrence of multiple caldera-collapse events, or local slumping of steep caldera walls, or both. Within its northern part, Xela caldera contains a toreva block, about 500 m high and 2 km long, that may be incompletely foundered pre-caldera bedrock. Xela contains several post-caldera volcanoes, some of which are active. A Bouguer gravity low, tens of milligals in amplitude, is approximately co-located with the proposed caldera. The oblique images also display an extensive plateau that dips about 2?? away from the north margin of Xela caldera. We interpret this landform to be underlain by pyroclastic outflow from Xela and nearby Atitla??n calderas. Field mapping by others has documented a voluminous rhyolitic pumiceous fallout deposit immediately east of Xela caldera. We speculate that Xela caldera was the source of this deposit. If so, the age of at least part of the caldera is between about 84 ka and 126 ka, the ages of deposits that stratigraphically bracket this fallout. Most of the floor of Xela caldera is covered with Los Chocoyos pyroclastics, 84-ka deposits erupted from Atitla??n caldera. Oblique images produced from digital data are unique tools that can greatly facilitate initial geologic interpretation of morphologically young volcanic (and other) terrains where field access is limited, especially because conventional visual representations commonly lack depth perspective and may cover only part of the region of interest. ?? 1993.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Duffield, W., Heiken, G., Foley, D., and McEwen, A., 1993, Oblique synoptic images, produced from digital data, display strong evidence of a \"new\" caldera in southwestern Guatemala: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 55, no. 3-4, p. 217-224.","startPage":"217","endPage":"224","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227022,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6a4fe4b0c8380cd740e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duffield, W.","contributorId":42715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heiken, G.","contributorId":11768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heiken","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foley, D.","contributorId":29356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McEwen, A.","contributorId":39105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEwen","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017444,"text":"70017444 - 1993 - Assessing the paradigm of mutually exclusive erosion and deposition of mud, with examples from upper Chesapeake Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-19T11:12:49.210996","indexId":"70017444","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing the paradigm of mutually exclusive erosion and deposition of mud, with examples from upper Chesapeake Bay","docAbstract":"A paradigm of cohesive sediment transport research is that erosion and deposition are mutually exclusive. Many laboratory studies have shown that there is a velocity/stress threshold below which erosion does not occur and a lower threshold above which deposition does not occur. In contrast, a deposition threshold is not included in standard noncohesive sediment transport models, allowing erosion and deposition to occur simultaneously. Several researchers have also modeled erosion and deposition of mud without a deposition threshold. This distinction can have important implications for suspended sediment transport predictions and for data interpretation.
Model-data comparisons based on observations of in situ erosion and deposition of upper Chesapeake Bay mud indicate poor agreement when the sediments are modeled as a single resuspended particle class and mutually exclusive erosion and deposition is assumed. The total resuspended sediment load increases in conjunction with increasing bottom shear stress as anticipated, but deposition is initiated soon after the shear stress begins to decrease and long before the stress falls below the value at which erosion had previously begun. Models assuming no critical stress for deposition, with continuous deposition proportional to the near bottom resuspended sediment concentration, describe the data better. Empirical parameter values estimated from these model fits are similar to other published values for estuarine cohesive sediments, indicating significantly greater erodability for higher water content surface sediments and settling velocities appropriate for large estuarine flocs.
The apparent failure of the cohesive paradigm when applied to in situ data does not mean that the concept of a critical stress for deposition is wrong. Two possibilities for explaining the observed discrepancies are that certain aspects of in situ conditions have not been replicated in the laboratory experiments underlying the cohesive paradigm, and that in situ sediment behavior is better described as a sequence of particle classes than as the single particle class modeled here. However, the in situ measurements needed to resolve these questions are very difficult and data generally are not available. For practical modeling purposes, allowing continuous deposition of a single resuspended particle class may often give quite satisfactory results.
The terrestrial-aquatic interface beneath a riparian corridor was investigated as a region of hydrological and biological control of nutrient flux. Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the hyporheic zone ranged from <1.0 to 9.5 mg l-1 due to permeability variations in bankside sediments. DO concentration was related to the proportion of stream water in the lateral hyporheic zone, indicating that the channel water was the DO source. The magnitude and timing of lateral water exchange was linked to previously published studies of nitrification and denitrification. Both nitrification potential and channel exchange decreased with distance from the channel and were absent at sites lacking effective exchange, due to low DO. Field amendment of ammonium to an aerobic flow path indicated nitrification potential under natural hydrological conditions. Denitrification potential was inversely related to channel exchange and was insignificant in channel sediments. Field amendment of acetylene plus nitrate to a flow path with low DO and minimal channel exchange indicated denitrification of amended nitrate.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2427.1993.tb00762.x","issn":"00465070","usgsCitation":"Triska, F., Duff, J., and Avanzino, R., 1993, Patterns of hydrological exchange and nutrient transformation in the hyporheic zone of a gravel-bottom stream: examining terrestrial- aquatic linkages: Freshwater Biology, v. 29, no. 2, p. 259-274, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1993.tb00762.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"259","endPage":"274","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228575,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-05-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75d8e4b0c8380cd77d98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Triska, F.J.","contributorId":69560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Triska","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duff, J.H.","contributorId":60377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duff","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Avanzino, R.J.","contributorId":37336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avanzino","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018033,"text":"70018033 - 1993 - Micro-PIXE analysis of silicate reference standards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70018033","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Micro-PIXE analysis of silicate reference standards","docAbstract":"The accuracy and precision of the University of Guelph proton microprobe have been evaluated through trace-element analysis of well-characterized silicate glasses and minerals, including BHVO-1 glass, Kakanui augite and hornblende, and ten other natural samples of volcanic glass, amphibole, pyroxene, and garnet. Using the 2.39 wt% Mo in a NIST steel as the standard, excellent precision and agreement between reported and analyzed abundances were obtained for Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, and Nb. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Czamanske, G., Sisson, T.W., Campbell, J., and Teesdale, W., 1993, Micro-PIXE analysis of silicate reference standards: American Mineralogist, v. 78, no. 9-10, p. 893-903.","startPage":"893","endPage":"903","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228598,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"9-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5639e4b0c8380cd6d434","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Czamanske, G.K.","contributorId":26300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czamanske","given":"G.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sisson, T. W.","contributorId":108120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Campbell, J.L.","contributorId":20488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Teesdale, W.J.","contributorId":92448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teesdale","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018209,"text":"70018209 - 1993 - Boundary assessment under uncertainty: A case study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70018209","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2700,"text":"Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Boundary assessment under uncertainty: A case study","docAbstract":"Estimating certain attributes within a geological body whose exact boundary is not known presents problems because of the lack of information. Estimation may result in values that are inadmissible from a geological point of view, especially with attributes which necessarily must be zero outside the boundary, such as the thickness of the oil column outside a reservoir. A simple but effective way to define the boundary is to use indicator kriging in two steps, the first for the purpose of extrapolating control points outside the body, the second to obtain a weighting function which expresses the uncertainty attached to estimations obtained in the boundary region. ?? 1993 International Association for Mathematical Geology.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00893269","issn":"08828121","usgsCitation":"Pawlowsky, V., Olea, R., and Davis, J., 1993, Boundary assessment under uncertainty: A case study: Mathematical Geology, v. 25, no. 2, p. 125-144, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00893269.","startPage":"125","endPage":"144","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227500,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205927,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00893269"}],"volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f247e4b0c8380cd4b0c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pawlowsky, V.","contributorId":20921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pawlowsky","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olea, Ricardo A. 0000-0003-4308-0808","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-0808","contributorId":26436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olea","given":"Ricardo A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":378882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, J.C.","contributorId":72121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}