No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Reviews in Mineralogy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"02750279","usgsCitation":"Glynn, P., and Brown, J., 1996, Reactive transport modeling of acidic metal-contaminated ground water at a site with sparse spatial information: Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 34, p. 377-438.","productDescription":"62 p.","startPage":"377","endPage":"438","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227126,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a958ae4b0c8380cd81aa2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glynn, P.","contributorId":56394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glynn","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, J.","contributorId":57801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018590,"text":"70018590 - 1996 - Herbicide metabolites in surface water and groundwater: Introduction and overview","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-03T16:55:57","indexId":"70018590","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":612,"text":"ACS Symposium Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Herbicide metabolites in surface water and groundwater: Introduction and overview","docAbstract":"Several future research topics for herbicide metabolites in surface and ground water are outlined in this chapter. They are herbicide usage, chemical analysis of metabolites, and fate and transport of metabolites in surface and ground water. These three ideas follow the themes in this book, which are the summary of a symposium of the American Chemical Society on herbicide metabolites in surface and ground water. First, geographic information systems allow the spatial distribution of herbicide-use data to be combined with geochemical information on fate and transport of herbicides. Next these two types of information are useful in predicting the kinds of metabolites present and their probable distribution in surface and ground water. Finally, methods development efforts may be focused on these specific target analytes. This chapter discusses these three concepts and provides an introduction to this book on the analysis, chemistry, and fate and transport of herbicide metabolites in surface and ground water.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/bk-1996-0630.ch001","issn":"00976156","usgsCitation":"Thurman, E., and Meyer, M.T., 1996, Herbicide metabolites in surface water and groundwater: Introduction and overview: ACS Symposium Series, v. 630, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1996-0630.ch001.","productDescription":"15 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227218,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"630","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3063e4b0c8380cd5d5e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018597,"text":"70018597 - 1996 - Wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) study of \"two-line\" ferrihydrite structure: Effect of arsenate sorption and counterion variation and comparison with EXAFS results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-07T12:53:32","indexId":"70018597","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) study of \"two-line\" ferrihydrite structure: Effect of arsenate sorption and counterion variation and comparison with EXAFS results","docAbstract":"Wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) measurements have been made on a suite of “two-line” ferrihydrite (FHY2) samples containing varying amounts of coprecipitated arsenate. Samples prepared at pH 8 with counter ions chloride, nitrate, and a mixture of both also were examined. The raw WAXS scattering functions show that “two-line” ferrihydrite actually has a large number of non-Bragg (i.e., diffuse scattering) maxima up to our observation limit of 16 Å−1. The type of counter ion used during synthesis produces no significant change in this function. In unarsenated samples, Radial Distribution Functions (RDFs) produced from the scattering functions show a well-defined Fe-O peak at 2.02 Å in excellent agreement with the mean distance of 2.01 Å from extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis. The area under the Fe-O peak is consistent with only octahedral oxygen coordination about iron, and an iron coordination about oxygen of 2.2, in agreement with the EXAFS results, the sample composition, and XANES measurements. The second peak observed in the RDFs is clearly divided into two populations of correlations, at 3.07 and 3.52 Å, respectively. These distances are close to the EXAFS-derived Fe-Fe subshell distances of 3.02–3.05 and 3.43–3.46 Å, respectively, though this is misleading as the RDF peaks also include contributions from O-Fe and O-O correlations. Simulated RDFs of the FeOOH polymorphs indicate how the observed RDF structure relates to the EXAFS pair-correlation function, and allow comparisons with an ordered ferrihydrite structure.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(96)89830-9","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Waychunas, G., Fuller, C.C., Rea, B., and Davis, J., 1996, Wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) study of \"two-line\" ferrihydrite structure: Effect of arsenate sorption and counterion variation and comparison with EXAFS results: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, no. 10, p. 1765-1781, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)89830-9.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1765","endPage":"1781","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479167,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)89830-9","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227349,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd0a8e4b08c986b32efb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waychunas, G.A.","contributorId":90888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waychunas","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, C. C.","contributorId":29858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rea, B.A.","contributorId":39008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018600,"text":"70018600 - 1996 - Experimental investigation and modeling of uranium (VI) transport under variable chemical conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T08:50:46","indexId":"70018600","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental investigation and modeling of uranium (VI) transport under variable chemical conditions","docAbstract":"The transport of adsorbing and complexing metal ions in porous media was investigated with a series of batch and column experiments and with reactive solute transport modeling. Pulses of solutions containing U(VI) were pumped through columns filled with quartz grains, and the breakthrough of U(VI) was studied as a function of variable solution composition (pH, total U(VI) concentration, total fluoride concentration, and pH-buffering capacity). Decreasing pH and the formation of nonadsorbing aqueous complexes with fluoride increased U(VI) mobility. A transport simulation with surface complexation model (SCM) parameters estimated from batch experiments was able to predict U(VI) retardation in the column experiments within 30%. SCM parameters were also estimated directly from transport data, using the results of three column experiments collected at different pH and U(VI) pulse concentrations. SCM formulations of varying complexity (multiple surface types and reaction stoichiometries) were tested to examine the trade-off between model simplicity and goodness of fit to breakthrough. A two-site model (weak- and strong-binding sites) with three surface complexation reactions fit these transport data well. With this reaction set the model was able to predict (1) the effects of fluoride complexation on U(VI) retardation at two different pH values and (2) the effects of temporal variability of pH on U(VI) transport caused by low pH buffering. The results illustrate the utility of the SCM approach in modeling the transport of adsorbing inorganic solutes under variable chemical conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR02815","usgsCitation":"Kohler, M., Curtis, G., Kent, D., and Davis, J., 1996, Experimental investigation and modeling of uranium (VI) transport under variable chemical conditions: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 12, p. 3539-3551, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR02815.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"3539","endPage":"3551","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227432,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0dd4e4b0c8380cd531f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kohler, M.","contributorId":32694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kohler","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Curtis, G.P.","contributorId":65619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtis","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kent, D.B.","contributorId":16588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018605,"text":"70018605 - 1996 - Kinetic and mineralogic controls on the evolution of groundwater chemistry and 87Sr/86Sr in a sandy silicate aquifer, northern Wisconsin, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T10:20:07","indexId":"70018605","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kinetic and mineralogic controls on the evolution of groundwater chemistry and 87Sr/86Sr in a sandy silicate aquifer, northern Wisconsin, USA","docAbstract":"Substantial flowpath-related variability of 87Sr/86Sr is observed in groundwaters collected from the Trout Lake watershed of northern Wisconsin. In the extensive shallow aquifer composed of sandy glacial outwash, groundwater is recharged either by seepage from lakes or by precipitation that infiltrates the inter-lake uplands. 87Sr/86Sr of groundwater derived mainly as seepage from a precipitation-dominated lake near the head of the watershed decreases with progressive water chemical evolution along its flowpath due primarily to enhanced dissolution of relatively unradiogenic plagioclase. In contrast, 87Sr/86Sr of groundwater derived mainly from precipitation that infiltrates upland areas is substantially greater than that of precipitation collected from the watershed, due to suppression of plagioclase dissolution together with preferential leaching of Sr from radiogenic phases such as K-feldspar and biotite. The results of a column experiment that simulated the effects of changing residence time of water in the aquifer sand indicate that mobile waters obtain relatively unradiogenic Sr, whereas stagnant waters obtain relatively radiogenic Sr. Nearly the entire range of strontium-isotope composition observed in groundwaters from the watershed was measured in the experimental product waters. The constant mobility of water along groundwater recharge flowpaths emanating from the lakes promotes the dissolution of relatively unradiogenic plagioclase, perhaps due to effective dispersal of clay mineral nuclei resulting from dissolution reactions. In contrast, episodic stagnation in the unsaturated zone along the upland recharge flowpaths suppresses plagioclase dissolution, perhaps due to accumulation of clay mineral nuclei on its reactive surfaces. Differences in redox conditions along these contrasting flowpaths probably enhance the observed differences in strontium isotope behavior. This study demonstrates that factors other than the calculated state of mineral saturation must be considered when attempting to simulate chemical evolution along flowpaths, and that reaction models must be able to incorporate changing contributions from reacting minerals in the calculations.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(96)00052-X","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Bullen, T., Krabbenhoft, D., and Kendall, C., 1996, Kinetic and mineralogic controls on the evolution of groundwater chemistry and 87Sr/86Sr in a sandy silicate aquifer, northern Wisconsin, USA: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, no. 10, p. 1807-1821, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00052-X.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1807","endPage":"1821","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227526,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205934,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00052-X"}],"volume":"60","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40a3e4b0c8380cd64f0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bullen, T.D.","contributorId":79911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, D. P. 0000-0003-1964-5020","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":90765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"D. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018607,"text":"70018607 - 1996 - The long-term salinity field in San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T09:36:12","indexId":"70018607","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The long-term salinity field in San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"Data are presented on long-term salinity behaviour in San Francisco Bay, California. A two-level, width averaged model of the tidally averaged salinity and circulation has been written in order to interpret the long-term (days to decades) salinity variability. The model has been used to simulate daily averaged salinity in the upper and lower levels of a 51 segment discretization of the Bay over the 22-yr period 1967-1988. Monthly averaged surface salinity from observations and monthly-averaged simulated salinity are in reasonable agreement. Good agreement is obtained from comparison with daily averaged salinity measured in the upper reaches of North Bay. The salinity variability is driven primarily by freshwater inflow with relatively minor oceanic influence. All stations exhibit a marked seasonal cycle in accordance with the Mediterranean climate, as well as a rich spectrum of variability due to extreme inflow events and extended periods of drought. Monthly averaged salinity intrusion positions have a pronounced seasonal variability and show an approximately linear response to the logarithm of monthly averaged Delta inflow. Although few observed data are available for studies of long-term salinity stratification, modelled stratification is found to be strongly dependent on freshwater inflow; the nature of that dependence varies throughout the Bay. Near the Golden Gate, stratification tends to increase up to very high inflows. In the central reaches of North Bay, modelled stratification maximizes as a function of inflow and further inflow reduces stratification. Near the head of North Bay, lowest summer inflows are associated with the greatest modelled stratification. Observations from the central reaches of North Bay show marked spring-neap variations in stratification and gravitational circulation, both being stronger at neap tides. This spring-neap variation is simulated by the model. A feature of the modelled stratification is a hysteresis in which, for a given spring-neap tidal range and fairly steady inflows, the stratification is higher progressing from neaps to springs than from springs to neaps. The simulated responses of the Bay to perturbations in coastal sea salinity and Delta inflow have been used to further delineate the time-scales of salinity variability. Simulations have been performed about low inflow, steady-state conditions for both salinity and Delta inflow perturbations. For salinity perturbations a small, sinusoidal salinity signal with a period of 1 yr has been applied at the coastal boundary as well as a pulse of salinity with a duration of one day. For Delta inflow perturbations a small, sinusoidally varying inflow signal with a period of 1 yr has been superimposed on an otherwise constant Delta inflow, as well as a pulse of inflow with a duration of one day. Perturbations is coastal salinity dissipate as they move through the Bay. Seasonal perturbations require about 40-45 days to propagate from the coastal ocean to the Delta and to the head of South Bay. The response times of the model to perturbations in freshwater inflow are faster than this in North Bay and comparable in South Bay. In North Bay, time-scales are consistent with advection due to lower level, up-estuary transport of coastal salinity perturbations; for inflow perturbations, faster response times arise from both upper level, down-estuary advection and much faster, down-estuary migration of isohalines in response to inflow volume continuity. In South Bay, the dominant time-scales are governed by tidal dispersion.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0278-4343(96)00032-5","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Uncles, R., and Peterson, D.H., 1996, The long-term salinity field in San Francisco Bay: Continental Shelf Research, v. 16, no. 15, p. 2005-2039, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(96)00032-5.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"2005","endPage":"2039","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205950,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(96)00032-5"}],"volume":"16","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bada5e4b08c986b323d44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Uncles, R.J.","contributorId":33468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uncles","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, D. H.","contributorId":92229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018609,"text":"70018609 - 1996 - Use of 13C NMR and ftir for elucidation of degradation pathways during natural litter decomposition and composting I. early stage leaf degradation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-07T14:03:43","indexId":"70018609","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3419,"text":"Soil Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of 13C NMR and ftir for elucidation of degradation pathways during natural litter decomposition and composting I. early stage leaf degradation","docAbstract":"Oxidative degradation of plant tissue leads to the formation of natural dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and humus. Infrared (IR) and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry have been used to elucidate the chemical reactions of the early stages of degradation that give rise to DOC derived from litter and compost. The results of this study indicate that oxidation of the lignin components of plant tissue follows the sequence of O-demethylation, and hydroxylation followed by ring-fission, chain-shortening, and oxidative removal of substituents. Oxidative ring-fission leads to the formation of carboxylic acid groups on the cleaved ends of the rings and, in the process, transforms phenolic groups into aliphatic alcoholic groups. The carbohydrate components are broken down into aliphatic hydroxy acids and aliphatic alcohols.","language":"English","publisher":"Ovid","doi":"10.1097/00010694-199610000-00004","issn":"0038075X","usgsCitation":"Wershaw, R., Leenheer, J., Kennedy, K.R., and Noyes, T., 1996, Use of 13C NMR and ftir for elucidation of degradation pathways during natural litter decomposition and composting I. early stage leaf degradation: Soil Science, v. 161, no. 10, p. 667-679, https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199610000-00004.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"667","endPage":"679","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"161","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbe52e4b08c986b329520","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wershaw, R.L.","contributorId":62223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wershaw","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leenheer, J.A.","contributorId":75123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kennedy, K. R.","contributorId":66267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Noyes, T.I.","contributorId":54971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noyes","given":"T.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018615,"text":"70018615 - 1996 - Shallow subsurface geology of part of the Savannah River alluvial valley in the upper Coastal Plain of Georgia and South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:15","indexId":"70018615","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3443,"text":"Southeastern Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shallow subsurface geology of part of the Savannah River alluvial valley in the upper Coastal Plain of Georgia and South Carolina","docAbstract":"The depth to which Coastal Plain rivers incise underlying formations is an important control on local and regional hydrologic flow systems. In order to clarify these stream/aquifer relations, a better understanding of the shallow subsurface geology of the Savannah River was necessary. To accomplish this, three drillhole transects were completed across a part of the Savannah River alluvial valley in September 1993, and five geologic sections were constructed from the data. The alluvium is coarser, more angular, and more poorly sorted than the underlying formations, and lithologic differences between the strata are readily apparent, especially in areas where the underlying strata are of marine origin. Inspection of the transects indicates an asymmetry to both the alluvial terrace complex and the underlying bedrock strath. The alluvium thins in a coastward direction; and similarly, bulk-grain size diminishes in a downstream direction. This phenomenon has remained constant over time and is most likely a function of the change in slope which occurs when the river traverses the Fall Line north of the study area. The maximum thickness of the alluvial valley fill is 50 ft. The elevation of the unconformity between the alluvium and the underlying formation is far below the lowest elevation of the modern-day thalweg, indicating that the alluvial system has aggraded to form the modern-day Savannah River Valley. Formerly, the Savannah River was located immediately adjacent to and east of the modern floodplain when the river valley was formed by a cyclic pattern of infilling and subsequent entrenchment that gave rise to an irregular bedrock surface beneath the depositional terrace system. After this depositional period, the river migrated to the southwest and began a period of downcutting that ended with the formation of the unconformity (erosional terrace) that lies some 45 ft. beneath the modern-day river. The protracted southwestward migration of the river system is perhaps the best indication that pre-historic tectonism exerts an influence on the modern-day alluvial system.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southeastern Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00383678","usgsCitation":"Leeth, D., and Nagle, D., 1996, Shallow subsurface geology of part of the Savannah River alluvial valley in the upper Coastal Plain of Georgia and South Carolina: Southeastern Geology, v. 36, no. 1, p. 1-14.","startPage":"1","endPage":"14","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226997,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e3ee4b08c986b3187fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leeth, D.C.","contributorId":12991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leeth","given":"D.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nagle, D.D.","contributorId":59072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagle","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018629,"text":"70018629 - 1996 - Mapping playa evaporite minerals and associated sediments in Death Valley, California, with multispectral thermal infrared images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-12T17:41:33.097721","indexId":"70018629","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping playa evaporite minerals and associated sediments in Death Valley, California, with multispectral thermal infrared images","docAbstract":"Efflorescent salt crusts and associated sediments in Death Valley, California, were studied with remote-sensing data acquired by the NASA thermal infrared multispectral scanner (TIMS). Nine spectral classes that represent a variety of surface materials were distinguished, including several classes that reflect important aspects of the playa groundwater chemistry and hydrology. Evaporite crusts containing abundant thenardite (sodium sulfate) were mapped along the northern and eastern margins of the Cottonball Basin, areas where the inflow waters are rich in sodium. Gypsum (calcium sulfate) crusts were more common in the Badwater Basin, particularly near springs associated with calcic groundwaters along the western basin margin. Evaporite-rich crusts generally marked areas where groundwater is periodically near the surface and thus able to replenish the crusts though capillary evaporation. Detrital silicate minerals were prevalent in other parts of the salt pan where shallow groundwater does not affect the surface composition. The surface features in Death Valley change in response to climatic variations on several different timescales. For example, salt crusts on low-lying mudflats form and redissolve during seasonal-to-interannual cycles of wetting and desiccation. In contrast, recent flooding and erosion of rough-salt surfaces in Death Valley probably reflect increased regional precipitation spanning several decades. Remote-sensing observations of playas can provide a means for monitoring changes in evaporite facies and for better understanding the associated climatic processes. At present, such studies are limited by the availability of suitable airborne scanner data. However, with the launch of the Earth Observing System (EOS) AM-1 Platform in 1998, multispectral visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared remote-sensing data will become globally available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JB02813","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Crowley, J., and Hook, S., 1996, Mapping playa evaporite minerals and associated sediments in Death Valley, California, with multispectral thermal infrared images: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. B1, p. 643-660, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB02813.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"643","endPage":"660","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227220,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"B1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-01-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a506fe4b0c8380cd6b6bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crowley, J.K.","contributorId":103690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hook, S.J.","contributorId":21711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hook","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018634,"text":"70018634 - 1996 - Cadmium in the California Current system: Tracer of past and present upwelling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-14T07:34:50","indexId":"70018634","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cadmium in the California Current system: Tracer of past and present upwelling","docAbstract":"Over 100 samples were collected off the west coast of North America during 1991–1993 to determine the relation between wind‐driven upwelling and nearshore concentrations of dissolved silicate (Si), phosphate (P), and cadmium (Cd). Highly enriched in deep water offshore, these constituents are sensitive indicators of upwelling. Coastal water was sampled from the shore in January and June 1992 at 12 sites distributed between 36° and 48°N latitude. In January the composition of nearshore water along this transect was fairly uniform: 5–15 μmol/kg for Si, 0.5 to 1.0 μmol/kg for P, and 0.1–0.3 nmol/kg for Cd. In June, elevated concentrations of Si (30 μmol/kg), P (2.0 μmol/kg), and Cd (0.6 nmol/kg) revealed a region of intense upwelling between 38° and 40°N. The pattern is broadly consistent with meridional gradients in coastal upwelling calculated from the long‐term mean of alongshore winds compiled from ship reports. Nearshore water was also collected biweekly to monthly at two sites 3 km apart near San Francisco Bay (37.5°N) during 1991–1993. The variability seen in the time series suggests that the composition of nearshore water integrates the effect of alongshore winds over timescales of several weeks. Seasonal variations in Si (5–50 μmol/kg), P (0.5–2.5 μmol/kg), and Cd (0.1–0.8 nmol/kg) concentrations were consistent with upwelling during spring and summer. Maximum Si, P, and Cd concentrations reached in May 1991 were consistent with advection to the very nearshore region from a depth of about 300 m relative to a vertical profile at a distance of 200 km from the coast. Nearshore Si, P, and Cd concentrations were reduced relative to 1991 in 1992, and, to a lesser extent, in 1993 due to weaker upwelling linked to the warm phase of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation. During periods of weaker upwelling or downwelling, variations in P, Si, and Cd concentrations became uncoupled. There is a good correlation between the coastal Cd time series near San Francisco Bay (37.5°N) and a second order polynomial function of the upwelling index of Bakun [1975] at 36°N, filtered with a 30‐day running mean (r2 = 0.71, n = 39). The index is a daily estimate of coastal upwelling calculated from 6‐hourly mean atmospheric pressure distributions at 36°N. From this function and a record of daily upwelling indices, we infer a range of annually averaged coastal Cd concentrations of at least 0.3–0.5 nmol/kg since 1967. Cd/Ca ratios in shells of foraminifera from San Francisco Bay suggest that average coastal Cd concentrations 3500–4500 years ago were at the upper end of this range.
Transient groundwater interactions and lake stage were simulated for Lake Barco, an acidic seepage lake in the mantled karst of north central Florida. Karst subsidence features affected groundwater flow patterns in the basin and groundwater fluxes to and from the lake. Subsidence features peripheral to the lake intercepted potential groundwater inflow and increased leakage from the shallow perimeter of the lake bed. Simulated groundwater fluxes were checked against net groundwater flow derived from a detailed lake hydrologic budget with short-term lake evaporation computed by the energy budget method. Discrepancies between modeled and budget-derived net groundwater flows indicated that the model underestimated groundwater inflow, possibly contributed to by transient water table mounding near the lake. Recharge from rainfall reduced lake leakage by 10 to 15 times more than it increased groundwater inflow. As a result of the karst setting, the contributing groundwater basin to the lake was 2.4 ha for simulated average rainfall conditions, compared to the topographically derived drainage basin area of 81 ha. Short groundwater inflow path lines and rapid travel times limit the contribution of acid-neutralizing solutes from the basin, making Lake Barco susceptible to increased acidification by acid rain.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96WR00162","usgsCitation":"Lee, T.M., 1996, Hydrogeologic controls on the groundwater interactions with an acidic lake in karst terrain, Lake Barco, Florida: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 4, p. 831-844, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR00162.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"831","endPage":"844","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227309,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a33a4e4b0c8380cd5f148","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, T. M.","contributorId":67855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018640,"text":"70018640 - 1996 - Using remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate discharge and recharge. fluxes for the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:26","indexId":"70018640","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1934,"text":"IAHS-AISH Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate discharge and recharge. fluxes for the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system, USA","docAbstract":"The recharge and discharge components of the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system were defined by remote sensing and GIS techniques that integrated disparate data types to develop a spatially complex representation of near-surface hydrological processes. Image classification methods were applied to multispectral satellite data to produce a vegetation map. This map provided a basis for subsequent evapotranspiration and infiltration estimations. The vegetation map was combined with ancillary data in a GIS to delineate different types of wetlands, phreatophytes and wet playa areas. Existing evapotranspiration-rate estimates were then used to calculate discharge volumes for these areas. A previously used empirical method of groundwater recharge estimation was modified by GIS methods to incorporate data describing soil-moisture conditions, and a recharge potential map was produced. These discharge and recharge maps were readily converted to data arrays for numerical modelling codes. Inverse parameter estimation techniques also used these data to evaluate the reliability and sensitivity of estimated values.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IAHS-AISH Publication","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"D’Agnese, F.A., Faunt, C., and Keith, T.A., 1996, Using remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate discharge and recharge. fluxes for the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system, USA: IAHS-AISH Publication, no. 235, p. 503-511.","startPage":"503","endPage":"511","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227395,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"235","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc095e4b08c986b32a1e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"D’Agnese, F. A.","contributorId":6096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Agnese","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faunt, C.C. 0000-0001-5659-7529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":103314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"C.C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":380295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keith, Turner A.","contributorId":80549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Turner","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018641,"text":"70018641 - 1996 - The composition of fluid inclusions in ore and gangue minerals from the Silesian-Cracow Mississippi Valley-type Zn-Pb deposits Poland: Genetic and environmental implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:25","indexId":"70018641","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3108,"text":"Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The composition of fluid inclusions in ore and gangue minerals from the Silesian-Cracow Mississippi Valley-type Zn-Pb deposits Poland: Genetic and environmental implications","docAbstract":"The composition of fluids extracted from ore and gangue sulfide minerals that span most of the paragenesis of the Silesian-Cracow district was determined using a newly developed ion chromatographic (IC) technique. Ionic species determined were Na+, NH+4, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Rb+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Cl-, Br-, F-, I-, PO3-4, CO2-3, HS-, S2O2-3, SO2-4, NO-3, and acetate. Mineral samples included six from the Pomorzany mine and one from the Trzebionka mine which are hosted in the Triassic Muschelkalk Formation, and two samples of drill core from mineralized Upper Devonian strata. Nine paragenetically identifiable sulfide minerals occur throughout the Silesian-Cracow district. These include from earliest to latest: early iron sulfides, granular sphalerite, early galena, light-banded sphalerite, galena, dark-banded sphalerite, iron sulfides, late dark-banded sphalerite with late galena, and late iron sulfides. Seven of the minerals were sampled for fluid inclusion analysis in this study. Only the early iron sulfides and the last galena stage were not sampled. Although the number of analyses are limited to nine samples and two replicates and there is uncertainty about the characteristics of the fluid inclusions analyzed, the data show clear temporal trends in the composition of the fluids that deposited these minerals. Fluid inclusions in minerals deposited later in the paragenesis have significantly more K+, Br-, NH+4, and acetate but less Sr2+ than those deposited earlier in the paragenesis. The later minerals are also characterized by isotopically lighter sulfur and significantly more Tl and As in the solid minerals. The change in ore-fluid chemistry is interpreted to reflect a major change in the hydrologic regime of the district. Apparently, the migrational paths of ore fluids from the Upper Silesian basin changed during ore deposition and the fluids which deposited early minerals reacted with aquifers with very different geochemical characteristics than those that deposited late minerals. The early fluids may have reacted primarily with Devonian and Lower Carboniferous carbonate aquifers deeper in the basin, whereas the later fluids appear to have had extensive contact with organic-rich rocks, probably the shallower Middle and Upper Carboniferous flysch associated with coal measures. High concentrations of toxic Tl and As occur in the readily oxidized marcasite and pyrite minerals deposited by the later fluids. In general, the geochemistry of both the early and late fluids may be explained by an evaporite related origin or by water-rock modification of a saline basinal brine. When compared to the composition of fluid inclusions in Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) ore minerals from the Ozark region of the United States, fluid inclusions in minerals from Silesian-Cracow are fundamentally different, containing more Ca2+, Mg2+, NH+4, Br-, Sr2+ and acetate in all mineral stages with significantly more K+ in later stage minerals. The differences in ore fluid chemistry between the two regions are consistent with the lithologic differences of the respective basins thought to be the source of the mineralizing brines.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08669465","usgsCitation":"Viets, J., Hofstra, A., Emsbo, P., and Kozlowski, A., 1996, The composition of fluid inclusions in ore and gangue minerals from the Silesian-Cracow Mississippi Valley-type Zn-Pb deposits Poland: Genetic and environmental implications: Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, v. 154, p. 85-103.","startPage":"85","endPage":"103","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"154","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa4be4b08c986b3227ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Viets, J.G.","contributorId":82300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viets","given":"J.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hofstra, A. H. 0000-0002-2450-1593","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2450-1593","contributorId":41426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofstra","given":"A. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Emsbo, P.","contributorId":59901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emsbo","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kozlowski, A.","contributorId":49124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kozlowski","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018665,"text":"70018665 - 1996 - Variability in surface energy flux partitioning during Washita '92: Resulting effects on Penman-Monteith and Priestley-Taylor parameters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-07T14:10:56","indexId":"70018665","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":681,"text":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variability in surface energy flux partitioning during Washita '92: Resulting effects on Penman-Monteith and Priestley-Taylor parameters","docAbstract":"During the Washita '92 field experiment, the local surface energy balance was evaluated at four locations in the USDA-ARS Little Washita River Watershed near Chickasha, OK, using the Bowen ratio-energy balance (BREB) approach. For any given day, differences in the partitioning of the available energy appeared to be mostly a function of the type of vegetation at the site, while the actual magnitude of the fluxes was mostly affected by cloud cover. The soil surface was initially wet, and gradually dried during the field experiment. However, there was not a corresponding decrease in the evaporative fraction, which would have indicated a decreasing contribution of soil evaporation to the total latent heat flux. Ground weather data indicated a large shift in the direction and magnitude of the surface winds, and a significant increase in air temperature and vapor pressure deficit. During this period, the evaporative fraction actually increased at two of the four sites. The response of the different sites to the changing near-surface atmospheric conditions was studied in more detail by evaluating the canopy resistance (rc) to evaporation using the Penman-Monteith equation and the Priestley-Taylor parameter (α). Midday averages of (rc) and (α) tended to decrease (increase) with increasing vapor pressure deficit for two of the sites while such a trend was not evident for the other two sites. Estimates of stomatal resistances indicated that significant plant physiological differences existed between the sites containing weedy vegetation versus the grasses at the pasture/rangeland sites. Even though soil moisture conditions were relatively wet, a was less than 1 at all sites and there was no trend in α as a function of surface soil moisture conditions. These findings suggest that vegetation types C in mixed agricultural /rangeland ecosystems can have significantly different responses to similar atmospheric forcing conditions.
Groundwater age dating through the combination of transient tracer methods (chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and tritium/helium 3 (3H/3He)) and groundwater flow path analysis is useful for investigating groundwater travel times, flow patterns, and recharge rates, as demonstrated by this study of the homogeneous shallow, unconfined Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system in the southern New Jersey coastal plain. Water samples for age dating were collected from three sets of nested observation wells (10 wells) with 1.5-m-long screens located near groundwater divides. Three steady state finite difference groundwater flow models were calibrated by adjusting horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities to match measured heads and head differences (range, 0.002–0.23 m) among the nested wells, with a uniform recharge rate of 0.46 m per year and porosities of 0.35 (sand) and 0.45 (silt) that were assumed constant for all model simulations and travel time calculations. The simulated groundwater travel times increase with depth in the aquifer, ranging from about 1.5 to 6.5 years for the shallow wells (screen bottoms 3–4 m below the water table), from about 10 to 25 years for the medium-depth wells (screen bottoms 8–19 m below the water table), and from about 30 to more than 40 years for the deep wells (screen bottoms 24–26 m below the water table). Apparent groundwater ages based on CFC- and 3H/3He-dating techniques and model-based travel times could not be statistically differentiated, and all were strongly correlated with depth. Confinement of 3He was high because of the rapid vertical flow velocity (of the order of 1 m/yr), resulting in clear delineation of groundwater travel times based on the 3H/3He-dating technique. The correspondence between the 3H/3He and CFC ages indicates that dispersion has had a minimal effect on the tracer-based ages of water in this aquifer. Differences between the tracer-based apparent ages for seven of the 10 samples were smaller than the error values. A slight bias toward older apparent ages, found not to be statistically significant, was noted for the 3H/3He-dating technique relative to the CFC-dating technique. This result may be caused by enrichment of local air in CFC-Il and CFC-12 from urban and industrial sources in the northeastern United States and minor contamination from sampling equipment. The demonstrated validity of the combined tracer-dating techniques to determine the age of water in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system indicates that groundwater flow models can be refined when apparent ages based on 3H/3He- and CFC- dating are used as calibration targets.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96WR00068","usgsCitation":"Szabo, Z., Rice, D., Plummer, N., Busenberg, E., Drenkard, S., and Schlosser, P., 1996, Age dating of shallow groundwater with chlorofluorocarbons, tritium/helium: 3, and flow path analysis, southern New Jersey coastal plain: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 4, p. 1023-1038, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR00068.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1023","endPage":"1038","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227130,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.245361328125,\n 38.676933444637925\n ],\n [\n -73.487548828125,\n 38.676933444637925\n ],\n [\n -73.487548828125,\n 41.52502957323801\n ],\n [\n -75.245361328125,\n 41.52502957323801\n ],\n [\n -75.245361328125,\n 38.676933444637925\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8e7e4b0c8380cd47f77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szabo, Zoltan 0000-0002-0760-9607 zszabo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-9607","contributorId":2240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Zoltan","email":"zszabo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":380379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, D.E.","contributorId":44188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":380381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Busenberg, E.","contributorId":56796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Drenkard, S.","contributorId":89292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drenkard","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schlosser, P.","contributorId":106656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlosser","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70018667,"text":"70018667 - 1996 - Integrating a geographic information system, a scientific visualization system, and a precipitation model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:50:13","indexId":"70018667","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrating a geographic information system, a scientific visualization system, and a precipitation model","docAbstract":"Investigating natural, potential, and human-induced impacts on hydrologic systems commonly requires complex modeling with overlapping data requirements, plus massive amounts of one- to four-dimensional data at multiple scales and formats. Given the complexity of most hydrologic studies, the requisite software infrastructure must incorporate many components including simulation modeling and spatial analysis with a flexible, intuitive display. Integrating geographic information systems (GIS) and scientific visualization systems (SVS) provides such an infrastructure. This paper describes an integrated system consisting of an orographic precipitation model, a GIS, and an SVS. The results of this study provide a basis for improving the understanding of hydro-climatic processes in mountainous regions. An additional benefit of the integrated system, the value of which is often underestimated, is the improved ability to communicate model results, leading to a broader understanding of the model assumptions, sensitivities, and conclusions at a management level.Investigating natural, potential, and human-induced impacts on hydrologic systems commonly requires complex modeling with overlapping data requirements, plus massive amounts of one- to four-dimensional data at multiple scales and formats. Given the complexity of most hydrologic studies, the requisite software infrastructure must incorporate many components including simulation modeling and spatial analysis with a flexible, intuitive display. Integrating geographic information systems (GIS) and scientific visualization systems (SVS) provides such an infrastructure. This paper describes an integrated system consisting of an orographic precipitation model, a GIS, and an SVS. The results of this study provide a basis for improving the understanding of hydro-climatic processes in mountainous regions. An additional benefit of the integrated system, the value of which is often underestimated, is the improved ability to communicate model results, leading to a broader understanding of the model assumptions, sensitivities, and conclusions at a management level.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Assoc","publisherLocation":"Herndon, VA, United States","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb03458.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Hay, L., and Knapp, L., 1996, Integrating a geographic information system, a scientific visualization system, and a precipitation model: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 32, no. 2, p. 357-369, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb03458.x.","startPage":"357","endPage":"369","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227131,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267679,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb03458.x"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c75e4b0c8380cd62d56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hay, L.E.","contributorId":54253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knapp, L.K.","contributorId":95214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knapp","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018673,"text":"70018673 - 1996 - Sulfur isotope geochemistry of ore and gangue minerals from the Silesian-Cracow Mississippi Valley-type ore district, Poland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:26","indexId":"70018673","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3108,"text":"Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sulfur isotope geochemistry of ore and gangue minerals from the Silesian-Cracow Mississippi Valley-type ore district, Poland","docAbstract":"Studies of the sulfur isotopic composition of ore and gangue minerals from the Silesian-Cracow Zn-Pb district were conducted to gain insights into processes that controlled the location and distribution of the ore deposits. Results of this study show that minerals from the Silesian-Cracow ore district have the largest range of sulfur isotope compositions in sulfides observed from any Mississippi Valley-type ore district in the world. The ??34S values for sulfide minerals range from +38 to -32 per mil for the entire paragenetic sequence but individual stages exhibit smaller ranges. There is a well developed correlation between the sulfur isotope composition and paragenetic stage of ore deposition. The first important ore stage contains mostly positive ??34S values, around 5 per mil. The second stage of ore formation are lower, with a median value of around -5 to -15 per mil, and with some values as low as -32 per mil. Late stage barite contains isotopically heavy sulfur around +32 per mil. The range in sulfur isotope compositions can be explained by contributions of sulfur from a variety of source rocks together with sulfur isotope fractionations produced by the reaction paths for sulfate reduction. Much of the variation in sulfur isotope compositions can be explained by bacterial reduction of sedimentary sulfate and disequilibrium reactions by intermediate-valency sulfur species, especially in the late-stage pyrite and sphalerite. Organic reduction of sulfate and thermal release of sulfur from coals in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin may have been important contributors to sulfur in the ore minerals. The sulfur isotopic data, ore mineral textures, and fluid inclusion data, are consistent with the hypothesis that fluid mixing was the dominant ore forming mechanism. The rather distinct lowering of ?? 34S values in sulfides from stage 2 to stage 3 is believed to reflect some fundamental change in the source of reduced sulfur and/or hydrology of the ore-forming environment. A change in the hydrology of the ore forming environment could be accomplished by extensional faulting that was coeval with ore formation. Late stage barite contains high values of ??34S which may reflect the final collapse of the hydrothermal system.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08669465","usgsCitation":"Leach, D.L., Vets, J., and Gent, C.A., 1996, Sulfur isotope geochemistry of ore and gangue minerals from the Silesian-Cracow Mississippi Valley-type ore district, Poland: Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, v. 154, p. 121-137.","startPage":"121","endPage":"137","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227264,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"154","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9ddbe4b08c986b31db27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leach, D. L.","contributorId":18758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vets, J.G.","contributorId":106658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vets","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gent, C. A.","contributorId":17955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gent","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018676,"text":"70018676 - 1996 - Mechanism of formation of humus coatings on mineral surfaces 2. Attenuated total reflectance spectra of hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions of organic acids from compost leachate on alumina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-07T13:54:36","indexId":"70018676","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1268,"text":"Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mechanism of formation of humus coatings on mineral surfaces 2. Attenuated total reflectance spectra of hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions of organic acids from compost leachate on alumina","docAbstract":"Hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions were isolated from a compost leachate. The adsorption isotherms of both fractions on alumina were measured by attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy. The shapes of the adsorption isotherms of the two fractions were different. The isotherms for the hydrophilic fraction showed little change in surface excess with increasing solution concentration above 4 mg L-1. The isotherms for the hydrophobic fraction, on the other hand, displayed a marked increase in surface excess with increasing solution concentration. This increase is evidence for the formation of aggregates (admicelles or hemimicelles) on the alumina surface. Linear dichroism calculations indicated that more of the carboxylate groups in the adsorbed hydrophobic molecules than in the absorbed hydrophilic fraction were free to rotate. The hindered rotation of the carboxylate groups in the adsorbed hydrophilic-fraction molecules probably indicates that these groups are bound to surface aluminum ions by a bidentate mechanism in which the two oxygen atoms of a single carboxylate group bind to separate aluminum ions.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0927-7757(95)03401-3","issn":"09277757","usgsCitation":"Wershaw, R., Llaguno, E., Leenheer, J., Sperline, R., and Song, Y., 1996, Mechanism of formation of humus coatings on mineral surfaces 2. Attenuated total reflectance spectra of hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions of organic acids from compost leachate on alumina: Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, v. 108, no. 2-3, p. 199-211, https://doi.org/10.1016/0927-7757(95)03401-3.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"199","endPage":"211","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227311,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5363e4b0c8380cd6ca4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wershaw, R.L.","contributorId":62223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wershaw","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Llaguno, E.C.","contributorId":69729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Llaguno","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leenheer, J.A.","contributorId":75123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sperline, R.P.","contributorId":20093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sperline","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Song, Y.","contributorId":92443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Song","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018677,"text":"70018677 - 1996 - Hydrologic landscapes on the Delmarva Peninsula - Part 2: Estimates of base-flow nitrogen load to Chesapeake Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-30T11:21:06.024017","indexId":"70018677","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic landscapes on the Delmarva Peninsula - Part 2: Estimates of base-flow nitrogen load to Chesapeake Bay","docAbstract":"ABSTRACT: The relation between landscape characteristics and water chemistry on the Delmarva Peninsula can be determined through a principal-component analysis of basin characteristics. Two basin types were defined by factor scores: (1) well-drained basins, characterized by combinations of a low percentage of forest cover, a low percentage of poorly drained soil, and elevated channel slope; and (2) poorly drained basins, characterized by a combinations of an elevated percentage of forest cover, an elevated percentage of poorly drained soil, and low channel slopes. Results from base-flow sampling of 29 basins during spring 1991 indicate that water chemistry of the two basin types differ significantly. Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, potassium, alkalinity, chloride, and nitrate are elevated in well-drained basins, and specific conductance is elevated. Concentrations of aluminum, dissolved organic carbon, sodium, and silica are elevated in poorly drained basins whereas specific conductance is low. The chemical patterns found in well-drained basins can be attributed to the application of agricultural chemicals, and those in poorly drained basins can be attributed to ground-water flowpaths. These results indicate that basin types determined by a quantitative analysis of basin characteristics can be related statistically to differences in base-flow chemistry, and that the observed statistical differences can be related to major processes that affect water chemistry.
Five overlapping Landsat multispectral scanner satellite images of the interior of the West Antarctic ice sheet were enhanced with principal component analysis, high-pass filtering, and linear contrast stretching and merged into a mosaic by aligning surface features in the overlap areas. The mosaic was registered to geodetic coordinates, to an accuracy of about 1 km, using the five scene centers as control points. The onset of streaming flow of two tributaries of ice stream C and one tributary of ice stream D is visible in the mosaic. The onset appears to occur within a relatively short distance, less than the width of the ice stream, typically at a subglacial topographic feature, such as a step or ridge. The ice streams extend farther up into the interior than previously mapped. Ice stream D starts about 150 km from the ice divide, at an altitude of about 1500 m, approximately halfway up the convex-upward dome shape of the interior ice sheet. Ice stream D is relatively much longer than ice stream C, possibly because ice stream D is currently active, whereas ice stream C is currently inactive. The grounded portion of the West Antarctic ice sheet is perhaps best conceptualized as an ice sheet in which ice streams are embedded over most of its area, with slow-moving ice converging into fast-moving ice streams in a widely distributed pattern, much like that of streams and rivers in a hydrologic basin. A relic margin appears to parallel most of the south margin of the tributary of ice stream D, separated from the active shear margin by about 10 km or less for a distance of over 200 km. This means there is now evidence for recent changes having occurred in three of the five major ice streams which drain most of West Antarctica (B, C, and D), two of which (B and D) are currently active.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JC02961","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hodge, S.M., and Doppelhammer, S., 1996, Satellite imagery of the onset of streaming flow of ice streams C and D, West Antarctica: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 101, no. C3, p. 6669-6677, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC02961.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"6669","endPage":"6677","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227531,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"C3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-03-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b86dee4b08c986b31618b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hodge, S. M.","contributorId":94665,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hodge","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doppelhammer, S.K.","contributorId":28388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doppelhammer","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018692,"text":"70018692 - 1996 - Transverse dispersion of contaminants in fractured permeable formations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-22T11:11:30.263087","indexId":"70018692","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transverse dispersion of contaminants in fractured permeable formations","docAbstract":"Isotope tracer methods were used to determine flow paths, recharge areas, and relative age for groundwater in the Kilauea volcano area of the Island of Hawaii. A network of up to 66 precipitation collectors was emplaced in the study area and sampled twice yearly for a 3-year period. Stable isotopes in rainfall show three distinct isotopic gradients with elevation, which are correlated with trade wind, rain shadow, and highelevation climatological patterns. Temporal variations in precipitation isotopes are controlled more by the frequency of storms than by seasonal temperature fluctuations. Results from this study suggest that (1) sampling network design must take into account areal variations in rainfall patterns on islands and in continental coastal areas and (2) isotope/elevation gradients on other tropical islands may be predictable on the basis of similar climatology. Groundwater was sampled yearly in coastal springs, wells, and a few high-elevation springs. Areal contrasts in groundwater stable isotopes and tritium indicate that the volcanic rift zones compartmentalize the regional groundwater system, isolating the groundwater south of Kilauea's summit and rift zones. Part of the Southwest Rift Zone appears to act as a conduit for water from higher elevation, but there is no evidence for downrift flow in the springs and shallow wells sampled in the lower East Rift Zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR02837","usgsCitation":"Scholl, M.A., Ingebritsen, S.E., Janik, C.J., and Kauahikaua, J.P., 1996, Use of precipitation and groundwater isotopes to interpret regional hydrology on a tropical volcanic island: Kilauea volcano area, Hawaii: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 12, p. 3525-3537, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR02837.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"3525","endPage":"3537","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227578,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf5be4b08c986b329aee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scholl, M. A.","contributorId":86365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ingebritsen, S. E.","contributorId":8078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingebritsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Janik, C. J.","contributorId":10795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janik","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kauahikaua, J. P.","contributorId":69992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018698,"text":"70018698 - 1996 - Solution of the advection-dispersion equation: Continuous load of finite duration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T09:40:34","indexId":"70018698","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2255,"text":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Solution of the advection-dispersion equation: Continuous load of finite duration","docAbstract":"Field studies of solute fate and transport in streams and rivers often involve an. experimental release of solutes at an upstream boundary for a finite period of time. A review of several standard references on surface-water-quality modeling indicates that the analytical solution to the constant-parameter advection-dispersion equation for this type of boundary condition has been generally overlooked. Here an exact analytical solution that considers a continuous load of unite duration is compared to an approximate analytical solution presented elsewhere. Results indicate that the exact analytical solution should be used for verification of numerical solutions and other solute-transport problems wherein a high level of accuracy is required.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1996)122:9(830)","issn":"07339372","usgsCitation":"Runkel, R., 1996, Solution of the advection-dispersion equation: Continuous load of finite duration: Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 122, no. 9, p. 830-832, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1996)122:9(830).","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"830","endPage":"832","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227661,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9259e4b08c986b319e71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runkel, R.L.","contributorId":97529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018738,"text":"70018738 - 1996 - Copper speciation and binding by organic matter in copper-contaminated streamwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T09:18:13","indexId":"70018738","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Copper speciation and binding by organic matter in copper-contaminated streamwater","docAbstract":"Fulvic acid binding sites (1.3−70 μM) and EDTA (0.0017−0.18 μM) accounted for organically bound Cu in seven stream samples measured by potentiometric titration. Cu was 84−99% organically bound in filtrates with 200 nM total Cu. Binding of Cu by EDTA was limited by competition from other trace metals. Water hardness was inversely related to properties of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) that enhance fulvic acid binding: DOC concentration, percentage of DOC that is fulvic acid, and binding sites per fulvic acid carbon. Dissolved trace metals, stabilized by organic binding, occurred at increased concentration in soft water as compared to hard water.