The environments of deposition of the uppermost part of the Cody Shale and the Mesaverde and Meeteetse Formations of Late Cretaceous age were studied on outcrop in the Shotgun Butte area in the north-central part of the Wind River Reservation. A shoreface sandstone occurs in the lower part of the Mesaverde Formation at all localities studied, and is directly overlain by a coaly interval. Repetitive coarsening-upward cycles of mudstone, siltstone, and sandstone occur in the 200 ft interval of the upper part of the Cody Shale below the shoreface sandstone. These Cody sandstones are typically hummocky cross stratified with symmetrical ripples near the top, indicating that they are largely storm surge deposits that were later reworked. Channel-form sandstones from 10 to 20 ft thick, with abundant locally derived clayey clasts, occur in a 75 ft thick interval below the shoreface at one locality. These unusual sandstones are largely confined to a narrow area of the outcrop and grade laterally into more typical storm surge deposits. They may be unusually large storm surge channels created when high-energy flow conditions were localized to a limited area of the shelf.
The Mesaverde Formation above the shoreface sandstone is divided into a middle member and the Teapot Sandstone Member. The lower part of the middle member is everywhere coaly. Erosional-based sandstones in this coaly interval are highly variable in thickness and architecture. Thin, single channel sandstone bodies were deposited by moderate to high sinuosity streams, and thick, multistory channel sandstone bodies were deposited by rapidly switching fluvial channel systems that remained relatively stationary for extended periods of time. The architecture of the fluvial channel sandstones in the overlying noncoaly interval appears to be highly variable as well, with complex multistory sandstones occurring at different stratigraphic levels at different localities. This distribution may be explained by long term stability of fluvial channel systems followed by major avulsion events.
The Teapot Sandstone Member consists of fairly persistent to lenticular white multistory sandstone units that are as much as 85 ft thick and contain trough cross beds as much as 5 ft high. These sandstone units are interbedded with gray mudstones and carbonaceous shales. Paleosols are preserved at the tops of individual sandstones in the multistory units in some places. It is suggested that these sandstones were deposited largely by low-sinuosity to braided streams. The Meeteetse Formation consists of alternating coal and sandstone-rich intervals. The coal-rich intervals have relatively thin fluvial channel sandstones probably deposited by medium to high sinuosity streams whereas the sand-rich intervals have thick (to 105 ft) multistory fluvial channel sandstones possibly deposited by low-sinousity to braided streams.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oil and Gas and Other Resources of the Wind River Basin, Wyoming; Special Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wyo. Geol. Assoc. ","publisherLocation":"Casper, WY","usgsCitation":"Johnson, R.C., Clark, A., Barker, C., Crysdale, B., Higley, D., Szmajter, R., and Finn, T., 1993, Coalbed methane potential of the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde and Meeteetse formations, Wind River Reservation, Wyoming, in Oil and Gas and Other Resources of the Wind River Basin, Wyoming; Special Symposium, p. 215-242.","productDescription":"28 p. ","startPage":"215","endPage":"242","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339465,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339464,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/wga/data/055/055001/95_wga0550095.htm"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a553e4b09da6799d6400","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, R. C. 0000-0002-6197-5165","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6197-5165","contributorId":101621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"R.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":690399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, A.C.","contributorId":25164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barker, C.E.","contributorId":69991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crysdale, B.L.","contributorId":59118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crysdale","given":"B.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Higley, D.K. 0000-0001-8024-9954","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8024-9954","contributorId":90261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higley","given":"D.K.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":690403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Szmajter, R.J.","contributorId":87573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szmajter","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Finn, T.M. 0000-0001-6396-9351","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6396-9351","contributorId":65495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70164319,"text":"70164319 - 1993 - Freshwater mussels of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-01T10:43:29","indexId":"70164319","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Freshwater mussels of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 1993 Georgia Water Resources Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"1993 Georgia Water Resources Conference","conferenceDate":"April 20-21, 1993","conferenceLocation":"Athens, GA","language":"English","publisher":"University of Georgia","usgsCitation":"Williams, J., and Brim-Box, J., 1993, Freshwater mussels of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers, in Proceedings of the 1993 Georgia Water Resources Conference, Athens, GA, April 20-21, 1993, p. 296-297.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"296","endPage":"297","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316371,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b08fcfe4b010e2af2a5d93","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hatcher, Kathryn J.","contributorId":113326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597005,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Williams, J.D.","contributorId":74701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brim-Box, J.","contributorId":37695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brim-Box","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70179223,"text":"70179223 - 1993 - Monitoring of in-river migration of smolts from two groups of spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) with different profiles of Renibacterium salmoninarum infection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-22T09:53:48","indexId":"70179223","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Monitoring of in-river migration of smolts from two groups of spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) with different profiles of Renibacterium salmoninarum infection","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Broodstock management and egg and larval quality: A science in aquaculture international conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","usgsCitation":"Pascho, R., Elliott, D., and Achord, S., 1993, Monitoring of in-river migration of smolts from two groups of spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) with different profiles of Renibacterium salmoninarum infection, chap. of Broodstock management and egg and larval quality: A science in aquaculture international conference.","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332461,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"585cf502e4b01224f329bce2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pascho, R.J.","contributorId":65796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pascho","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elliott, D.G.","contributorId":58226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Achord, S.","contributorId":177073,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Achord","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018031,"text":"70018031 - 1993 - A finite-volume Eulerian-Lagrangian Localized Adjoint Method for solution of the advection-dispersion equation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-06T07:15:06","indexId":"70018031","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A finite-volume Eulerian-Lagrangian Localized Adjoint Method for solution of the advection-dispersion equation","docAbstract":"A new mass-conservative method for solution of the one-dimensional advection-dispersion equation is derived and discussed. Test results demonstrate that the finite-volume Eulerian-Lagrangian localized adjoint method (FVELLAM) outperforms standard finite-difference methods, in terms of accuracy and efficiency, for solute transport problems that are dominated by advection. For dispersion-dominated problems, the performance of the method is similar to that of standard methods. Like previous ELLAM formulations, FVELLAM systematically conserves mass globally with all types of boundary conditions. FVELLAM differs from other ELLAM approaches in that integrated finite differences, instead of finite elements, are used to approximate the governing equation. This approach, in conjunction with a forward tracking scheme, greatly facilitates mass conservation. The mass storage integral is numerically evaluated at the current time level, and quadrature points are then tracked forward in time to the next level. Forward tracking permits straightforward treatment of inflow boundaries, thus avoiding the inherent problem in backtracking, as used by most characteristic methods, of characteristic lines intersecting inflow boundaries. FVELLAM extends previous ELLAM results by obtaining mass conservation locally on Lagrangian space-time elements. Details of the integration, tracking, and boundary algorithms are presented. Test results are given for problems in Cartesian and radial coordinates.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR00403","usgsCitation":"Healy, R.W., and Russell, T., 1993, A finite-volume Eulerian-Lagrangian Localized Adjoint Method for solution of the advection-dispersion equation: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 7, p. 2399-2413, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00403.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2399","endPage":"2413","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228596,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3dbe4b0c8380cd46269","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Healy, R. W.","contributorId":89872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Russell, T.F.","contributorId":86811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70162368,"text":"70162368 - 1993 - The danger of collapsing lava domes; lessons for Mount Hood, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-04T09:33:42","indexId":"70162368","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The danger of collapsing lava domes; lessons for Mount Hood, Oregon","docAbstract":"Nestled in the crater of Oregon's majestic Mount Hood volcano is Crater Rock, a prominent feature known to thousands of skiers, climbers, and tourists who journey each year to the famous Timberline Lodge located high on the volcano's south flank. Crater Rock stands about 100m above the sloping crater floor and warm fumaroles along its base emit sulfur gases and a faint steam plume that is sometimes visible from the lodge. What most visitors do not know, however, is that Crater Rock is a volcanic lava dome only 200 years old.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Brantley, S., and Scott, W.E., 1993, The danger of collapsing lava domes; lessons for Mount Hood, Oregon: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 24, no. 6, p. 244-269.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"244","endPage":"269","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314648,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Mt. Hood","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.79031372070312,\n 45.42544355958045\n ],\n [\n -121.59805297851561,\n 45.42833496400944\n ],\n [\n -121.59255981445312,\n 45.28165078755851\n ],\n [\n -121.79168701171875,\n 45.28068450114256\n ],\n [\n -121.79855346679686,\n 45.42158812329091\n ],\n [\n -121.79031372070312,\n 45.42544355958045\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a20f50e4b0961cf2811c38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brantley, S.R.","contributorId":42611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brantley","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, W. E.","contributorId":22773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70162684,"text":"70162684 - 1993 - Landslides caused by the Klamath Falls, Oregon, earthquakes of September 20, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-16T16:24:28","indexId":"70162684","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landslides caused by the Klamath Falls, Oregon, earthquakes of September 20, 1993","docAbstract":"The Klamath Falls earthquakes caused landslides throughout an area of about 420 sq km and as far as about 29 km from the epicenter, a distribution that is typical for magnitude 6 earthquakes (see graphs on following pages). Most of the landslides were rock falls or shallow, highly disrupted rock slides from roadcuts, quarries, and steep bluff faces. Such landslides are also among the most common types caused by other earthquakes of comparable magnitude.
\nIn the Klamath Falls area, the most numerous earthquake-induced rock falls were along the east-to southeast-facing flank of a ridge immediately south and west of Howard Bay (locality 1 on the accompanying map), 18 km east-southeast of the epicenter of the magntiude 6.0 shock at 10:45 p.m. This ridge is more than 240 m high and has slopes steeper than 45° in places. The upper part of the ridge is composed of material from basaltic lava flows, an the lower slopes are covered with colluvium and talus deposits containing abundant boulders.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Keefer, D.K., and Schuster, R.L., 1993, Landslides caused by the Klamath Falls, Oregon, earthquakes of September 20, 1993: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 24, no. 3, p. 140-146.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"140","endPage":"146","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":315010,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Falls","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.04711914062499,\n 42.74701217318067\n ],\n [\n -121.9647216796875,\n 42.744995166137286\n ],\n [\n -121.72302246093749,\n 42.32403179535469\n ],\n [\n -121.6351318359375,\n 42.1552594657786\n ],\n [\n -122.27783203125,\n 42.0615286181226\n ],\n [\n -122.310791015625,\n 42.49842801732158\n ],\n [\n -122.288818359375,\n 42.72482148625276\n ],\n [\n -122.13775634765625,\n 42.744995166137286\n ],\n [\n -122.04711914062499,\n 42.74701217318067\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ab49c9e4b07ca61bfea581","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keefer, D. K.","contributorId":21176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":590130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schuster, R. L.","contributorId":19135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":590131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017970,"text":"70017970 - 1993 - Magnetic grain-size variations through an ash flow sheet: influence on magnetic properties and implications for cooling history","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-26T00:03:51.805138","indexId":"70017970","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magnetic grain-size variations through an ash flow sheet: influence on magnetic properties and implications for cooling history","docAbstract":"Rock magnetic studies of tuffs are essential to the interpretation of paleomagnetic data derived from such rocks, provide a basis for interpretation of aeromagnetic data over volcanic terranes, and yield insights into the depositional and cooling histories of ash flow sheets. A rhyolitic ash flow sheet, the Miocene-aged Tiva Canyon Member of the Paintbrush Tuff, contains both titanomagnetite phenocrysts, present in the magma prior to eruption, and cubic Fe-oxide microcrystals that grew after emplacement. Systematic variations in the quantity and magnetic grain size of the microcrystals produce large variations in magnetic properties through a section of the ash flow sheet penetrated in a borehole on the Nevada Test Site. Natural remanent magnetization varies from less than 1 × 10−4 to more than 8 × 10−4 A m3 kg−1, and in-phase magnetic susceptibility varies from less than 1 × 10−6 to more than 10 × 10−6 m3 kg−1. The microcrystals, which include both magnetite and maghemite, have Curie points and maximum unblocking temperatures between 580°C and 640°C. Rock magnetic data, including in-phase and quadrature magnetic susceptibilities as well as hysteresis parameters, demonstrate that these microcrystals are of superparamagnetic and single-domain sizes. Titanomagnetite phenocrysts are the dominant remanence carriers in the central 50 m of the section, whereas microcrystals are important contributors to remanent magnetization and magnetic susceptibility in two 15-m-thick zones at the top and bottom. Within these zones the size of microcrystals decreases both toward the quenched margins and toward the interior of the sheet. The decrease in microcrystal size toward the interior of the sheet is interpreted to indicate the presence of a cooling break; possibly represented by a concentration of pumice. Laboratory heating produces changes in magnetic properties which vary complexly from sample to sample. Such changes include (1) decrease in saturation magnetization, (2) both increase and decrease in in-phase and quadrature magnetic susceptibilities, and (3) shifts in coercivity spectra. The complex sample-to-sample variation in response to heating is attributed to differences in initial grain-size distributions.
Investigation of reservoir anisotropy and lithofacies stratigraphic framework in the Fort Union Formation in western Wind River Basin, Wyoming focused on excellent surface exposures in the Shotgun Butte, Eagle Point, and Shotgun Bench synclines, and in the Merriam anticline area of the Wind River Reservation (Fig. 1). A complementary study was made of the formation in the Muddy Ridge and Pavillion gas fields, 8-10 mi to the southeast (Fig. 2). The Fort Union Formation is as much as 4000 ft thick in these areas, but thins to approximately 1800 ft toward the northern flank of the Little Dome anticline 3 mi south of Merriam anticline (Keefer and Troyer, 1964). The Fort Union Formation includes interbedded conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, mudstones, coals, and carbonaceous shales (Fig. 3). The lower member of the Fort Union Formation is dominated by conglomerates and sandstones. The overlying Shotgun Member of the Fort Union Formation mainly consists of siltstones, mudstones, and carbonaceous shales, and coals, and subordinate sandstones. Contact between the lower member and Shotgun Member is gradational and marked by a topographic change from the resistant conglomerates and sandstones of the lower member to less resistant fine-grained strata of the Shotgun Member. In addition, the Shotgun Member commonly contains coal and carbonaceous shale beds, both in the surface and subsurface (Fig. 4). About 15-20 mi east of the study area the Waltman Shale Member of the Fort Union Formation pinches out at the contact between the lower member and Shotgun Member (Keefer and Johnson, this volume). The Waltman Shale Member, which consists of brown to gray silty and shaly claystones interbedded with sandstones, increases in thickness to as much as 3000 ft eastward into the basin center (Keefer, 1961; 1965). Thus, eastward, the Paleocene Fort Union Formation in ascending order, contains the lower member, Waltman Shale Member, and Shotgun Member. The Shotgun Member generally thins and interfingers with the Waltman Member.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wyoming Geological Association","usgsCitation":"Flores, R.M., and Keighin, C.W., 1993, Reservoir anisotropy and facies stratigraphic framework in the Paleocene Fort Union Formation, western Wind River basin, p. 121-141.","productDescription":"21 p. ","startPage":"121","endPage":"141","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339247,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60279e4b09da6799ac6c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flores, R. M.","contributorId":106899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flores","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keighin, C. W.","contributorId":79887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keighin","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186573,"text":"70186573 - 1993 - Architecture of Fort Union paleovalley conglomerates related to aquifer potential in the western Wind River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T14:14:51","indexId":"70186573","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Architecture of Fort Union paleovalley conglomerates related to aquifer potential in the western Wind River basin","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wyoming Geological Association special symposium on oil and gas and other resources of the Wind River basin, Wyoming","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wyo. Geol. Assoc. ","usgsCitation":"Flores, R.M., Clark, A., and Keighin, C.W., 1993, Architecture of Fort Union paleovalley conglomerates related to aquifer potential in the western Wind River basin, in Wyoming Geological Association special symposium on oil and gas and other resources of the Wind River basin, Wyoming, p. 143-162.","productDescription":"20 p. ","startPage":"143","endPage":"162","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339246,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60279e4b09da6799ac6cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flores, R. M.","contributorId":106899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flores","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, A.C.","contributorId":25164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keighin, C. W.","contributorId":79887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keighin","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187319,"text":"70187319 - 1993 - GPS network operations for the International GPS Geodynamics Service","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-19T14:50:51.702584","indexId":"70187319","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"GPS network operations for the International GPS Geodynamics Service","docAbstract":"As GPS technology comes of age in the 1990’s, it is evident that an internationally sponsored GPS tracking system is called for to provide consistent, timely ground tracking data and data products to the geophysical community. The planning group for the International GPS Geodynamics Service (IGS), sponsored by the International Association of Geodesy (IAG), is addressing all elements of the end-to-end tracking system, ranging from data collection to data analysis and distribution of products (Mueller, 1992). Part of the planning process is to formulate how these various elements work together to create the common infrastructure needed to support a wide variety of GPS investigations. A key element for any permanent satellite tracking system is certainly the acquisition segment; the reliability and robustness of the ground network operations directly determine the fates and limitations of final products. The IGS planning group therefore included a committee tasked to develop and establish standards governing data acquisition and site-specific characteristics deemed necessary to ensure the collection of a high quality, continuous data set. An abbreviated version of these standards is included as art appendix to this paper.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Permanent satellite tracking networks for geodesy and geodynamics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-77726-4_3","usgsCitation":"Neilan, R.E., 1993, GPS network operations for the International GPS Geodynamics Service, in Permanent satellite tracking networks for geodesy and geodynamics, p. 33-45, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77726-4_3.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"45","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":340555,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59030339e4b0e862d230f7f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neilan, Ruth E.","contributorId":191502,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neilan","given":"Ruth","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186920,"text":"70186920 - 1993 - Sensitivity of crustal deformation instruments to changes insecular rate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-13T21:04:58","indexId":"70186920","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sensitivity of crustal deformation instruments to changes insecular rate","docAbstract":"A variety of instruments (including borehole strainmeters, water wells, creepmeters, laser ranging and differential magnetometers) are used to monitor crustal deformation in areas that are prone to geologic hazards such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. In monitoring the deformation, one typically examines the data for either a change in rate, or a simple offset in the record. However, one needs to place a statistical confidence level that the detected signal differs from the background “noise”. Calculation of the statistical confidence level may be done using the formalism of the matched filter, whose output is the signal-to-noise ratio, ρ. Two ingredients are needed to form a matched filter: 1) The power density spectrum of the instrument and 2) the functional form of the signal that we desire to detect. Using the available crustal deformation data from the Parkfield, California network, the background noise for individual instruments as a function of frequency, f, is estimated using the traditional method of the power density spectra. Except for two-color laser distance-ranging data, the power spectra for most of the instruments have a frequency dependence of f−n where 2≤n≤3. The confidence level with which a hypothesized signal is present is determined directly from the signal-to-noise ratio, with the numerator being a function of the signal and the denominator being a function of the power spectrum. Using a creepmeter as an example, a 0.04-mm change occurring over 1 hour, a 0.06-mm occurring over 10 hours, or 0.20-mm over 100 hours are all signals for which ρ=2 and therefore have only a 5% confidence that these signals could be background noise.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/92GL02718 ","usgsCitation":"Langbein, J.O., Quilty, E., and Breckenridge, K., 1993, Sensitivity of crustal deformation instruments to changes insecular rate: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 20, no. 2, p. 85-88, https://doi.org/10.1029/92GL02718 .","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"85","endPage":"88","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339723,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f08e64e4b06911a29fa876","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langbein, John O.","contributorId":72438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"John","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quilty, Eddie","contributorId":190885,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quilty","given":"Eddie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Breckenridge, Katherine","contributorId":190888,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Breckenridge","given":"Katherine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185346,"text":"70185346 - 1993 - Status of Pacific Black Brant Branta bernicla nigricans on Wrangel Island, Russian Federation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-01T22:11:52.251704","indexId":"70185346","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3764,"text":"Wildfowl","onlineIssn":"2052-6458","printIssn":"0954-6324","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Status of Pacific Black Brant Branta bernicla nigricans on Wrangel Island, Russian Federation","title":"Status of Pacific Black Brant Branta bernicla nigricans on Wrangel Island, Russian Federation","docAbstract":"In the North Pacific, the breeding distribution of Northern Fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) includes about equal numbers of very large colonies (50,000-500,000 individuals) and relatively small ones (5-5,000 individuals). The almost complete segregation of light and dark colour phases between adjacent colonies in the Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk suggests there is little gene flow among the major colonies. Annual productivity averaged 0.42 chicks per breeding pair in 10 years at one colony in the Gulf of Alaska; adult survival was 0.97 per year over five years at the same location. There is no clear indication of population change at either of two large colonies studied, but several small colonies in the western Aleutians and northern Gulf of Alaska have increased since the mid-1970s. Fulmars appear to have low vulnerability to oil pollution and drifting gill nets, but they are relatively heavy consumers of plastic debris. Introduced predators probably reduced fulmar populations in the past. Population monitoring is recommended for one or more of the large Pacific colonies and several of the smaller ones. Small colonies may provide early indications of changing population status.
Ornithology in Alaska formally began with the observations of Georg Wilhelm Steller during Vitus Bering's voyage of discovery in 1741. Steller's journal makes brief mention of various seabird species he encountered during his travels in the Gulf of Alaska and Aleutian Islands (Frost and Engel 1988). For more than 100 years following Steller, the Russian-American Company was active in commercial fur harvesting throughout southern coastal Alaska, but this period saw little contribution to a scientific understanding of the region's avifauna. With the purchase of Alaska by the United States in 1867, a period of American exploration began that included significant work by pioneering naturalists such as Dall (1873, 1874), Elliot (1881), Nelson (1883), and Turner (1885, 1886). While this activity established a comprehensive list and general knowledge of the distribution of seabird species occurring in Alaska, early observers provided no quantitative estimates of abundance for any colony or region.
The observations of Heath (1915) and Willett (1912, 1915, 1917) at two locations in southeastern Alaska are notable for including the first numerical estimates of any seabird populations for comparison with recent data. Willett's (1912, 1915) estimates of 13 species are given in Table 1 with results from a 1976 Survey at Forrester Island (DeGange et al. 1977) and a 1981 survey at St. Lazaria Island (Nelson et al 1982). In the aggregate, seabird numbers appeared to increase dramatically at both sites, but the differences may be largely artificial. Because Willett (1915) did not employ rigorous sampling methods, DeGange et al. (1977) surmised that he grossly underestimated the populations of burrowing species such as storm-petrels, Cassin's Auklets. and Rhinoceros Aulkets. Nelson et al. (1982) offered a similar interpretation of total storm-petrel numbers at St. Lazaria, but felt that a shift in the species ratio of Leach's and Fork-tailed Storm-Petrels had likely occurred. It seems reasonably certain that real changes in some of the open-nesters like Common Murres (down at Forrester Island, up at St. Lazaria) and Glaucous-winged and Herring Gulls (absent or down at both sites) have occurred since Willet's time.
","language":"English","publisher":"Pacific Seabird Group","usgsCitation":"Hatch, S.A., 1993, Population trends of Alaskan seabirds: Pacific Seabird Group Bulletin, v. 20, no. 1, p. 3-12.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"12","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337355,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337354,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pacificseabirdgroup.org/psg-publications/pacific-seabirds/","text":"Journal's Website"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c950e4b0f37a93ee9b80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":682231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185436,"text":"70185436 - 1993 - A perspective on stream-catchment connections","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-06T06:19:14","indexId":"70185436","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1699,"text":"Freshwater Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A perspective on stream-catchment connections","docAbstract":"Ecological study of the hyporheic zone is leading to recognition of a need for additional hydrologic understanding. Some of this understanding can be obtained by viewing the hyporheic zone as a succession of isolated boxes adjacent to the stream. Further understanding, particularly relevant to catchment-scale ecology, may come from studies focussed on the fluid mechanics of the flow-path connections between streams and their catchments.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.2307/1467684","usgsCitation":"Bencala, K.E., 1993, A perspective on stream-catchment connections: Freshwater Science, v. 12, no. 1, p. 44-47, https://doi.org/10.2307/1467684.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"44","endPage":"47","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338026,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d5fe4b0236b68f98f4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186912,"text":"70186912 - 1993 - Gravity and magnetic studies of the Wind River Reservation, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-13T18:45:55","indexId":"70186912","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Gravity and magnetic studies of the Wind River Reservation, Wyoming","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Special symposium on oil and gas and other resources of the Wind River basin, Wyoming","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wyo. Geol. Assoc.","usgsCitation":"Kucks, R., 1993, Gravity and magnetic studies of the Wind River Reservation, Wyoming, in Special symposium on oil and gas and other resources of the Wind River basin, Wyoming, p. 377-386.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"377","endPage":"386","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339715,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f08e65e4b06911a29fa87a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kucks, R.P.","contributorId":53758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kucks","given":"R.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018251,"text":"70018251 - 1993 - The role of water exchange between a stream channel and its hyporheic zone in nitrogen cycling at the terrestrial-aquatic interface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-04T20:04:05","indexId":"70018251","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of water exchange between a stream channel and its hyporheic zone in nitrogen cycling at the terrestrial-aquatic interface","docAbstract":"The subsurface riparian zone was examined as an ecotone with two interfaces. Inland is a terrestrial boundary, where transport of water and dissolved solutes is toward the channel and controlled by watershed hydrology. Streamside is an aquatic boundary, where exchange of surface water and dissolved solutes is bi-directional and flux is strongly influenced by channel hydraulics. Streamside, bi-directional exchange of water was qualitatively defined using biologically conservative tracers in a third order stream. In several experiments, penetration of surface water extended 18 m inland. Travel time of water from the channel to bankside sediments was highly variable. Subsurface chemical gradients were indirectly related to the travel time. Sites with long travel times tended to be low in nitrate and DO (dissolved oxygen) but high in ammonium and DOC (dissolved organic carbon). Sites with short travel times tended to be high in nitrate and DO but low in ammonium and DOC. Ammonium concentration of interstitial water also was influenced by sorption-desorption processes that involved clay minerals in hyporheic sediments. Denitrification potential in subsurface sediments increased with distance from the channel, and was limited by nitrate at inland sites and by DO in the channel sediments. Conversely, nitrification potential decreased with distance from the channel, and was limited by DO at inland sites and by ammonium at channel locations. Advection of water and dissolved oxygen away from the channel resulted in an oxidized subsurface habitat equivalent to that previously defined as the hyporheic zone. The hyporheic zone is viewed as stream habitat because of its high proportion of surface water and the occurrence of channel organisms. Beyond the channel's hydrologic exchange zone, interstitial water is often chemically reduced. Interstitial water that has not previously entered the channel, groundwater, is viewed as a terrestrial component of the riparian ecotone. Thus, surface water habitats may extend under riparian vegetation, and terrestrial groundwater habitats may be found beneath the stream channel.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00007177","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Triska, F., Duff, J., and Avanzino, R., 1993, The role of water exchange between a stream channel and its hyporheic zone in nitrogen cycling at the terrestrial-aquatic interface: Hydrobiologia, v. 251, no. 1-3, p. 167-184, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00007177.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"184","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227411,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205913,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007177"}],"volume":"251","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bafa2e4b08c986b32493c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Triska, F.J.","contributorId":69560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Triska","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duff, J.H.","contributorId":60377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duff","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Avanzino, R.J.","contributorId":37336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avanzino","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70186212,"text":"70186212 - 1993 - Generalized statistical model of the Edwards Aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-31T14:30:26","indexId":"70186212","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Generalized statistical model of the Edwards Aquifer","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings; Texas sections jointspring meeting and Texas hydrology roundup","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Texas sections jointspring meeting and Texas hydrology roundup","conferenceDate":"1993","language":"English","publisher":"Am. Inst. Hydrol","usgsCitation":"Asquith, W., and Jennings, M., 1993, Generalized statistical model of the Edwards Aquifer, in Proceedings; Texas sections jointspring meeting and Texas hydrology roundup, 1993, 6 p. .","productDescription":"6 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338976,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58df6acae4b02ff32c6aea97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Asquith, W.H.","contributorId":87980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asquith","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jennings, M.E.","contributorId":76775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017828,"text":"70017828 - 1993 - A rainfall intensity-duration threshold for landslides in a humid- tropical environment, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T00:48:07.399269","indexId":"70017828","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1767,"text":"Geografiska Annaler, Series A","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A rainfall intensity-duration threshold for landslides in a humid- tropical environment, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"Landslides are triggered by factors such as heavy rainfall, seismic activity, and construction on hillslopes. The leading cause of landslides in Puerto Rico is intense and/or prolonged rainfall. A rainfall threshold for rainfall-triggered landsliding is delimited by 256 storms that occurred between 1959 and 1991 in the central mountains of Puerto Rico, where mean annual rainfall is close to or in excess of 2,000 mm. Forty one of the 256 storms produced intense and/or prolonged rainfall that resulted in tens to hundreds of landslides. A threshold fitted to the lower boundary of the field defined by landslide-triggering storms is expressed as
I = 91.46 D-0.82
where I is rainfall intensity in millimeters per hour, and D is duration in hours. Landslide-producing storms occurred at an average rate of 1.2 per year. In general the landslides triggered by short-duration, high-intensity rainfall events were mainly shallow soil slips and debris flows, while the long-duration, low-intensity rainfall produced larger, deeper debris avalanches and slumps. For storms that had durations of up to 10 h, landsliding did not occur until rainfall intensity was as much as three times as high as the rainfall intensity reported as sufficient to trigger landsliding in temperate regions. As storm durations approach 100 h, the rainfall conditions necessary to initiate landsliding in Puerto Rico converge with those defined for temperate regions. A comparison of the Puerto Rico threshold with rainfall data from other humid-tropical regions suggests that the threshold developed for Puerto Rico may be applicable to other similar environments throughout the world.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/04353676.1993.11880379","usgsCitation":"Larsen, M.C., and Simon, A., 1993, A rainfall intensity-duration threshold for landslides in a humid- tropical environment, Puerto Rico: Geografiska Annaler, Series A, v. 75 A, no. 1-2, p. 13-23, https://doi.org/10.1080/04353676.1993.11880379.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"23","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228728,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Puerto 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","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Mesozoic Pacific: Geology, tectonics, and volcanism","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/GM077p0137","usgsCitation":"Atwater, T., Sclater, J., Sandwell, D., Severinghaus, J., and Marlow, M.S., 1993, Fracture zone traces across the North Pacific Cretaceous Quiet Zone and their tectonic implications, chap. of The Mesozoic Pacific: Geology, tectonics, and volcanism, p. 137-154, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM077p0137.","productDescription":"18 p. ","startPage":"137","endPage":"154","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338979,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58df6acae4b02ff32c6aea95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Atwater, Tanya","contributorId":168311,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Atwater","given":"Tanya","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6710,"text":"University of California, Santa Barbara, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":687894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sclater, John","contributorId":190236,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sclater","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sandwell, David","contributorId":190237,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sandwell","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Severinghaus, Jeff","contributorId":190238,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Severinghaus","given":"Jeff","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marlow, Michael S.","contributorId":72775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marlow","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017777,"text":"70017777 - 1993 - Deposition of Franciscan Complex cherts along the paleoequator and accretion to the American margin at tropical paleolatitudes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-26T13:24:05.912076","indexId":"70017777","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deposition of Franciscan Complex cherts along the paleoequator and accretion to the American margin at tropical paleolatitudes","docAbstract":"Red radiolarian cherts from three localities within the Franciscan subduction complex of northern California contain three components of remanent magnetization which are best isolated by progressive thermal demagnetization. The first component, usually removed by 300 °C, has an in situ direction similar to the present axial-dipole field and is probably a recently acquired thermoviscous overprint. A second component, generally removed between 300 and 630 °C, has constant (normal) polarity and direction within each section and is interpreted to have been acquired by low-temperature chemical alteration during subduction and accretion at the continental margin. The third component, isolated between ∼560 and 680 °C, has both normal and reversed polarities, passes a fold test, and is inferred to have been acquired during or soon after deposition. The available paleomagnetic, biostratigraphic, and geochemical data indicate deposition of these cherts along the paleoequator (0°-2°N or S paleolatitude) between Pliensbachian and Oxfordian time as the oceanic plate moved eastward, relative to North America, beneath the equatorial zone of high biologic productivity. Between Bathonian and Cenomanian time, the chert sequences apparently moved progressively away from the paleoequator (2°-15°N or S), and were soon after accreted to the American continental margin. Plate reconstruction models for the Farallon plate corroborate low-paleolatitude trajectories from ridge crest to subduction zone (for example, from 3°S to 11°N), and they imply subsequent northward translation of the Franciscan Complex (> 4,000 km) by strike-slip faulting related to relative motions between the Farallon, Kula, Pacific, and North American plates.
Several investigators have proposed solute transport models that incorporate the effects of transient storage. Transient storage occurs in small streams when portions of the transported solute become isolated in zones of water that are immobile relative to water in the main channel (e.g., pools, gravel beds). Transient storage is modeled by adding a storage term to the advection-dispersion equation describing conservation of mass for the main channel. In addition, a separate mass balance equation is written for the storage zone. Although numerous applications of the transient storage equations may be found in the literature, little attention has been paid to the numerical aspects of the approach. Of particular interest is the coupled nature of the equations describing mass conservation for the main channel and the storage zone. In the work described herein, an implicit finite difference technique is developed that allows for a decoupling of the governing differential equations. This decoupling method may be applied to other sets of coupled equations such as those describing sediment-water interactions for toxic contaminants. For the case at hand, decoupling leads to a 50% reduction in simulation run time. Computational costs may be further reduced through efficient application of the Thomas algorithm. These techniques may be easily incorporated into existing codes and new applications in which simulation run time is of concern.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/92WR02217","usgsCitation":"Runkel, R.L., and Chapra, S.C., 1993, An efficient numerical solution of the transient storage equations for solute transport in small streams: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 1, p. 211-215, https://doi.org/10.1029/92WR02217.","productDescription":"5 p. ","startPage":"211","endPage":"215","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338047,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d5fe4b0236b68f98f46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runkel, Robert L. 0000-0003-3220-481X runkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-481X","contributorId":685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"Robert","email":"runkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapra, Steven C.","contributorId":189667,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chapra","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186442,"text":"70186442 - 1993 - Implementation of biomarker-based studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-04T11:41:35","indexId":"70186442","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"3","title":"Implementation of biomarker-based studies","docAbstract":"Biomarkers may be used to determine chemical exposure and effects in several important ways. These include (1) evaluation of new agricultural or industrial chemicals for effects, (2) screening of municipal or industrial effluents, (3) determining the geographic distribution of chemical effects in the environment and their changes over time, (4) determining the identity and source of chemical pollutants, and (5) establishing cause and effect linkages.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biomarkers: Research and application in the assessment of environmental health: Proceedings of the NATO advanced research workshop on biological markers","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"conferenceTitle":"NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Biological Markers","conferenceDate":"May 12-17,1991","conferenceLocation":"Texel, The Netherlands","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-84631-1_3","isbn":"13:978-3-642-84631-1","usgsCitation":"Stegeman, J.J., Ballachey, B.E., Bickham, J., Hocker, B., Kennedy, S., Thompson, H., and Vethaak, A., 1993, Implementation of biomarker-based studies, chap. 3 of Biomarkers: Research and application in the assessment of environmental health: Proceedings of the NATO advanced research workshop on biological markers, v. 68, p. 31-48, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84631-1_3.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"48","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339155,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","publicComments":"This Conference Proceedings is Volume 68 of the NATO ASI Series","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e4b0b5e4b09da6799977cf","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Peakall, David B.","contributorId":48263,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peakall","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688475,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shugart, Lee R.","contributorId":190465,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shugart","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688476,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Stegeman, John J.","contributorId":55102,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stegeman","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":688477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ballachey, Brenda E. 0000-0003-1855-9171 bballachey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9171","contributorId":2966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballachey","given":"Brenda","email":"bballachey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bickham, J.","contributorId":190467,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bickham","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hocker, B.","contributorId":190466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hocker","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kennedy, S.","contributorId":39908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thompson, H.","contributorId":190468,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thompson","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Vethaak, A.D.","contributorId":190469,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vethaak","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70186252,"text":"70186252 - 1993 - Teleseismic tomography; lithospheric structure of the San Andreas Fault system in northern and central California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-30T15:38:39.293665","indexId":"70186252","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Teleseismic tomography; lithospheric structure of the San Andreas Fault system in northern and central California","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Seismic tomography: Theory and practice","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Chapman & Hall","usgsCitation":"Benz, H., and Zandt, G., 1993, Teleseismic tomography; lithospheric structure of the San Andreas Fault system in northern and central California, chap. of Seismic tomography: Theory and practice, p. 440-465.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"440","endPage":"465","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339022,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f92e4b09da67997ed24","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Iyer, H. M.","contributorId":17997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iyer","given":"H.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688022,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hirahara, Kazuro","contributorId":190681,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hirahara","given":"Kazuro","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":917461,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Benz, H.M.","contributorId":21594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zandt, George","contributorId":65490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zandt","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186591,"text":"70186591 - 1993 - Deuterium fractionation as water diffuses into silicic volcanic ash","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T15:59:28","indexId":"70186591","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Deuterium fractionation as water diffuses into silicic volcanic ash","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Climate change in continental isotopic records","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/GM078p0321","usgsCitation":"Friedman, I., Gleason, J., Sheppard, R., and Gude, A., 1993, Deuterium fractionation as water diffuses into silicic volcanic ash, chap. of Climate change in continental isotopic records, p. 321-323, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM078p0321.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"323","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339268,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-04-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60279e4b09da6799ac6c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, Irving","contributorId":90664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Irving","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gleason, J.D.","contributorId":27072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gleason","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sheppard, R.A.","contributorId":22361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheppard","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gude, A.J.","contributorId":53869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gude","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}