After reviewing the work of sclerometry, this paper shows that yielding and relative softness are the mechanical basis of what should be called malacometry. The experiments have been made with diamond drills, ring cuts, end millers and grinding wheels.
Auerbach's \"limited scope of the Mohs list\" is quantitatively confirmed. The wear of diamonds is examined.
A program is carried out, for rotary or annular abrasion by diamond under three applications of energy, each progressively slower. A selected commercial talc is the control substance of softness value 100. The instruments used are synchronous motors, drill presses, wheel grinders, and watchmaker lathes. Some 200 minerals, woods, metals, glasses and plastics were originally measured. Hardness tables and curves are shown for comparison with volumetric abradability.
For a Mohs succession the softer substances abrade relatively more under higher energy of contact friction, and any one substance shows higher relative values under lower energy of attrition; in other words, under slower scratching. An artificially cut diamond octahedron gives more consistent results than a natural crystal, under light pressures.
Standard successions of relative abradability measurements do not hold good under different energies of attack. Functions of plasticity, brittleness, cleavage, powder lubricity, ductility and the like introduce various anomalies, and constancy of pressure varies with variable yielding. The supposition that rhythmic instrumental abrading will hold its mechanical constants, while the substance attacked yields in accord with its own surface molecular mobility relative to a control substance, is only approximately true. At low energies the approximation is better than at high, but at high speeds the wear of tool is less. Hence the advantage of using with slow speed a replaceable tool.
Substances of different categories such as steels and woods, differ in behavior from minerals.
The Mohs System has the great advantage of extending the controls from mineral to mineral up through the whole scale, and is purely qualitative. It is not numerically quantitative at all in terms of equal units. A principal result of this investigation is that 80 per cent of the Mohs Scale, Numbers 3 to 10, are by common consent within 1 per cent of a malacometric scale numbered 1 to 100. The scientists who determined this relation were the sclerometry investigators of the nineteenth century, who mistakenly thought that the wide intervals of sclerometry are between the hard minerals. They used the reciprocals of the measures of yielding.
The simple scratch tester finally arrived at is quite different from the instruments of Parts II and III. It eliminates diamond drilling, retains the Mohs controls and utilizes a dental grinding wheel and a modern low speed motor. The object of this research has been to design a simple instrument for many uses, especially for the mechanic's shop. It is planned for manufacture at an early date.
The author is indebted to Dr. Earl Ingerson, Chief, Geochemistry and Petrology Branch, for critical correction and approval of this paper, by authority of the Director, U. S. Geological Survey.
","language":"English","publisher":"Hawaiian Volcano Research Association","publisherLocation":"Honolulu, HI","usgsCitation":"Jaggar, T., 1950, Fifth special report of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory of the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association and the U.S. Geological Survey: Abrasion hardness: Report of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 43 p.","productDescription":"43 p.","numberOfPages":"43","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":403537,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70232756/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":403536,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70232756/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jaggar, T. A.","contributorId":292987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaggar","given":"T. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70160511,"text":"70160511 - 1949 - Fact and fiction in spawntaking: Addenda","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-20T11:48:49","indexId":"70160511","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1949","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":" Fact and fiction in spawntaking: Addenda","docAbstract":"I was glad to see \"Fact and Fiction in Spawntaking\" by Wood and Dunn (1948) in a recent issue of the PROGRESSIVE FISH CULTURIST. Having spent two seasons at the Yellowstone Park station, I also attempted to find ways of increasing the efficiency of fertilization and several years ago conducted a few experiments along these lines. From these experiments I obtained some \"facts and fiction\" that I believe are particularly germane and will be of interest to anyone who spawns fish.
\nI often dreamed of some Utopian technique for spawning fish--a technique that would insure 100-percent fertilization. My approach to this was an attempt to find a solution that would keep the sperm viable and active for a period of minutes rather than seconds and one that would allow eggs to remain receptive to the sperm for the same period.
\nThe work of Ellis and Jones (1939) indicated that a solution of comon salt would prolong the life of fish sperm, although the work of Schlenk and Kahmann (1938) indicated that a more complex solution must be used. I therefore tested on sperm many solutions which waried in composition, strength, pH, and temperature. None of these prolonged viability to the point where 100-percent fertillzation could be expected after a few minutes\" exposure at best. There was no difficulty in prolonging the fertilizable life of the egg: a plain salt solution was found quite effective, as mentioned by Rutter (1904).
","language":"English","publisher":"Bureau of Fisheries, U.S. Deptartment of Commerce","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1949)11[75:FAFIS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rucker, R., 1949, Fact and fiction in spawntaking: Addenda: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 11, no. 1, p. 75-77, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1949)11[75:FAFIS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"77","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312635,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"567930bbe4b0da412f4fb51e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rucker, R.R.","contributorId":104000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rucker","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221340,"text":"5221340 - 1949 - Wildlife effects of DDT dust used for tick control on a Texas prairie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-16T17:23:15.129185","indexId":"5221340","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:16","publicationYear":"1949","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wildlife effects of DDT dust used for tick control on a Texas prairie","docAbstract":"The effect of DDT dust on wildlife was studied at Camp Bullis, Bexar County, Texas, in the summer of 1947. Studies were made on a 206.6 acre plot that was treated with DDT for experimental control of the Lone Star tick (Amblyomma americanum). A dust consisting of one part of DDT to nine parts of pyrophyllite was applied at an average rate of 4.4 pounds of DDT per acre. The limits of DDT concentration that affected wildlife cannot be stated exactly because of a heavy rain that fell near the end of the dusting, and because of irregularity in DDT deposition. Since absolute uniformity of dusting could not be expected in any large scale DDT application, the effects observed in these trials were probably fairly representative. However, continued dry weather would have permitted longer exposure to DDT, possibly with more severe effects than those found in this study. The vegetation of the experimental area was roughly 70 percent ungrazed tall-grass prairie and 30 percent trees and shrubs. Ground and bush feeding birds were severely affected. Cardinals, lark sparrows, field sparrows, Bewick's wrens, Carolina wrens, Kentucky warblers, yellow-breasted chats, blue grosbeaks, and painted buntings were nearly or entirely eliminated from the treated area. Birds affected, but less drastically reduced in numbers, were yellow-billed cuckoo, black and white warbler, yellow-throated vireo, and white-eyed vireo. Birds found dead in the DDT area were 9 cardinals, 2 painted buntings, 2 lark sparrows, 1 yellow-breasted chat, and 1 white-eyed vireo. Bird mortality had begun by the day after dusting and was largely over by the end of the fifth day. Census of deer in DDT and check areas before and after treatment showed no reduction in deer numbers and no diminution in use of the DDT area. No deer or fawns were found dead or affected. Box-trapping of raccoons in DDT and check areas before and after treatment showed no effects that could be attributed to DDT. Limited observations on armadillos, striped skunks, and rabbits gave no indication of pronounced damage to these forms. No mammals of any kind were found dead or affected in or near the DDT area. Four rough green snakes and one Texan spiny lizard were found dead in the DDT area. Mortality was probably high among insectivorous reptiles.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Notre Dame","doi":"10.2307/2421797","usgsCitation":"George, J., and Stickel, W.H., 1949, Wildlife effects of DDT dust used for tick control on a Texas prairie: American Midland Naturalist, v. 42, no. 1, p. 228-237, https://doi.org/10.2307/2421797.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"228","endPage":"237","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198170,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Bexar County","otherGeospatial":"Camp Bullis","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.64631557102442,\n 29.765240857312136\n ],\n [\n -98.64631557102442,\n 29.619023153855537\n ],\n [\n -98.5060505718704,\n 29.619023153855537\n ],\n [\n -98.5060505718704,\n 29.765240857312136\n ],\n [\n -98.64631557102442,\n 29.765240857312136\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f01fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"George, J.L.","contributorId":64749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stickel, William H.","contributorId":178252,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stickel","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5224399,"text":"5224399 - 1949 - Populations and home range relationships of the box turtle, Terrapene carolina (Linnaeus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:29","indexId":"5224399","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:16","publicationYear":"1949","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1397,"text":"Dissertation Abstracts International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Populations and home range relationships of the box turtle, Terrapene carolina (Linnaeus)","docAbstract":"A population study of Terrapene carolina (Linnaeus) was made at the Patuxent Research Refuge, Maryland, from 1944 to 1947. A thirty acre area in bottomland forest was selected for intensive study. Turtles were marked by filing notches in marginal scutes according to a code. Turtles make extensive use of brushy shelter during the day as well.as at night. Gully banks and woods openings are used for sunning. Nights are usually spent in a 'form,' constructed by the turtle in leaves, debris, or earth. A form may be used once or it may be used repeatedly by the same or different turtles. Weather conditions most favorable to turtle activity are high humidity, warm sunny days, and frequent rains. Periods of activity are alternated with periods of quiet, even in favorable weather. There is no evidence for territorialism. Ranges of turtles of all ages and both sexes overlap grossly. Turtles are frequently found near each other but no antagonistic behavior has been observed. Adult turtles occupy specific home ranges which they maintain from year to year. Turtles retained their ranges even though a flood that completely covered the study area. Maximum home range diameters were determined by measurements of the mapped ranges of individual turtles. There was no significant difference between sizes of male and female ranges: males 33O+ 26 feet, females 37O+29 feet. A trail-laying device was used in following travel routes for 456 turtle days. Normal movements within the home range are characterized by (1) turns, doublings, detours, and criss-crossing paths, (2) interspersion of fairly direct traverses of the home range, (3) frequently repeated travels over certain routes. Maximum limits of the home range are ordinarily reached within a few days or weeks, although some turtles cover only one portion of the range at a time. Some turtles have two home ranges. One of these turtles was followed with a trailer for 161 days in 1946 and 1947. Trips outside the home range are made by females for egg laying. Trips of unexplained nature are made by both males and females. Turtles from other areas are occasional transients through the study plot. Standardized census trips provided data for estimating the size of the population. Census data were taken after females had returned from egg laying. The samples were spaced at intervals of a week or more to allow free movement of turtles over their ranges and assure more nearly equal availability of all turtles. These standard samples were compared by a collection ratio. Assumptions involved in the use of this ratio are discussed. Correction factors were applied to make allowance for turtles whose ranges.were partly inside and partly outside the study area, and for transient turtles. A second estimate, on the basis of the entire season's collecting, gave closely comparable results. The population of the study area is estimated to be between four and five turtles per acre, with juveniles constituting less than ten per cent of the total.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Dissertation Abstracts International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Accession No: AAG0001177 OCLC: 45474468 ; Later published in Ecological Monographs v. 20, 1950, p. 351-378.","usgsCitation":"Stickel, L., 1949, Populations and home range relationships of the box turtle, Terrapene carolina (Linnaeus): Dissertation Abstracts International, v. 9, no. 2.","productDescription":"195 (abstract)","startPage":"195","numberOfPages":"195","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202325,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683d2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stickel, L.F.","contributorId":41095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickel","given":"L.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000268,"text":"1000268 - 1949 - The age, growth, and distribution of the longjaw cisco, Leucichthys alpenae Koelz, in Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-04T13:20:12","indexId":"1000268","displayToPublicDate":"1949-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1949","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The age, growth, and distribution of the longjaw cisco, Leucichthys alpenae Koelz, in Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"The longjaw (Leucichthys alpenae) was found at all of the 109 stations fished in the open lake during 1930–1932 and at 29 of the 32 stations in Green Bay in 1930 and 1932. Koelz (1929) found the longjaw at 35 localities, 33 of which were different from those fished in 1930–1932. The species was most abundant in water with a depth of less than 70 fathoms, but was found as deep as 97 fathoms. The longjaw was estimated to be about 4 1/3 times as abundant along the east shore of southern Lake Michigan as along the west shore in 1930 and 1931. The abundance along the east shore in 1930–1931 was estimated to be approximately equal to that in northern Lake Michigan in 1932. The best explanation for the relative scarcity of L. alpenae along the west shore is that a more intensive fishery, with smaller sizes of mesh, was operating on a separate population.
\nThe length distribution of 6,954 specimens taken in 1930–1932 revealed little difference in frequencies between the sexes, the samples taken in each of the years 1930 and 1931, or the fish taken on the two shores of the southern region. The individuals caught in 1932 from northern Lake Michigan averaged 12.5 inches, total length, and were from 1.0 to 1.3 inches longer than fish taken by the same sizes of mesh from the southern area in 1930–1931.
\nOf the 378 longjaws whose ages were determined, 320 were taken during the summer of 1923 in northeastern Lake Michigan, and 58 were secured off Grand Haven, Michigan, in November 1928. The age groups represented ranged from II to IX. Age-group IV dominated in the 1923 samples making up 53.8 percent of the total, and age-groups III and V with 20.9 and 10.6 percent, respectively, were the next best represented groups. The III group dominated the 1928 collection with 55.2 percent of the total, and age-groups IV and II, that were represented by 31.0 and 12.1 percent, respectively, were the only other well represented groups.
\nThe sexes grew at approximately the same rate. A total length of 11.1 inches and a weight of 6.4 ounces were reached at the end of 4 years of growth by the longjaws in northeastern Lake Michigan. The fish from Grand Haven averaged 11.0 inches, total length, and 6.1 ounces at the end of 4 years. Growth in length was most rapid during the first year and decreased continuously thereafter through the fourth year (fifth year in 1928). The increments in length of the 1923 fish during the fourth through the eighth years were approximately the same. Growth in weight of the fish taken in 1923 was computed to be most rapid following the fifth year of life. Growth compensation occurred among the longjaws of Lake Michigan. The major part of the annual growth in length had taken place before June 15, 1923.
\nAlthough the empirical data on the length-weight relationship of 5,314 fish failed to fall along a simple curve, it is believed that the following equation is the one best suited to computing the weight of the longjaw: W = 0.96288 × 10−5 L3.06060.
\nThe coefficient of condition (K) of all longjaws increased as the standard length increased to 194 millimeters. The values then remained high up to 225 millimeters but decreased progressively until the fish reached a length of 265 millimeters. The coefficient changed little at fish lengths of 265 to 284 but began to increase again at 285 millimeters. Condition was best in 1931 and poorest in 1932. The individuals of both sexes were in the poorest condition during some month previous to August each year. Although the females were somewhat heavier in relation to their length than the males in practically all months, the weighted averages of K for all males and all females were almost identical (1.30 for the males and 1.31 for the females).
\nThe sex ratio was determined from 7,457 individuals taken in 1930–1932 and 373 of the 1923 and 1928 specimens whose ages were determined. The percentage of females was relatively low in May 1931 and relatively high in October, but in the other months it remained more or less constant. In 1932 the females tended to become relatively less abundant in each month from April through September. There was little difference between the relative abundance of the sexes in 1930 and 1931 (72.4 percent females in 1930 and 67.5 percent in 1931). The consistently slightly higher percentage of females each month in 1932 (average of 80.6) probably represents a difference between populations. The relative abundance of the males decreased as the age increased. A natural differential mortality is suggested as the cause for the more rapid disappearance of the males.
\nFemales may contain ripe eggs as early as July 9, and some females may spawn as early as October 16 despite the fact that the spawning season is in November.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1946)76[215:TAGADO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Jobes, F.W., 1949, The age, growth, and distribution of the longjaw cisco, Leucichthys alpenae Koelz, in Lake Michigan: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 76, no. 1, p. 215-247, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1946)76[215:TAGADO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"247","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128665,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db66981b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jobes, Frank W.","contributorId":6004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jobes","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000403,"text":"1000403 - 1949 - Age and growth of the lake whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill), in Lake Erie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-04T11:19:57","indexId":"1000403","displayToPublicDate":"1949-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1949","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and growth of the lake whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill), in Lake Erie","docAbstract":"Although the whitefish has by no means ranked first from the standpoint of production, it has always been an important commercial species in Lake Erie. Trends in the output of whitefish have differed in the United States and Canadian waters of the lake. The 1893–1946 average annual yield of 1,201,000 pounds in the United States was only 38.3 percent of the 1879–1890 mean of 3,133,000 pounds, whereas in Canada the more recent (1907–1946) average annual take of 1,397,000 pounds has been 5.48 times the 1871–1906 mean of 255,000 pounds. The United States fishery was centered in the western part of Lake Erie (61.5 percent of the production in Michigan and Ohio) before 1921 and in the eastern part (62.6 percent in Pennsylvania and New York) in 1921–1946. The eastern part of Lake Erie (east of Port Burwell) dominated the Canadian production in 1900–1909 (65.4 percent) and in 1922–1946 (57.2 percent) but the western end was the more productive in 1871–1899 (79.8 percent) and 1910–1921 (69.7 percent). Ages were determined and individual growth histories calculated from the examination and measurement of the scales of 3,399 Lake Erie whitefish captured off four ports (Sandusky, Lorain, and Conneaut, Ohio, and Erie, Pennsylvania) over the period, 1927–1930. The number of specimens used for the investigation of other phases of the life history varied according to the amount of data available or required. Age-group III was typically (but not invariably) dominant in random samples from gear employed for the commercial production of whitefish (trap nets, pound nets, and large-mesh gill nets). The same age group also dominated most samples of the marketable catch (that is, whitefish that equalled or exceeded the minimum legal weight of 1 3/4 pounds) taken in late summer, autumn, and early winter. Age-group IV, however, was strongest among marketable fish from trap nets in early July although the III group was dominant in the random samples from the same nets. Apparently the members of a year class normally dominate the commercial catch about one year but this year extends over parts of two years of life (latter part of the fourth and early part of the fifth). The oldest whitefish in the collections were in the seventeenth year (age-group XVI). The year classes of 1922 and 1926 were much stronger than average whereas the 1923 year class seems to have been exceptionally weak. No correlation was detected between limnological-meteorological conditions and the strength of the year classes. Whitefish collected off different ports exhibited differences of growth rate that were at times rather large. The distorting effects of such factors as selection on the basis of maturity, annual fluctuations in growth rate (in combination with differences in the year of capture), and gear selection were held to be sufficiently great, however, to render doubtful the real biological significance of the observed variations in growth. Consequently the data for all samples were combined to obtain general growth curves. Female whitefish averaged longer and heavier than male fish of corresponding age. The advantage of the females with respect to calculated lengths tended to increase during the first three years of life and thereafter remained nearly constant at about one-half inch total length (10 millimeters of standard length). The advantages of the females with respect to weight increased consistently from 0.01 pound at the end of the first year to 0.36 pound at the end of the eighth, dropped to 0.32 pound in the ninth year, and increased again to a maximum of 0.47 pound at the end of 12 years. The maximum growth in length (sexes combined) occurred in the first year of life (calculated growth of 6.9 inches, total length). From this value the calculated annual increments declined rapidly to 0.7 inch in the seventh year. The later increments varied irregularly, ranging from 0.7 inch in the eighth and ninth years down to only 0.3 inch in the fifteenth and sixteenth years. The Lake Erie whitefish was a foot long in a little less than 2 years, 18 inches in about 4 years, and 2 feet in slightly under 12 years. At the end of 16 years the calculated length was 25.6 inches. The calculated annual increments of growth in weight increased from 0.10 pound in the first year to a maximum of 0.76 pound in the third. In the succeeding years the increment decreased consistently to 0.33 pound in the twelfth year. The values in the thirteenth to sixteenth years varied irregularly, ranging from 0.22 to 0.34 pound. The minimum legal weight of 1 3/4 pounds was attained toward the middle of the fourth growing season. The Lake Erie whitefish reached the weight of 4 pounds in between 7 and 8 years, and of 6 pounds in about 13 years. At the end of 16 years the calculated weight was 6.87 pounds. Analyses of the annual increments of length revealed that the growth of whitefish captured from the spawning run off Sandusky and Lorain rose from 3.2 percent above the 1924–1930 mean in 1924 to a peak of 15.0 percent above average in 1927 and then declined to a minimum of 25.0 percent below average in 1930. There is evidence that these annual fluctuations in growth rate were correlated negatively with fluctuations in the turbidity of the water off Erie, Pennsylvania (to our best knowledge the whitefish spends the summer months in the eastern part of the lake), in certain months (especially May and June) and/or correlated positively with the amount of rainfall in July and August at the same locality. Comparisons with data on the growth of the Lake Huron whitefish revealed that Lake Erie fish were the longer during the first 5 years of life and the shorter at the end of the sixth and later years. The Lake Huron whitefish did not, however, gain the advantage in weight until the seventh year. Whitefish grew much more slowly in both length and weight in Lake Ontario than in either Lake Huron or Lake Erie. The weight of the Lake Erie whitefish increased to the 3.1523 power of the length. Agreement between empirical weights and those computed from the length-weight equation was reasonably good at lengths represented by fair numbers of fish. The total length corresponding to the minimum legal weight of 1 3/4 pounds was calculated as 16.9 inches. The rather limited data on the monthly fluctuations in condition indicated that the coefficient K of immature fish declined continuously from August to December. A similar though less pronounced decline of K of mature fish occurred from August to October. At spawning in November and December, female whitefish lost an additional 11 percent of their body weight. No loss of weight at spawning could be demonstrated for the males. The available records indicated the relative abundance of the sexes to be approximately equal in samples collected in the summer and early autumn. Males were strongly predominant (78.6 percent), however, in spawning-run samples. In these collections the percentage of males decreased markedly with increase in age. No trend could be detected in the variation of the sex ratio within the spawning season over the period of time (nearly 4 weeks) for which there were records. Although exceptional individuals of either sex may mature at the end of 2 years of life (age-group I) male whitefish do not mature in appreciable numbers until the end of the third year (age-group II) or females until the end of the fourth (age-group III). Apparently most or all males are mature as age-group III, but there is evidence that considerable numbers of females (possibly a majority) are first mature as members of the IV group (end of fifth year of life). Whether Lake Erie whitefish are ever immature as the V group or older is not known. Spawning commenced during the second week of November and was continuing actively at the time of collection of the last samples at the end of the first week of December","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"London, UK","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1947)77[178:AAGOTL]2.0.CO;2","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Van Oosten, J., and Hile, R., 1949, Age and growth of the lake whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill), in Lake Erie: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 77, no. 1, p. 178-249, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1947)77[178:AAGOTL]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"72","startPage":"178","endPage":"249","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266920,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1947)77[178:AAGOTL]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":130398,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db68974e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Oosten, John","contributorId":23479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Oosten","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hile, Ralph","contributorId":48510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hile","given":"Ralph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010866,"text":"70010866 - 1949 - Determination of color of turbid waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:17","indexId":"70010866","displayToPublicDate":"1949-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1949","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of color of turbid waters","docAbstract":"A convenient procedure for determining the color of turbid waters, using the principle of precipitation of turbidity by the electrolyte calcium chloride, is described. Because the stable turbidity of many surface waters cannot be completely precipitated by conventional centrifuging alone, this procedure presents a means of flocculating the turbidity without affecting the true color of the water. In the determination of true color of turbid samples one of the most prevalent errors is caused by the reading of color on samples not completely free of turbidity. Pertinent data are presented on color and turbidity of waters as related to the principles involved in the determination of color.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Analytical Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Lamar, W., 1949, Determination of color of turbid waters: Analytical Chemistry, v. 21, no. 6, p. 726-727.","startPage":"726","endPage":"727","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218878,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff9fe4b0c8380cd4f2bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamar, W.L.","contributorId":52549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamar","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70160507,"text":"70160507 - 1948 - New compounds for the control of bacterial gill disease","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-04T12:05:52","indexId":"70160507","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New compounds for the control of bacterial gill disease","docAbstract":"BACTERIAL GILL DISEASE, a common epizootic among hatchery fish, can be controlled by copper sulphate dips, as stated by Davis (1945), or by prolonged treatments with Roccal, as noted by Fish (1947). The use of copper sulphate is not without danger because of variation in toxicity according to the hardness of the particular water supply; also, the toxicity and efficacy of Roccal have varied considerably in different lots. Neither copper sulphate nor Roccal will cure in one treatcent a well-established epizootic of bacterial gill disease. For these reasons, a series of new disinfectants has been tested in the laboratory in an attempt to find a more effective cure and preventive for bacterial Eill disease. One of these tested, pyridylmercuric acetate, was suggested by Wan Horn and Katz (1946).
\n","language":"English","publisher":" Bureau of Fisheries, U.S. Deptarment of Commerce","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1948)10[19:NCFTCO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rucker, R., 1948, New compounds for the control of bacterial gill disease: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 10, no. 1, p. 19-22, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1948)10[19:NCFTCO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"22","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312596,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"567930cfe4b0da412f4fb576","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rucker, R.R.","contributorId":104000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rucker","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70160509,"text":"70160509 - 1948 - The return on the blueback salmon to the Columbia River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-04T11:58:28","indexId":"70160509","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3357,"text":"Scientific Monthly","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The return on the blueback salmon to the Columbia River","docAbstract":"
THE year 1941 was a crucial one for the blueback salmon of the Columbia River. During that year, one brood came closer to extinction than was realized by more than a few individuals. The immediate causes were not overfishing, hydroelectric power development, or irrigation—although these factors continued to exert their long-standing effects. The direct causes can be attributed to an “act of God” plus—in large measure--lack of knowledge concerning the basic principles of effective artificial propagation. With the security and assurance provided by subsequent developments, those concerned with the Columbia River blueback salmon may be interested in a brief recapitulation of events that transpired during the early 1940s. This particular piece of fishery history bears upon the problems of the immediate future on the Columbia River.
","language":"English","publisher":" American Association for the Advancement of Science","usgsCitation":"Fisher, F.S., 1948, The return on the blueback salmon to the Columbia River: Scientific Monthly, v. 66, no. 4, p. 283-292.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"283","endPage":"292","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312631,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312628,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/19068?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Bonnevile Dam, Columbia River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.970458984375,\n 45.89000815866184\n ],\n [\n -121.6845703125,\n 45.882360730184025\n ],\n [\n -122.794189453125,\n 46.255846818480315\n ],\n [\n -123.211669921875,\n 46.40756396630067\n ],\n [\n -123.8818359375,\n 46.42271253466717\n ],\n [\n -124.01367187499999,\n 46.15700496290803\n ],\n [\n -123.85986328124999,\n 45.897654534346884\n ],\n [\n -122.794189453125,\n 45.44471679159555\n ],\n [\n -119.410400390625,\n 45.75219336063106\n ],\n [\n -119.14672851562499,\n 45.805828539928356\n ],\n [\n -118.94897460937499,\n 45.920587344733654\n ],\n [\n -119.15771484375,\n 46.09609080214316\n ],\n [\n -119.564208984375,\n 46.14178273759234\n ],\n [\n -119.86083984375,\n 46.18743678432541\n ],\n [\n -120.970458984375,\n 45.89000815866184\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"567930d7e4b0da412f4fb5b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, Frederick S.","contributorId":17979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70160506,"text":"70160506 - 1948 - Removal of excess nitrogen in a hatchery water supply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-04T12:06:52","indexId":"70160506","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Removal of excess nitrogen in a hatchery water supply","docAbstract":"The water system at the U. S. Fish Cultural Station, Leavenworth, Washington, has been supplemented with two wells that were to be used to increase the temperature of the water during the winter and to cool the Water in the summer if necessary. The well water proved to be unsuitable for hatchery purposes because it was supersaturated with nitrogen, causing \"gas-bubble\" disease among fish subjected to 11. Mr. R. E. Burrows, the district biologist at the Leavenworth laboratory, devised a system by which the water from one well could be used satisfactorily in the hatchery after a circuitous routing through a mixing chamber with considerable agitation and a settling basin. The circuitous routing precluded the use of the rearing ponds, and it did not sufficiently reduce the nitrogen tension of the water from the other well.
","language":"English","publisher":"Bureau of Fisheries, U.S. Department of Commerce","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1948)10[88:ROENIA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rucker, R., 1948, Removal of excess nitrogen in a hatchery water supply: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 10, no. 3, p. 88-90, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1948)10[88:ROENIA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"88","endPage":"90","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312588,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"567930d2e4b0da412f4fb58f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rucker, R.R.","contributorId":104000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rucker","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70215755,"text":"70215755 - 1948 - Lava movement at Parícutin Volcano, Mexico ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-29T12:33:18.490362","indexId":"70215755","displayToPublicDate":"1948-10-28T13:50:23","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lava movement at Parícutin Volcano, Mexico ","docAbstract":"The lava flows of Parícutin Volcano, Mexico, offer an exceptional opportunity to study details of lava movement, because many flows are accessible throughout their length and can be watched from their birth to the cessation of their movement. Petrographically the lavas show no significant difference from one flow to another or in different parts of the same flow. The maximum lava temperature observed was 1070°C.; the maximum estimated rate of flow was 60 meters per minute; the viscosity is probably on the order of 105 to 106 poises. The flows start in fissure zones cutting older Parícutin lavas near the southwest base of the volcano. Within a short distance of its orifice a flow is covered with cooled blocks which are broken and slightly abraded as they are carried downstream. Differential movement in a flow takes place principally at its edges, where a reddish breccia and grooved and slickensided surfaces form. Like a glacier, a lava flow develops transverse crescentic ridges and lateral moraines. At its front movement is normally effected by the rolling forward of molten lava within, which carries down cooled blocks from the surface and piles them up ahead of the flow. As a flow dies the lava level lowers in the channel, and small side tongues break through the moraines. Some Parícutin lavas move considerable distances beneath older lava. The longest flow, which covered the town of San Juan in 1944, has a surface of rough curved slabs very different from the blocky surface of other flows but similar to the surface structures developed near lava orifices and by movement of viscous lava through fissures.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1948)59[1267:LMAPVM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Krauskopf, K., 1948, Lava movement at Parícutin Volcano, Mexico : GSA Bulletin, v. 59, no. 12, p. 1267-1284, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1948)59[1267:LMAPVM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1267","endPage":"1284","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379885,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","state":"Michoacan","otherGeospatial":"Paricutin Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.5848388671875,\n 19.150357455407473\n ],\n [\n -102.073974609375,\n 19.150357455407473\n ],\n [\n -102.073974609375,\n 19.756364230752375\n ],\n [\n -102.5848388671875,\n 19.756364230752375\n ],\n [\n -102.5848388671875,\n 19.150357455407473\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"59","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krauskopf, K.B.","contributorId":28943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauskopf","given":"K.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70215691,"text":"70215691 - 1948 - Reefs of Bikini, Marshall Islands ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-28T16:39:06.745647","indexId":"70215691","displayToPublicDate":"1948-10-27T14:49:11","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reefs of Bikini, Marshall Islands ","docAbstract":"Systematic surveys made at Bikini before and after the atomi bomb tests (Operation Crossroads) in the summer of 1946 afforded an unusual opportunity to examine the reefs and islands of one of the larger atolls of Micronesia. The existing reef appears to be developed on an older surface that extends as a terrace into the lagoon and beyond the seaward margin of the reef. A sketch map shows the distribution of the terraces in relation to the existing reefs.
Reef zonation is briefly described, and a classification of reef types based upon the characteristics of the marginal zone is presented. Illustrations are given from Bikini's reefs and those of near-by atolls. A sketch map shows the distribution of the reef types at Bikini relative to prevailing winds and currents. The processes of reef growth and unusual areas wherein the existing reef appears to be undergoing destruction are also described and figured.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1948)59[861:ROBMI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Tracey, J.I., Lapham, H., and Hoffmeister, J.E., 1948, Reefs of Bikini, Marshall Islands : GSA Bulletin, v. 59, no. 9, p. 861-878, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1948)59[861:ROBMI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"861","endPage":"878","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379875,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Marshall Islands","otherGeospatial":"Bikini Reefs","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 163.916015625,\n 4.214943141390651\n ],\n [\n 173.14453125,\n 4.214943141390651\n ],\n [\n 173.14453125,\n 13.068776734357694\n ],\n [\n 163.916015625,\n 13.068776734357694\n ],\n [\n 163.916015625,\n 4.214943141390651\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"59","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tracey, J. I. Jr.","contributorId":17205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tracey","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lapham, H.S.","contributorId":66383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lapham","given":"H.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoffmeister, J. E.","contributorId":220861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoffmeister","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70220009,"text":"70220009 - 1948 - Batholith and associated rocks of Corona, Elsinore, and San Luis Rey quadrangles southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-16T18:00:29.823768","indexId":"70220009","displayToPublicDate":"1948-06-01T12:56:33","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1726,"text":"GSA Memoirs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Batholith and associated rocks of Corona, Elsinore, and San Luis Rey quadrangles southern California","docAbstract":"The batholith of Southern and Lower California is exposed continuously from near Riverside, California, southward for a distance of about 350 miles. In central Lower California it is covered in part by younger rocks, but discontinuous bodies extend to the southern end of Lower California, and hence the batholith is probably over 1000 miles long. Its width is about 60 miles. A strip across the northern part of the batholith about 70 miles wide has been studied; the western half was mapped in detail, and the eastern half was covered in rapid reconnaissance.
In the area studied the batholith intrudes Triassic sediments and Jurassic(?) volcanic rocks along its western border and Paleozoic sediments along its eastern border. Screens and roof pendants are common within the batholith. The Triassic rocks are mildly metamorphosed in the western part of the area but become progressively more coarsely crystalline toward the east. The Paleozoic rocks are rather coarsely crystalline. The metamorphism in large part preceded the intrusion of the batholith, and only locally was there appreciable contact metamorphism. The batholith and older rocks are overlain by Upper Cretaceous and younger sediments. Small bodies of andesite and basalt are associated with the Tertiary sediments, and small bodies of nepheline basalt of Quaternary age are present in the area. The batholith was intruded in early Upper Cretaceous time.
The batholith in the area studied was emplaced by over 20 separate injections. Most of the resulting rock types are found in only one or a few small bodies which are confined to a small area. In the area studied in detail (Pl. 1) five types are present in many large, widely separated bodies, making up about 88 per cent of the area underlain by the batholith. In the eastern half of the batholith three more widespread types are present. In the western half of the body the rocks range fro a gabbro to granite, but in the eastern half several tonalites constitute nearly the whole of the mass. The gabbro is composed of many related rocks. Some have hornblende, some pyroxene; in some the plagioclase is anorthite, in others it is as sodic as andesine-Iabradorite. Some of the tonalites contain abundant inclusions that have been almost completely reworked by the magma and have been softened and stretched into thin discs. These inclusions are well oriented and near the contacts with older rocks they parallel the contacts, but elsewhere they strike about N. 30° W. and dip steeply to the east. One tonalite, whose feldspar is andesine, has scattered crystals with cores of bytownite, and has well-crystallized hornblende with cores of pale uralitic hornblende and remnants of augite. Hornblende and biotite are the predominant mafic minerals of the tonalites and granodiorites. The iron content of the mafic minerals of the gabbros is moderate, and it increases as the rocks become richer in silica. The norms and the modes are shown on a variation diagram (Figs. 11, 12). The chemical analyses of the rocks fall near smooth variation curves (Fig. 4).
The general strike of the structures of the area have been about N. 30° W. from Paleozoic to the present time. The Paleozoic and Triassic sediments, the orientation of the inclusions and other structures of the batholith, the elongation of the batholith and the mountain ranges, and the strike of the major faults are in about the same direction. In the batholith and the older sediments the dips are steep to the east.
The batholith must have been emplaced by stoping and not by forceful injection. Calculations show that the cooling of a large batholith is chiefly through the roof and not through the walls. Crystallization to a depth of 3 kilometers takes place in about half a million years. The different rocks of the batholith were formed from the intermediate gabbro by crystal differentiation and assimilation in depth.
In early Upper Cretaceous time diastrophism folded the older rocks and formed, in depth, a strip of gabbroic magma about 1000 miles long. A small amount of this magma was intruded nearly to the surface. The deep magma differentiated quietly until its upper part attained the composition of a tonalite. Earth movements then occurred at least five times in rapid succession and caused the injection of the different tonalites. Some of these carry abundant inclusions, indicating a widespread shattering of the wall rock shortly before final emplacement. From time to time local movements caused the injections of the different granodiorites. When the deep-seated magma reached the composition of a light-colored granodiorite, widespread diastrophism moved the main granodiorite upward. Further local movement caused the emplacement of the many local granodiorites and granites.
","language":"English","publisher":"1948","doi":"10.1130/MEM29-p1","usgsCitation":"Larsen, E.S., 1948, Batholith and associated rocks of Corona, Elsinore, and San Luis Rey quadrangles southern California: GSA Memoirs, https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM29-p1.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385170,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"southern California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.77246093750001,\n 32.62087018318113\n ],\n [\n -114.169921875,\n 32.62087018318113\n ],\n [\n -114.169921875,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -121.77246093750001,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -121.77246093750001,\n 32.62087018318113\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1948-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larsen, Esper S. Jr.","contributorId":39029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Esper","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70206791,"text":"70206791 - 1947 - Delineation of parallel folds and measurement of stratigraphic dimensions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-21T15:02:15","indexId":"70206791","displayToPublicDate":"1947-12-31T14:56:15","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Delineation of parallel folds and measurement of stratigraphic dimensions","docAbstract":"The delineation of parallel folds in structural sections, and the extraction therefrom of stratigraphic information, has generally been done with considerable personal interpretation. If profiles must be drawn, or sections measured, from structural observations used in pairs, this is unavoidable; but superior results may be obtained if more than two observations are simultaneously utilized. The first section of this paper is an exposition of the method of evolute and involutes, which is applicable if three or more observations are available, lying in or close to a profile plane that is normal to the strike of a series of folded rocks. Parallel curves, which in certain sections represent the traces of parallel stratigraphic surfaces, are necessarily involutes that may be generated from one or more evolutes. It is more practical to derive an evolute, and to construct from it a set of parallel curves, than it is to draw such curves directly. Simple graphical methods are given for the construction of evolutes from different sets of structural data, and for the subsequent derivation of parallel curves. An examination of the resulting evolutes and involutes shows that most of them may be represented by the equation y = axn, if suitable values are assigned to the parameters a and n. The second section of the paper is an exposition of methods that apply to the measurement of stratigraphic thickness, or other stratigraphic dimensions, if structural observations must be used in pairs. Four methods are discussed, which are known as the method of mean strikes and dips, the method of integrated trigonometric functions, the method of skew-line normals, and the method of integrated strikes and dips. The last named of these is a new method, which yields a mean value for the strike or dip, utilizing indirectly the concept of concentric arcs. A formula for mean dip (or mean strike) is derived, which has been computed for all values from 0° to 90°, at intervals of 5°. The results of this computation are given in a chart, which is used for the graphical computation of these values and for interpolation to less than 5°. The mean values of strike and dip that are thus obtained are substituted in any formula for stratigraphic dimensions that applies to a homoclinal sequence of rocks. Under the topic of Errors and Differences, it is shown that the error resulting from the application of the method of evolute and involutes is small and is dependent mainly upon original errors in the determination of strike and dip. When observations are used in pairs, however, the resulting error may be much larger. If certain enumerated conditions are favorable, this error may be 10 per cent or less; but under unfavorable conditions, it may be 100 per cent or more. © 1947, The Geological Society of America, Inc.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1947)58[779:DOPFAM]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Mertie, J., 1947, Delineation of parallel folds and measurement of stratigraphic dimensions: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 58, no. 8, p. 779-802, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1947)58[779:DOPFAM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"24 p. ","startPage":"779","endPage":"802","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369413,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mertie, J.B. Jr.","contributorId":29383,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mertie","given":"J.B.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70214503,"text":"70214503 - 1947 - Geology of the Borah Peak quadrangle, Idaho ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-16T14:51:55.897612","indexId":"70214503","displayToPublicDate":"1947-09-28T13:00:33","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology of the Borah Peak quadrangle, Idaho ","docAbstract":"This report is on result of a long program of geologic investigation in south-central Idaho, undertaken as an aid in the development of the mineral resources of the region. This quadrangle was examined because of the exceptional opportunities for the study of stratigraphy and structure afforded by the Lost River Range, which is the highest in Idaho and contains comparatively few intrusive igneous rocks.
The Borah Peak quadrangle differs from the region to the west and northwest in that it contains parts of two sharply defined, narrow ranges elongated in a north-westerly direction, instead of broad, irregular mountain masses, in which the trends of most local topographic units are ill-defined. These ranges, the Lost River and the Lemhi, are flanked by intermontane valleys sparsely populated by stock ranchers.
The Lemhi and Swauger quartzites, regarded as of Belt (pre-Cambrian) age, are named. The two Cambrian (?) formations of the Bayhorse region are not recognized in this quadrangle. The Ramshorn slate (Lower Ordovician), widespread and thick there, does not appear to be exposed anywhere in the Borah Peak quadrangle with the possible exception of small areas east of the Elkhorn Ranch, where relations are obscure. The higher Paleozoic formations, named in order of decreasing age, are the Kinnikinic quartzite, Saturday Mountain formation, Laketown dolomite, Jefferson dolomite, Grand View dolomite, Three Forks limestone, Milligen formation, Brazer limestone, and Wood River formation. The Three Forks limestone, nowhere much over 250 feet thick, is the only one of these not recognized farther west. It provides substantial aid in the interpretation of upper Paleozoic stratigraphy. Equivalent beds to the west are presumably grouped with the Milligen. The grit that introduced uncertainties into the correlation of the Wood River and Milligen formations in the southeastern part of the Bayhorse quadrangle is absent here, and both formations have close lithologic resemblances to those in the type localities in the Wood River region. Wood River strata (Pennsylvanian) crop out only in the southwest corner of the quadrangle, and the Brazer may have been the last Paleozoic unit to be deposited over most of the area. Certainly it can have had comparatively little cover over it throughout the Mesozoic. The Brazer is regarded as Mississippian, but some of the fossils in it have Pennsylvania affinities. The carbonate rocks in the Three Forks and later formations are dominantly calcareous, while those in earlier units are dolomitic. Carbonaceous matter is present in most of the formations but is abundant only in the Milligen.
The Challis volcanics (Oligocene or Miocene) constitute the first stratified unit to be laid down after Paleozoic deposition ceased, although there was a little intrusive activity late in the Mesozoic. The volcanics were once widely distributed on the flanks of the mountains and are still plentiful in the northwestern corner of the quadrangle, near the head of the valley of the Pahsimeroi, and in smaller areas. They are neither so abundant nor so diversified as they are farther west. They are locally succeeded by an alluvial formation, here termed the Donkey fanglomerate, of possible Pliocene age. Abundant Quaternary glacial and alluvial deposits are present in the larger valleys.
The Lemhi and Swauger quartzites were broadly folded before Paleozoic sedimentation began. Apparently the later deformation affected them only enough to render the more impure beds somewhat schistose. The Paleozoic rocks have been folded into closely spaced, asymmetric anticlines, locally broken by thrusts at and near their crests. These folds approximately parallel the trends of the present range, whereas those in the old rocks strike more nearly north. Later deformation twisted some of the folds and produced thrusts of lower dip and greater extent. The folded rocks in the Lost River Range have been arched into an anticlinorium. The original, tight folds may have preceded the emplacement of the Idaho batholith farther west, while the anticlinorium and the late twists and low thrusts result from deformation during the long period in which the batholith came to place and adjusted itself. Local intricately contorted beds in the Brazer limestone are interpreted as the effects of flowage in calcareous material subjected to tangential pressure under comparatively light supercumbent load.
The quadrangle contains numerous normal faults of diverse trends. Most of those that can be conclusively demonstrated strike transverse to the trends of the ranges, but especially along parts of the southwest front of the Lemhi Range normal faults along the range fronts may have helped locally to guide erosion of the mountains. Some of the faults have displacements of thousands of feet and are thought to have originated in connection with the low-angle thrusts. Most of these, as well as minor breaks of diverse trends, affect also the Challis volcanics, which shows that renewed movement occurred in Tertiary time.
The present mountain masses and broad intermontane valleys are in about the positions occupied by similar features in the early Tertiary. Several incomplete erosion cycles since then have greatly modified the topography but have not obliterated the influence of these ancient land forms. The results of early episodes in the development of the topography are much obscured by the rugged forms that result from active Pleistocene glaciation and later vigorous stream erosion, but modified remnants of the post-Challis and Donkey Hills surfaces can be clearly distinguished. Several less widespread remnants mark intermediate steps in the process. Exceptionally abundant and permeable, coarse alluvial and glacial deposits floor intermontane valleys and choke the larger mountain gorges to such an extent as to interfere with normal erosion and make the surface-water supplies even scantier than might be expected from the climate of the region, which is moderately humid in the mountains and semiarid in the valleys. Active erosion in the high mountains and comparatively static conditions on fans at the range borders result in striking contrasts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1947)58[1085:GOTBPQ]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ross, C.P., 1947, Geology of the Borah Peak quadrangle, Idaho : GSA Bulletin, v. 58, no. 12, p. 1085-1160, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1947)58[1085:GOTBPQ]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"76 p.","startPage":"1085","endPage":"1160","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385661,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Borah Peak","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.98291015625,\n 43.54854811091286\n ],\n [\n -112.994384765625,\n 43.54854811091286\n ],\n [\n -112.994384765625,\n 45.359865333959746\n ],\n [\n -114.98291015625,\n 45.359865333959746\n ],\n [\n -114.98291015625,\n 43.54854811091286\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, C. P.","contributorId":91545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":799749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70214137,"text":"70214137 - 1947 - Ground-water conditions and problems in the Upper Mississippi River Embayment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-23T20:08:40.654064","indexId":"70214137","displayToPublicDate":"1947-09-23T14:57:52","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground-water conditions and problems in the Upper Mississippi River Embayment","docAbstract":"The Upper Mississippi River Embayment is a region of about 45,000 square miles in the Mississippi River Valley extending from the vicinity of the 34th parallel northward to the mouth of the Ohio River. It includes parts of Arkansas, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Missouri. In 1940 about 2,700,000 people inhabited the region.Ground water is one of the most valuable natural resources of the region. It is estimated that 95 per cent of all the water used in the Upper Embayment comes from the ground.Structurally the Embayment is a downwarped, downfaulted trough in Paleozoic rocks, in which have been deposited sediments ranging in age from Cretaceous to Recent. Very productive water-bearing formations extend throughout most of the region but the total quantity of water perennially available is unknown, and little information is available on the quality of the water.The formations comprise a natural hydraulic system underlying parts of several States, and a study of the geology and hydrology of the entire region is needed. Such a study is necessary because additional ground-water supplies will be required with the future development of the region. In order to develop the region wisely the quantity and quality of the water perennially available must be known.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.42.7.626","usgsCitation":"Schneider, R., 1947, Ground-water conditions and problems in the Upper Mississippi River Embayment: Economic Geology, v. 42, no. 7, p. 626-633, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.42.7.626.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"626","endPage":"633","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":378706,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Upper Mississippi Embayment","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.46142578125,\n 33.5963189611327\n ],\n [\n -88.04443359375,\n 33.5963189611327\n ],\n [\n -88.04443359375,\n 37.31775185163688\n ],\n [\n -90.46142578125,\n 37.31775185163688\n ],\n [\n -90.46142578125,\n 33.5963189611327\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1947-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schneider, Robert","contributorId":102460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":799542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207425,"text":"70207425 - 1947 - Petrology and structure of the Moa Chromite district, Oriente Province, Cuba","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-19T10:02:19","indexId":"70207425","displayToPublicDate":"1947-04-30T10:00:04","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology and structure of the Moa Chromite district, Oriente Province, Cuba","docAbstract":"Chromite deposits In the Moa district, on the north coast of Oriente Province, Cuba, form one facies of the ultramafic complex in which they occur. Two planar structures, one a compositional layering due to variations in the relative proportions of olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase feldspar, and chromite, and the other a foliation caused by the orientation of pyroxene crystals in peridotite, are in general parallel, but diverge in a few places. Dips are fairly constant, being moderate to the northwest over most of the area, but sharp reversals occur immediately adjacent to irregularities in the chromite deposits. Two prominent joint sets are present: (1) Cross joints striking parallel to the strike of the foliation and dipping approximately at right angles to it; and (2) longitudinal joints striking parallel to the direction of dip of the foliation and nearly vertical. Gabbro dikes follow the first set, chrysotlle veins the second. Within the ore bodies dikes are commonly coarser‐grained, larger, and far more abundant than in peridotite; they enclose coarse, angular fragments of chromite. ©1947. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1029/TR028i002p00218","issn":"00028606","usgsCitation":"Guild, P.W., 1947, Petrology and structure of the Moa Chromite district, Oriente Province, Cuba: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 28, no. 2, p. 218-246, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR028i002p00218.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"218","endPage":"246","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370468,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Cuba ","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-82.26815,23.18861],[-81.40446,23.11727],[-80.61877,23.10598],[-79.67952,22.7653],[-79.28149,22.3992],[-78.34743,22.51217],[-77.9933,22.27719],[-77.14642,21.65785],[-76.52382,21.20682],[-76.19462,21.22057],[-75.59822,21.01662],[-75.67106,20.73509],[-74.9339,20.69391],[-74.17802,20.28463],[-74.29665,20.05038],[-74.96159,19.92344],[-75.63468,19.87377],[-76.32366,19.95289],[-77.75548,19.85548],[-77.08511,20.41335],[-77.49265,20.67311],[-78.13729,20.73995],[-78.48283,21.02861],[-78.71987,21.59811],[-79.285,21.55918],[-80.21748,21.82732],[-80.51753,22.03708],[-81.82094,22.19206],[-82.16999,22.38711],[-81.795,22.63696],[-82.7759,22.68815],[-83.49446,22.16852],[-83.9088,22.15457],[-84.05215,21.91058],[-84.54703,21.80123],[-84.97491,21.89603],[-84.44706,22.20495],[-84.23036,22.56575],[-83.77824,22.78812],[-83.26755,22.98304],[-82.51044,23.07875],[-82.26815,23.18861]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Cuba\"}}]}","volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guild, P. W.","contributorId":39039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guild","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70164442,"text":"70164442 - 1947 - Mortality of smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), in Lakes Huron and Michigan during the fall and winter of 1942-1943","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-04T13:28:01","indexId":"70164442","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mortality of smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), in Lakes Huron and Michigan during the fall and winter of 1942-1943","docAbstract":"The mortality that nearly exterminated the huge stocks of smelt in Lakes Huron and Michigan during the fall and winter of 1942–1943 appears to have originated in central Lake Huron in the Saginaw Bay area in late September or early October 1942. The mortality spread rapidly northward reaching the Drummond Island area about the latter part of October and the St. Ignace region of the Straits of Mackinac near the end of the month. In the latter part of October smelt died also in the Canadian waters of Lake Huron including North Channel and Georgian Bay but exact details as to time and course are lacking. There is some evidence that the epidemic had not reached the Ontario shore of central Lake Huron by late May 1943. Spreading through northern Lake Michigan the mortality had penetrated as far south as Grand Traverse Bay by November 19 and as far west as Point Aux Barques, Michigan, by November 26, 1942. Smelt were reported to be dying in Lake Charlevoix, Michigan, in early February 1943, and in Green Bay toward the middle of that month. The mortality did not reach Crystal Lake where in contrast to Lake Charlevoix a dam barred the passage of fish from Lake Michigan. At the time of the 1943 spring spawning run (April) only a few scattered survivors remained from the vast populations.
\nAfter consideration of possible causes, it was concluded that the mortality could be explained only as resulting from a communicable disease (bacteria or virus). This explanation alone is in harmony with the following facts: the mortality was progressive, spreading from one area into adjacent areas over a period of at least 4 1/2 months and under a great diversity of habitat conditions; only smelt were affected but within the species death overtook fish of all sizes from 2 inches on and all ages of both sexes, mature and immature; the mortality penetrated Lake Charlevoix where the passage of fish to and from Lake Michigan was possible but did not reach Crystal Lake where the passage from Lake Michigan was barred by a dam; the epidemic did not reach other inland lakes where free and easy access from the Great Lakes was impossible nor did it extend to Lakes Superior, Erie, and Ontario.
\nConsidered at first as a nuisance and a threat to the native fishes of the Great Lakes, the smelt ultimately became a fish of primary importance to commercial fishermen, sportsmen, and others. In Green Bay, the center of the commercial fishery, smelt became the dominant commercial species, yielding more than 4 million pounds in some years. Almost all of the commercial production was from nets set under the ice. The take by amateurs and others who dipped smelt from streams during the spawning run was even greater, amounting to as much as 5 1/2 million pounds in a single year in the State of Michigan alone (the yield in Wisconsin may have been nearly as great).
\nThe mortality of smelt was a severe blow to the nation's war-time food-production program. It is estimated that in 1943, in which year elaborate preparations had been made for the efficient utilization of the spawning-run production, the mortality reduced the output of smelt by about 13 million pounds. The total loss through the present (1946) season can be set in the neighborhood of 50 million pounds.
\nThe first indication of a recovery of the smelt came in 1945 when a small amount was produced commercially in Green Bay and numerous light runs occurred in streams tributary to Lakes Huron and Michigan. The general level of abundance in 1945, however, is believed to have been less than 10 per cent of that of “pre-mortality” years. Such information as is available for 1946 suggests considerable further improvement in this year. Given good survival of young, it is anticipated that a large rise in the abundance of smelt can occur in 1947 and that by 1948 or 1949 the size of the populations should no longer be influenced by the number of spawners available in preceding years.
\nThe smelt from the Escanaba area of Green Bay were without exception significantly longer and heavier in 1944 and 1945 than were fish of corresponding age captured in the same region in 1941. Furthermore, three of four comparisons indicated significantly greater size in 1945 than in 1944. This improvement in growth rate is believed to have been associated with the reduction in the smelt population brought about by the 1942–1943 mortality.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[310:MOSOMM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Van Oosten, J., 1947, Mortality of smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), in Lakes Huron and Michigan during the fall and winter of 1942-1943: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 74, no. 1, p. 310-337, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[310:MOSOMM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"310","endPage":"337","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316581,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b48454e4b0cc799980531b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Oosten, John","contributorId":23479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Oosten","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000136,"text":"1000136 - 1947 - Age and growth of the kiyi, Leucichthys kiyi Koelz, in Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-04T11:02:01","indexId":"1000136","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and growth of the kiyi, Leucichthys kiyi Koelz, in Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"Ages were determined and individual growth histories were calculated from the examination and measurement of the scales of 1,649 kiyis captured at seven localities in Lake Michigan in 1931 and 1932. The numbers of individuals employed for the investigation of other phases of the life history (such as length-frequency distributions, length-weight relationship, and sex ratio) varied according to the amount of data available or required. Age-group IV was dominant in the 1931 collections from Racine, Port Washington, and Kewaunee, Wisconsin, and age-group V dominated the 1932 samples from the Fox Islands and from three localities southward of Manistique, Michigan. A trend was noticeable toward an increase in average age from south to north. Among the explanations suggested for the observed differences in age composition were: Variation with latitude in the natural span of life; differences in fishing intensity; fluctuations in the strength of year classes (to account possibly for the shift in the dominant age group from 1931 to 1932). The oldest male kiyi belonged to the VII group and the oldest female was a member of the X group. The possible distorting effects of such factors as gear selection traceable to differences in the mesh sizes of nets fished in 1931 and 1932, selection by nets on the basis of the condition (K) of the fish, and local variations in fishing intensity and hence in the selective destruction of rapidly growing individuals in the fishery were held to be sufficiently great to render doubtful the significance of most of the observed local differences in growth rate. Kiyis from all samples were combined to determine the general growth in length. The growth in weight of the Fox Islands fish, however, was considered separately as these fish were consistently lighter than kiyis of corresponding length from other localities. The Lake Michigan kiyi grows slowly, with the females growing slightly more rapidly than the males. The grand average calculated lengths indicated, for example, that the females did not attain a total length of 10 inches until the fifth year of life or the males until the sixth. Similarly, the calculated weight of 4 ounces was not reached until the fifth or sixth year (with the actual time varying with sex and locality). The season's growth of the kiyi probably begins sometime in May and most or all of the growth is completed by the end of August. The calculated lengths of the age groups exhibited large discrepancies that differed from “Lee's phenomenon” as ordinarily observed in that the data for the later rather than the earlier years of life were affected most severely. Chief among the factors held responsible for these discrepancies were gear selection and the selective destruction of the more rapidly growing individuals in the fishery. Errors inherent in the (direct-proportion) method of computing growth from scale measurements were considered to have been unimportant. The Lake Michigan kiyi exhibits growth compensation–the tendency for the smaller of the young fish to have the more rapid growth in the later years of life. Comparisons with the average lengths and weights of the age groups of the Lake Ontario kiyi given by Pritchard (1931) indicated the Lake Michigan fish to be the larger at the earlier ages (age-groups II and III) and the smaller at the later ages (age-groups IV to VI). The length-frequency distributions of the age groups exhibited extensive overlap. As many as eight age groups were represented in a single centimeter interval of length. The length frequencies and average lengths of all fish collected, arranged according to the mesh sizes of the gill nets by which they were captured, revealed that the selective action of these nets in the taking of kiyis was much more obvious in the numbers of fish in the catch than in their average size. As an illustration, in 1930–1931, the 2 3/4-inch mesh nets took fish that were only 0.1 inch longer than those in 2 1/2-inch meshes but captured less than one fourth as many. Gill nets fished in northern Lake Michigan in 1932 captured kiyis that averaged 0.2 to 0.4 inch longer than those taken in the same meshes in southern Lake Michigan in 1930–1931. Because of the more slender form of kiyis from the northeastern island region of Lake Michigan, data on the general length weight relationship were compiled separately for fish of that area and for those of the great central basins of the lake. In both regions the weight increased to a power slightly greater than the cube of the length. Available information on condition indicated that the coefficient (K) was higher in August and early September than in May, June, and July. Condition declined from early September to October and early November–the latter period the time of most active spawning. Spawning itself was accompanied by an additional loss of about 12 per cent of the body weight of females and of somewhat less than 2 per cent of the weight of males. Analysis of the variations of K within a group that was homogeneous with respect to age, sex, maturity, and time of collection revealed that a net of a particular mesh size tends to take the heavier of the shorter fish and the lighter of the longer fish within its range of effectiveness. Among fish of the same length the values of K tended to increase with increase in the mesh size of the nets employed for their capture. Practically all fish in the samples were mature (only 11 immature in more than 6,000). These “immature” fish were probably “non-functional” since all of them approached or exceeded the average length of the mature kiyis. Females were strongly predominant in the collections at all seasons but were relatively more plentiful during the summer (90 per cent of the total) than during the spawning period (75 per cent). Possible factors contributing to this predominance of females and to the change in the sex ratio at the spawning season were discussed. A decrease in the relative abundance of males with increase in age appears to be characteristic of the kiyi. This decrease indicates a differential mortality of th sexes (greater relative destruction of males in the spawning period when they are unusually abundant or a greater natural mortality rate for the males). Current fishery regulations on mesh size and closed seasons afford the kiyi good protection but offer no guarantee against depletion from too intensive fishing.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"London, UK","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[88:AAGOTK]2.0.CO;2","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Deason, H.J., and Hile, R., 1947, Age and growth of the kiyi, Leucichthys kiyi Koelz, in Lake Michigan: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 74, no. 1, p. 88-142, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[88:AAGOTK]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"55 p.","startPage":"88","endPage":"142","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266919,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[88:AAGOTK]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":131762,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db68973e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deason, Hilary J.","contributorId":66628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deason","given":"Hilary","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hile, Ralph","contributorId":48510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hile","given":"Ralph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70198516,"text":"70198516 - 1946 - Lower Middle Ordovician stratigraphy of the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-06T14:57:30","indexId":"70198516","displayToPublicDate":"2018-01-01T14:56:29","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lower Middle Ordovician stratigraphy of the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia","docAbstract":"In classifying the lower Middle Ordovician of the Shenandoah Valley, the formation names Stones River, Mosheim, Lenoir, Holston, Whitesburg, and Athens have been used without adequate evidence. Detailed study shows that the so-called Athens and Whitesburg, as developed near Harrisonburg, are laterally continuous with the greater part of the Chambersburg limestone, which is supposed to be younger than the Athens. The newly discovered relations of these formations affect the classification of the Middle Ordovician in much of the northern Appalachian region. The present study has been high-lighted by the discovery that Cryptophragmus antiquatus, widely regarded as a valid guide to the lower Black River, ranges through several hundred feet of beds, possibly as high as lower Trenton. In the Shenandoah Valley, this fossil is most abundant near the top of the Chambersburg, which is supposed to be late Black River or early Trenton.
In the proposed reclassification, the lower Middle Ordovician is divided into six time-stratigraphic units, in ascending order: the New Market limestone, Whistle Creek limestone, Lincolnshire limestone, Edinburg formation, Oranda formation, and Collierstown limestone. The Edinburg embraces two equivalent facies: one of cobbly limestone (Lantz Mills facies) which is mainly developed in the northern and western parts of the Shenandoah Valley; and a relatively thicker body of black limestone and shale (Liberty Hall facies) which is typically developed in the Harrison-burg-Staunton area. In the western part of Shenandoah County, the topmost division of the Edinburg formation is composed of light-gray calcilutite and calcarenite, named the St. Luke limestone member. The rusty-brown granular limestones just below Butts' Athens in the Harrisonburg-Staunton-Lexington area are here named the Botetourt limestone member of the Edinburg formation.
At least part of the New Market limestone is linked with a part of the New York Chazy and type Lenoir, but the Lincolnshire seems to be post-Chazy. All the succeeding beds, comprising the greater part of the lower Middle Ordovician succession, are Black River or Trenton.
","publisher":"The Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1946)57[35:LMOSOT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Cooper, B., and Cooper, G., 1946, Lower Middle Ordovician stratigraphy of the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 57, no. 1, p. 35-113, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1946)57[35:LMOSOT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"79 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"113","costCenters":[{"id":37280,"text":"Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center ","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356210,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Shenandoah Valley","volume":"57","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooper, B.N.","contributorId":206781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"B.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, G.A.","contributorId":31807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70047874,"text":"70047874 - 1946 - Geology and nickel mineralization of the Julian-Cuyamaca area, San Diego County, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55493,"text":"ofr4575 - 1945 - Geology and nickel mineralization of the Julian-Cuyamaca area, near Julian, San Diego County, California","indexId":"ofr4575","publicationYear":"1945","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and nickel mineralization of the Julian-Cuyamaca area, near Julian, San Diego County, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70047874,"text":"70047874 - 1946 - Geology and nickel mineralization of the Julian-Cuyamaca area, San Diego County, California","indexId":"70047874","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and nickel mineralization of the Julian-Cuyamaca area, San Diego County, California"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-28T14:16:20","indexId":"70047874","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T14:08:00","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1155,"text":"California Journal of Mines and Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and nickel mineralization of the Julian-Cuyamaca area, San Diego County, California","docAbstract":"The Julian-Cuyamaca area is in the San Diego Mountains, one of the Peninsular Ranges of southern California. It lies in San Diego County, about 3 miles south of Julian, and approximately 60 miles northeast of San Diego. The area was mapped, and its nickel mineralization studied, from March to June, 1944; the work was part of the U. S. Geological Survey's program of strategic mineral investigations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"California Journal of Mines and Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"California Division of Mines","usgsCitation":"Creasey, S., 1946, Geology and nickel mineralization of the Julian-Cuyamaca area, San Diego County, California: California Journal of Mines and Geology, v. 42, no. 1, p. 15-29.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":277115,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277114,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archive.org/details/californiajourna42cali"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Diego County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.5962,32.5342 ], [ -117.5962,33.5054 ], [ -116.081,33.5054 ], [ -116.081,32.5342 ], [ -117.5962,32.5342 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"42","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"521f1be7e4b0f8bf2b076121","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Creasey, S.C.","contributorId":36109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creasey","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70215032,"text":"70215032 - 1946 - Radial flow in a leaky artesian aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-06T16:32:20.844552","indexId":"70215032","displayToPublicDate":"1946-10-06T11:23:15","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radial flow in a leaky artesian aquifer","docAbstract":"A partial differential equation is set up for radial flow in an elastic artesian aquifer into which there is vertical leakage in proportion to the drawdown. This differential equation is integrated to obtain two steady state solutions, one for the case of a well in an infinite aquifer, and the other for the case where the head is maintained constant along an outer boundary concentric with the well. In the second case, the solution of the non‐steady state is also obtained for flow towards a well discharging at a steady rate, the initial state being one of uniform head distribution. A table and some curves are given for one set of assumed values of three of the parameters of the system.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR027i002p00198","usgsCitation":"Jacob, C.E., 1946, Radial flow in a leaky artesian aquifer: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 27, no. 2, p. 198-208, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR027i002p00198.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"198","endPage":"208","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379089,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jacob, C. E.","contributorId":64504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacob","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":800609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70214991,"text":"70214991 - 1946 - Report of Committee on Runoff—1944–1945","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-05T17:41:15.472723","indexId":"70214991","displayToPublicDate":"1946-10-05T12:31:55","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Report of Committee on Runoff—1944–1945","docAbstract":"The membership of the committee has been selected to afford good representation of geographic sections and of organizations engaged in runoff research. Some new members were added during the year in order to strengthen the representation of the committee in certain phases of runoff research. Norbert H. Leupold submitted his resignation in April because his work is no longer directly related to runoff‐research.
At the beginning of the year members of the committee met to discuss its setup and plans for the future. The committee has two subcommittees, one dealing with floods and the other with subsurface‐flow. The question was considered whether progress might be facilitated by the addition of one or more additional committees dealing with logical classifications of the subject of runoff. The confusion in nomenclature and terminology relating to runoff was discussed,but it was thought that the present time was not fitting for comprehensive consideration of standardization. It was considered important that the writer of a paper dealing with runoff should make clear the usage of terms he follows In his paper. It was emphasized that there is still an important need for better understanding or liaison between groups dealing with the influence of land use on stream‐flow and those dealing with control and development of streams.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR027i001p00121","usgsCitation":"Davenport, R.W., 1946, Report of Committee on Runoff—1944–1945: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 27, no. 1, p. 121-123, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR027i001p00121.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"123","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379054,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davenport, R. W.","contributorId":41798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davenport","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":800509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70215054,"text":"70215054 - 1945 - Minerals and mineral relationship of the clay minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-28T21:04:30.957312","indexId":"70215054","displayToPublicDate":"1945-10-06T15:15:06","publicationYear":"1945","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7141,"text":"Journal of the American Ceramic Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Minerals and mineral relationship of the clay minerals","docAbstract":"The invitation to be the Edward Orton, Jr., Fellow Lecturer of the American Ceramic Society for 1945 is a very great honor and a privilege which one interested in the mineralogy of clays must heartily appreciate. Dr. Orton was a geologist as well as a founder of this Society, and no doubt in issuing this invitation you had in mind the maintenance of this historic relationship. Those of us who follow him cannot add to that relationship, but I hope that I can help to foster it. Perhaps not all geologists know of this common ground between ceramics and geology as you do, and no doubt you would have me remind my geologic colleagues of this and of the mutual contributions which its maintenance entails.
Another common bond of interest is that ceramists have made use of mineralogic and petrographic techniques to an extent not matched in any other applied science. In particular, they have utilized the petrographic microscope, and ceramists and mineralogists alike have found in X rays a wonderful new method of research. Clays, the subject of this lecture, should provide a common meeting ground and one which no doubt would win the hearty approval of Dr. Orton.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1151-2916.1945.tb14533.x","usgsCitation":"Ross, C., 1945, Minerals and mineral relationship of the clay minerals: Journal of the American Ceramic Society, v. 28, no. 7, p. 173-183, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1945.tb14533.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"173","endPage":"183","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379109,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-02","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, Clarence S.","contributorId":7251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Clarence S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":800658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}