{"pageNumber":"416","pageRowStart":"10375","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10447,"records":[{"id":1000136,"text":"1000136 - 1947 - Age and growth of the kiyi, Leucichthys kiyi Koelz, in Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-04T11:02:01","indexId":"1000136","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and growth of the kiyi, Leucichthys kiyi Koelz, in Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"Ages were determined and individual growth histories were calculated from the examination and measurement of the scales of 1,649 kiyis captured at seven localities in Lake Michigan in 1931 and 1932. The numbers of individuals employed for the investigation of other phases of the life history (such as length-frequency distributions, length-weight relationship, and sex ratio) varied according to the amount of data available or required. Age-group IV was dominant in the 1931 collections from Racine, Port Washington, and Kewaunee, Wisconsin, and age-group V dominated the 1932 samples from the Fox Islands and from three localities southward of Manistique, Michigan. A trend was noticeable toward an increase in average age from south to north. Among the explanations suggested for the observed differences in age composition were: Variation with latitude in the natural span of life; differences in fishing intensity; fluctuations in the strength of year classes (to account possibly for the shift in the dominant age group from 1931 to 1932). The oldest male kiyi belonged to the VII group and the oldest female was a member of the X group. The possible distorting effects of such factors as gear selection traceable to differences in the mesh sizes of nets fished in 1931 and 1932, selection by nets on the basis of the condition (K) of the fish, and local variations in fishing intensity and hence in the selective destruction of rapidly growing individuals in the fishery were held to be sufficiently great to render doubtful the significance of most of the observed local differences in growth rate. Kiyis from all samples were combined to determine the general growth in length. The growth in weight of the Fox Islands fish, however, was considered separately as these fish were consistently lighter than kiyis of corresponding length from other localities. The Lake Michigan kiyi grows slowly, with the females growing slightly more rapidly than the males. The grand average calculated lengths indicated, for example, that the females did not attain a total length of 10 inches until the fifth year of life or the males until the sixth. Similarly, the calculated weight of 4 ounces was not reached until the fifth or sixth year (with the actual time varying with sex and locality). The season's growth of the kiyi probably begins sometime in May and most or all of the growth is completed by the end of August. The calculated lengths of the age groups exhibited large discrepancies that differed from “Lee's phenomenon” as ordinarily observed in that the data for the later rather than the earlier years of life were affected most severely. Chief among the factors held responsible for these discrepancies were gear selection and the selective destruction of the more rapidly growing individuals in the fishery. Errors inherent in the (direct-proportion) method of computing growth from scale measurements were considered to have been unimportant. The Lake Michigan kiyi exhibits growth compensation–the tendency for the smaller of the young fish to have the more rapid growth in the later years of life. Comparisons with the average lengths and weights of the age groups of the Lake Ontario kiyi given by Pritchard (1931) indicated the Lake Michigan fish to be the larger at the earlier ages (age-groups II and III) and the smaller at the later ages (age-groups IV to VI). The length-frequency distributions of the age groups exhibited extensive overlap. As many as eight age groups were represented in a single centimeter interval of length. The length frequencies and average lengths of all fish collected, arranged according to the mesh sizes of the gill nets by which they were captured, revealed that the selective action of these nets in the taking of kiyis was much more obvious in the numbers of fish in the catch than in their average size. As an illustration, in 1930–1931, the 2 3/4-inch mesh nets took fish that were only 0.1 inch longer than those in 2 1/2-inch meshes but captured less than one fourth as many. Gill nets fished in northern Lake Michigan in 1932 captured kiyis that averaged 0.2 to 0.4 inch longer than those taken in the same meshes in southern Lake Michigan in 1930–1931. Because of the more slender form of kiyis from the northeastern island region of Lake Michigan, data on the general length weight relationship were compiled separately for fish of that area and for those of the great central basins of the lake. In both regions the weight increased to a power slightly greater than the cube of the length. Available information on condition indicated that the coefficient (K) was higher in August and early September than in May, June, and July. Condition declined from early September to October and early November–the latter period the time of most active spawning. Spawning itself was accompanied by an additional loss of about 12 per cent of the body weight of females and of somewhat less than 2 per cent of the weight of males. Analysis of the variations of K within a group that was homogeneous with respect to age, sex, maturity, and time of collection revealed that a net of a particular mesh size tends to take the heavier of the shorter fish and the lighter of the longer fish within its range of effectiveness. Among fish of the same length the values of K tended to increase with increase in the mesh size of the nets employed for their capture. Practically all fish in the samples were mature (only 11 immature in more than 6,000). These “immature” fish were probably “non-functional” since all of them approached or exceeded the average length of the mature kiyis. Females were strongly predominant in the collections at all seasons but were relatively more plentiful during the summer (90 per cent of the total) than during the spawning period (75 per cent). Possible factors contributing to this predominance of females and to the change in the sex ratio at the spawning season were discussed. A decrease in the relative abundance of males with increase in age appears to be characteristic of the kiyi. This decrease indicates a differential mortality of th sexes (greater relative destruction of males in the spawning period when they are unusually abundant or a greater natural mortality rate for the males). Current fishery regulations on mesh size and closed seasons afford the kiyi good protection but offer no guarantee against depletion from too intensive fishing.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"London, UK","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[88:AAGOTK]2.0.CO;2","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Deason, H.J., and Hile, R., 1947, Age and growth of the kiyi, Leucichthys kiyi Koelz, in Lake Michigan: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 74, no. 1, p. 88-142, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[88:AAGOTK]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"55 p.","startPage":"88","endPage":"142","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266919,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[88:AAGOTK]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":131762,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db68973e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deason, Hilary J.","contributorId":66628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deason","given":"Hilary","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hile, Ralph","contributorId":48510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hile","given":"Ralph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70198516,"text":"70198516 - 1946 - Lower Middle Ordovician stratigraphy of the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-06T14:57:30","indexId":"70198516","displayToPublicDate":"2018-01-01T14:56:29","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lower Middle Ordovician stratigraphy of the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia","docAbstract":"

In classifying the lower Middle Ordovician of the Shenandoah Valley, the formation names Stones River, Mosheim, Lenoir, Holston, Whitesburg, and Athens have been used without adequate evidence. Detailed study shows that the so-called Athens and Whitesburg, as developed near Harrisonburg, are laterally continuous with the greater part of the Chambersburg limestone, which is supposed to be younger than the Athens. The newly discovered relations of these formations affect the classification of the Middle Ordovician in much of the northern Appalachian region. The present study has been high-lighted by the discovery that Cryptophragmus antiquatus, widely regarded as a valid guide to the lower Black River, ranges through several hundred feet of beds, possibly as high as lower Trenton. In the Shenandoah Valley, this fossil is most abundant near the top of the Chambersburg, which is supposed to be late Black River or early Trenton.

In the proposed reclassification, the lower Middle Ordovician is divided into six time-stratigraphic units, in ascending order: the New Market limestone, Whistle Creek limestone, Lincolnshire limestone, Edinburg formation, Oranda formation, and Collierstown limestone. The Edinburg embraces two equivalent facies: one of cobbly limestone (Lantz Mills facies) which is mainly developed in the northern and western parts of the Shenandoah Valley; and a relatively thicker body of black limestone and shale (Liberty Hall facies) which is typically developed in the Harrison-burg-Staunton area. In the western part of Shenandoah County, the topmost division of the Edinburg formation is composed of light-gray calcilutite and calcarenite, named the St. Luke limestone member. The rusty-brown granular limestones just below Butts' Athens in the Harrisonburg-Staunton-Lexington area are here named the Botetourt limestone member of the Edinburg formation.

At least part of the New Market limestone is linked with a part of the New York Chazy and type Lenoir, but the Lincolnshire seems to be post-Chazy. All the succeeding beds, comprising the greater part of the lower Middle Ordovician succession, are Black River or Trenton.

","publisher":"The Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1946)57[35:LMOSOT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Cooper, B., and Cooper, G., 1946, Lower Middle Ordovician stratigraphy of the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 57, no. 1, p. 35-113, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1946)57[35:LMOSOT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"79 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"113","costCenters":[{"id":37280,"text":"Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center ","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356210,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Shenandoah Valley","volume":"57","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooper, B.N.","contributorId":206781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"B.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, G.A.","contributorId":31807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70047874,"text":"70047874 - 1946 - Geology and nickel mineralization of the Julian-Cuyamaca area, San Diego County, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55493,"text":"ofr4575 - 1945 - Geology and nickel mineralization of the Julian-Cuyamaca area, near Julian, San Diego County, California","indexId":"ofr4575","publicationYear":"1945","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and nickel mineralization of the Julian-Cuyamaca area, near Julian, San Diego County, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70047874,"text":"70047874 - 1946 - Geology and nickel mineralization of the Julian-Cuyamaca area, San Diego County, California","indexId":"70047874","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and nickel mineralization of the Julian-Cuyamaca area, San Diego County, California"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-28T14:16:20","indexId":"70047874","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T14:08:00","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1155,"text":"California Journal of Mines and Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and nickel mineralization of the Julian-Cuyamaca area, San Diego County, California","docAbstract":"The Julian-Cuyamaca area is in the San Diego Mountains, one of the Peninsular Ranges of southern California. It lies in San Diego County, about 3 miles south of Julian, and approximately 60 miles northeast of San Diego. The area was mapped, and its nickel mineralization studied, from March to June, 1944; the work was part of the U. S. Geological Survey's program of strategic mineral investigations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"California Journal of Mines and Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"California Division of Mines","usgsCitation":"Creasey, S., 1946, Geology and nickel mineralization of the Julian-Cuyamaca area, San Diego County, California: California Journal of Mines and Geology, v. 42, no. 1, p. 15-29.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":277115,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277114,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archive.org/details/californiajourna42cali"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Diego County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.5962,32.5342 ], [ -117.5962,33.5054 ], [ -116.081,33.5054 ], [ -116.081,32.5342 ], [ -117.5962,32.5342 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"42","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"521f1be7e4b0f8bf2b076121","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Creasey, S.C.","contributorId":36109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creasey","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70215032,"text":"70215032 - 1946 - Radial flow in a leaky artesian aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-06T16:32:20.844552","indexId":"70215032","displayToPublicDate":"1946-10-06T11:23:15","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radial flow in a leaky artesian aquifer","docAbstract":"

A partial differential equation is set up for radial flow in an elastic artesian aquifer into which there is vertical leakage in proportion to the drawdown. This differential equation is integrated to obtain two steady state solutions, one for the case of a well in an infinite aquifer, and the other for the case where the head is maintained constant along an outer boundary concentric with the well. In the second case, the solution of the non‐steady state is also obtained for flow towards a well discharging at a steady rate, the initial state being one of uniform head distribution. A table and some curves are given for one set of assumed values of three of the parameters of the system.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR027i002p00198","usgsCitation":"Jacob, C.E., 1946, Radial flow in a leaky artesian aquifer: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 27, no. 2, p. 198-208, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR027i002p00198.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"198","endPage":"208","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379089,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jacob, C. E.","contributorId":64504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacob","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":800609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70214991,"text":"70214991 - 1946 - Report of Committee on Runoff—1944–1945","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-05T17:41:15.472723","indexId":"70214991","displayToPublicDate":"1946-10-05T12:31:55","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Report of Committee on Runoff—1944–1945","docAbstract":"

The membership of the committee has been selected to afford good representation of geographic sections and of organizations engaged in runoff research. Some new members were added during the year in order to strengthen the representation of the committee in certain phases of runoff research. Norbert H. Leupold submitted his resignation in April because his work is no longer directly related to runoff‐research.

At the beginning of the year members of the committee met to discuss its setup and plans for the future. The committee has two subcommittees, one dealing with floods and the other with subsurface‐flow. The question was considered whether progress might be facilitated by the addition of one or more additional committees dealing with logical classifications of the subject of runoff. The confusion in nomenclature and terminology relating to runoff was discussed,but it was thought that the present time was not fitting for comprehensive consideration of standardization. It was considered important that the writer of a paper dealing with runoff should make clear the usage of terms he follows In his paper. It was emphasized that there is still an important need for better understanding or liaison between groups dealing with the influence of land use on stream‐flow and those dealing with control and development of streams.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR027i001p00121","usgsCitation":"Davenport, R.W., 1946, Report of Committee on Runoff—1944–1945: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 27, no. 1, p. 121-123, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR027i001p00121.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"123","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379054,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davenport, R. W.","contributorId":41798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davenport","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":800509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70215054,"text":"70215054 - 1945 - Minerals and mineral relationship of the clay minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-28T21:04:30.957312","indexId":"70215054","displayToPublicDate":"1945-10-06T15:15:06","publicationYear":"1945","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7141,"text":"Journal of the American Ceramic Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Minerals and mineral relationship of the clay minerals","docAbstract":"

The invitation to be the Edward Orton, Jr., Fellow Lecturer of the American Ceramic Society for 1945 is a very great honor and a privilege which one interested in the mineralogy of clays must heartily appreciate. Dr. Orton was a geologist as well as a founder of this Society, and no doubt in issuing this invitation you had in mind the maintenance of this historic relationship. Those of us who follow him cannot add to that relationship, but I hope that I can help to foster it. Perhaps not all geologists know of this common ground between ceramics and geology as you do, and no doubt you would have me remind my geologic colleagues of this and of the mutual contributions which its maintenance entails.

Another common bond of interest is that ceramists have made use of mineralogic and petrographic techniques to an extent not matched in any other applied science. In particular, they have utilized the petrographic microscope, and ceramists and mineralogists alike have found in X rays a wonderful new method of research. Clays, the subject of this lecture, should provide a common meeting ground and one which no doubt would win the hearty approval of Dr. Orton.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1151-2916.1945.tb14533.x","usgsCitation":"Ross, C., 1945, Minerals and mineral relationship of the clay minerals: Journal of the American Ceramic Society, v. 28, no. 7, p. 173-183, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1945.tb14533.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"173","endPage":"183","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379109,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-02","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, Clarence S.","contributorId":7251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Clarence S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":800658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70215118,"text":"70215118 - 1944 - Appendix A—Progress report of the subcommittee on permeability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-07T19:13:02.088882","indexId":"70215118","displayToPublicDate":"1944-10-07T14:00:51","publicationYear":"1944","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Appendix A—Progress report of the subcommittee on permeability","docAbstract":"

A variety of units and names of units relating to permeability have been used and are being used by different investigators. This Sub‐Committee was recently organized to provide an open forum for persons of different background and experience to present their views in an orderly manner. Thirteen members representing diverse fields of activity have been chosen. To these, L. K. WENZEL, Chairman, by memorandum dated December 2, 1943, proposed three questions for consideration as an initial effort of the Sub‐Committee: (1) Should the coefficient of permeability depend only on the structure of the material, or should some other name be used to express this property in view of the fact that, as now generally used, the coefficient of permeability is not independent of properties of the fluid or the combined properties of the fluid and the material; (2) should a name be coined, or is there a suitable one in existence, for expressing the combined properties of the material and fluid for practical application in one local area; (3) what are the parameters that should be included in the equation of flow of fluids that relate only to the structure of the material.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR025i005p00721","usgsCitation":"Langbein, W., 1944, Appendix A—Progress report of the subcommittee on permeability: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 25, no. 5, p. 721-722, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR025i005p00721.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"721","endPage":"722","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379191,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langbein, Walter B.","contributorId":98294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"Walter B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":800919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70215114,"text":"70215114 - 1944 - The fluorspar deposits of Saint Lawrence, Newfoundland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-07T18:11:32.300188","indexId":"70215114","displayToPublicDate":"1944-10-07T12:58:23","publicationYear":"1944","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The fluorspar deposits of Saint Lawrence, Newfoundland","docAbstract":"

Fluorspar from Newfoundland, eighth ranking producer of the world, comes entirely from the St. Lawrence district. Here pre-Cambrian lavas and pyroclastics, Cambrian sedimentary rocks, Ordovician (?) volcanic and sedimentary rocks, and a Paleozoic alaskite-granite comprise the bedrock.Epithermal fluorite veins occupy steeply dipping fault fissures in granite, rhyolite porphyry, and lamprophyre. Eleven veins show walls bearing nearly horizontal striations; one vein bears only vertical striations; and the walls of three veins show both horizontal and vertical striations. The strikes of nearly all veins are within 45 degrees of the normal to the walls of the elongated granite mass. Some veins are more than a mile long and contain numerous workable lenses. Veins are of two types: high-grade containing over 95 per cent CaF 2 and averaging about 5 feet thick, and lower grade containing about 75 per cent CaF 2 and averaging between 15 and 20 feet thick.Sulphides, present in small quantities, include pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and argentiferous galena. Non-metallic gangue minerals are quartz, calcite, and rarely barite. \"Blastonite,\" a local name for material composed of microcrystalline quartz and brecciated fluorite, in some places forms as much as 10 per cent of a vein. A nodular type of fluorspar probably formed by alternate rotation of fragments of breccia and deposition of fluorite.Regional zoning is shown by the distribution of barite and green fluorite. Barite shows a distinct zone of localization, and green fluorite predominates in veins both near the granite margins and farther from the granite body.This district will undoubtedly occupy a still more prominent position among producers of fluorspar.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.39.2.109","usgsCitation":"Van Alstine, R.E., 1944, The fluorspar deposits of Saint Lawrence, Newfoundland: Economic Geology, v. 39, no. 2, p. 109-132, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.39.2.109.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"132","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379187,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Newfoundland","otherGeospatial":"Saint Lawrence","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -56.129150390625,\n 46.79253827035982\n ],\n [\n -54.86572265625,\n 46.79253827035982\n ],\n [\n -54.86572265625,\n 47.34626718205302\n ],\n [\n -56.129150390625,\n 47.34626718205302\n ],\n [\n -56.129150390625,\n 46.79253827035982\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1944-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Alstine, Ralph Erskine","contributorId":12472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Alstine","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"Erskine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":800914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70215113,"text":"70215113 - 1944 - \"Ribbon rock\", an unusual beryllium-bearing tactite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-07T17:58:01.532012","indexId":"70215113","displayToPublicDate":"1944-10-07T12:44:53","publicationYear":"1944","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"\"Ribbon rock\", an unusual beryllium-bearing tactite","docAbstract":"

The beryllium deposits at Iron Mountain, near the northern end of the Sierra Cuchillo in Sierra and Socorro Counties, New Mexico, are unusual products of contact metamorphism. They occur in irregular bodies of tactile formed by replacement of Paleozoic limestone, generally at or near contacts with small intrusive masses of rhyolite, aplite, and fine-grained granite. The metamorphism took place in mid-Tertiary time. Beryllium is present chiefly in the complex silicate minerals helvite and danalite, and is a minor constituent of the garnet grossularite, a boron-bearing idocrase, and chlorite. These minerals are known to occur in noteworthy concentrations in only one type of rock, a peculiar rhythmically layered variety of tactile to which the name \"ribbon rock\" is given.

The structure of such tactite is very conspicuous, and appears in section as thin, finely crenulated bands of magnetite alternating with similar bands of silicate minerals and finely crystalline fluorite. Concentric banding about fluorite-rich pod-like masses is common. Bodies of \"ribbon rock\" range in size from inch-thick lenses to large masses amounting to thousands of tons; most appear to have been formed along contacts between re-crystallized limestone and massive magnetite-andradite tactite, chiefly by replacing fluids penetrating the limestone from fractures. The layered structure is interpreted as a diffusion effect.The formation of massive and \"ribbon rock\" tactites can be traced through a range of falling temperature from a stage characterized by deposition from iron-rich vapors to a stage in which hydrothermal solutions were dominant. Both vapors and liquids appear to have been acid. Reducing conditions undoubtedly existed during the latter part of the hydrothermal stage. The occurrence of beryllium in \"ribbon rock,\" but not in typical massive tactite, may signify that its compounds in deposits at or near intrusive contacts are confined to rocks of hydrothermal origin. The occurrence of \"ribbon rock\" is suggested as a potentially useful clue for recognition of beryllium-bearing contact deposits elsewhere; at least two other occurrences of what apparently is \"ribbon rock\" have been described in the literature.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.39.3.173","usgsCitation":"Jahns, R.H., 1944, \"Ribbon rock\", an unusual beryllium-bearing tactite: Economic Geology, v. 39, no. 3, p. 173-205, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.39.3.173.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"173","endPage":"205","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379186,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Iron Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.47351074218749,\n 31.31140838620163\n ],\n [\n -106.50146484374999,\n 31.31140838620163\n ],\n [\n -106.50146484374999,\n 33.66492516885242\n ],\n [\n -108.47351074218749,\n 33.66492516885242\n ],\n [\n -108.47351074218749,\n 31.31140838620163\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1944-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jahns, R. H.","contributorId":97961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jahns","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":800913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70213061,"text":"70213061 - 1943 - Correlation of ground‐water levels and precipitation on Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-09T13:49:09.514078","indexId":"70213061","displayToPublicDate":"1943-09-08T13:57:03","publicationYear":"1943","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Correlation of ground‐water levels and precipitation on Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"

Long Island simulates in a general way an aquifer in the form of an infinite strip confined between parallel boundaries at constant head (sea‐level), over which recharge precipitation is assumedly uniform. The non‐steady flow of water in this idealized system is analyzed assuming provisionally that the effective thickness of saturated beds below sea‐level is great compared to the maximum height of the water‐table above sea‐level. The rate of accretion to the water‐table is assumed to vary discontinuously, supposedly being constant for each of the successive periods (yearly or monthly) and proportional to the average rate of precipitation during that period. The decay of the water‐table profile, beginning with any one of the succession of super‐posed non‐steady states, is shown to follow in general a relation composed of terms varying with time as exp(−t/to) in which to is a function of the effective porosity, the thickness and the transmission‐constant of the aquifer. This exponential curve may be approximated by a parabola which is used to determine values of “effective average rate of precipitation” from published records in annual or monthly precipitation. By the “effective average rate of precipitation” at any time is meant that rate of precipitation which, had it been maintained uninterruptedly throughout the past, would have produced the same water‐table profile as actually existed at that particular time. It is demonstrated that fee effective average rate of precipitation may be determined also simply by cumulating departures from progressive averages of precipitation, multiplying the values thus determined by a known rational coefficient, and adding the appropriate initial value of effective average precipitation.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR024i002p00564","usgsCitation":"Jacob, C.E., 1943, Correlation of ground‐water levels and precipitation on Long Island, New York: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 24, no. 2, p. 564-573, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR024i002p00564.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"564","endPage":"573","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":378217,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.036865234375,\n 40.58058466412761\n ],\n [\n -71.8341064453125,\n 40.58058466412761\n ],\n [\n -71.8341064453125,\n 41.18278832811288\n ],\n [\n -74.036865234375,\n 41.18278832811288\n ],\n [\n -74.036865234375,\n 40.58058466412761\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jacob, C. E.","contributorId":64504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacob","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":798092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70213059,"text":"70213059 - 1943 - The Finley Site: Antiquity of the Finley Site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-08T18:33:30.322507","indexId":"70213059","displayToPublicDate":"1943-09-08T13:12:23","publicationYear":"1943","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":700,"text":"American Antiquity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Finley Site: Antiquity of the Finley Site","docAbstract":"

This report is based on two months reconnaissance in the summer of 1941 in the Eden Valley, Wyoming. The work is as yet far from complete and the conclusions presented here must be regarded as tentative. It is hoped that in the future more extensive geological work may be undertaken.

The Finley site provides a promising opportunity for a determination of the age of the Yuma culture. The points and bones described by Dr. Howard occur in a culture layer which has been found in a large dune area, here called the Killpecker dunes. The deposition of the culture layer is one of a series of events in the dune area which can be correlated with the cutting and filling of gravel terraces in the Eden Valley to the west, and these in turn may be related to the glacial chronology in the Wind River Mountains which lie to the north.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society for American Archaeology","doi":"10.2307/275903","usgsCitation":"Hack, J., 1943, The Finley Site: Antiquity of the Finley Site: American Antiquity, v. 8, no. 3, p. 235-241, https://doi.org/10.2307/275903.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"241","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":378215,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Eden Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.06103515625,\n 41.49623534616764\n ],\n [\n -108.67675781249999,\n 41.49623534616764\n ],\n [\n -108.67675781249999,\n 42.28950073090457\n ],\n [\n -110.06103515625,\n 42.28950073090457\n ],\n [\n -110.06103515625,\n 41.49623534616764\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hack, John T.","contributorId":45168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hack","given":"John T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":798090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70213032,"text":"70213032 - 1943 - A method for determining transmissibility‐ and storage‐coefficients by tests of multiple well‐systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-04T19:02:30.486128","indexId":"70213032","displayToPublicDate":"1943-09-04T13:56:02","publicationYear":"1943","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A method for determining transmissibility‐ and storage‐coefficients by tests of multiple well‐systems","docAbstract":"

Ground‐water has long been recognized as one of our important natural resources, but only in about the last 20 years has concentrated effort been made to place ground‐water hydrology on a quantitative basis. The quantitative approach to ground‐water work has been brought about largely through the leadership of O. E. MEINZER, Chief of the Ground‐Water Division of the Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior, who has originated and applied many quantitative methods himself, and who has consistently fostered and encouraged this method of attack by his coworkers. That this effort has been ably directed and especially fruitful Is shown by the vast number of important ground‐water problems relating to the water‐supplies for war activities that have been worked out by means of quantitative methods in the last few years.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR024i002p00547","usgsCitation":"Wenzel, L., and Greenlee, A., 1943, A method for determining transmissibility‐ and storage‐coefficients by tests of multiple well‐systems: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 24, no. 2, p. 547-564, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR024i002p00547.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"547","endPage":"564","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":378173,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wenzel, Leland K.","contributorId":46077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wenzel","given":"Leland K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":798016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greenlee, A.L.","contributorId":239885,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greenlee","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":798017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70213028,"text":"70213028 - 1943 - Report of Committee on Runoff, 1942–43","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-04T18:02:40.604887","indexId":"70213028","displayToPublicDate":"1943-09-04T12:45:06","publicationYear":"1943","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Report of Committee on Runoff, 1942–43","docAbstract":"

The Committee on Runoff was not formally constituted until February 6, 1943, when the members of the Section, as listed above, were asked to serve. At the suggestion of President CHURCH the Committee has been so selected that there is Nation‐wide geographic distribution from West to East with the majority of the Committee composed of younger men.

If the 33 papers prepared for discussion at the regular sessions of the Section of Hydrology at the annual meeting of 1943 can be used as a measure, war instead of curtailing the activities of the Section has acted as an impetus. Also in the field of hydrology as a whole, war activities have apparently not resulted in a decrease of activities. There has been, however, a gradual decrease of activities in the field of research and an increase of activities in the field of applied hydrology. The enormous expansion of our industrial machine and the great concentration of armies and industrial workers into restricted areas; the demands for water, for power, for food and for municipal use; and operations underlying many of our war efforts, secret and otherwise—all these have created problems requiring the full‐time effort of hydrologists, both in private and governmental service. It is with some degree of satisfaction that each one of us can feel that either as a result of our past research or in our present positions we have been or are doing our bit to win the war.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR024i002p00422","usgsCitation":"Hoyt, W.G., Barnes, B., Cooke, H., Cullings, E., Hathaway, G., Jetter, K.R., Leupold, N., Light, P., McDonald, C.C., Mavis, F., Sherman, L., Smith, W.E., Snyder, F., and Wilm, H., 1943, Report of Committee on Runoff, 1942–43: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 24, no. 2, p. 422-423, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR024i002p00422.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"422","endPage":"423","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":378169,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoyt, W. G.","contributorId":38547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoyt","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":797999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnes, Bertram","contributorId":239877,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barnes","given":"Bertram","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":798000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cooke, H.B.S.","contributorId":29568,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cooke","given":"H.B.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":798001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cullings, E.S.","contributorId":239878,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cullings","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":798002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hathaway, G.A.","contributorId":239879,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hathaway","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":798003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jetter, Karl R.","contributorId":108132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jetter","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":798004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Leupold, N.H.","contributorId":239880,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leupold","given":"N.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":798005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Light, Phillip","contributorId":239881,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Light","given":"Phillip","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":798006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"McDonald, C. C.","contributorId":69204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":798007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Mavis, F.T.","contributorId":239882,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mavis","given":"F.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":798008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Sherman, L.K.","contributorId":239883,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sherman","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":798009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Smith, Waldo E.","contributorId":15188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Waldo","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":798010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Snyder, F.","contributorId":84160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":798011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Wilm, H.G.","contributorId":239884,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilm","given":"H.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":798012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70213013,"text":"70213013 - 1943 - Appendix C—Report on research in the field of ground water being conducted by oil companies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-03T20:12:20.057194","indexId":"70213013","displayToPublicDate":"1943-09-03T15:08:50","publicationYear":"1943","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Appendix C—Report on research in the field of ground water being conducted by oil companies","docAbstract":"

In view of the shortness of time since the appointment of the writer to the Committee on Ground Water this report is confined to the technology and problems in the Gulf Coast Oil Province. Of course, many of the methods and practices would apply to most parts of the country however, some would differ materially from one region to another. The writer wishes to acknowledge the suggestions and comments by F. H. LAHEE and PAUL WEAVER.

Having been stationed in Houston, Texas, in the heart of the Gulf Coast Area for four and a half years, the writer has had an opportunity to view the great similarity of the problems confronting the petroleum geologist and engineer and the ground‐water hydrologist. Both groups deal with the accumulation, movement, and withdrawal of fluid from underground strata, yet each group is content to study its own literature and use its own terminology without much concern for the other. The petroleum and ground‐water engineer, independently of one another, have developed mathematical formulas for the determination of permeability from field‐data. These formulas use the same basic principles of physics and the initial papers on the subject by both groups were published within two years of one another. Because of the similarity in the technology and problems of the petroleum engineer and the ground‐water hydrologist there is a definite need for closer cooperation. Some of the problems are so closely related that their solution rests in cooperative studies.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR024i002p00420","usgsCitation":"Rose, N., 1943, Appendix C—Report on research in the field of ground water being conducted by oil companies: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 24, no. 2, p. 420-421, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR024i002p00420.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"420","endPage":"421","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":378154,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rose, N.A.","contributorId":97081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"N.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":797971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70206792,"text":"70206792 - 1943 - Structural determinations from diamond drilling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-30T14:45:14.271457","indexId":"70206792","displayToPublicDate":"1943-06-01T15:06:23","publicationYear":"1943","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural determinations from diamond drilling","docAbstract":"

Several problems may arise in the geometrical determinations of strike and dip from core drilling. If the stratigraphic or structural surfaces are plane, as the bedding planes of a homocline, two problems may exist, depending upon whether the drill cores do or do not penetrate to some recognizable horizon. The first of these is solved by a simple graphic interpolation, and is not discussed in this paper. The second, however, is solved for the most general case of three non-parallel drill holes, no one of which is necessarily vertical. Errors are necessarily present in this solution, due to: 1. Inaccuracies in the measurement of the initial directions and dips of the drill holes. 2. Deviations of the drill holes from their initial directions. 3. Inaccuracies in the measurement of the angles between the axes of the drill cores, and the stratigraphic or structural planes. The second and third of these causes result in initial errors in the measurement of the core angles. Hence, for this simplest case, error formulm are developed for finding the final errors in the angles of strike and dip, under certain specified assumptions. To illustrate the solution, a problem is stated and solved. This problem is of a general nature, selected to show the necessary operations when the three drill holes occur in different octants. The error formulae are subsequently applied. For curved surfaces, as where folded beds are present, the same two problems arise, depending upon whether the drill holes do or do not penetrate to some recognizable horizon. Only the first of these problems is considered. It is shown, in this case, that 9 drill holes are required to obtain a satisfactory solution. The method consists essentially in fitting nine known points to a ternary quadric surface; and in determining the equations of the planes tangent to this surface at any of the nine points, or at any other points on the surface. The strikes and dips are then derived from these equations. © 1943 Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.

","language":"English ","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","publisherLocation":"","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.38.4.298","issn":"","usgsCitation":"Mertie, J.B., 1943, Structural determinations from diamond drilling: Economic Geology, v. 38, no. 4, p. 298-312, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.38.4.298.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"298","endPage":"312","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369415,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1943-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mertie, John Beaver","contributorId":11591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mertie","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"Beaver","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70171145,"text":"70171145 - 1943 - The age, growth, and bathymetric distribution of Reighard's chub, Leucichthys reighardi koelz, in Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-24T09:10:31","indexId":"70171145","displayToPublicDate":"1943-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1943","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The age, growth, and bathymetric distribution of Reighard's chub, Leucichthys reighardi koelz, in Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"
Reighard's chub has come to be one of the most important species of the group since the serious decline in abundance of the larger representatives of the genus Leucichthys in Lake Michigan. An understanding of the biology of as many species of chubs as possible is essential if further depletion and the collapse of the fishery are to be prevented.
\n
The age and growth of 331 individuals taken in 1932 were determined. Each of the other phases of the study is based on more than 5,000 specimens collected during the three years, 1930–1932.
\n
Reighard's chub occurred most abundantly, when not spawning, in depths of 20 to 60 fathoms where the temperature of the water ranged from 38.8 to 40.6° F. It was taken at all depths where the nets were set from 12 to 97 fathoms, and in water that varied from 34.7 to 50.6° F. The abundance on the east shore was seven times that on the west shore and between two and three times that in the upper part of the lake. The data indicate the existence of separate populations on the two shores. The greater exploitation with smaller meshes in the western part of the lake probably accounts for the relative scarcity in those waters. Ecological factors are considered the probable cause of the lesser abundance in the upper lake. Spawning occurs during May and June at depths of 20 to 79 fathoms, over a wide variety of bottom materials at temperatures of 38.8 to 40.5° F.
\n
Age-group IV dominated in the samples of fish whose ages were determined and made up 50.2 per cent of the total. Age-groups V and III were the next largest groups in that order. Growth in length was most rapid during the first year of life. Growth in weight was most rapid during the first three years with the annual increment in weight about the same in each of those years. The sexes grew in both length and weight at approximately the same rate. Growth compensation occurs in the reighardi of Lake Michigan, but the first year differences were not removed entirely by the time of capture in the fifth year.
\n
The weight of the fish in the combined samples increased as the 2.468 power of the length. No relationship between condition (K) and rate of growth could be demonstrated. Condition (K) was better in 1931 than in either 1930 or 1932 and usually was better in 1930 than in 1932. The seasonal changes in relative heaviness followed the same general trend irrespective of the sex or stage of maturity of the fish. The females lost 8 per cent of their weight in spawning, but no loss of weight could be demonstrated for the males.
\n
The females were always strongly dominant in the samples except during May and June 1931 and May 1932 when the sexes occurred in about equal numbers. The relative abundance of the sexes did not change materially in age-groups II to V. There were no males assigned to age-groups VI and VII.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1942)72[108:TAGABD]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Taylor & Francis, 1943, The age, growth, and bathymetric distribution of Reighard's chub, Leucichthys reighardi koelz, in Lake Michigan: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 72, no. 1, p. 108-135, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1942)72[108:TAGABD]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"108","endPage":"135","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321579,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"574d665ee4b07e28b6684f6b"} ,{"id":70213109,"text":"70213109 - 1942 - Hydraulic criteria for sand‐waves ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-09T17:24:00.712348","indexId":"70213109","displayToPublicDate":"1942-09-09T12:10:10","publicationYear":"1942","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydraulic criteria for sand‐waves ","docAbstract":"

Sand‐waves on rivers are rhythmic successions of waves which occur at flood‐stages of streams heavily loaded with sediments. They take their name from the fact that sand and associated silts and gravels form a large part of the load transported by a river at such times. They seem to be peculiar to the Southwest and many vivid descriptions of them can be found in the literature of that region. R. C. PIERCE [see 1 of “References” at end of paper[, who observed many sand‐waves on the San Juan River in Utah, has described them as resembling in appearance “the waves thrown up by a stern‐wheel river steamboat.” He further describes their appearances as follows: “The sand‐waves are not continuous, but follow a rhythmic movement. At one moment the stream is running smoothly for a distance of perhaps several hundred yards. Then suddenly a number of waves, usually from six to ten, appear. They reach their full size in a few seconds, flow for perhaps two or three minutes, then suddenly disappear. Often, for perhaps half a minute before disappearing, the crests of the waves go through a combing movement, accompanied by a roaring sound. On first appearance it seems that the wave‐forms occupy fixed positions, but by watching them closely it is seen that they move slowly upstream. In the narrow parts of the stream the waves may reach nearly the width of the river, but in the wider parts they occupy smaller proportional widths. Usually they are at right‐angles to the axis of the stream, but at some places, particularly in the wider parts of the river, they may suddenly assume a diagonal position, moving rather rapidly across the stream in the direction toward which the upstream side of the wave has turned.” Many such descriptions may be found which in the main bear out PIERCE'S account, varying, however, as to size of wave, rate, and sometimes as to direction of movement.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR023i002p00615","usgsCitation":"Langbein, W., 1942, Hydraulic criteria for sand‐waves : Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 23, no. 2, p. 615-619, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR023i002p00615.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"615","endPage":"619","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":378276,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langbein, Walter B.","contributorId":98294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"Walter B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":798274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014314,"text":"1014314 - 1942 - Observations on the natural and artificial propagation of the smallmouth black bass, Micropterus dolomieu","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-25T17:23:57.920496","indexId":"1014314","displayToPublicDate":"1942-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1942","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations on the natural and artificial propagation of the smallmouth black bass, Micropterus dolomieu","docAbstract":"

Counts of smallmouth black bass nests in the same sections of the South Branch of the Potomac, the Cacapon, and the Shenandoah Rivers are reported over a period of several seasons. The 4‐year record for the South Branch of the Potomac indicates little change in the smallmouth black bass population. The number of nests varied between 50.7 and 73.2 and averaged 58.1 for each mile of stream. The results of fry counts from wild nests showed an average of 2,159 fry in each nest in the South Branch of the Potomac, 2,210 in the Cacapon River, and 1,998 in the Shenandoah River.

One important characteristic of natural propagation in these rivers is the simultaneous occurrence of spawning in any section of stream having similar conditions. Evidence is supplied to support the theory that a long, drawn‐out spawning season in artificial ponds is due to annoyance of the brood fish. The importance of attendance by the male fish at the nest is pointed out.

Examples in pond culture are given to demonstrate that there are other factors involved in the spawning of smallmouth black bass besides temperature. These factors are annoyance, over‐crowding of the brood fish, and lack of provision for greater individual privacy among the brood bass during their spawning season. In general, productivity of fry apparently increases with age and size of the brood fish.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1942)72[233:OOTNAA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Surber, E.W., 1942, Observations on the natural and artificial propagation of the smallmouth black bass, Micropterus dolomieu: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 72, no. 1, p. 233-245, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1942)72[233:OOTNAA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"245","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131997,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Potomac River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.32903090675164,\n 38.6622450010382\n ],\n [\n -77.36756408167214,\n 38.28076336762224\n ],\n [\n -77.06359976946833,\n 38.25411148538747\n ],\n [\n -76.70306177723862,\n 38.05770962016482\n ],\n [\n -76.408740092337,\n 37.87109689063762\n ],\n [\n -76.23910875765803,\n 37.8913946922048\n ],\n [\n -76.26223438852878,\n 38.18181501632121\n ],\n [\n -76.77509150394854,\n 38.37768061627978\n ],\n [\n -77.15236905324782,\n 38.49583195992544\n ],\n [\n -77.0565924452876,\n 38.65418624006185\n ],\n [\n -77.32903090675164,\n 38.6622450010382\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"72","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db696426","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Surber, E. W.","contributorId":8794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Surber","given":"E.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70213278,"text":"70213278 - 1941 - Application of coefficients of transmissibility and storage to regional problems in the Houston District, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-16T20:01:43.241981","indexId":"70213278","displayToPublicDate":"1941-09-16T14:49:37","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of coefficients of transmissibility and storage to regional problems in the Houston District, Texas","docAbstract":"

The Houston District, as the term is used in this paper, comprises an area between the Trinity and Brazos rivers in Harris County and parts of Montgomery, Waller, and Fort Bend counties, Texas. It consists of a plain of low relief that lies not far above sea‐level, and is a part of the West Gulf Coastal Plain. A part of the District is shown in Figure 1.

Large quantities of ground‐water are pumped in the Houston District from a succession of beds of sand that occur between 300 and 1,900 feet below the surface. These sands are interbedded with relatively impermeable clays. The formations range in age from Miocene to Recent and were deposited during several cycles of marine and continental deposition. They may be classified into several zones which are predominantly clay or predominantly sand, but in which the individual beds at most horizons can not be traced very far. Most of the beds interfinger and grade into one another laterally and vertically in short distances, the thinner beds in many places changing character or pinching out within a few hundred feet. The formations dip to the southeastward, the dip ranging from about 35 feet to the mile in the older formations to about 20 feet to the mile in the younger. In the outcrop‐areas of the formations, and for considerable distances down the dip, the sediments are in general dominantly sandy. Far to the southeastward, in the direction of the Gulf, clay predominates.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR022i003p00756","usgsCitation":"Guyton, W., 1941, Application of coefficients of transmissibility and storage to regional problems in the Houston District, Texas: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, p. 756-770, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR022i003p00756.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"756","endPage":"770","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":378476,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Houston","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.328125,\n 29.372601506681402\n ],\n [\n -94.317626953125,\n 29.372601506681402\n ],\n [\n -94.317626953125,\n 30.230594564932193\n ],\n [\n -96.328125,\n 30.230594564932193\n ],\n [\n -96.328125,\n 29.372601506681402\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guyton, W.F.","contributorId":11688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guyton","given":"W.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":798937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70213273,"text":"70213273 - 1941 - Report of committee on runoff, 1940–41","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-06T15:54:18.543956","indexId":"70213273","displayToPublicDate":"1941-09-16T13:33:35","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Report of committee on runoff, 1940–41","docAbstract":"

The Committee members are the same as last year, namely: H. K. Barrows; Merrill Bernard; E. S. Cullings; R. S. Goodridge; G. A. Hathaway; Joseph Jacobs; F. T. Havis; H. S. Riesbol; Waldo E. Smith; F. F. Snyder; and H. G. Wilm.

During the year one addition was made, namely, AURELIO BENASSINI of Mexico City and associated with the Mexican Government. One of Mr. Benassini's associates, Mr. Quintero, was appointed on Mr. Bernard's Rainfall Committee, and in view of the fact that we have common hydrologic problems with Mexico, it seems desirable to have representatives of the Mexican Government on both the Rainfall and the Runoff Committees.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR022i003p01014","usgsCitation":"Hoyt, W.G., 1941, Report of committee on runoff, 1940–41: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 22, no. 3, p. 1014-1015, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR022i003p01014.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1014","endPage":"1015","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":378464,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoyt, W. G.","contributorId":38547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoyt","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":798927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70160518,"text":"70160518 - 1940 - An evaluation of trout culture","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-04T11:24:48","indexId":"70160518","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1940","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":" An evaluation of trout culture","docAbstract":"

In an evaluation of the efficiency of trout culture, the author presents a detailed analysis of complete loss records from 288 individual lots of trout at twenty-two hatcheries in the western United States. Summarized data are given to show the percentage loss of eggs, fry, and fingerlings by progressive one-half inch size groups. The accumulative percentage loss is also included to indicate the losses, under average hatchery conditions, between the egg stage and each successive size-group. These data cover the individual species of trout commonly reared in hatcheries; summarized data are given also for all species combined. A brief discussion of hatchery losses, natural losses, and the cost of artificial propagation is included.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1939)69[85:AEOTC]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"American Fisheries Society, 1940, An evaluation of trout culture: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 69, no. 1, p. 85-89, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1939)69[85:AEOTC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"89","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312644,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"567930bae4b0da412f4fb51a"} ,{"id":70160515,"text":"70160515 - 1940 - Formalin for external protozoan parasites: A report on the prevention and control of Costia necatrix","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T18:34:43","indexId":"70160515","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1940","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formalin for external protozoan parasites: A report on the prevention and control of Costia necatrix","docAbstract":"

The smallest and most destructive of the ectoparasitic protozoans infecting salmon and trout, Costia necatrix, has unfortunately been relegated to virtual obscurity during the past few years. Few references to this parasite can be found in the recent literature and, where such things are discussed, one seldom hears a mention of Costia necatrix.

\n

This apparent lack of interest in Costia certainly does not result from the infrequency of its appearances nor from any lack of pathogenicity on its part when it does occur. Preserved specimens of ailing trout an dsalmon submitted to the Seattle Pathology Laboratory for diagnosis have yielded very surprising indications concerning the frequency, intensity, and geographic distribution of Costiasis - surprising in that a parasite should be so widespread, so pathogenic, and yet so seldom mentioned. The answer undoubtedly lies in the fact that Costia, being small in size and usually sedentary in its habits, is being overlooked during parasitic examinations. Although Costia is not at all difficult to recognize, even well-trained workers unfamiliar with its appearance almost invariably pass it by.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1940)7[1:FFEPP]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fisher, F.S., 1940, Formalin for external protozoan parasites: A report on the prevention and control of Costia necatrix: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 7, no. 48, p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1940)7[1:FFEPP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312643,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"48","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"567930bbe4b0da412f4fb520","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, Frederick S.","contributorId":17979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70206708,"text":"70206708 - 1940 - Glacial chronology of the Southern Rocky Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-18T13:05:00","indexId":"70206708","displayToPublicDate":"1940-12-31T12:59:54","publicationYear":"1940","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Glacial chronology of the Southern Rocky Mountains","docAbstract":"

In order to extend the chronology and validate the five substages of the Wisconsin glaciation recognized in the Cache la Poudre Valley in the Colorado Front Range, a reconnaissance was made of the Southern Rocky Mountains, from southern Wyoming to Santa Fe, New Mexico. The chronology determined in the Cache la Poudre Valley was used to date the culture layer of the Lindenmeier (Folsom) Site in northern Colorado. The earliest or Twin Lakes substage is named for the \"early moraine\" mapped by Capps at Twin Lakes in the Upper Arkansas Valley. This substage is believed to have been contemporaneous with the Durango glaciation of the San Juan Mountains. Throughout the Southern Rocky Mountains the second, third, and fourth, or Home, Corral Creek, and Long Draw substages, can be readily correlated from valley to valley. The fifth or youngest substage, represented in some cirques by protalus ramparts, is named the Sprague substage. The validity of five distinct substages of Wisconsin ice advance, separated from one another by interstadial ice retreat or complete disappearance, is based on: (1) the character and topographic position of the moraines; (2) the relationship between successive terraces (valley trains) and the terminal moraines, as determined in the Cache la Poudre Valley; (3) the differences in weathering of the tills composing the moraines; and (4) the reported finding of an old soil zone between tills assigned to the Twin Lakes and Home substages. © 1940 Geological Society of America.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/GSAB-51-1851","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Ray, L., 1940, Glacial chronology of the Southern Rocky Mountains: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 51, no. 12, p. 1851-1917, https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAB-51-1851.","productDescription":"67 p. ","startPage":"1851","endPage":"1917","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369291,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ray, L.L.","contributorId":73741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ray","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70213842,"text":"70213842 - 1940 - A brief review of ground‐water conditions in Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-18T20:57:02.601391","indexId":"70213842","displayToPublicDate":"1940-09-18T13:59:19","publicationYear":"1940","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A brief review of ground‐water conditions in Michigan","docAbstract":"

The State of Michigan makes up about one‐half of the area of the great Michigan Synclinal Basin, the remainder of which embraces Lakes Michigan and Huron and small parts of Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Ontario [see 1 (p. 7) of “References” at end of paper]. The Basin has characteristics of both a geosyncline and a major structural basin. The geosynclinal origin is indicated by the facts that the Basin has been progressively downwarped, the beds thicken markedly into the central area, the outline of the course of the outcropping rocks is roughly oval, and the minor structures within the Basin are mostly parallel to the longer diameter of the downwarp. Evidence of several periods of isolation and evaporation and the absence of thick series of coarse clastic sediments in the post‐Cambrian rock‐column are features that are more characteristic of structural basins.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR021i004p01122","usgsCitation":"McGuinness, C., 1940, A brief review of ground‐water conditions in Michigan: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 21, no. 4, p. 1122-1126, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR021i004p01122.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1122","endPage":"1126","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":378575,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"21","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGuinness, Charles L.","contributorId":32902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuinness","given":"Charles L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":799247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70174984,"text":"70174984 - 1940 - Ground-water resources of Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-19T11:28:49","indexId":"70174984","displayToPublicDate":"1940-06-25T14:30:00","publicationYear":"1940","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2579,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground-water resources of Kansas","docAbstract":"

Introduction: Water is a necessity of life. Accordingly, every person is deeply interested in the subject of water supply. He knows that he must have water to drink. He depends indirectly on water for all his food and clothing. He may want water in which to wash. Civilized man has learned also that water serves admirably for a large and ever enlarging list of uses that depend on its easy convertibility from a liquid to a solid or gaseous state and its adaptability as a chemical solvent, a medium for transfer of matter or energy, and a regulator of temperature. 

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The average consumption of water in towns and cities of the United States amounts to about 100 gallons per person per day. Because of long familiarity with never-failing supplies  of water provided by nature, or equally, because of unthinking dependence on others, many individuals are probably unaware of their interest in water, but let water become difficult or impossible to obtain, or let the quality of water be greatly changed, and there is immediate concern. Many Kansas persons—without doubt too many—give little thought to the subject of water when rainfall is normal and when ponds and streams are full, but not too full.  Kansas has a smaller natural water supply than many other regions, but we are used to these conditions, and it is strongly marked departures from what we regard as normal that cause anxiety. Periods of excessive heat and drought such as have recurred in Kansas, especially during the last half-dozen years, bring hardships to very many persons, particularly dwellers on the farm. Alarm is felt when field crops and pasture shrivel from lack of moisture and from heat, when there is insufficient water for the stock, when wells go dry, and when even some towns and cities must haul water in tank cars. Everyone is then water-conscious, as is true also under reverse conditions, when overabundance of rainfall produces disastrous floods. 

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It is obvious, however, that the subject of water supply should not be given attention only in times of deficiency or overabundance. All citizens of Kansas should have enduring interest in quests of water control and conservation that will make for equable supply. No individual or government agency can increase or diminish the annual rainfall, nor safeguard wholly against floods. It is possible, on the other hand, largely to avoid the distress due to severe shortage of water in recent years. This statement calls attention to the subject of water in the ground, or as commonly known, ground water. I have been asked to discuss the underground water resources of Kansas. I am asked to give answers to such questions as: In what places and under what conditions may water that is suitable for domestic and stock use be obtained from wells? Why are some water wells in Kansas never-failing large producers of excellent waters, whereas other yield only small amounts of poor water and readily go dry? What improvements are possible in methods of finding and utilizing the ground-water resources that exist in Kansas? What provisions can be made to safeguard best against effects of prolonged drought? 

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These questions call for a discussion of some general principles that apply to accumulation and movement of water beneath the surface of in Kansas, and especially to the various geologic conditions that are fundamental factors in controlling variation in water supply from the below ground. It will be desirable also to consider the characteristics of various districts in Kansas that may be differentiated as natural ground-water provinces, pointing out the distinguishing features of these districts. The basis for these distinctions is a difference in water-supply conditions that depends mainly on variation in underground rock structure. 

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Importance of ground-water resources.—The importance of Kansas' ground-water resources may be emphasized from various viewpoints and in different ways. More than three-fourths of the public water supplies of Kansas are obtained from wells. In 1939, only 60 out of 375 municipal water supplies in Kansas, which is 16 percent, utilized surface waters. If the water wells of the cities and those located on all privately owned land in the state were suddenly destroyed, making it necessary to go to streams, springs, lakes (which are almost all artificial), and ponds for water supply domestic, stock, and industrial use, there would be almost incalculable difficulty and expense. If one could not go to springs, or dig new wells, or use any surface water derived from underground flow, much of Kansas would become uninhabitable.  These suggested conditions seem absurd, but they emphasize our dependence on ground-water resources. Fromm a quantitative standpoint, ground-water supplies existent in Kansas far outweigh surface waters that are present in the state at any one time. No exact figures for such comparison can be given, but, taking 384 square miles as the total surface water area of the state and estimating an average water depth of five feet, the computed volume of surface waters is found to be 1/100th of that of the conservatively estimated ground-water storage in Kansas. The latter takes account only of potable fresh water and is based on an assumed mean thickness of ten feet of reservoir having an effective porosity of twenty percent. It is to be remembered, however, that most of the surface water is run-off, which soon leaves the state, stream valleys being replenished from rainfall and flow from ground-water reservoirs. Most of the ground-water supplies, on the other hand, have existed for many years with almost no appreciable movement--in fact, it is reasonably certain that some well water drawn from beneath the surface of Kansas in 1940 represents rainfall in this region at time before the first white man entered Kansas, even before the visit of Coronado in the 16th century. Most ground water is to be regarded as water in storage rather than water in transit.   

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