\n\nABSTRACT
\n\nThe U.S. Geological Survey, the University of Maryland Baltimore County,\n\nand the U.S. Bureau of the Census are developing a temporal database to\n\nstudy urban development in the Baltimore-Washington region. The primary\n\ndata layer, the extent of urban or built-up areas, was compiled using a\n\ngeographic information system and historical maps, remotely sensed data,\n\ndigital land use data, and census information from a variety of sources. \n\nUrban land use change has been documented by the Baltimore-Washington\n\nSpatial Dynamics & Human Impact Study Team for the last 200 years. The\n\nmethods, definitions, and collection criteria used to define urban or\n\nbuilt-up areas were developed by a multi-disciplinary team that also\n\nensures consistency in collection techniques and documentation methods\n\nfor subsequent application in other regions. Animation techniques were\n\nused to visualize the database and to document the evolution of the\n\nregion's urban landscape. The database is an important tool to urban and\n\nregional planners, ecologists, and global change researchers for measuring\n\ntrends in urban sprawl, analyzing patterns of water pollution,\n\nunderstanding the impacts of development on ecosystems, and developing\n\npredictive modeling techniques to better forecast areas of urban growth.\n\n
\n\n
The study area for Phase I consisted of an approximate area of 15- by 15-minute segment centered around the city of Baltimore (fig. 1). Phase I was used as a prototype for the technique development and integration that the multiagency collaborative effort would require. The regional study, Phase II, encompassed a 2-degree square centered on Washington, D.C. With more than 7 million people spread across 39 counties, the Baltimore-Washington region is one the Nation's fastest growing metropolitan areas. The two cities are rapidly merging into one.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"ASPRS/ACSM Annual Convention and Exhibition, Baltimore, Md., 20–26 April 1996, Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"ASPRS/ACSM Annual Convention and Exhibition","conferenceDate":"April 20-26, 1996","conferenceLocation":"Baltimore, Maryland","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Tilley, J.S., Acevedo, W., Foresman, T.W., and Prince, W., 1996, Developing a temporal database of urban development for the Baltimore/Washington region, in ASPRS/ACSM Annual Convention and Exhibition, Baltimore, Md., 20–26 April 1996, Proceedings, Baltimore, Maryland, April 20-26, 1996.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361673,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":361672,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://archive.usgs.gov/archive/sites/landcover.usgs.gov/urban/umap/pubs/asprs_jt.php.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Baltimore-Washington Region","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilley, Janet S. jtilley@usgs.gov","contributorId":480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilley","given":"Janet","email":"jtilley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":758663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Acevedo, William wacevedo@usgs.gov","contributorId":2689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Acevedo","given":"William","email":"wacevedo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":758664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foresman, Timothy W.","contributorId":213897,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foresman","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":758665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prince, Walter","contributorId":213910,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Prince","given":"Walter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":758666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70198498,"text":"70198498 - 1996 - Dimethylsulfoniopropionate as a potential methanogenic substrate in Mono Lake sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-13T09:39:28","indexId":"70198498","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T09:47:04","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Dimethylsulfoniopropionate as a potential methanogenic substrate in Mono Lake sediments","docAbstract":"A high concentration of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) was found in the water column (0.1–1.8 µM particulate plus dissolved) of Mono Lake, CA, an alkaline, hypersaline waterbody. The dense Artemia monica population contained high levels of DMSP (1.7–2.5 mmol.g-1 wet weight), presumably as an osmolyte. Death of these brine shrimp caused accumulation of DMSP along the shoreline of the lake, where concentrations peaked at 7–13 jumol.cm-3sediment. DMSP was also associated with the phototrophic microbial population in microbial mats close to the shoreline. Chemical hydrolysis of DMSP caused by the high pH value of the water (9.7–10.0) competed with biological consumption. Flux chamber experiments suggested that part of the dimethylsulfide (DMS) generated by hydrolysis escaped to the atmosphere. Vertical profiles of DMSP and DMS in the sediment correlated well. Methane and DMS also had similar distributions. Additional inhibitor studies showed that a major biological sink for DMS(P) is methanogenesis, although monooxygenase-containing bacteria also contributed to its consumption.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological and environmental chemistry of DMSP and related sulfonium compounds ","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Boston","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4613-0377-0_31","usgsCitation":"Visscher, P., Guidetti, J., Culbertson, C.W., and Oremland, R.S., 1996, Dimethylsulfoniopropionate as a potential methanogenic substrate in Mono Lake sediments, chap. of Biological and environmental chemistry of DMSP and related sulfonium compounds , p. 361-368, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0377-0_31.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"361","endPage":"368","costCenters":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356255,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98e59de4b0702d0e849472","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Visscher, P.T.","contributorId":21568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Visscher","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guidetti, J.R.","contributorId":72001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guidetti","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Culbertson, Charles W. cculbert@usgs.gov","contributorId":1607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Culbertson","given":"Charles","email":"cculbert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":741684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oremland, Ronald S. 0000-0001-7382-0147 roremlan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-0147","contributorId":931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"Ronald","email":"roremlan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":741685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70198769,"text":"70198769 - 1996 - Microbial cycling of methyl bromide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-17T08:46:47","indexId":"70198769","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T08:44:37","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Microbial cycling of methyl bromide","docAbstract":"Environmental concern about brominated halocarbons like methyl bromide (MeBr) is focused on their potential to destroy stratospheric ozone. Photocatalysis of MeBr and other halocarbons in the stratosphere results in the liberation of reactive CI and Br atoms. Because Br atoms are perhaps as much as 100-fold more efficient at attacking ozone than are CI atoms, bromine’s lower abundance is partly compensated for by its higher reactivity.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Microbial growth on C1 compounds","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer","publisherLocation":"Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/978-94-009-0213-8_41","usgsCitation":"Oremland, R.S., 1996, Microbial cycling of methyl bromide, chap. of Microbial growth on C1 compounds, p. 310-317, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0213-8_41.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"310","endPage":"317","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356570,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98e59de4b0702d0e849474","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Lidstrom, M.E.","contributorId":93207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidstrom","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742913,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tabita, F.R.","contributorId":64908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tabita","given":"F.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742914,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Oremland, Ronald S. 0000-0001-7382-0147 roremlan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-0147","contributorId":931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"Ronald","email":"roremlan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":742912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70199896,"text":"70199896 - 1996 - The supply and carbon content of suspended sediment from the Sacramento River to San Francisco Bay: Carbon and nitrogen concentrations and transports","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-03T08:17:00","indexId":"70199896","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T08:15:38","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The supply and carbon content of suspended sediment from the Sacramento River to San Francisco Bay: Carbon and nitrogen concentrations and transports","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"San Francisco Bay: The ecosystem","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science, Pacific Division","publisherLocation":"San Francisco","usgsCitation":"Schemel, L.E., Hager, S., and Childers, D., 1996, The supply and carbon content of suspended sediment from the Sacramento River to San Francisco Bay: Carbon and nitrogen concentrations and transports, chap. of San Francisco Bay: The ecosystem, p. 217-236.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"236","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358052,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c110aede4b034bf6a8100a0","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hollibaugh, J.T.","contributorId":22886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollibaugh","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747189,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Schemel, Laurence E. lschemel@usgs.gov","contributorId":4085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schemel","given":"Laurence","email":"lschemel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":747186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hager, S.","contributorId":24980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hager","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Childers, D.","contributorId":86654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Childers","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70198690,"text":"70198690 - 1996 - Investigation of methane production and consumption by use of stable isotopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-15T07:36:41","indexId":"70198690","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T07:33:25","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Investigation of methane production and consumption by use of stable isotopes","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Isotopes in water resources management","language":"English","publisher":"International Atomic Energy Agency","publisherLocation":"Vienna","usgsCitation":"Revesz, K.M., Coplen, T.B., Baedecker, M.J., Glynn, P.D., and Hult, M.F., 1996, Investigation of methane production and consumption by use of stable isotopes, chap. of Isotopes in water resources management, v. 1, p. 381-387.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"381","endPage":"387","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356467,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98e59de4b0702d0e849476","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Revesz, Kinga M. krevesz@usgs.gov","contributorId":506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revesz","given":"Kinga","email":"krevesz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":742587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coplen, Tyler B. 0000-0003-4884-6008 tbcoplen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4884-6008","contributorId":508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"Tyler","email":"tbcoplen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":742588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baedecker, Mary Jo mjbaedec@usgs.gov","contributorId":3346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baedecker","given":"Mary","email":"mjbaedec@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Jo","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":742589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Glynn, P. D.","contributorId":7008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glynn","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hult, M. F.","contributorId":29817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hult","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":7000084,"text":"7000084 - 1996 - A history of the Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey; Volume VI, May 1, 1957 to June 30, 1966; the years of change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-20T10:12:13","indexId":"7000084","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"A history of the Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey; Volume VI, May 1, 1957 to June 30, 1966; the years of change","docAbstract":"Luna B. Leopold became chief of the Water\nResources Division in May 1957 and stepped down in\nJanuary 1966 to resume his research'in geomorphology.\nErnest L. Hendricks succeeded'Leopold as chief\nof the Division in May 1966. The dates May 1, 1957,\nand June 30,1966, bracket a period of profound change\nin the organization and programs and in the philosophy\nof operations of the Water Resource Division and\nindeed in the entire field of investigational hydrology\nboth within and outside the Geological Survey.\nLeopold brought into his new position a conviction\nthat water on and beneath the Earth's surface and\nthe quality of both were interdependent parts of one\nwater-resources system and that the organization and\noperation of WRD must change to reflect that oneness.\nHe was also convinced that the research program of the\nDivision was inadequate in scope, staff, and funding to\nmeet the operational needs of the Division and the\nneeds of the community of water-resources planners,\ndevelopers, and administrators in the near and distant\nfuture. Leopold's vision of a Water Resources Division\nproperly staffed to meet current and future technical\nchallenges included the imposition of rigorous selection\nstandards on new professional recruits and the\ndevelopment of specialized training in-house and at\nuniversity undergraduate and graduate levels. The\nperiod of Leopold's administrative and technical leadership\nof the WRD was indeed the \"Years of Change.\"","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/7000084","usgsCitation":"Hudson, H.H., and Cragwell, J.S., 1996, A history of the Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey; Volume VI, May 1, 1957 to June 30, 1966; the years of change, xiv, 559 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/7000084.","productDescription":"xiv, 559 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":261229,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/msb/7000084/report.pdf"},{"id":261230,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/msb/7000084/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 173,16.916667 ], [ 173,71.833333 ], [ -66.95,71.833333 ], [ -66.95,16.916667 ], [ 173,16.916667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae40c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hudson, Hugh H.","contributorId":12047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"Hugh","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cragwell, Joseph S. Jr.","contributorId":86679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cragwell","given":"Joseph","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1001135,"text":"1001135 - 1996 - Water-level fluctuation in wetlands as a function of landscape condition in the prairie pothole region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-20T10:10:55","indexId":"1001135","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water-level fluctuation in wetlands as a function of landscape condition in the prairie pothole region","docAbstract":"We evaluated water-level fluctuation (maximum water depth - minimum water depth/catchment size) in 12 temporary, 12 seasonal, and 12 semipermanent wetlands equally distributed among landscapes dominated by tilled agricultural lands and landscapes dominated by grassland. Water levels fluctuated an average of 14.14 cm in wetlands within tilled agricultural landscapes, while water levels in wetlands within grassland landscapes fluctuated an average of only 4.27 cm. Tillage reduces the natural capacity of catch meets to mitigate surface flow into wetland basins during precipitation events, resulting in greater water-level fluctuations in wetlands with tilled catchments. In addition, water levels in temporary and seasonal wetlands fluctuated an average of 13.74 cm and 11.82 cm, respectively, while water levels in semipermanent wetlands fluctuated only 2.77 cm. Semipermanent wetlands receive a larger proportion of their water as input from ground water than do either temporary or seasonal wetlands. This input of water from the ground has a stabilizing effect on water-levels of semipermanent wetlands. Increases in water-level fluctuation due to tillage or due to alteration of ground-water hydrology may ultimately affect the composition of a wetland's flora and fauna. In this paper, we also describe an inexpensive device for determining absolute maximum and minimum water levels in wetlands.","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Wetland Scientists","doi":"10.1007/BF03161350","usgsCitation":"Euliss, N.H., and Mushet, D.M., 1996, Water-level fluctuation in wetlands as a function of landscape condition in the prairie pothole region: Wetlands, v. 16, no. 4, p. 587-593, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161350.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"587","endPage":"593","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e75bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Euliss, Ned H. Jr. ceuliss@usgs.gov","contributorId":2916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Ned","suffix":"Jr.","email":"ceuliss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mushet, David M. 0000-0002-5910-2744 dmushet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5910-2744","contributorId":1299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mushet","given":"David","email":"dmushet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":310567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018672,"text":"70018672 - 1996 - Using remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate discharge and recharge fluxes for the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70018672","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":825,"text":"Application of geographic information systems in hydrology and water resources management. Proc. HydroGIS'96 conference, Vienna, 1996","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate discharge and recharge fluxes for the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system, USA","docAbstract":"The recharge and discharge components of the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system were defined by techniques that integrated disparate data types to develop a spatially complex representation of near-surface hydrological processes. Image classification methods were applied to multispectral satellite data to produce a vegetation map. The vegetation map was combined with ancillary data in a GIS to delineate different types of wetlands, phreatophytes and wet playa areas. Existing evapotranspiration-rate estimates were used to calculate discharge volumes for these area. An empirical method of groundwater recharge estimation was modified to incorporate data describing soil-moisture conditions, and a recharge potential map was produced. These discharge and recharge maps were readily converted to data arrays for numerical modelling codes. Inverse parameter estimation techniques also used these data to evaluate the reliability and sensitivity of estimated values.The recharge and discharge components of the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system were defined by remote sensing and GIS techniques that integrated disparate data types to develop a spatially complex representation of near-surface hydrological processes. Image classification methods were applied to multispectral satellite data to produce a vegetation map. This map provided a basis for subsequent evapotranspiration and infiltration estimations. The vegetation map was combined with ancillary data in a GIS to delineate different types of wetlands, phreatophytes and wet playa areas. Existing evapotranspiration-rate estimates were then used to calculate discharge volumes for these areas. A previously used empirical method of groundwater recharge estimation was modified by GIS methods to incorporate data describing soil-moisture conditions, and a recharge potential map was produced. These discharge and recharge maps were readily converted to data arrays for numerical modelling codes. Inverse parameter estimation techniques also used these data to evaluate the reliability and sensitivity of estimated values.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Application of geographic information systems in hydrology and water resources management. Proc. HydroGIS'96 conference, Vienna, 1996","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the HydroGIS'96 Conference","conferenceDate":"16 April 1996 through 19 April 1996","conferenceLocation":"Vienna, Austria","language":"English","publisher":"IAHS; Publication","publisherLocation":"235, Wallingford, United Kingdom","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"D’Agnese, F.A., Faunt, C., and Turner, A.K., 1996, Using remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate discharge and recharge fluxes for the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system, USA: Application of geographic information systems in hydrology and water resources management. Proc. HydroGIS'96 conference, Vienna, 1996, no. 235, p. 503-511.","startPage":"503","endPage":"511","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"235","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc094e4b08c986b32a1e6","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kovar K.Nachtnebel H.P.","contributorId":128445,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Kovar K.Nachtnebel H.P.","id":536430,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"D’Agnese, F. A.","contributorId":6096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Agnese","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faunt, C.C. 0000-0001-5659-7529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":103314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"C.C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":380407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Turner, A. K.","contributorId":82351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70185707,"text":"70185707 - 1996 - The deethylatrazine/atrazine ratio as an indicator of the onset of the spring flush of herbicides into surface water of the Midwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-28T09:43:55","indexId":"70185707","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2040,"text":"International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The deethylatrazine/atrazine ratio as an indicator of the onset of the spring flush of herbicides into surface water of the Midwestern United States","docAbstract":"The ratio of deethylatrazine to atrazine (DAR) may be used to record the first major runoff of herbicides from non-point-source corn fields to surface water in the Midwestern United States. The DAR dramatically decreases from ∼0.5 to < 0.1 upon application of herbicide and the first major runoff event of a basin. The DAR then gradually increases to values of approximately 0.4–0.6 during the harvest season. Furthermore, the DAR may be used in studies of surface water movement to give a temporal indicator of water moving into reservoirs for possible storage of herbicides. It is hypothesized that deethylatrazine, which accounts for only 6% of the degradation of atrazine, becomes a significant metabolite in surface water (∼ 50% of parent compound) because of its selective removal from soil. This removal process may be an important concept for consideration in studies of herbicide contamination of rivers and reservoirs.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/03067319608045555","usgsCitation":"Thurman, E., and Fallon, J.D., 1996, The deethylatrazine/atrazine ratio as an indicator of the onset of the spring flush of herbicides into surface water of the Midwestern United States: International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, v. 65, no. 1-4, p. 203-214, https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319608045555.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"203","endPage":"214","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338438,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7632e4b0ee37af29e4b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fallon, J. D.","contributorId":57478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fallon","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70185308,"text":"70185308 - 1996 - Numerical evaluation of static-chamber measurements of soil-atmospheric gas exchange--Identification of physical processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-20T12:29:39","indexId":"70185308","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical evaluation of static-chamber measurements of soil-atmospheric gas exchange--Identification of physical processes","docAbstract":"The exchange of gases between soil and atmosphere is an important process that affects atmospheric chemistry and therefore climate. The static-chamber method is the most commonly used technique for estimating the rate of that exchange. We examined the method under hypothetical field conditions where diffusion was the only mechanism for gas transport and the atmosphere outside the chamber was maintained at a fixed concentration. Analytical and numerical solutions to the soil gas diffusion equation in one and three dimensions demonstrated that gas flux density to a static chamber deployed on the soil surface was less in magnitude than the ambient exchange rate in the absence of the chamber. This discrepancy, which increased with chamber deployment time and air-filled porosity of soil, is attributed to two physical factors: distortion of the soil gas concentration gradient (the magnitude was decreased in the vertical component and increased in the radial component) and the slow transport rate of diffusion relative to mixing within the chamber. Instantaneous flux density to a chamber decreased continuously with time; steepest decreases occurred so quickly following deployment and in response to such slight changes in mean chamber headspace concentration that they would likely go undetected by most field procedures. Adverse influences of these factors were reduced by mixing the chamber headspace, minimizing deployment time, maximizing the height and radius of the chamber, and pushing the rim of the chamber into the soil. Nonlinear models were superior to a linear regression model for estimating flux densities from mean headspace concentrations, suggesting that linearity of headspace concentration with time was not necessarily a good indicator of measurement accuracy.
","language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000030009x","usgsCitation":"Healy, R.W., Striegl, R.G., Russell, T.F., Hutchinson, G.L., and Livingston, G.P., 1996, Numerical evaluation of static-chamber measurements of soil-atmospheric gas exchange--Identification of physical processes: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 60, no. 3, p. 740-747, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000030009x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"740","endPage":"747","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337849,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d0ea1ee4b0236b68f67391","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Healy, Richard W. 0000-0002-0224-1858 rwhealy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0224-1858","contributorId":658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"Richard","email":"rwhealy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":685115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Russell, Thomas F.","contributorId":189540,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Russell","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hutchinson, Gordon L.","contributorId":189541,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Livingston, Gerald P.","contributorId":189542,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Livingston","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70188296,"text":"70188296 - 1996 - Isotope hydrology studies in the Szigetköz region, northwest Hungary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-05T15:58:12","indexId":"70188296","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Isotope hydrology studies in the Szigetköz region, northwest Hungary","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Isotopes in Water Resources Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"International Atomic Energy Agency","usgsCitation":"Deak, J., Deseo, E., Bohlke, J., and Revesz, K., 1996, Isotope hydrology studies in the Szigetköz region, northwest Hungary, 14 p.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"419","endPage":"432","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342132,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59366dafe4b0f6c2d0d7d662","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deak, J.","contributorId":63184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deak","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deseo, E.","contributorId":42730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deseo","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bohlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":191103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"J.K.","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":697162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Revesz, K.","contributorId":95202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revesz","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70175089,"text":"70175089 - 1996 - Uncertainties in assessing contaminant exposure from sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-10T10:34:48","indexId":"70175089","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"14","title":"Uncertainties in assessing contaminant exposure from sediments","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological risk assessments of contaminated sediments: SETAC special publication series","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"SetacPress","publisherLocation":"Pensacola, FL","usgsCitation":"Luoma, S.N., and Fisher, N., 1996, Uncertainties in assessing contaminant exposure from sediments, chap. 14 of Ecological risk assessments of contaminated sediments: SETAC special publication series, p. 211-238.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"238","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325793,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"579b2cb6e4b0589fa1c980e9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Biddinger, Gregory R.","contributorId":111662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biddinger","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643867,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dillon, T.","contributorId":173242,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dillon","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643868,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ingersoll, C.G. 0000-0003-4531-5949","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":56338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"C.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643869,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":120222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, N.S.","contributorId":67668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"N.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018578,"text":"70018578 - 1996 - Paragenetic and minor- and trace-element studies of Mississippi Valley-type ore deposits of the Silesian-Cracow district, Poland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:26","indexId":"70018578","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3108,"text":"Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paragenetic and minor- and trace-element studies of Mississippi Valley-type ore deposits of the Silesian-Cracow district, Poland","docAbstract":"Paragenetic and minor- and trace-element studies were conducted on samples of epigenetic ore and gangue minerals collected from mines and drill core in the Silesian-Cracow (S-C) district of southern Poland. Four discrete mineral suites representing four mineralizing stages can be identified throughout the district. The earliest epigenetic minerals deposited during stage 1 consist of a late dolomite cement together with minor pyrite and marcasite. Stage 2 was the first ore-forming stage and included repetitive deposition of sphalerite and galena in a variety of morphologies. Stage 3 abruptly followed the first ore stage and deposited marcasite and pyrite with variable amounts of late sphalerite and galena. In the samples studied, minerals deposited during stage 3 are predominately marcasite-pyrite with minor sphalerite and galena in the Pomorzany and Olkusz mines, whereas, at the Trzebionka mine, stage 3 mineralization deposited mostly galena and sphalerite with little marcasite or pyrite. Stage 4 minerals include contains barite, followed by calcite, with very minor pyrite and a rare, late granular sphalerite. Compared to other major Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) districts of the world, the Silesian-Cracow district contains sphalerite with the second largest range in Ag concentrations and the largest range in Fe and Cd concentrations of any district. Unlike in other districts, very wide ranges in minor- and trace-element concentrations are also observed in paragenetically equivalent samples collected throughout the district. This wide range indicates that the minor- and trace-element content of the ore-forming environment was highly variable, both spatially and temporally, and suggests that the hydrologic system that the ore fluids traversed from their basinal source was very complex. Throughout the district, a significant increase in Tl, Ge, and As concentrations is accompanied by a lightening of sulfur isotopes between stage 2 and stage 3 minerals. This change appears to record a major district-scale hydrologic event that probably reflects the introduction of fluids with significantly different geochemistry than that of earlier ore-forming fluids.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08669465","usgsCitation":"Viets, J., Leach, D.L., Lichte, F., Hopkins, R., Gent, C.A., and Powell, J.W., 1996, Paragenetic and minor- and trace-element studies of Mississippi Valley-type ore deposits of the Silesian-Cracow district, Poland: Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, v. 154, p. 36-71.","startPage":"36","endPage":"71","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"154","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a74c6e4b0c8380cd7780b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Viets, J.G.","contributorId":82300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viets","given":"J.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leach, D. L.","contributorId":18758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lichte, F.E.","contributorId":99108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lichte","given":"F.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hopkins, R.T.","contributorId":80264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gent, C. A.","contributorId":17955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gent","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Powell, J. W.","contributorId":64287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70019372,"text":"70019372 - 1996 - Fate of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in the Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-19T05:53:58","indexId":"70019372","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fate of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in the Mississippi River","docAbstract":"The 2 800-km reach of the Mississippi River between Minneapolis, MN, and New Orleans, LA, was examined for the occurrence and fate of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), a common anionic surfactant found in municipal sewage effluents. River water and bottom sediment were sampled in the summer and fall of 1991 and in the spring of 1992. LAS was analyzed using solid-phase extraction/derivatization/ gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. LAS was present on all bottom sediments at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 20 mg/kg and was identified in 21% of the water samples at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 28.2 μg/L. The results indicate that LAS is a ubiquitous contaminant on Mississippi River bottom sediments and that dissolved LAS is present mainly downstream from the sewage outfalls of major cities. The removal of the higher LAS homologs and external isomers indicates that sorption and biodegradation are the principal processes affecting dissolved LAS. Sorbed LAS appears to degrade slowly.
The transport of many solutes in groundwater is dependent upon the relative rates of physical flow and microbial metabolism. Quantifying rates of microbial processes under subsurface conditions is difficult and is most commonly approximated using laboratory studies with aquifer materials. In this study, we measured in situ rates of denitrification in a nitrate-contaminated aquifer using small-scale, natural-gradient tracer tests and compared the results with rates obtained from laboratory incubations with aquifer core material. Activity was measured using the acetylene block technique. For the tracer tests, co-injection of acetylene and bromide into the aquifer produced a 30 μM increase in nitrous oxide after 10 m of transport (23−30 days). An advection−dispersion transport model was modified to include an acetylene-dependent nitrous oxide production term and used to simulate the tracer breakthrough curves. The model required a 4-day lag period and a relatively low sensitivity to acetylene to match the narrow nitrous oxide breakthrough curves. Estimates of in situ denitrification rates were 0.60 and 1.51 nmol of N2O produced cm-3 aquifer day-1 for two successive tests. Aquifer core material collected from the tracer test site and incubated as mixed slurries in flasks and as intact cores yielded rates that were 1.2−26 times higher than the tracer test rate estimates. Results with the coring-dependent techniques were variable and subject to the small-scale heterogeneity within the aquifer, while the tracer tests integrated the heterogeneity along a flow path, giving a rate estimate that is more applicable to transport at the scale of the aquifer.
An equilibrium-based solute transport model is developed for the simulation of trace metal fate and transport in streams. The model is formed by coupling a solute transport model with a chemical equilibrium submodel based on MINTEQ. The solute transport model considers the physical processes of advection, dispersion, lateral inflow, and transient storage, while the equilibrium submodel considers the speciation and complexation of aqueous species, precipitation/dissolution and sorption. Within the model, reactions in the water column may result in the formation of solid phases (precipitates and sorbed species) that are subject to downstream transport and settling processes. Solid phases on the streambed may also interact with the water column through dissolution and sorption/desorption reactions. Consideration of both mobile (water-borne) and immobile (streambed) solid phases requires a unique set of governing differential equations and solution techniques that are developed herein. The partial differential equations describing physical transport and the algebraic equations describing chemical equilibria are coupled using the sequential iteration approach.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR03106","usgsCitation":"Runkel, R.L., Bencala, K.E., Broshears, R.E., and Chapra, S.C., 1996, Reactive solute transport in streams: 1. Development of an equilibrium- based model: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 2, p. 409-418, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR03106.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"409","endPage":"418","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9587e4b0c8380cd81a8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runkel, Robert L. 0000-0003-3220-481X runkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-481X","contributorId":685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"Robert","email":"runkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":382527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Broshears, Robert E.","contributorId":40675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broshears","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chapra, Steven C.","contributorId":189667,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chapra","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019408,"text":"70019408 - 1996 - Effects of sampling strategies on estimates of annual mean herbicide concentrations in midwestern rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T10:32:25","indexId":"70019408","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of sampling strategies on estimates of annual mean herbicide concentrations in midwestern rivers","docAbstract":"The effects of 10 sampling strategies on estimates of annual mean concentrations of the herbicides atrazine, alachlor, and cyanazine in selected midwestern rivers were tested. The accuracy of the strategies was computed by comparing time-weighted annual mean herbicide concentrations calculated from water samples collected from 17 locations on midwestern rivers, with simulated annual mean concentrations calculated for each sampling strategy, using Monte Carlo simulations. Monthly sampling was the most accurate strategy tested. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency requires quarterly sampling for municipalities using surface water as a source of drinking water. Due to the seasonality of herbicide occurrence and transport, quarterly sampling underestimates annual mean herbicide concentrations in over 40% of the simulations. Three of the strategies tested showed that, relative to quarterly sampling, a more accurate representation of annual mean concentrations could be obtained by sampling more frequently during spring and early summer runoff and assuming zero herbicide concentration during late summer and winter months.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es950351r","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Battaglin, W., and Hay, L., 1996, Effects of sampling strategies on estimates of annual mean herbicide concentrations in midwestern rivers: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 30, no. 3, p. 889-896, https://doi.org/10.1021/es950351r.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"889","endPage":"896","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226479,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205734,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es950351r"}],"volume":"30","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-02-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07bee4b0c8380cd517eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hay, L.E.","contributorId":54253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019418,"text":"70019418 - 1996 - Anaerobic mineralization of vinyl chloride in Fe(III)-reducing, aquifer sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T09:03:19","indexId":"70019418","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anaerobic mineralization of vinyl chloride in Fe(III)-reducing, aquifer sediments","docAbstract":"Within anaerobic aquifer systems, reductive dehalogenation of polychlorinated ethenes commonly results in the accumulation of vinyl chloride, which is highly toxic and carcinogenic to humans. Anaerobic reduction of vinyl chloride is considered to be slow and incomplete. Here, we provide the first evidence for anaerobic oxidation of vinyl chloride under Fe(III)reducing conditions. Addition of chelated Fe(III) (as Fe-EDTA) to anaerobic aquifer microcosms resulted in mineralization of up to 34% of [1,2- 14C]vinyl chloride within 84 h. The results indicate that vinyl chloride can be mineralized under anaerobic, Fe(III)-reducing conditions and that the bioavailability of Fe(III) is an important factor affecting the rates of mineralization.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es950926k","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Bradley, P., and Chapelle, F.H., 1996, Anaerobic mineralization of vinyl chloride in Fe(III)-reducing, aquifer sediments: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 30, no. 6, p. 2084-2086, https://doi.org/10.1021/es950926k.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"2084","endPage":"2086","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226561,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205749,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es950926k"}],"volume":"30","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-05-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eab9e4b0c8380cd48a3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":85643,"text":"85643 - 1996 - Hydrologic modification to improve habitat in riverine lakes: Management objectives, experimental approach, and initial conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:06","indexId":"85643","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Hydrologic modification to improve habitat in riverine lakes: Management objectives, experimental approach, and initial conditions","docAbstract":"The Finger Lakes habitat-rehabilitation project is intended to improve physical and chemical conditions for fish in six connected back water lakes in Navigation Pool 5 of the upper Missouri River. The primary management objective is to improve water temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration and current velocity during winter for bluegills, Lepomis macrochirus, and black crappies, Pomoxis nigromaculatus, two of the primary sport fishes in the lakes. The lakes will be hydrologically altered by Installing culverts to Introduce controlled flows of oxygenated water into four lakes, and an existing unregulated culvert on a fifth lake will be equipped with a control gate to regulate inflow. These habitat modifications constitute a manipulative field experiment that will compare pre-project (1991 to summer 1993) and post-project (fall 1993 to 1996) conditions in the lakes, including hydrology, chemistry, rooted vegetation, and fish and macroinvertebrate communities. Initial data indicate that the Finger Lakes differ in water chemistry, hydrology, and macrophyte abundance. Macroinvertebrate communities also differed among lakes: species diversity was highest in lakes with dense aquatic macrophytes. The system seems to support a single fish community, although some species concentrated in individual lakes at different times. The introduction of similar flows into five of the lakes will probably reduce the existing physical and chemical differences among lakes. However, our ability to predict the effects of hydrologic modification on fish populations is limited by uncertainties concerning both the interactions of temperature, oxygen and current in winter and the biological responses of primary and secondary producers. Results from this study should provide guidance for similar habitat-rehabilitation projects in large rivers.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Problems of Aquatic Toxicology, Biotesting, and Water Quality Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Protection Agency","publisherLocation":"Athens, GA","usgsCitation":"Johnson, B.L., Barko, J.W., Gerasimov, Y., James, W., Litvinov, A., Naimo, T.J., Wiener, J.G., Gaugush, R.F., Rogala, J.T., and Rogers, S.J., 1996, Hydrologic modification to improve habitat in riverine lakes: Management objectives, experimental approach, and initial conditions, chap. of Problems of Aquatic Toxicology, Biotesting, and Water Quality Management, 239-258.","productDescription":"239-258","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128638,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606ae3","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Schoettger, R.A.","contributorId":19519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoettger","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504629,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Barry L. bljohnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Barry","email":"bljohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":296182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barko, John W.","contributorId":65413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barko","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gerasimov, Yuri","contributorId":73538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerasimov","given":"Yuri","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"James, William F.","contributorId":75472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"William F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Litvinov, Alexander","contributorId":25891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litvinov","given":"Alexander","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Naimo, Teresa J.","contributorId":8039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naimo","given":"Teresa","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wiener, James G.","contributorId":93853,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wiener","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":17913,"text":"River Studies Center, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":296191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Gaugush, Robert F. rgaugush@usgs.gov","contributorId":5873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaugush","given":"Robert","email":"rgaugush@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Rogala, James T. 0000-0002-1954-4097 jrogala@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1954-4097","contributorId":2651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogala","given":"James","email":"jrogala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Rogers, Sara J.","contributorId":85534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"Sara","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":296190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70017689,"text":"70017689 - 1996 - The combined use of 87Sr/86Sr and carbon and water isotopes to study the hydrochemical interaction between groundwater and lakewater in mantled karst","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-14T07:38:16","indexId":"70017689","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The combined use of 87Sr/86Sr and carbon and water isotopes to study the hydrochemical interaction between groundwater and lakewater in mantled karst","docAbstract":"The hydrochemical interaction between groundwater and lakewater influences the composition of water that percolates downward from the surficial aquifer system through the underlying intermediate confining unit and recharges the Upper Floridan aquifer along highlands in Florida. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio along with the stable isotopes, D, 18O, and 13C were used as tracers to study the interaction between groundwater, lakewater, and aquifer minerals near Lake Barco, a seepage lake in the mantled karst terrane of northern Florida. Upgradient from the lake, the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of groundwater decreases with depth (mean values of 0.71004, 0.70890, and 0.70852 for water from the surficial aquifer system, intermediate confining unit, and Upper Floridan aquifer, respectively), resulting from the interaction of dilute oxygenated recharge water with aquifer minerals that are less radiogenic with depth. The concentrations of Sr2+ generally increase with depth, and higher concentrations of Sr2+ in water from the Upper Floridan aquifer (20–35 μg/L), relative to water from the surficial aquifer system and the intermediate confining unit, result from the dissolution of Sr-bearing calcite and dolomite in the Eocene limestone. Dissolution of calcite [δ13C= −1.6permil(‰)] is also indicated by an enriched δ13CDIC(-8.8 to -11.4 ‰) in water from the Upper Floridan aquifer, relative to the overlying hydrogeologic units (δ13CDIC< -16‰).
Groundwater downgradient from Lake Barco was enriched in18O and D relative to groundwater upgradient from the lake, indicating mixing of lakewater leakage and groundwater. Downgradient from the lake, the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of groundwater and aquifer material become less radiogenic and the Sr2+ concentrations generally increase with depth. However, Sr2+ concentrations are substantially less than in upgradient groundwaters at similar depths. The lower Sr2+concentrations result from the influence of anoxic lakewater leakage on the mobility of Sr2+ from clays. Based on results from mass-balance modeling, it is probable that cation exchange plays the dominant role in controlling the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of groundwater, both upgradient and downgradient from Lake Barco. Even though groundwater from the three distinct hydrogeologic units displays considerable variability in Sr concentration and isotopic composition, the dominant processes associated with the mixing of lakewater leakage with groundwater, as well as the effects of mineral-water interaction, can be ascertained by integrating the use of stable and radiogenic isotopic measurements of groundwater, lakewater, and aquifer minerals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00296-7","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Katz, B., and Bullen, T., 1996, The combined use of 87Sr/86Sr and carbon and water isotopes to study the hydrochemical interaction between groundwater and lakewater in mantled karst: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, no. 24, p. 5075-5087, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00296-7.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"5075","endPage":"5087","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228857,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206158,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00296-7"}],"volume":"60","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa40e4b08c986b322794","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katz, B. G.","contributorId":82702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"B. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bullen, T.D.","contributorId":79911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017722,"text":"70017722 - 1996 - The 1993 Mississippi river flood: A one hundred or a one thousand year event?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-17T15:23:13.064792","indexId":"70017722","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1574,"text":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","printIssn":"1078-7275","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1993 Mississippi river flood: A one hundred or a one thousand year event?","docAbstract":"Power-law (fractal) extreme-value statistics are applicable to many natural phenomena under a wide variety of circumstances. Data from a hydrologic station in Keokuk, Iowa, shows the great flood of the Mississippi River in 1993 has a recurrence interval on the order of 100 years using power-law statistics applied to partial-duration flood series and on the order of 1,000 years using a log-Pearson type 3 (LP3) distribution applied to annual series. The LP3 analysis is the federally adopted probability distribution for flood-frequency estimation of extreme events. We suggest that power-law statistics are preferable to LP3 analysis. As a further test of the power-law approach we consider paleoflood data from the Colorado River. We compare power-law and LP3 extrapolations of historical data with these paleo-floods. The results are remarkably similar to those obtained for the Mississippi River: Recurrence intervals from power-law statistics applied to Lees Ferry discharge data are generally consistent with inferred 100- and 1,000-year paleofloods, whereas LP3 analysis gives recurrence intervals that are orders of magnitude longer. For both the Keokuk and Lees Ferry gauges, the use of an annual series introduces an artificial curvature in log-log space that leads to an underestimate of severe floods. Power-law statistics are predicting much shorter recurrence intervals than the federally adopted LP3 statistics. We suggest that if power-law behavior is applicable, then the likelihood of severe floods is much higher. More conservative dam designs and land-use restrictions Nay be required.","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Engineering Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gseegeosci.II.4.479","issn":"10787275","usgsCitation":"Malamud, B., Turcotte, D., and Barton, C., 1996, The 1993 Mississippi river flood: A one hundred or a one thousand year event?: Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, v. 2, no. 4, p. 479-486, https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.II.4.479.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"479","endPage":"486","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228672,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba634e4b08c986b320f70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Malamud, B.D.","contributorId":97653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malamud","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turcotte, D.L.","contributorId":82475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turcotte","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barton, C.C.","contributorId":93063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017797,"text":"70017797 - 1996 - The use of streambed temperature profiles to estimate the depth, duration, and rate of percolation beneath arroyos","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T08:25:34","indexId":"70017797","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of streambed temperature profiles to estimate the depth, duration, and rate of percolation beneath arroyos","docAbstract":"Temporal variations in a streambed temperature profile between 30 and 300 cm beneath Tijeras Arroyo, New Mexico, were analyzed at 30-min intervals for 1990 to estimate the depth, duration, and rate of percolation during streamflows. The depth of percolation was clearly documented by the rapid response of the streambed temperature profile to streamflows. Results indicate that the streambed possessed small thermal gradients with significant diurnal variations from late November to late May, indicating that ephemeral streamflows created continuous, advection-dominated heat transport to depths below 300 cm during this period. Timing and duration of percolation suggested by temporal variations in the temperature profile were verified by comparison with measured streamflow records for the study reach over 1990. Percolation rates were estimated using a technique based on the travel time of the daily maximum temperature into the streambed. Percolation rates were compared with streambed seepage rates determined from measurements of streamflow loss, stream surface area, and stream evaporative loss for the entire study reach. Travel time estimates of streambed percolation rates ranged from 9 to 40 cm/hr, while streamflow estimates of streambed seepage rates ranged from 6 to 26 cm/hr during the study period. Discrepancies between streambed percolation and seepage rates may be caused by differences in the areal extent of measurements for percolation versus seepages rates. In summary, the depth, timing, and duration of streamflow-induced percolation were well documented by temporal variations in a single streambed temperature profile, while rates of percolation based on the temperature profile were about double the seepage rates based on streamflow records for the entire study reach.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96WR03014","usgsCitation":"Constantz, J., and Thomas, C.L., 1996, The use of streambed temperature profiles to estimate the depth, duration, and rate of percolation beneath arroyos: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 12, p. 3597-3602, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR03014.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"3597","endPage":"3602","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229043,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb19be4b08c986b325364","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Constantz, James jconstan@usgs.gov","contributorId":168431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"James","email":"jconstan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, Carole L.","contributorId":50938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Carole","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017844,"text":"70017844 - 1996 - Modeling impact of small Kansas landfills on underlying aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-22T15:01:37.657099","indexId":"70017844","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2255,"text":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling impact of small Kansas landfills on underlying aquifers","docAbstract":"Small landfills are exempt from compliance with Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Subtitle D standards for liner and leachate collection. We investigate the ramifications of this exemption under western Kansas semiarid environments and explore the conditions under which naturally occurring geologic settings provide sufficient protection against ground-water contamination. The methodology we employed was to run water budget simulations using the Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP) model, and fate and transport simulations using the Multimedia Exposure Assessment Model (MULTIMED) for several western Kansas small landfill scenarios in combination with extensive sensitivity analyses. We demonstrate that requiring landfill cover, leachate collection system (LCS), and compacted soil liner will reduce leachate production by 56%, whereas requiring only a cover without LCS and liner will reduce leachate by half as much. The most vulnerable small landfills are shown to be the ones with no vegetative cover underlain by both a relatively thin vadose zone and aquifer and which overlie an aquifer characterized by cool temperatures and low hydraulic gradients. The aquifer-related physical and chemical parameters proved to be more important than vadose zone and biodegradation parameters in controlling leachate concentrations at the point of compliance.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1996)122:12(1067)","issn":"07339372","usgsCitation":"Sophocleous, M., Stadnyk, N., and Stotts, M., 1996, Modeling impact of small Kansas landfills on underlying aquifers: Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 122, no. 12, p. 1067-1077, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1996)122:12(1067).","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1067","endPage":"1077","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228952,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c04e4b0c8380cd6f987","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sophocleous, M.","contributorId":13373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sophocleous","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stadnyk, N.G.","contributorId":98484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stadnyk","given":"N.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stotts, M.","contributorId":21306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stotts","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018077,"text":"70018077 - 1996 - Denitrification and mixing in a stream-aquifer system: Effects on nitrate loading to surface water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T08:55:23","indexId":"70018077","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Denitrification and mixing in a stream-aquifer system: Effects on nitrate loading to surface water","docAbstract":"Ground water in terrace deposits of the South Platte River alluvial aquifer near Greeley, Colorado, USA, had a median nitrate concentration of 1857 μmol l−1. Median nitrate concentrations in ground water from adjacent floodplain deposits (468 μmol l−1) and riverbed sediments (461 μmol l−1), both of which are downgradient from the terrace deposits, were lower than the median concentration in the terrace deposits. The concentrations and δ15N values of nitrate and N2 in ground water indicated that denitrifying activity in the floodplain deposits and riverbed sediments accounted for 15–30% of the difference in nitrate concentrations. Concentrations of Cl− and SiO2 indicated that mixing between river water and ground water in the floodplain deposits and riverbed sediments accounted for the remainder of the difference in nitrate concentrations. River flux measurements indicated that ground-water discharge in a 7.5 km segment of river had a nitrate load of 1718 kg N day− and accounted for about 18% of the total nitrate load in the river at the downstream end of that segment. This nitrate load was 70% less than the load predicted on the basis of the median nitrate concentration in the terrace deposits and assuming no denitrification or mixing in the aquifer. Water exchange between the river and aquifer caused ground water that originally discharged to the river to reenter denitrifying sediments in the riverbed and floodplain, thereby further decreasing the nitrate load in this stream—aquifer system. Results from this study indicated that denitrification and mixing within akluvial aquifer sediments may substantially decrease the nitrate load added to rivers by discharging ground water.