{"pageNumber":"416","pageRowStart":"10375","pageSize":"25","recordCount":36991,"records":[{"id":31963,"text":"ofr9633A - 1996 - Digital bedrock geologic map of the Rochester quadrangle, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-23T14:46:03.004679","indexId":"ofr9633A","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-33","chapter":"A","title":"Digital bedrock geologic map of the Rochester quadrangle, Vermont","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9633A","usgsCitation":"Walsh, G.J., and Falta, C., 1996, Digital bedrock geologic map of the Rochester quadrangle, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-33, 2 Plates: 30.01 × 32.40 inches and 29.54 × 32.28 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9633A.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 30.01 × 32.40 inches and 29.54 × 32.28 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":164225,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":60120,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0033a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":60121,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0033a/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":397794,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18567.htm"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Rochester quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -72.75,\n              43.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.875,\n              43.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.875,\n              43.875\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.75,\n              43.875\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.75,\n              43.75\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b462e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walsh, Gregory J. 0000-0003-4264-8836 gwalsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-8836","contributorId":873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"Gregory","email":"gwalsh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Falta, C. K.","contributorId":37382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falta","given":"C. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":31947,"text":"ofr962 - 1996 - Map of Quaternary faults in west Texas and adjacent parts of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-12T19:54:11.632991","indexId":"ofr962","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-2","title":"Map of Quaternary faults in west Texas and adjacent parts of Mexico","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr962","usgsCitation":"Collins, E.E., Raney, J.A., Machette, M.N., Haller, K.M., and Dart, R., 1996, Map of Quaternary faults in west Texas and adjacent parts of Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-2, Report: ii, 74 p. ; 1 Plate: 35.56 × 30.14 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr962.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 74 p. ; 1 Plate: 35.56 × 30.14 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390436,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18574.htm"},{"id":60099,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0002/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":60098,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0002/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":161103,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0002/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"500000","country":"Mexico, United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.6310,\n              29\n            ],\n            [\n              -103,\n              29\n            ],\n            [\n              -103,\n              32\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.6310,\n              32\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.6310,\n              29\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8be4b07f02db6515f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, E. E.","contributorId":104339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raney, J. A.","contributorId":87718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raney","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Machette, M. N.","contributorId":19561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Machette","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haller, K. M.","contributorId":104073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haller","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dart, R. L.","contributorId":25547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dart","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":31955,"text":"ofr9662B - 1996 - Analytical data and sample locality map of stream-sediment and soil samples from the Winnemucca-Surprise Resource Assessment Area, Northwest Nevada and Northeast California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-17T14:20:04","indexId":"ofr9662B","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-62","chapter":"B","title":"Analytical data and sample locality map of stream-sediment and soil samples from the Winnemucca-Surprise Resource Assessment Area, Northwest Nevada and Northeast California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9662B","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"King, H.D., Fey, D., Motooka, J.M., Knight, R.J., Roushey, B.H., and McGuire, D., 1996, Analytical data and sample locality map of stream-sediment and soil samples from the Winnemucca-Surprise Resource Assessment Area, Northwest Nevada and Northeast California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-62, One 3 1/2 inch DS/HD IBM-compatible diskette., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9662B.","productDescription":"One 3 1/2 inch DS/HD IBM-compatible diskette.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277641,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0062b/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acee4b07f02db67ff2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Harley D. hking@usgs.gov","contributorId":4046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Harley","email":"hking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":207345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fey, D.L.","contributorId":44537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fey","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Motooka, J. M.","contributorId":8834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Motooka","given":"J.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Knight, R. J.","contributorId":96255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Roushey, B. H.","contributorId":84387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roushey","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McGuire, D.J.","contributorId":80702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":24478,"text":"ofr963 - 1996 - Surficial geologic map of the Anchorage A-8 NE quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-28T18:30:45.549518","indexId":"ofr963","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-3","title":"Surficial geologic map of the Anchorage A-8 NE quadrangle, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr963","usgsCitation":"Schmoll, H., Yehle, L., and Dobrovolny, E., 1996, Surficial geologic map of the Anchorage A-8 NE quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-3, Report: ii, 49 p.; 2 Plates: 20.99 × 30.07 inches and 27.43 × 18.82 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr963.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 49 p.; 2 Plates: 20.99 × 30.07 inches and 27.43 × 18.82 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":397728,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19169.htm"},{"id":53546,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0003/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":53545,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0003/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":53544,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0003/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156511,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0003/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"25000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Anchorage A-8 NE quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -149.812,\n              61.125\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.625,\n              61.125\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.625,\n              61.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.812,\n              61.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.812,\n              61.125\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db6890e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmoll, H. R.","contributorId":71543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmoll","given":"H. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yehle, L. A.","contributorId":44536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yehle","given":"L. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dobrovolny, Ernest","contributorId":45288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dobrovolny","given":"Ernest","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":21569,"text":"ofr95772 - 1996 - Activities of the Water Resources Division in Arizona, 1995-96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:42","indexId":"ofr95772","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-772","title":"Activities of the Water Resources Division in Arizona, 1995-96","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95772","usgsCitation":"Marie, J., van de Vanter, E., and Moss, C., 1996, Activities of the Water Resources Division in Arizona, 1995-96: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-772, viii, 69 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95772.","productDescription":"viii, 69 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153503,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0772/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51156,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0772/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a2a3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marie, J.R.","contributorId":63416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marie","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"van de Vanter, E.K.","contributorId":86782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van de Vanter","given":"E.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moss, C.L.","contributorId":28621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moss","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":23965,"text":"ofr95470 - 1996 - Numerical model analysis of the effects of ground-water withdrawals on discharge to streams and springs in small basins typical of the Puget Sound Lowland, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:00","indexId":"ofr95470","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-470","title":"Numerical model analysis of the effects of ground-water withdrawals on discharge to streams and springs in small basins typical of the Puget Sound Lowland, Washington","docAbstract":"A numerical ground-water flow model of a hypothetical basin was constructed and used to investigate the effects of ground-water withdrawals on rates of natural discharge to streams and springs in small basins of the Puget Sound Lowland. Definitions of the topography, geology, drainage, and climate of the hypothetical basin were based on the features of typical small basins in the Puget Sound Lowland. This information was used to construct a 13-layer numerical ground-water flow model capable of simulating water levels, hydraulic gradients, and discharge to streams and springs. Three sequences of glacial drift and interglacial deposits were simulated in the model; each sequence consisted of recessional outwash, till, advance, outwash, and fine-grained interglacial sediments. Alluvial sediments of the major stream valleys and undifferentiated glacial and interglacial deposits were also included in the model.  The model was calibrated by comparing simulated hydrologic conditions with expected conditions and making adjustments to values of hydraulic characteristics as needed. The model was calibrated to predevelop- ment conditions (those prior to pumping), and then used to simulate the effects of pumping on natural discharge to streams and springs. Seven series of simulations were made to investigate the effects of (1) distance from the well to a stream, (2) the presence of confining layers, (3) pumping rate, (4) depth of the pumped aquifer, (5) distance from the well to a bluff, (6) well density, and (7) recharge rate. The discharge of wells pumping from unconfined outwash aquifers on the drift plains is derived almost entirely from capture of natural discharge to nearby stream reaches.  Increasing the lateral distance between the well and stream caused more of the well discharge to be captured from other streams on the drift plain. Pumping from aquifers separated from the stream by one or more confining layers caused a reduction in the effects of pumping on discharge to nearby streams that was offset by an increase in the effects on discharge to more distant streams and springs. The percentage of well discharge captured from springs on the bluff was sensitive to the distance of wells from the bluff. Simulations also showed that increased well density caused greater water-level decline locally, but, at equilibrium, did not affect the extent of the area affected by reduction of natural discharge to streams and springs. Finally, decreased recharge in areas where development had created impervious surfaces had a direct effect on the natural discharge rates to streams and springs. Increased recharge, however, increased natural discharge and offset the effects of well withdrawals. Further analysis of the time-dependent effects of with- drawals would provide additional insights, but would require the development of a transient version of the model.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr95470","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Morgan, D.S., and Jones, J.L., 1996, Numerical model analysis of the effects of ground-water withdrawals on discharge to streams and springs in small basins typical of the Puget Sound Lowland, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-470, vi, 73 p. :ill., col. map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95470.","productDescription":"vi, 73 p. :ill., col. map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1669,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wa.water.usgs.gov/pubs/ofr/ofr.95-470/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":154957,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0470/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53159,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0470/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696847","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, D. S.","contributorId":19184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, J. L.","contributorId":27065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":21662,"text":"ofr95734 - 1996 - Chemical and stable-isotope data from an experiment to examine temporal variability in water samples from screened wells on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-11T16:57:15.485891","indexId":"ofr95734","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-734","title":"Chemical and stable-isotope data from an experiment to examine temporal variability in water samples from screened wells on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1994","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95734","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Reilly, T.E., LeBlanc, D., Bussey, K., Councell, T., Smith, R.L., and Böhlke, J., 1996, Chemical and stable-isotope data from an experiment to examine temporal variability in water samples from screened wells on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-734, v, 21 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95734.","productDescription":"v, 21 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51208,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0734/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156095,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0734/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.7684326171875,\n              41.63186741069748\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.873046875,\n              41.63186741069748\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.873046875,\n              42.16340342422401\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.7684326171875,\n              42.16340342422401\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.7684326171875,\n              41.63186741069748\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e1e4b07f02db5e483c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reilly, T. E.","contributorId":79460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LeBlanc, D.R.","contributorId":87141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bussey, K.W.","contributorId":48210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bussey","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Councell, T.B.","contributorId":44187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Councell","given":"T.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, R. L.","contributorId":93904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":185148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":22861,"text":"ofr96120 - 1996 - Lithologic and ground-water data for monitoring wells in the Santa Clara-Calleguas ground-water basin, Ventura County, California, 1989-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:59","indexId":"ofr96120","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-120","title":"Lithologic and ground-water data for monitoring wells in the Santa Clara-Calleguas ground-water basin, Ventura County, California, 1989-95","docAbstract":"Twenty-three multiple-well (nested) monitoring sites were constructed in the western part of the Santa Clara-Calleguas Hydrologic Unit and ground-water basin between October 1989 and May 1994. This report is a compilation of the data collected at these sites from October 1989 through April 1995 and includes location and design of the monitoring sites, lithologic data, geophysical logs, ground-water-level measurements, and water-quality analyses. Grain-size distribution and mineralogical analyses also are included. Ninety-nine piezometers were installed at the 23 sites to enable collection of depth-dependent data. Lithologic logs were compiled from descriptions of drill cuttings for each site and from observations recorded during logging. Generalized stratigraphic columns were compiled by grouping similar lithologic units. Grain-size and mineralogical analyses were used to identify and characterize the various lithologic units and to distinguish changes among them. Geophysical logs provided information on the character of the lithologic units and on the presence and chemical characteristics of ground water. Water levels were measured periodically during 1989-94. Water-quality data were collected periodically during 1989-95.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96120","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Densmore, J., 1996, Lithologic and ground-water data for monitoring wells in the Santa Clara-Calleguas ground-water basin, Ventura County, California, 1989-95: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-120, v, 179 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96120.","productDescription":"v, 179 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155006,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0120/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52278,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0120/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb7f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Densmore, J.N. 0000-0002-5345-6613","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5345-6613","contributorId":100882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Densmore","given":"J.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":22839,"text":"ofr95464 - 1996 - Water-quality data for the Arkansas River Basin, southeastern Colorado, 1990-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-29T22:05:31.971833","indexId":"ofr95464","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-464","title":"Water-quality data for the Arkansas River Basin, southeastern Colorado, 1990-93","docAbstract":"Water-quality data were collected and compiled for 59 surface-water stations in the Arkansas River Basin of Colorado. The purpose of the data collection was to describe selected water-quality characteristics of the Arkansas River from the headwaters downstream to the Colorado-Kansas State line. Data are presented for 19 Arkansas River stations, 31 tributary stations, 2 mine-drainage stations, and 7 transmountain diversion stations. Water-quality data presented in this report include instantaneous discharge; onsite measurements of specific conductance, pH, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen; analytical concentrations of bacteria, dissolved solids, major nutrients, trace elements, pesticides, radiochemicals, and suspended sediment; and quality-assurance data for selected water-quality constituents. Sampling began in April 1990 and continued through March 1993 at the 59 surface-water stations. The basinwide water-quality study was initiated in 1988 by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with 14 local agencies and the Bureau of Reclamation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95464","usgsCitation":"Dash, R.G., and Ortiz, R.F., 1996, Water-quality data for the Arkansas River Basin, southeastern Colorado, 1990-93: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-464, Report: v, 137 p.; 1 Plate: 36.96 x 29.94 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95464.","productDescription":"Report: v, 137 p.; 1 Plate: 36.96 x 29.94 inches","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155186,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0464/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":411205,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18481.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":19436,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0464/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52265,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0464/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Arkansas River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107,\n              37\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.045,\n              37\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.045,\n              39.566\n            ],\n            [\n              -107,\n              39.566\n            ],\n            [\n              -107,\n              37\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e575a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dash, Russell G.","contributorId":64695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dash","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ortiz, Roderick F. rfortiz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortiz","given":"Roderick","email":"rfortiz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":188971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":22848,"text":"ofr95654 - 1996 - Exploratory analysis of environmental interactions in central California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-04-15T17:28:14","indexId":"ofr95654","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-654","title":"Exploratory analysis of environmental interactions in central California","docAbstract":"As part of its global change research program, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) has produced raster data that describe the land cover of the United States using a consistent format. The data consist of elevations, satellite measurements, computed vegetation indices, land cover classes, and ancillary political, topographic and hydrographic information. This open-file report uses some of these data to explore the environment of a (256-km)? region of central California. We present various visualizations of the data, multiscale correlations between topography and vegetation, a path analysis of more complex statistical interactions, and a map that portrays the influence of agriculture on the region's vegetation. An appendix contains C and Mathematica code used to generate the graphics and some of the analysis.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr95654","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"De Cola, L., and Falcone, N.L., 1996, Exploratory analysis of environmental interactions in central California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-654, NA, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95654.","productDescription":"NA","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1309,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0654/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f1204","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"De Cola, Lee","contributorId":59821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Cola","given":"Lee","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Falcone, Neil L.","contributorId":71204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falcone","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":24870,"text":"ofr967 - 1996 - GSMCAD a new computer program that combines the functions of the GSMAP and GSMEDIT programs and is compatible with Microsoft Windows and ARC/INFO","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:24","indexId":"ofr967","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-7","title":"GSMCAD a new computer program that combines the functions of the GSMAP and GSMEDIT programs and is compatible with Microsoft Windows and ARC/INFO","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr967","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Williams, V., Selner, G.I., and Taylor, R.B., 1996, GSMCAD a new computer program that combines the functions of the GSMAP and GSMEDIT programs and is compatible with Microsoft Windows and ARC/INFO: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-7, 1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr967.","productDescription":"1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157562,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1869,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/ofr-96-0007/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b14db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Van S.","contributorId":38583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Van S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Selner, Gary I.","contributorId":42254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selner","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, Richard B.","contributorId":19539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":24414,"text":"ofr964 - 1996 - Active-, inactive-, and abandoned-mine information and selected geochemical data for the State of California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:14","indexId":"ofr964","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4","title":"Active-, inactive-, and abandoned-mine information and selected geochemical data for the State of California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr964","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Ryder, J.L., 1996, Active-, inactive-, and abandoned-mine information and selected geochemical data for the State of California (Diskette version.): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-4, 2 computer disks ;3 1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr964.","productDescription":"2 computer disks ;3 1/2 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157091,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1758,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/ofr-96-0004/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Diskette version.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a3496","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryder, Jean L.","contributorId":80709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"Jean","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":22578,"text":"ofr96556 - 1996 - Hydrogeologic assessment of shallow clastic and carbonate rock aquifers in Hendry and Collier counties, southwestern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-04T18:28:17.763852","indexId":"ofr96556","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T22:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-556","title":"Hydrogeologic assessment of shallow clastic and carbonate rock aquifers in Hendry and Collier counties, southwestern Florida","docAbstract":"<p>Direct-current electrical resistivity data were collected from 109 vertical electrical sounding sites in Hendry and Collier Counties, southwestern Florida. Selected direct-current electrical resistivity surveys, together with available borehole geologic and geophysical data, were used to determine the approximate areal extent of the shallow clastic aquifers composed of thick sands and carbonate lithologies. Results indicated that a complex pattern of shallow sands, clays, and carbonate lithologies occur throughout the area. Buried channel sands were found as deep as 50 meters below land surface in some places. The channels contain unconsolidated fine- to medium-grained quartz sand interbedded with sandy limestone, shell fragments, and gray-green sandy clay.</p><p>Both surface and borehole geophysical techniques with lithologic data were necessary to approximately locate and define layers that might behave as confining layers and to locate and define the extent of any buried sand aquifers. The borehole geophysical data were used to analyze the zones of higher resistivity. Direct-current electrical resistivity data indicated the approximate location of certain layer boundaries. The conjunctive use of natural gamma and short- and long-normal resistivity logs was helpful in determining lithologic effects. Geohydrologic sections were prepared to identify potential locations of buried channels and carbonates containing freshwater. Buried channel sands and carbonate rock sections were identified in the subsurface that potentially may contain freshwater supplies.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96556","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the South Florida Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Brown, C.E., Krulikas, R.K., and Brendle, D.L., 1996, Hydrogeologic assessment of shallow clastic and carbonate rock aquifers in Hendry and Collier counties, southwestern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-556, iv, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96556.","productDescription":"iv, 56 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154402,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0556/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52060,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0556/ofr96556.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.10 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Collier County, Hendry County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.36450195312499,\n              25.63657407787705\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.5078125,\n              25.63657407787705\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.5078125,\n              26.86328062676624\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.36450195312499,\n              26.86328062676624\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.36450195312499,\n              25.63657407787705\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\">Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>3321 College Avenue<br>Davie, FL 33314</p><p><a href=\"../contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adee4b07f02db687571","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Charles E.","contributorId":7723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krulikas, Richard K.","contributorId":36910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krulikas","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brendle, Daniel L.","contributorId":76283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brendle","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":23722,"text":"ofr96495 - 1996 - Assessment of water quality in the South Indian River Water Control District, Palm Beach County, Florida, 1989-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-04T18:40:47.345655","indexId":"ofr96495","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T22:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-495","title":"Assessment of water quality in the South Indian River Water Control District, Palm Beach County, Florida, 1989-94","docAbstract":"<p>The South Indian River Water Control District is located in an area of northern Palm Beach County, Fla., where many residents must rely on private wells for domestic water supplies and individual septic tanks for waste disposal. As a result, contamination of the surficial aquifer system and availability of a potable water supply have become of increasing concern. To address this concern, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the South Indian River Water Control District, conducted a study to assess ground-water and surface-water quality in the District from 1989 to 1994. The study consisted of water-quality monitoring at 11 wells and 14 surface-water sites located within the District. Water samples were analyzed for major inorganic constituents and physical characteristics, trace metals, nitrogen and phosphorus species, and synthetic organic compounds.</p><p>The predominant water type within the South Indian River Water Control District is calcium bicarbonate; however, mixed-ion type water and sodium bicarbonate type water also exist in varying amounts. Sodium chloride type water is present in the western areas of the District due to incompletely flushed residual sea water. Results of the study indicated that concentrations of most constituents were within State drinking-water standards as established by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, but concentrations of certain constituents occasionally exceeded drinking-water standards in some ground-water and surface-water samples. Sodium and chloride concentrations exceeded the standards in ground water at two wells, dissolved-solids concentrations at five ground-water wells and one surface-water site, and color values at all 11 ground-water wells and all 14 surface-water sites.</p><p>Other constituents also exhibited concentrations that exceeded drinking-water standards. Cadmium and zinc concentrations exceeded the standards in ground water at one well, and lead concentrations exceeded the standard in ground water at five wells. Nitrogen and phosphorus specie concentrations did not exceed respective drinking-water standards in any ground-water or surface-water samples. Additionally, organic compounds were not detected at four surface-water sites monitored for National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System constituents. Several synthetic organic compounds were detected at or above 50 micrograms per liter in water samples collected from six ground-water wells and three surface-water sites.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96495","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the South Indian River Water Control District","usgsCitation":"Lietz, A., 1996, Assessment of water quality in the South Indian River Water Control District, Palm Beach County, Florida, 1989-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-495, iv, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96495.","productDescription":"iv, 63 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":52965,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0495/ofr96495.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":157315,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0495/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Palm Beach County","otherGeospatial":"South Indian River Water Control District","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.39039611816406,\n              26.681821407205977\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.11093139648436,\n              26.681821407205977\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.11093139648436,\n              26.95267721592506\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.39039611816406,\n              26.95267721592506\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.39039611816406,\n              26.681821407205977\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\">Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>3321 College Avenue<br>Davie, FL 33314</p><p><a href=\"../contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e1d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lietz, A.C.","contributorId":40957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lietz","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":72575,"text":"ofr96415 - 1996 - Directory of member organizations of the National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX)","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":18173,"text":"ofr94535 - 1994 - Directory of Member Organizations of the National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX)","indexId":"ofr94535","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Directory of Member Organizations of the National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX)"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":72575,"text":"ofr96415 - 1996 - Directory of member organizations of the National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX)","indexId":"ofr96415","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Directory of member organizations of the National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX)"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-28T13:30:04","indexId":"ofr96415","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T13:25:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-415","title":"Directory of member organizations of the National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr96415","usgsCitation":"Blackwell, C.D., 1996, Directory of member organizations of the National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-415, xviii, 113 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96415.","productDescription":"xviii, 113 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291174,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fead20e4b0824b2d152dff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blackwell, Cassandra D.","contributorId":25562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackwell","given":"Cassandra","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":49857,"text":"ofr96742 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 14 (FFIETH00010014) on Town Highway 1, crossing the Fairfield River, Fairfield, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-13T13:11:43","indexId":"ofr96742","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-742","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 14 (FFIETH00010014) on Town Highway 1, crossing the Fairfield River, Fairfield, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour\npotential at structure\nFFIETH00010014 on Town Highway 1 crossing the\nFairfield River, Fairfield, Vermont\n(figures 1–8). A Level II study\nis a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a\nquantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S.\nDepartment of Transportation,\n1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this\nreport. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the\nstudy site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation\n(VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level\nII analyses and is\nfound in Appendix D.\nThe site is in the Green Mountain section\nof the New England physiographic province in\nnorthwestern Vermont. The 7.84-mi<sup>2</sup>\ndrainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested\nbasin. In the vicinity of the study site,\nthe surface cover on the upstream left and\ndownstream right is row crops. The surface\ncover on the upstream right and downstream\nleft is pasture.\nIn the study area, the Fairfield River has a sinuous channel with a slope of approximately\n0.006 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 33 ft\nand an average channel depth of 3 ft. The\nchannel bed material ranges\nfrom silt to gravel with\na median grain size (D<sub>50</sub>) of 15.4 mm\n(0.0505 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time\nof the Level I and Level II site visit on\nJuly 11, 1995, indicated that the\nreach was laterally unstable.\nThe Town Highway 1 crossing of the Fairfield River is a 26-ft-long, two-lane bridge\nconsisting of one 23-foot concrete span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written\ncommunication, March 9, 1995). The bridge is\nsupported by vertical, concrete abutments\nwith wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 27 degrees to the opening while\nthere is no opening-skew-to-roadway.\nThe bridge is located on a sharp channel bend. Th\ne left abutment is impacted due to this\nbend. A scour hole 1.5 ft deeper than the mean\nthalweg depth was observed along the left\nabutment during the Level I asse\nssment. Scour protection measures\nat the site include type-\n3 stone fill (less than 48 inches diameter\n) along the immediate upstream banks and along\nthe base of the upstream left wi\nngwall. Type-2 stone fill (le\nss than 36 inches diameter) was\npresent along the downstream left wingwall. A\ndditional details describing conditions at the\nsite are included in the Level II\nSummary and Appendices D and E.\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described\nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995). Total scour at a\nhighway crossing is comprised\nof three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation;\n2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge)\nand; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is\nthe sum of the three components.\nEquations are available to compute depths for contraction\nand local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.\nContraction scour for all modelled flows\nranged from 5.4 to 8.0 ft. The worst-case\ncontraction scour occurred at\nthe 500-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 3.0 to\n8.3 ft. The worst-case abutment scour also occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional\ninformation on scour depths and\ndepths to armoring are include\nd in the section titled “Scour\nResults”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated\nscour depths, are presented\nin tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour\ncomputed at the bridge is presented in figure\n8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an\ninfinite depth of erosive material and a\nhomogeneous particle-size distribution.\nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour\n) gives “excessively\nconservative estimates of scour depths”\n(Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). Usually,\ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but\nnot limited to) historical\nperformance during flood events\n, the geomorphic stability\nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses.\nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values\ndocumented herein.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96742","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Olson, S.A., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 14 (FFIETH00010014) on Town Highway 1, crossing the Fairfield River, Fairfield, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-742, iv, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96742.","productDescription":"iv, 50 p.","numberOfPages":"54","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162285,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":279573,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0742/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Fairfield","otherGeospatial":"Fairfield River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.084774,44.738541 ], [ -73.084774,44.880478 ], [ -72.838432,44.880478 ], [ -72.838432,44.738541 ], [ -73.084774,44.738541 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a830a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":72579,"text":"ofr96613 - 1996 - Digital maps of the extent, base, and potentiometric surface of the glacial-drift aquifers in Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-08T10:21:29","indexId":"ofr96613","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-613","title":"Digital maps of the extent, base, and potentiometric surface of the glacial-drift aquifers in Kansas","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96613","usgsCitation":"Juracek, K.E., Hansen, C.V., and Logan, C., 1996, Digital maps of the extent, base, and potentiometric surface of the glacial-drift aquifers in Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-613, digital data set, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96613.","productDescription":"digital data set","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":340899,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://kansasgis.org/catalog/index.cfm?data_id=2221&show_cat=1"},{"id":192676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65abaf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juracek, K. E. 0000-0002-2102-8980","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-8980","contributorId":44570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juracek","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansen, C. V.","contributorId":74749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Logan, C.M.","contributorId":59105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Logan","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":72558,"text":"ofr96119 - 1996 - Digital maps of the extent, base, top, and potentiometric surface of the Ozark aquifer in Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-08T10:20:30","indexId":"ofr96119","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-119","title":"Digital maps of the extent, base, top, and potentiometric surface of the Ozark aquifer in Kansas","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96119","usgsCitation":"Juracek, K.E., and Hansen, C.V., 1996, Digital maps of the extent, base, top, and potentiometric surface of the Ozark aquifer in Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-119, digital data set, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96119.","productDescription":"digital data set","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":193273,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":340898,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://kansasgis.org/catalog/index.cfm?data_id=2222&show_cat=1"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65abaa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juracek, K. E. 0000-0002-2102-8980","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-8980","contributorId":44570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juracek","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansen, C. V.","contributorId":74749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":31663,"text":"ofr96677 - 1996 - Rockslide-debris avalanche of May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-03T21:42:04.199874","indexId":"ofr96677","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-677","title":"Rockslide-debris avalanche of May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington","docAbstract":"<p>This report provides a detailed picture of the rockslide-debris avalanche of the May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens volcano. It provides a characterization of the deposit, a reinterpretation of the details of the first minutes of the eruption of May 18, and insight into the transport mechanism of the mass movement.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Details of the rockslide event, as revealed by eyewitness photographs, are correlated with features of the deposit. The photographs show three slide blocks in the rockslide movement. Slide block I was triggered by a magnitude 5.1 earthquake at 8:32 a.m. Pacific Daylight Time (P.D.T.). An exploding cryptodome burst through slide block II to produce the 'blast surge.' Slide block III consisted of many discrete failures that were carried out in continuing pyroclastic currents generated from the exploding cryptodome. The cryptodome continued to depressurize after slide block III, producing a blast deposit that rests on top of the debris-avalanche deposit. </p>\n<br/>\n<p>The hummocky 2.5 cubic kilometer debris-avalanche deposit consists of block facies (pieces of the pre-eruption Mount St. Helens transported relatively intact) and matrix facies (a mixture of rocks from the old mountain and cryptodome dacite). Block facies is divided into five lithologic units. Matrix facies was derived from the explosively generated current of slide block III as well as from disaggregation and mixing of debris-avalanche blocks. </p>\n<br/>\n<p>The mean density of the old cone was measured to be abut 20 percent greater than the mean density of the avalanche deposit. Density in the deposit does not decrease with distance which suggests that debris-avalanche blocks were dilated at the mountain, rather than during transport. Various grain-size parameters that show that clast size converges about a mean with distance suggest mixing during transport. </p>\n<br/>\n<p>The debris-avalanche flow can be considered a grain flow, where particles -- either debris-avalanche blocks or the clasts within the blocks -- collided and created dispersive stress normal to the movement of material. The dispersive stress preserved the dilation of the material and allowed it to flow.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96677","usgsCitation":"Glicken, H., 1996, Rockslide-debris avalanche of May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-677, Report: viii, 90 p.; 7 Plates: 39.58 x 26.39 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96677.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 90 p.; 7 Plates: 39.58 x 26.39 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"98","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159892,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96677.jpg"},{"id":279211,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0677/pdf/of1996-0677_plate3.pdf"},{"id":279210,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0677/pdf/of1996-0677_plate2.pdf"},{"id":279208,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0677/pdf/of1996-0677text.pdf"},{"id":2971,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0677/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":279209,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0677/pdf/of1996-0677_plate1.pdf"},{"id":415130,"rank":11,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13199.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":279215,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0677/pdf/of1996-0677_plate5b.pdf","text":"Plate 5B"},{"id":279214,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0677/pdf/of1996-0677_plate5a.pdf","text":"Plate 5A"},{"id":279213,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0677/pdf/of1996-0677_plate4b.pdf","text":"Plate 4B"},{"id":279212,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0677/pdf/of1996-0677_plate4a.pdf","text":"Plate 4A"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.102,\n              46.171\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.102,\n              46.338\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.428,\n              46.338\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.428,\n              46.171\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.102,\n              46.171\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cd1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glicken, Harry","contributorId":77452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glicken","given":"Harry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":49867,"text":"ofr96238 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 24 (WODSTH00190024) on Town Highway 19, crossing North Bridgewater Brook, Woodstock, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-20T15:09:31","indexId":"ofr96238","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-238","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 24 (WODSTH00190024) on Town Highway 19, crossing North Bridgewater Brook, Woodstock, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nWODSTH00190024 on Town Highway 19 crossing North Bridgewater Brook, Woodstock, \nVermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including \na quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). A Level I study is included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I study provides \na qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge \navailable from VTAOT files was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II \nanalyses and can be found in Appendix D.\nThe site is in the Green Mountain physiographic province of east-central Vermont in the \ntown of Woodstock. The 3.6-mi<sup>2</sup>\n drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested\nbasin. In the vicinity of the study site, the left and right banks are covered by moderate tree \ncover along the immediate banks with some pasture/ grassland beyond.\nIn the study area, the North Bridgewater Brook has a sinuous channel with a slope of \napproximately 0.03 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 44 ft and an average channel \ndepth of 4 ft. The channel bed materials ranges from sand to boulders with a D<sub>50</sub> (median \ndiameter)of 70.1 mm or 0.229 ft. The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and \nLevel II site visits on August 17, 1994 and December 13, 1994, indicated that the reach was \nstable. Localized bank cutting existed at the immediate downstream left bank.\nThe Town Highway 19 crossing of the North Bridgewater Brook is a 26-ft-long, one-lane\nbridge consisting of one 23-ft steel-beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written \ncommun., August 3, 1994). The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with \nwingwalls. Type-2 (less than 3 ft diameter) stone fill protects the upstream left wingwall \nwhich is impacted by flow. The channel bed under the bridge is constructed of wood. This \nconstruction is preventing channel degradation along the impacted left abutment.The \nchannel is skewed approximately 40 degrees to the opening; the opening-skew-to-roadway \nis 10 degrees. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II \nSummary and Appendices D and E.\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1993). Total scour at a \nhighway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; \n2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) \nand; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is \nthe sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction \nand local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.\nContraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.0 to 0.8 ft. Abutment scour ranged \nfrom 6.6 to 14.9 ft. with the worst-case scenario occurring at the 500-year discharge. \nAdditional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section \ntitled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, \nare presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is \npresented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive \nmaterial and a homogeneous particle-size distribution. \n It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1993, p. 48). Many factors, \nincluding historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic assessment, scour \nprotection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses, must be considered to \nproperly assess the validity of abutment scour results. Therefore, scour depths adopted by \nVTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein, based on the \nconsideration of additional contributing factors and experienced engineering judgement.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96238","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Olson, S.A., and Song, D.L., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 24 (WODSTH00190024) on Town Highway 19, crossing North Bridgewater Brook, Woodstock, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-238, iv, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96238.","productDescription":"iv, 53 p.","numberOfPages":"57","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169496,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96238.PNG"},{"id":279834,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0238/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Woodstock","otherGeospatial":"North Bridgewater Brook","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.577893,43.646059 ], [ -72.577893,43.648843 ], [ -72.557282,43.648843 ], [ -72.557282,43.646059 ], [ -72.577893,43.646059 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8091","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Song, Donald L.","contributorId":107335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Song","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":49866,"text":"ofr96235 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 8 (HANCTH00020008) on Town Highway 2, crossing Hancock Branch White River, Hancock, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-20T15:20:47","indexId":"ofr96235","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-235","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 8 (HANCTH00020008) on Town Highway 2, crossing Hancock Branch White River, Hancock, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nHANCTH00020008 on town highway 2 crossing the Hancock Branch White River, \nHancock, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, \nincluding a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of \nTransportation, 1993). A Level I study is included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I \nstudy provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on \nthe bridge, gleaned from VTAOT files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level \nII analyses and can be found in Appendix D.\nThe site is in the Green Mountain physiographic province of central Vermont in the town of \nHancock. The 8.4-mi<sup>2</sup>\n drainage area is predominantly rural and forested. In the vicinity of \nthis site, the banks have dense woody vegetation coverage.\nIn the study area, the Hancock Branch White River is an incised, sinuous channel with a \nslope of approximately 0.038 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 47.0 ft and an average \nchannel depth of 3.0 ft. The predominant channel bed material is cobble (D<sub>50</sub>\n is 102 mm or \n0.336 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on \nNovember 16, 1994, indicated that the reach was stable.\nThe town highway 2 crossing of the Hancock Branch White Riveris a 33-ft-long, two-lane\nbridge consisting of one 30-foot steel-beam span with a concrete deck (Vermont Agency of \nTransportation, written commun., August 26, 1994). The bridge is supported by steep \nsloping, cement-grouted, cobble-stone abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed \napproximately ten degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is zero \ndegrees. \nA scour hole 1.5 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed along the upstream \nleft wingwall and left abutment during the Level I assessment. The only scour protection \nmeasure at the site was type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) at the upstream end \nof the upstream left wingwall. Additional details describing conditions at the site are \nincluded in the Level II Summary and Appendices D and E.\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1993).\nTotal scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term \naggradation or degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to reduction in flow area caused by a \nbridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total \nscour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute scour depths \nfor contraction and local scour and a summary of the results follows.\nContraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.6 ft to 1.3 ft and the worst-case \ncontraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 9.4 ft to \n15.2 ft and the worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Scour depths \nand depths to armoring are summarized on p. 14 in the section titled “Scour Results”. \nScour elevations, based on the calculated depths are presented in tables 1 and 2; a graph of \nthe scour elevations is presented in figure 8 Scour depths were calculated assuming an \ninfinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution. \nFor all scour presented in this report, “the scour depths adopted [by VTAOT] may differ \nfrom the equation values based on engineering judgement” (Richardson and others, 1993, p. \n21, 27). It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives \n“excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1993, p. 48). \nMany factors, including historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic \nassessment, and the results of the hydraulic analyses, must be considered to properly assess \nthe validity of abutment scour results.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96235","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Boehmler, E.M., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 8 (HANCTH00020008) on Town Highway 2, crossing Hancock Branch White River, Hancock, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-235, iv, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96235.","productDescription":"iv, 50 p.","numberOfPages":"54","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169495,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96235.PNG"},{"id":279833,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0235/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Hancock","otherGeospatial":"Hancock Branch White River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.001639,43.861648 ], [ -73.001639,43.975114 ], [ -72.81633,43.975114 ], [ -72.81633,43.861648 ], [ -73.001639,43.861648 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a565f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boehmler, Erick M.","contributorId":96303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"Erick","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":49830,"text":"ofr96564 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 15 (GRNVTH00230015) on Town Highway 23, crossing the Third Branch of the White River, Granville, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-05T15:46:25","indexId":"ofr96564","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-564","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 15 (GRNVTH00230015) on Town Highway 23, crossing the Third Branch of the White River, Granville, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure GRNVTH00230015 on town highway 23 crossing the Third Branch of the White River, Granville, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, 1993). A Level I study is included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I study provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and can be found in Appendix D.\n<p>The site is in the Green Mountain physiographic province of central Vermont in the town of Granville. The 23.6-mi<sup>2</sup> drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the banks have woody vegetation coverage except for the downstream banks, which are residential.\nIn the study area, the Third Branch of the White River has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.0128 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 42 ft and an average channel depth of 4 ft. The predominant channel bed material is cobble (D<sub>50</sub> is 108 mm or 0.353 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on October 21, 1994, indicated that the reach was laterally unstable.\nThe town highway 23 crossing of the Third Branch of the White River is a 35-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting of one 31-foot steel beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, August 26, 1994). The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 10 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is 10 degrees.</p>\n<p>The only scour protection measures in place at the site were type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) along the upstream right bank, upstream right wingwall, and right abutment. Retaining walls are in place along the upstream left bank up to the upstream end of the upstream left wingwall and both downstream banks with the left bank wall extending from the downstream left wingwall. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and Appendices D and E.</p>\n<p>Scour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995).\nTotal scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute scour depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.</p>\n<p>Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0 to 0.4 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the incipient overtopping discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 9.8 to 13.9 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 100-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.\nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96564","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Ivanoff, M.A., and Olson, S.A., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 15 (GRNVTH00230015) on Town Highway 23, crossing the Third Branch of the White River, Granville, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-564, iv, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96564.","productDescription":"iv, 50 p.","numberOfPages":"54","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161887,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96564.GIF"},{"id":279335,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0564/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Granville","otherGeospatial":"White River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.85792,43.98145 ], [ -72.85792,43.988629 ], [ -72.845249,43.988629 ], [ -72.845249,43.98145 ], [ -72.85792,43.98145 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a82cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivanoff, Michael A.","contributorId":27105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":49829,"text":"ofr96563 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 35 (RANDTH00650035) on Town Highway 65, crossing the Second Branch White River, Randolph, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-06T11:14:17","indexId":"ofr96563","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-563","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 35 (RANDTH00650035) on Town Highway 65, crossing the Second Branch White River, Randolph, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure RANDTH00650035 on town highway 65 crossing the Second Branch White River, Randolph, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in Appendix D.\n<p>The site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province of central Vermont. The 47.2-mi<sup>2</sup> drainage area is in a predominantly rural basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture except for the downstream left bank which is forested. There is some woody vegetation on the immediate channel banks upstream of the bridge.</p>\n<p>In the study area, the Second Branch White River has a sinuous channel with alluvial boundaries and a slope of approximately 0.002 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 52 ft and an average channel depth of 7 ft. The predominant channel bed materials are sand and gravel with a median grain size (D<sub>50</sub>) of 1.37 mm (0.0045 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I site visits on August 11, 1994 and December 1, 1994, indicated that the reach was laterally unstable.</p>\n<p>The town highway 65 crossing of the Second Branch White River is a 33-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting of one 28-foot steel-beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, July 29, 1994). The bridge is supported by vertical, stone abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 25 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is 15 degrees. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and Appendices D and E.</p>\n<p>Scour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995). Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.</p>\n<p>Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.0 to 2.4 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the incipient-overtopping discharge which was\n5,870 cfs less than the 100-year discharge. Abutment scour at the left abutment ranged from 5.7 to 13.9 ft. with the worst-case occurring at the 500-year discharge. Abutment scour at the right abutment ranged from 9.2 to 11.3 ft. with the worst-case occurring at the incipient-overtopping discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.\nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96563","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Olson, S.A., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 35 (RANDTH00650035) on Town Highway 65, crossing the Second Branch White River, Randolph, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-563, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96563.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","numberOfPages":"55","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179261,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96563.GIF"},{"id":279336,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0563/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Randolph","otherGeospatial":"White River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.871309,43.647862 ], [ -72.871309,43.960964 ], [ -72.314788,43.960964 ], [ -72.314788,43.647862 ], [ -72.871309,43.647862 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a645f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":49833,"text":"ofr96567 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 41 (WODSTH00750041) on Town Highway 75, crossing Happy Valley Brook, Woodstock, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-10T13:34:43","indexId":"ofr96567","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-567","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 41 (WODSTH00750041) on Town Highway 75, crossing Happy Valley Brook, Woodstock, Vermont","docAbstract":"<p>This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure WODSTH00750041 on town highway 75 crossing Happy Valley Brook, Woodstock, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in Appendix D.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province of east-central Vermont. The 3.45-mi<sup>2</sup> drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is brush with scattered trees.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>In the study area, Happy Valley Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.03 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 23 ft and an average channel depth of 5 ft. The predominant channel bed materials are gravel and cobble with a median grain size (D<sub>50</sub>) of 82.8 mm (0.272 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level II site visits on September 13, 1994 and December 14, 1994, indicated that the reach was degrading. Five logs are embedded across the channel under the bridge in an attempt to prevent further degradation (see Figures 5 and 6).</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The town highway 75 crossing of Happy Valley Brook is a 27-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting of one 25-foot steel-beam span. The clear span is 17 ft. (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, August 3, 1994). The bridge is supported by vertical, stone abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 40 degrees to the opening and the opening-skew-to-roadway is also 40 degrees. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and Appendices D and E.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Scour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995). Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 1.3 to 2.2 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 7.2 to 12.0 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96567","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Olson, S.A., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 41 (WODSTH00750041) on Town Highway 75, crossing Happy Valley Brook, Woodstock, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-567, iv, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96567.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p.","numberOfPages":"53","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162557,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96567.PNG"},{"id":279294,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0567/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Woodstock","otherGeospatial":"Happy Valley Brook","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.5,43.625 ], [ -72.5,43.75 ], [ -72.375,43.75 ], [ -72.375,43.625 ], [ -72.5,43.625 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a619d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":49770,"text":"ofr96155 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 26 (CRAFTH00250026) on Town Highway 25, crossing Black River, Craftsbury, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-12T12:37:54","indexId":"ofr96155","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-155","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 26 (CRAFTH00250026) on Town Highway 25, crossing Black River, Craftsbury, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nCRAFTH00250026 on town highway 25 crossing the Black River, Craftsbury, Vermont \n(figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a \nquantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). A Level I study is included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I study provides \na qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, \navailable from VTAOT files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II \nanalyses and can be found in Appendix D.\nThe site is in the New England Upland physiographic province of north-central Vermont in \nthe town of Craftsbury. The 37.8-mi<sup>2</sup>\n drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested\nbasin. In the vicinity of the study site, the flood plains are pasture and the banks have no \nwoody vegetation coverage.\nIn the study area, the Black River is not incised, has a sinuous channel with a slope of \napproximately 0.0004 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 32 ft, and an average channel \ndepth of 4 ft. The predominant channel bed material is sand (D<sub>50</sub> is 0.802 mm or 0.00263 \nft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on October \n6, 1994, indicated that the reach was laterally unstable.\nThe town highway 25 crossing of the Black Riveris a 42-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting \nof one 40-foot clear-span steel stringer type structure with a timber deck (Vermont Agency \nof Transportation, written commun., August 4, 1994). The bridge is supported by concrete capped, granite-block abutments with wingwalls (except for the downstream side of the left \nabutment). The channel is skewed to the opening by approximately 20 degrees and there is \nno opening-skew-to-roadway. \nA scour hole 5 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed centered at 50 ft \nupstream of the bridge during the Level I assessment. There is sparse type-2 stone fill along \nthe right abutment and right wingwalls. Additional details describing conditions at the site \nare included in the Level II Summary and Appendices D and E.\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1993). Scour depths were \ncalculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size \ndistribution. The scour analysis results are presented in tables 1 and 2 and a graph of the \nscour depths is presented in figure 8.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96155","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Ayotte, J., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 26 (CRAFTH00250026) on Town Highway 25, crossing Black River, Craftsbury, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-155, iv, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96155.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p.","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176853,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96155.PNG"},{"id":279426,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0155/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Craftsbury","otherGeospatial":"Black River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77.5,44.625 ], [ -77.5,44.75 ], [ -72.375,44.75 ], [ -72.375,44.625 ], [ -77.5,44.625 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8006","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayotte, Joseph D. jayotte@usgs.gov","contributorId":1802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayotte","given":"Joseph D.","email":"jayotte@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}