No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1748-7692.1993.tb00437.x","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, G.B., 1993, [Book review] Manatees and Dugongs by John E. Reynolds III, Daniel K. Odell: Marine Mammal Science, v. 9, no. 1, p. 114-115, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1993.tb00437.x.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"114","endPage":"115","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132803,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db6073ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, G. 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","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Status and habitat requirements of white sturgeon populations in the Columbia River downstream from McNary Dam, Volume II","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Bonneville Power Administration","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","usgsCitation":"Miller, A.I., and Beckman, L., 1993, A recruitment index for white sturgeon in the Columbia River downstream from McNary Dam, 16 p. .","productDescription":"16 p. ","startPage":"141","endPage":"166","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334398,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5891b0bbe4b072a7ac129966","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Allen I.","contributorId":31544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beckman, L.G.","contributorId":46375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beckman","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180635,"text":"70180635 - 1993 - Swimming behavior of subyearling Chinook salmon. Annual report 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-31T10:18:19","indexId":"70180635","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Swimming behavior of subyearling Chinook salmon. Annual report 1991","docAbstract":"No abstract available
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","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1993)013<0775:SOLTSI>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Elrod, J.H., Schneider, C.P., and Ostergaard, D.E., 1993, Survival of lake trout stocked in U.S. Waters of Lake Ontario: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 13, p. 775-781, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1993)013<0775:SOLTSI>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"775","endPage":"781","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133127,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68818c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elrod, Joseph H.","contributorId":72737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elrod","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schneider, Clifford P.","contributorId":45251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Clifford","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ostergaard, David E.","contributorId":48906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostergaard","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000672,"text":"1000672 - 1993 - Simulation of the effects of time and size at stocking on PCB accumulation in lake trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T08:46:34","indexId":"1000672","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of the effects of time and size at stocking on PCB accumulation in lake trout","docAbstract":"Manipulations of size at stocking and timing of stocking have already been used to improve survival of stocked salmonines in the Great Lakes. It should be possible to stock salmonines into the Great Lakes in a way that reduces the rate of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) accumulation in these fishes. An individual-based model (IBM) was used to investigate the effects of size at stocking and timing of stocking on PCB accumulation by lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in Lake Michigan. The individual-based feature of the model allowed lake trout individuals to encounter prey fish individuals and then consume sufficiently small prey fish. The IBM accurately accounted for the variation in PCB concentrations observed within the Lake Michigan lake trout population. Results of the IBM simulations revealed that increasing the average size at stocking from 110 to 160 mm total length led to an increase in the average PCB concentration in the stocked cohort at age 5, after the fish had spent 4 years in the lake, from 2.33 to 2.65 mg/kg; the percentage of lake trout in the cohort at the end of the simulated time period with PCB concentration of 2 mg/kg or more increased from 62% to 79%. Thus, PCB contamination was reduced when the simulated size at stocking was smallest. An overall stocking strategy for lake trout into Lake Michigan should weigh this advantage regarding PCB contamination against the poor survival of lake trout that may occur if the trout are stocked at too small a size.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<0492:SOTEOT>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Madenjian, C.P., and Carpenter, S.R., 1993, Simulation of the effects of time and size at stocking on PCB accumulation in lake trout: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 122, no. 3, p. 492-499, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<0492:SOTEOT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"492","endPage":"499","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133371,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d4b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carpenter, Stephen R.","contributorId":89477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180643,"text":"70180643 - 1993 - An evaluation of spawning and rearing habitat for white sturgeon in the Columbia River downstream from McNary Dam","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-31T10:36:42","indexId":"70180643","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"An evaluation of spawning and rearing habitat for white sturgeon in the Columbia River downstream from McNary Dam","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Status and habitat requirements of the white sturegeon populations in the Columbia River downstream from McNary Dam, Volume I","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Bonneville Power Administration","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","usgsCitation":"Parsley, M., and Beckman, L., 1993, An evaluation of spawning and rearing habitat for white sturgeon in the Columbia River downstream from McNary Dam, 32 p. .","productDescription":"32 p. ","startPage":"231","endPage":"261","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334417,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5891b0bbe4b072a7ac12995a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsley, M.J.","contributorId":59542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsley","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beckman, L.G.","contributorId":46375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beckman","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000671,"text":"1000671 - 1993 - Energy budget for yearling lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-11T11:02:41.311438","indexId":"1000671","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Energy budget for yearling lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush","docAbstract":"Components of the energy budget of yearling lake trout (Salvelinus namacush) were derived from data gathered in laboratory growth and metabolism studies; values for energy lost as waste were estimated with previously published equations. Because the total caloric value of food consumed by experimental lake trout was significantly different during the two years in which the studies were done, separate annual energy budgets were formulated. The gross conversion efficiency in yearling lake trout fed ad libitum rations of alewives at 10°C was 26.6% to 41%. The distribution of energy with temperature was similar for each component of the energy budget. Highest conversion efficiencies were observed in fish fed less than ad libitum rations; fish fed an amount of food equivalent to about 4% of their body weight at 10°C had a conversion efficiency of 33% to 45.1%. Physiologically useful energy was 76.1–80.1% of the total energy consumed. Estimated growth for age-I and -II lake fish was near that observed for laboratory fish held at lake temperatures and fed reduced rations.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/tox.2530080110","usgsCitation":"Johnson, B., 1993, Activated mutatox assay for detection of genotoxic substances: Environmental Toxicology, v. 8, no. 1, p. 103-113, https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.2530080110.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"113","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329626,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-05-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5805e350e4b0824b2d1c24da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, B. Thomas","contributorId":105101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"B. Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70180491,"text":"70180491 - 1993 - Evaluation of PIT tagging of subyearling Chinook salmon. Annual report 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-30T15:01:01","indexId":"70180491","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Evaluation of PIT tagging of subyearling Chinook salmon. Annual report 1991","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","language":"English","publisher":"Bonneville Power Administration","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","usgsCitation":"McCann, J., Burge, H., and Connor, W., 1993, Evaluation of PIT tagging of subyearling Chinook salmon. Annual report 1991, 23 p. .","productDescription":"23 p. ","startPage":"63","endPage":"85","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334378,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58905efce4b072a7ac0cadad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCann, J.A.","contributorId":25499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCann","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burge, H.L.","contributorId":57104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burge","given":"H.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Connor, W.P.","contributorId":98090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connor","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000822,"text":"1000822 - 1993 - Restoration ecology: longterm evaluation as an essential feature of rehabilitation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:46","indexId":"1000822","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1088,"text":"Buffalo Environmental Law Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Restoration ecology: longterm evaluation as an essential feature of rehabilitation","docAbstract":"In its brief existence as a recognized scientific discipline, restoration ecology has focused almost exclusively on terrestrial and wetland habitat. As a consequence, aquatic restoration and rehabilitation, an important component of restoration ecology is a relatively new discipline. This article examines the ecosystem approach to rehabilitation of the Great Lakes Basin and proposes that waterfront redevlopment and terrestrial and wetland habitat restoration should be accompanied by aquatic habitat restoration. Furthermore, aquatic habitat restoration must include rehabilitation of hard-bottom substrates and structures as well as pollution cleanup and management of soft sediments. Lastly, the article suggests that longterm evaluation is indispensable for aquatic habitat restoration and rehabiliation to be truly successful in the Great Lakes region. Only through longterm evaluation can we determine whether habitat restoration goals have been met at specific sites and transfer successful lessons learned at other locations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Buffalo Environmental Law Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Gannon, J., 1993, Restoration ecology: longterm evaluation as an essential feature of rehabilitation: Buffalo Environmental Law Journal, v. 1, p. 267-277.","productDescription":"p. 267-277","startPage":"267","endPage":"277","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db6272c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gannon, John E.","contributorId":74706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gannon","given":"John E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70162577,"text":"70162577 - 1993 - Preventing volcanic catastrophe; the U.S. International Volcano Disaster Assistance Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-04T09:56:10","indexId":"70162577","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preventing volcanic catastrophe; the U.S. International Volcano Disaster Assistance Program","docAbstract":"When the seismograph began to record the violent earth-shaking caused by yet another eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia, no one thought that a few hours later more than 23,000 people would be dead, killed by lahars (volcanic debris flows) in towns and villages several tens of kilometers away from the volcano. Before the fatal eruption the volcano was being monitored by scientists at a seismic station located 9 km from the summit, and information about the volcano's activity was being sent to Colombian emergency-response coordinators who were charged with alerting the public of the danger from the active volcano. Furthermore, area known to be in the pathways lahars had already been identified on maps and communities at risk had been told of their precarious locations.
\nUnfortunately, a storm on November 13, 1985, obscured the glacier-clad summit of Nevado del Ruiz. On that night an explosive eruption tore through the summit and spewed approximately 20 million cubic meters of hot ash and rocks across the snow-covered glacier. These materials were transported across the snow pack by avalanches of hot volcanic debris (pyroclastic flows) and fast-moving, hot, turbulent clouds of gas and ash (pyroclastic surges). The hot pyroclastic flows and surges caused rapid melting of the snow and ice and created large volumes of water that swept down canyons leading away from the summit. As these floods of water descended the volcano, they picked up loose debris and soil from the canyon floors and walls, growing both in volume and density, to form hot lahars. In the river valleys farther down the volcano's flanks, the lahars were as much as 40 m thick and traveled at velocities as fast as 50 km/h. Two and a half hours after the start of the eruption one of the lahars reachered Armero, 74 km from the explosion crater. In a few short minutes most of the town was swept away or buried in a torrent of mud and boulders, and three quaters of the townspeople perished.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Ewert, J., Murray, T., Lockhart, A.B., and Miller, C., 1993, Preventing volcanic catastrophe; the U.S. International Volcano Disaster Assistance Program: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 24, no. 6, p. 270-291.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"270","endPage":"291","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314905,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Colombia","otherGeospatial":"Nevado del Ruiz","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.61477661132812,\n 4.974664494785995\n ],\n [\n -75.18081665039062,\n 4.97603261138461\n ],\n [\n -75.1849365234375,\n 4.5422013027861325\n ],\n [\n -75.6298828125,\n 4.566842483002357\n ],\n [\n -75.61477661132812,\n 4.974664494785995\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a8a6c8e4b0b28f1184dc0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ewert, J.W.","contributorId":91885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ewert","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murray, T.L.","contributorId":30226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lockhart, A. B.","contributorId":152594,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lockhart","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, C.D.","contributorId":34504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70186232,"text":"70186232 - 1993 - Evidence for late Holocene relative sea-level fall from reconnaissance stratigraphical studies in an area of earthquake-subsided intertidal deposits, Isla Chiloé, southern Chile","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T10:28:03","indexId":"70186232","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Evidence for late Holocene relative sea-level fall from reconnaissance stratigraphical studies in an area of earthquake-subsided intertidal deposits, Isla Chiloé, southern Chile","docAbstract":"At Río Pudeto and Quetalmahue, two estuaries along the northern shore of Isla Chiloé that subsided as much as 2 m in the great 1960 earthquake, reconnaissance stratigraphical studies reveal evidence of a regressive, nearshore marine sequence. The intertidal deposits include a peat-bearing, high-intertidal marsh sequence as thick as 1.4 m overlying shell- and foraminifera-bearing silt and clay layers presumed to represent a deeper water, low-intertidal environment.
Stratigraphy indicates a relative sea-level fall since about 5000 years BP as evidenced by radiocarbon ages that constrain the peat-bearing sequences. Locally, low-intertidal silt and clay overlie high-intertidal peat layers, but such minor transgressions cannot be correlated from site to site. At Río Pudeto, the youngest foraminifera-bearing silt deposit is no younger than 1200 years BP. The youngest age of shells at Quetalmahue is about 2600 years BP. The oldest peat-bearing deposits that are not overlain by silt deposits are about 1350 years BP at Río Pudeto, and as old as 4900 years BP at Quetalmahue. At Río Pudeto, peat-bearing deposits, which are overlain by silt and clay, range in age from 760 to 5430 years BP, and at Quetalmahue from 290 to 5290 years BP. A beach terrace on the northwest coast of the Isla is estimated to have been emergent since 1150 + 130 years ago.
Although some relatively abrupt transgressions may be due to sudden coseismic subsidence, data are not sufficient to document regional subsidence during individual plate-interface earthquakes. Seven earthquakes in south central Chile since 1520, especially those that occurred in 1575, 1737, and 1837, are thought to have been of a magnitude comparable to that of the 1960 earthquake. Although the sedimentological effects of the 1960 earthquake on the intertidal zone were dramatic, only limited evidence of possible historic earthquakes is found on Isla Chiloé and nearby islands; the ages and displacements of these earthquakes are indeterminable.
Dead forests still mark some locations that subsided into the intertidal zone during the 1960 earthquake, particularly at Río Pudeto and southern coastal Chiloé. There is little evidence of post-1960 growth in any of these subsided areas. Tree-ring counts and tree-diameter measurements provide evidence that these trees survived the 1837 earthquake, and probably survived the 1737 earthquake, strongly suggesting that these earthquakes were of smaller magnitude than the 1960 event, or that the epicentre locations were further removed than the 1960 epicentre from Isla Chiloé, and that earthquake-induced relative sea-level changes differed from those occurring in 1960.
Calibration data (observed values corresponding to model-computed values of dependent variables) are incorporated into a general method of computing exact Scheffé-type confidence intervals analogous to the confidence intervals developed in part 1 (Cooley, this issue) for a function of parameters derived from a groundwater flow model. Parameter uncertainty is specified by a distribution of parameters conditioned on the calibration data. This distribution was obtained as a posterior distribution by applying Bayes' theorem to the hydrogeologically derived prior distribution of parameters from part 1 and a distribution of differences between the calibration data and corresponding model-computed dependent variables. Tests show that the new confidence intervals can be much smaller than the intervals of part 1 because the prior parameter variance-covariance structure is altered so that combinations of parameters that give poor model fit to the data are unlikely. The confidence intervals of part 1 and the new confidence intervals can be effectively employed in a sequential method of model construction whereby new information is used to reduce confidence interval widths at each stage.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/92WR01864","usgsCitation":"Cooley, R.L., 1993, Exact Scheffé-type confidence intervals for output from groundwater flow models: 2. Combined use of hydrogeologic information and calibration data: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 1, p. 35-50, https://doi.org/10.1029/92WR01864.","productDescription":"16 p. ","startPage":"35","endPage":"50","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339109,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f91e4b09da67997ed14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooley, Richard L.","contributorId":8831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooley","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186220,"text":"70186220 - 1993 - An empirical correlation between coal bed gas with Rock-Eval pyrolysis and 13c NMR results, Cretaceous Mesaverde and Meeteetse formations, Wind River basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-31T16:06:11","indexId":"70186220","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"An empirical correlation between coal bed gas with Rock-Eval pyrolysis and 13c NMR results, Cretaceous Mesaverde and Meeteetse formations, Wind River basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wyoming Geological Association special symposium on oil and gas and other resources of the Wind River basin, Wyoming","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Special symposium on oil and gas and other resources of the Wind River basin, Wyoming","conferenceDate":"1993","conferenceLocation":"Casper, WY","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Barker, C., Bartke, T., Hatcher, P.G., and Daws, T., 1993, An empirical correlation between coal bed gas with Rock-Eval pyrolysis and 13c NMR results, Cretaceous Mesaverde and Meeteetse formations, Wind River basin, Wyoming, in Wyoming Geological Association special symposium on oil and gas and other resources of the Wind River basin, Wyoming, Casper, WY, 1993, p. 243-256.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"243","endPage":"256","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338987,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58df6acae4b02ff32c6aea93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, C.E.","contributorId":69991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bartke, T.C","contributorId":190245,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartke","given":"T.C","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hatcher, Patrick G.","contributorId":93625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Daws, T.A.","contributorId":56651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daws","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70186260,"text":"70186260 - 1993 - Geology, geochemistry, and geochronology of the central Giants Range batholith, northeastern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T12:18:00","indexId":"70186260","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology, geochemistry, and geochronology of the central Giants Range batholith, northeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"The Giants Range batholith is a large composite granitoid body that intrudes deformed supracrustal rocks in the western part of the Wawa Subprovince of the Archean Superior Province. Peak fabric development in the supracrustal rocks coincides with D2 deformation, the product of regional transpression across the southern Superior Province. U–Pb zircon ages on two phases of the Giants Range batholith bracket D2 deformation to an interval between 2685 and 2669 Ma. Two well-exposed components of the central part of the Giants Range batholith are the pre- to syn-D2 Britt granodiorite, which contains a linear D2 metamorphic fabric, and the syn- to post-D2 Shannon Lake granite, which cuts deformation fabrics in the Britt granodiorite and the supracrustal rocks. Geochemical discrimination plots imply emplacement of the Britt granodiorite in an arc environment and the Shannon Lake granite in a collision setting. Zircons yield U–Pb ages of 2681 ± 4 and 2685 ± 4 Ma for the Britt granodiorite and 2674 ± 5 and 2674 ± 27 Ma for the Shannon Lake granite. Timing of D2 deformation near the Giants Range batholith corresponds well with similar rocks exposed along strike 170 km to the east near Shebandowan Lake, Ontario, where the end of D2 deformation has been bracketed between 2692 and 2681 Ma. The slightly younger ages for D2 deformation in Minnesota reflect later volcanic-arc development and associated plutonism than at Shebandowan Lake, possibly due to oblique convergence along a westward-migrating tectonic front.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/e93-217","usgsCitation":"Boerboom, T.J., and Zartman, R.E., 1993, Geology, geochemistry, and geochronology of the central Giants Range batholith, northeastern Minnesota: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 30, no. 12, p. 2510-2522, https://doi.org/10.1139/e93-217.","productDescription":"13 p. ","startPage":"2510","endPage":"2522","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339035,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f92e4b09da67997ed22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boerboom, Terrence J.","contributorId":190287,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boerboom","given":"Terrence","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zartman, Robert E.","contributorId":47356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zartman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156291,"text":"70156291 - 1993 - Patterns of orographic uplift in the Sierra Nevada and their relationship to upper-level atmospheric circulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T11:47:47","indexId":"70156291","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Patterns of orographic uplift in the Sierra Nevada and their relationship to upper-level atmospheric circulation","docAbstract":"We examine monthly and seasonal patterns of precipitation across various elevations of the eastern Central Valley of California and the Sierra Nevada. A measure of the strength of the orographic effect called the “precipitation ratio” is calculated, and we separate months into four groups based on being wet or dry and having low or high precipitation ratios. Using monthly maps of mean 700-mb height anomalies, we describe the northern hemisphere mid-tropospheric circulation patterns associated with each of the four groups. Wet months are associated with negative height anomalies over the eastern Pacific, as expected. However, the orientation of the trough is different for years with high and low precipitation ratios. Wet months with high ratios typically have circulation patterns factoring a west-southwest to east-northeast storm track from around the Hawaiian Islands to the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Wet months with low precipitation ratios are associated with a trough centered near the Aleutians and a northwest to southeast storm track. Dry months are marked by anticyclones in the Pacific, but this feature is more localized to the eastern Pacific for months with low precipitation ratios than for those with high ratios. Using precipitation gauge and snow course data from the American River and Truckee-Tahoe basins, we determined that the strength of the orographic effect on a seasonal basis is spatially coherent at low and high elevations and on opposite sides of the Sierra Nevada crestline.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the ninth annual pacific climate (PACLIM) workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Ninth annual pacific climate (PACLIM) workshop","conferenceDate":"April 21-24, 1992","conferenceLocation":"Asilomar, CA","language":"English","publisher":"California Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Aguado, E., Cayan, D.R., Reece, B.D., and Riddle, L., 1993, Patterns of orographic uplift in the Sierra Nevada and their relationship to upper-level atmospheric circulation, in Proceedings of the ninth annual pacific climate (PACLIM) workshop, Asilomar, CA, April 21-24, 1992, p. 153-163.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"163","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307003,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada, Central Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.62939453125001,\n 40.22921818870117\n ],\n [\n -120.32226562500001,\n 40.51379915504413\n ],\n [\n -119.06982421874999,\n 38.30718056188316\n ],\n [\n -117.3779296875,\n 35.47856499535729\n ],\n [\n -118.49853515625,\n 35.0120020431607\n ],\n [\n -119.28955078124999,\n 35.37113502280101\n ],\n [\n -121.35498046875,\n 37.24782120155428\n ],\n [\n -122.18994140624999,\n 38.71980474264239\n ],\n [\n -122.3876953125,\n 39.18117526158749\n ],\n [\n -122.54150390625,\n 39.62261494094297\n ],\n [\n -122.62939453125001,\n 40.22921818870117\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"579889bde4b0589fa1c6bade","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aguado, Edward","contributorId":146639,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aguado","given":"Edward","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayan, Daniel R. 0000-0002-2719-6811 drcayan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2719-6811","contributorId":1494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","email":"drcayan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reece, Brian D. bdreece@usgs.gov","contributorId":2129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reece","given":"Brian","email":"bdreece@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":568540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Riddle, Larry","contributorId":146638,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Riddle","given":"Larry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70186545,"text":"70186545 - 1993 - Teleseismic velocity tomography using the ACH method; theory and application to continental-scale studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T11:02:53","indexId":"70186545","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Teleseismic velocity tomography using the ACH method; theory and application to continental-scale studies","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Seismic tomography; theory and practice","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Chapman and Hall","usgsCitation":"Evans, J., and Achauer, U., 1993, Teleseismic velocity tomography using the ACH method; theory and application to continental-scale studies, chap. of Seismic tomography; theory and practice, p. 319-360.","productDescription":"42 p. ","startPage":"319","endPage":"360","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339206,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e6027ae4b09da6799ac6d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, J.R.","contributorId":50526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Achauer, Ulrich","contributorId":190521,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Achauer","given":"Ulrich","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70182706,"text":"70182706 - 1993 - Adult survival of Black-legged Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla in a Pacific colony","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-27T13:59:40","indexId":"70182706","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1961,"text":"Ibis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adult survival of Black-legged Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla in a Pacific colony","docAbstract":"Breeding Black-legged Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla survived at a mean annual rate of 0.926 in four years at a colony in Alaska. Survival rates observed in sexed males (0.930) and females (0.937) did not differ significantly. The rate of return among nonbreeding Kittiwakes (0.839) was lower than that of known breeders, presumably because more nonbreeders moved away from the study plots where they were marked. Individual nonbreeders frequented sites up to 5 km apart on the same island, while a few established breeders moved up to 2.5 km between years. Mate retention in breeding Kittiwakes averaged 69% in three years. Among pairs that split, the cause of changing mates was about equally divided between death (46%) and divorce (54%). Average adult life expectancy was estimated at 13.0 years. Combined with annual productivity averaging 0.17 chick per nest, the observed survival was insufficient for maintaining population size. Rather, an irregular decline observed in the study colony since 1981 is consistent with the model of a closed population with little or no recruitment. Compared to their Atlantic counterparts, Pacific Kittiwakes have low productivity and high survival. The question arises whether differences reflect phenotypic plasticity or genetically determined variation in population parameters.
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