Natural populations of many species are increasingly impacted by human activities. Perturbations are particularly pronunced for large ungulates due in part to sport and commercial harvest, to reductions and fragmentation of native habitat, and as the result of reintroductions. These perturbations affect population size, sex and age composition, and population breeding structure, and as a consequence affect the levels and partitioning of genetic variation. Three case histories highlighting long-term ecological genetic research on mule deer Odocoileus hemionus (Rafinesque, 1817), white-tailed deer O. virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780), and Alpine ibex Capra i. ibex Linnaeus, 1758 are presented. Joint examinations of population ecological and genetic data from several populations of each species reveal: (1) that populations are not in genetic equilibrium, but that allele frequencies and heterozygosity change dramatically over time and among cohorts produced in successive years, (2) populations are genetically structured over short and large geographic distances reflecting local breeding structure and patterns of gene flow, respectively; however, this structure is quite dynamic over time, due in part to population exploitation, and (3) restocking programs are often undertaken with small numbers of founding individuals resulting in dramatic declines in levels of genetic variability and increasing levels of genetic differentiation among populations due to genetic drift. Genetic characteristics have and will continue to provide valuable indirect sources of information relating enviromental and human perturbations to changes in population processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Polska Akademia Nauk","doi":"10.4098/AT.arch.93-44","usgsCitation":"Scribner, K.T., 1993, Conservation genetics of managed ungulate populations: Acta Theriologica, v. 38, no. 2, p. 89-101, https://doi.org/10.4098/AT.arch.93-44.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"101","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479491,"rank":3,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4098/at.arch.93-44","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":334984,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":351388,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://rcin.org.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=12252"}],"volume":"38","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-05-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589c3c50e4b0efcedb741119","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scribner, Kim T.","contributorId":146113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scribner","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":16582,"text":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife and Department of Zoology, 480 Wilson Rd. 13 Natural Resources Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":662873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017997,"text":"70017997 - 1993 - Relation of local scour to hydraulic properties at selected bridges in New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:56","indexId":"70017997","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Relation of local scour to hydraulic properties at selected bridges in New York","docAbstract":"Hydraulic properties, bridge geometry, and basin characteristics at 31 bridges in New York are being investigated to identify factors that affect local scour. Streambed elevations measured by the U.S. Geological Survey and New York State Department of Transportation are used to estimate local-scour depth. Data that show zero or minor scour were included in the analysis to decrease bias and to estimate hydraulic properties related to local scour. The maximum measured local scour at the 31 bridges for a single peak flow was 5.4 feet, but the deepening of scour holes at two sites to 6.1 feet and 7.8 feet by multiple peak flows could indicate that the number or duration of high flows is a factor. Local scour at a pier generally increased as the recurrence interval (magnitude) of the discharge increased, but the correlation between local-scour depth and recurrence interval was inconsistent among study sites. For example, flows with a 2-year recurrence interval produced 2 feet of local scour at two sites, whereas a flow with a recurrence interval produced 2 feet of local scour at two sites, whereas a flow with a recurrence interval of 50 years produced only 0.5 feet of local scour at another site. Local-scour depth increased with water depth, stream velocity, and Reynolds number but did not correlate well with bed-material size, Froude number, pier geometry, friction slope, or several other hydraulic and basin characteristics.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872629201","usgsCitation":"Butch, G.K., 1993, Relation of local scour to hydraulic properties at selected bridges in New York, in Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 2, San Francisco, CA, USA, 25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993, p. 1872-1875.","startPage":"1872","endPage":"1875","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228830,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a692e4b0e8fec6cdc209","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","contributorId":128306,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","id":536413,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Butch, Gerard K. gkbutch@usgs.gov","contributorId":914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butch","given":"Gerard","email":"gkbutch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":378145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017999,"text":"70017999 - 1993 - Evidence for Regional Stream Aggradation in the Central Oregon Coast Range during the Pleistocene-Holocene Transition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:56","indexId":"70017999","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for Regional Stream Aggradation in the Central Oregon Coast Range during the Pleistocene-Holocene Transition","docAbstract":"Low, nearly continuous terraces of similar age are present along streams in drainage basins that range in size from Drift Creek (190 km2) to the Umpqua River (11,800 km2) in the Oregon Coast Range. Radiocarbon ages from near the bose of fluvial sediments underlying these terraces are clustered at about 9000-11,000 14C yr B.P. Beveled bedrock surfaces (straths) that underlie the fluvial sediments are 1-8 m above summer stream levels and are present along most of the nontidal reaches of the rivers that we studied. Where exposed, the bedrock straths are overlain by 2-11 m of fluvial sediment that consists of a bottom-stratum (channel) facies of sandy pebble-cobble gravel and a top-stratum (overbank) facies of sandy silt or silt. Eight radiocarbon ages from the fluvial sediments allow correlation of the lowest continuous terrace over a wide area and thus indicate that a regional aggradation episode occurred in Coast Range drainage basins during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. The cause of such widespread aggradation is unknown but may be related to climate-induced changes in the frequency of evacuation of colluvium from hollows, which are common in all drainage basins in the region.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1993.1083","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Personius, S., Kelsey, H., and Grabau, P., 1993, Evidence for Regional Stream Aggradation in the Central Oregon Coast Range during the Pleistocene-Holocene Transition: Quaternary Research, v. 40, no. 3, p. 297-308, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1993.1083.","startPage":"297","endPage":"308","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206161,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1993.1083"},{"id":228875,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d2ce4b0c8380cd52e62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Personius, S. F. 0000-0001-8347-7370","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8347-7370","contributorId":31408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Personius","given":"S. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kelsey, H.M.","contributorId":84300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelsey","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grabau, P.C.","contributorId":34674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grabau","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70181818,"text":"70181818 - 1993 - Sex identification of polar bears from blood and tissue samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-14T14:24:03","indexId":"70181818","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sex identification of polar bears from blood and tissue samples","docAbstract":"Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) can be adversely affected by hunting and other human perturbations because of low population densities and low reproduction rates. The sustainable take of adult females may be as low as 1.5% of the population. Females and accompanying young are most vulnerable to hunting, and hunters have not consistently reported the sex composition of the harvest, therefore a method to confirm the sexes of polar bears harvested in Alaska is needed. Evidence of the sex of harvested animals is often not available, but blood or other tissue samples often are. We extracted DNA from tissue and blood samples, and amplified segments of zinc finger (ZFX and ZFY) genes from both X and Y chromosomes with the polymerase chain reaction. Digestion of amplified portions of the X chromosome with the restriction enzyme HaeIII resulted in subdivision of the original amplified segment into four smaller fragments. Digestion with HaeIII did not subdivide the original segment amplified from the Y chromosome. The differing fragment sizes produced patterns in gel electrophoresis that distinguished samples from male and female bears 100% of the time. This technique is applicable to the investigation of many wildlife management and research questions.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/z93-305","usgsCitation":"Amstrup, S.C., Garner, G., Cronin, M.A., and Patton, J., 1993, Sex identification of polar bears from blood and tissue samples: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 71, no. 11, p. 2174-2177, https://doi.org/10.1139/z93-305.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"2174","endPage":"2177","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335376,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"71","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a42549e4b0c825128ad4cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":668706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garner, G.W.","contributorId":80218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garner","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cronin, M. A.","contributorId":80216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Patton, J.C.","contributorId":89836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70182300,"text":"70182300 - 1993 - Monitoring of the in-river migration of smolts from two groups of spring chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), with different profiles of Renibacterium salmoninarum infection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-22T14:09:22","indexId":"70182300","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":857,"text":"Aquaculture Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring of the in-river migration of smolts from two groups of spring chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), with different profiles of Renibacterium salmoninarum infection","docAbstract":"Broodstock segregation based on the measurement of maternal Renibacterium salmoninarum infection levels by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the membrane filtration-fluorescent antibody technique (MF-FAT) was previously shown to affect the prevalence and levels of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in progeny of chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), during hatchery rearing. Subgroups of fish from that study were marked with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags, and monitored by PIT-tag detectors during the first 342km of their migration to the Pacific Ocean. Differences in the recovery of tagged fish were significant (P≤ 0·01) at each detection point and became more pronounced as the fish moved downstream. Cumulative recoveries of fish from the low-BKD group and the high-BKD group, respectively, were 31% and 28% after 116km, 44% and 37% after 176km, and 51% and 42% after 342km. There were no apparent differences in the migration timing of the two groups to the first detection point. The data suggested that in-river survival was higher in the progeny group from parents that had low R. salmoninarum infection levels or tested negative for R. salmoninarum (low-BKD group) than in the group female parents with high infection levels (high-BKD group).
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley ","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2109.1993.tb00537.x","usgsCitation":"Pascho, R., Elliott, D., and Achord, S., 1993, Monitoring of the in-river migration of smolts from two groups of spring chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), with different profiles of Renibacterium salmoninarum infection: Aquaculture Research, v. 24, no. 2, p. 163-169, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.1993.tb00537.x.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"163","endPage":"169","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335980,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58aeb145e4b01ccd54f9ee6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pascho, R.J.","contributorId":65796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pascho","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elliott, D.G.","contributorId":58226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Achord, S.","contributorId":177073,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Achord","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000565,"text":"1000565 - 1993 - Sustainability of hatchery-dependent salmonine fisheries in Lake Ontario: The conflict between predator demand and predator supply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-22T12:09:36","indexId":"1000565","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sustainability of hatchery-dependent salmonine fisheries in Lake Ontario: The conflict between predator demand and predator supply","docAbstract":"The offshore fish community of Lake Ontario is presently dominated by intensively managed, nonnative species: Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus and rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax at the planktivore level and stocked salmonines at the piscivore level. Salmonine stocking rates per unit area of Lake Ontario are the highest in the Great Lakes, and fishery managers are concerned about the sustainability of the fishery under present stocking policies, particularly with the recent collapse of the Lake Michigan fishery for chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. In this paper, we describe and present the results of a simulation model that integrates predator demand estimates derived from bioenergetics, prey and predator population dynamics, and a predation model based on the multiple-species functional response, Model reconstructions of historical alewife biomass trends and salmonine diets corresponded reasonably well with existing data for the period 1978–1992. The simulations suggest that current predator demand does not exceed the threshold beyond which alewife biomass cannot be sustained, but they indicate that the sustainability of the prey fish community is extremely sensitive to fluctuations in overwinter survival of alewife; an additional mortality of 25% in a single winter would be sufficient to cause the collapse of the alewife population. The model includes a number of assumptions and simplifications with a limited empirical basis; better estimates of salmonine survival rates, an evaluation of the importance of spatial and temporal interactions among predators and prey, and incorporation of the effects of recently observed declines in system productivity at lower trophic levels would significantly increase confidence in the model's projections.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<1002:SOHDSF>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Jones, M., Koonce, J.F., and O’Gorman, R., 1993, Sustainability of hatchery-dependent salmonine fisheries in Lake Ontario: The conflict between predator demand and predator supply: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 122, no. 5, p. 1002-1018, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<1002:SOHDSF>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1002","endPage":"1018","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133098,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687fec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Michael L.","contributorId":7219,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Michael L.","affiliations":[{"id":6590,"text":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":308783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koonce, Joseph F.","contributorId":106069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koonce","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Gorman, Robert rogorman@usgs.gov","contributorId":3451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Gorman","given":"Robert","email":"rogorman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":308782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000689,"text":"1000689 - 1993 - Genetic variability and glacial origins of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-22T10:25:48","indexId":"1000689","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic variability and glacial origins of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in North America","docAbstract":"Starch–gel electrophoresis was used to analyze muscle and liver tissue for variation in 13 enzymes representing 31 presumptive loci in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) from 13 localities scattered throughout the natural geographic range of the species in North America. Ten loci were polymorphic, but only three, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-1*), glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI-1*), and phosphoglucomutase (PGM-2*), exhibited polymorphisms at relatively high frequencies across localities. Western populations were fixed for one allele at ADH-1*, eastern populations were fixed for another allele, and populations from intermediate locations in Lake Ontario and Pennsylvania had both alleles. The distributions of alleles at GPI-1* and PGM-2*were similar to that of ADH-1*, exhibiting strong differences between eastern and western populations, although the delineation was not as clear. Western populations were much less variable than eastern populations, and the distribution of alleles indicated that the two groups were derived from Mississippi and Atlantic glacial refugia. Populations near the physiographic discontinuity between the Mississippi and Atlantic drainages in western New York and Pennsylvania exhibited an admixture of typically western and eastern alleles. Such observations are consistent with the mixed faunal history of the region and limited postglacial dispersal of western and eastern populations across the boundary.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f93-205","usgsCitation":"Todd, T.N., and Hatcher, C.O., 1993, Genetic variability and glacial origins of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in North America: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 50, no. 9, p. 1828-1834, https://doi.org/10.1139/f93-205.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1828","endPage":"1834","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133344,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aeacd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Todd, Thomas N.","contributorId":42547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todd","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatcher, Charles O.","contributorId":95833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015619,"text":"1015619 - 1993 - [Book review] Diver's guide to fishes of the Maldives, by J. E. Randall","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-04T14:57:42.108185","indexId":"1015619","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1337,"text":"Copeia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book review] Diver's guide to fishes of the Maldives, by J. E. Randall","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH)","doi":"10.2307/1447116","usgsCitation":"Smith-Vaniz, W., 1993, [Book review] Diver's guide to fishes of the Maldives, by J. E. Randall: Copeia, v. 1993, no. 4, p. 1196-1197, https://doi.org/10.2307/1447116.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1196","endPage":"1197","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132441,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1993","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478ae4b07f02db4874f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith-Vaniz, W. F.","contributorId":20684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith-Vaniz","given":"W. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1008473,"text":"1008473 - 1993 - First collection of rudd, Scardinius erythrophthalmus (Cyprinidae), in the New River, West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-12T13:36:33","indexId":"1008473","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"First collection of rudd, Scardinius erythrophthalmus (Cyprinidae), in the New River, West Virginia","docAbstract":"We collected the first rudd, Scardinius erythrophthalmus (Cyprinidae), from the New (Kanawha) River drainage, West Virginia. The rudd has now been reported from 12 states (Arkansas, Kansas, Illinois, Massachusetts, Maine, Missouri, New York, Oklahoma, Virginia, Wisconsin, and West Virginia) and several major river systems. The rapid spread of the rudd has apparently been facilitated by bait dealers. Despite its widespread distribution, there have been no investigations of potential interactions with native aquatic fauna.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02705060.1993.9664863","usgsCitation":"Easton, R., Orth, D., and Burkhead, N., 1993, First collection of rudd, Scardinius erythrophthalmus (Cyprinidae), in the New River, West Virginia: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 8, no. 3, p. 263-264, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1993.9664863.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"264","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133020,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f43c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Easton, R.S.","contributorId":27833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Easton","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Orth, D.J.","contributorId":59768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orth","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burkhead, N.M.","contributorId":34456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkhead","given":"N.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014579,"text":"1014579 - 1993 - Fish meal and alternate sources of protein fish feeds: update 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:28","indexId":"1014579","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3330,"text":"Salmonid","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fish meal and alternate sources of protein fish feeds: update 1993","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Salmonid","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"94-127/TL","usgsCitation":"Rumsey, G.L., 1993, Fish meal and alternate sources of protein fish feeds: update 1993: Salmonid, v. 17, no. 4, p. 10-14.","productDescription":"p. 10-14","startPage":"10","endPage":"14","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5ef729","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rumsey, G. L.","contributorId":80604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rumsey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":96688,"text":"96688 - 1993 - Survival, movements, and habitat use of juvenile and adult female northern pintails in the San Joaquin Valley. Progress Report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:51","indexId":"96688","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Survival, movements, and habitat use of juvenile and adult female northern pintails in the San Joaquin Valley. Progress Report","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Fleskes, J., 1993, Survival, movements, and habitat use of juvenile and adult female northern pintails in the San Joaquin Valley. Progress Report.","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126946,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6880b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleskes, J. P.","contributorId":98661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleskes","given":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014593,"text":"1014593 - 1993 - Tilapia feed: all vegetable protein feeds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:28","indexId":"1014593","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1628,"text":"Feed Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tilapia feed: all vegetable protein feeds","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Feed Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"93-058/TL","usgsCitation":"Hughes, S.G., and Handworker, T., 1993, Tilapia feed: all vegetable protein feeds: Feed Management, v. 44, no. 5, p. 55-58.","productDescription":"p. 55-58","startPage":"55","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132242,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b6f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hughes, S. G.","contributorId":92200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Handworker, T.S.","contributorId":12002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handworker","given":"T.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014887,"text":"1014887 - 1993 - Nonselective nature of coomassie brilliant blue agar for the presumptive identification of Aeromonas salmonicida in clinical specimens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-08T01:46:37.395625","indexId":"1014887","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1396,"text":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nonselective nature of coomassie brilliant blue agar for the presumptive identification of Aeromonas salmonicida in clinical specimens","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/DAO016239","usgsCitation":"Teska, J., and Cipriano, R.C., 1993, Nonselective nature of coomassie brilliant blue agar for the presumptive identification of Aeromonas salmonicida in clinical specimens: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 16, no. 3, p. 239-242, https://doi.org/10.3354/DAO016239.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"242","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":486846,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/dao016239","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131993,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696ead","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Teska, J.D.","contributorId":15961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teska","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cipriano, R. C.","contributorId":12400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cipriano","given":"R.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1008478,"text":"1008478 - 1993 - Additions to the herpetofauna of Egmont Key, Hillsborough County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:29","indexId":"1008478","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1672,"text":"Florida Scientist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Additions to the herpetofauna of Egmont Key, Hillsborough County, Florida","docAbstract":"Abstract not supplied at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Florida Scientist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Smith, L.L., Franz, R., and Dodd, C., 1993, Additions to the herpetofauna of Egmont Key, Hillsborough County, Florida: Florida Scientist, v. 56, p. 231-234.","productDescription":"p. 231-234","startPage":"231","endPage":"234","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132221,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699675","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, L. L.","contributorId":6791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Franz, R.","contributorId":93850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franz","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dodd, C.K. Jr.","contributorId":86286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodd","given":"C.K.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70180466,"text":"70180466 - 1993 - Survival in pond water of four reoviruses isolated from aquatic animals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-30T14:12:02","indexId":"70180466","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2161,"text":"Journal of Applied Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival in pond water of four reoviruses isolated from aquatic animals","docAbstract":"The viabilities of golden shiner virus (GSV), chum salmon virus (CSV), oyster reovirus 13P2 (13P2). and catfish reovirus (CRV) were compared following viruses incubation in pond water samples held at 4°. 20°, 25°, and 30°C for one month. At the three higher temperatures tested, viral infectivity was lost by day 15 for GSV, day 20 for CSV, and day 10 for CRV and 13P2. At 4°C. no infectious GSV was detected at day 15, while the other viruses showed little or no loss of infectivity during the 30-day incubation period. The survival of these viruses in natural waters appears to be sufficient to sustain fish-to-fish transmission.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1300/J028v02n02_08","usgsCitation":"Brady, Y.J., Plumb, J.A., and Winton, J., 1993, Survival in pond water of four reoviruses isolated from aquatic animals: Journal of Applied Aquaculture, v. 2, no. 2, p. 85-92, https://doi.org/10.1300/J028v02n02_08.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"85","endPage":"92","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334362,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58905efce4b072a7ac0cadb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brady, Yolanda J.","contributorId":178943,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brady","given":"Yolanda","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plumb, John A.","contributorId":61880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumb","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Winton, J. R. 0000-0002-3505-5509","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-5509","contributorId":82441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70180456,"text":"70180456 - 1993 - Age and growth of juvenile white sturgeon in the Columbia River downstream from McNary Dam","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-30T13:58:40","indexId":"70180456","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Age and growth of juvenile white sturgeon in the Columbia River downstream from McNary Dam","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Status and habitat requirements of white sturgeon populations in the Columbia River downstream from McNary Dam","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Bonneville Power Administration","usgsCitation":"Miller, A.I., Anders, P., Parsley, M., Sprague, C., Warren, J., and Beckman, L., 1993, Age and growth of juvenile white sturgeon in the Columbia River downstream from McNary Dam, 63 p. .","productDescription":"63 p. ","startPage":"82","endPage":"144","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334356,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58905efce4b072a7ac0cadb7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Allen I.","contributorId":31544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anders, P.J.","contributorId":34717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anders","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parsley, M.J.","contributorId":59542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsley","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sprague, C.R.","contributorId":178919,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sprague","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Warren, J.J.","contributorId":74154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Beckman, L.G.","contributorId":46375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beckman","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70187319,"text":"70187319 - 1993 - GPS network operations for the International GPS Geodynamics Service","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-19T14:50:51.702584","indexId":"70187319","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"GPS network operations for the International GPS Geodynamics Service","docAbstract":"As GPS technology comes of age in the 1990’s, it is evident that an internationally sponsored GPS tracking system is called for to provide consistent, timely ground tracking data and data products to the geophysical community. The planning group for the International GPS Geodynamics Service (IGS), sponsored by the International Association of Geodesy (IAG), is addressing all elements of the end-to-end tracking system, ranging from data collection to data analysis and distribution of products (Mueller, 1992). Part of the planning process is to formulate how these various elements work together to create the common infrastructure needed to support a wide variety of GPS investigations. A key element for any permanent satellite tracking system is certainly the acquisition segment; the reliability and robustness of the ground network operations directly determine the fates and limitations of final products. The IGS planning group therefore included a committee tasked to develop and establish standards governing data acquisition and site-specific characteristics deemed necessary to ensure the collection of a high quality, continuous data set. An abbreviated version of these standards is included as art appendix to this paper.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Permanent satellite tracking networks for geodesy and geodynamics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-77726-4_3","usgsCitation":"Neilan, R.E., 1993, GPS network operations for the International GPS Geodynamics Service, in Permanent satellite tracking networks for geodesy and geodynamics, p. 33-45, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77726-4_3.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"45","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":340555,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59030339e4b0e862d230f7f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neilan, Ruth E.","contributorId":191502,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neilan","given":"Ruth","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186734,"text":"70186734 - 1993 - Cleat development in coals of the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Formation, Pilot Butte area, Wind River Reservation, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T15:54:22","indexId":"70186734","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Cleat development in coals of the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Formation, Pilot Butte area, Wind River Reservation, Wyoming","docAbstract":"The cleat system developed in low-rank (mean viltrinite reflectance of 0.43 to 0.5 percent) coal beds in the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Formation was studied in outcrop and in coreholes drilled for coalbed methane evaluation near Pilot Butte in the central part of the Wind River Reservation. Cleats are the principal permeability pathway for fluids in coal beds. As a result, coalbed gas cannot be economically produced without significant cleat development. Two drillholes about 800 ft (244 m) apart encountered Mesaverde coal beds at depths ranging from 307 to 818 ft (93.6 to 249.3 m). One of the coal beds penetrated while drilling, the lowest coal in the Mesaverde coaly interval, is well exposed about a mile south of the two drillholes and the cleat development in this coal bed on outcrop was compared with that of the same coal in the drillholes.
The 3 in (7.62 cm) diameter core is less than ideal for this study because cleat spacing in low-rank coals such as these typically averages greater than 7.62 cm. Nonetheless, face cleats at spacing of from 0.25 to 2.5 cm was observed in many of the coal beds. Cleats were less well-developed in other coal beds and no cleats were observed in a few beds. As expected, butt cleats were somewhat less well-developed than the face cleats. Attempts to relate cleat spacing to gas content, bed thickness, and ash content were not successful. A 3.0 m by 1.8 m area of the upper surface of the coal bed exposed a mile south of the drillsites was cleaned off and studied in detail. Cleat development in this limited study area varied from well-developed face and butt cleats in some places to few or no cleats in others. Face cleats trended roughly perpendicular to the fold axis of the nearby Pilot Butte anticline. Cleats did not penetrate a 2.5 cm thick carbonaceous shale bed about 20 cm above the base of the coal bed indicating that thin carbonaceous shale beds will act a permeability barriers. Two types of face cleats were observed on outcrop: 1) major face cleats that could be traced for as much as a meter along outcrop and averaged as little as 1.6 cm apart; and 2) microfractures or microcleats which paralleled the face cleats but averaged from 0.10 to 0.17 cm apart. The microcleats were more visible on outcrop than in core because of surface weathering which dried out the coal causing the microcleats to open up. This surface weathering also increased the aperture widths on many of the major cleats, and no attempt was made to systematically study aperture widths. These microcleats may contribute significantly to the permeability of the coals in the subsurface. Dewatering of the coal during the early stages of coalbed methane production may help open these microcleats thereby increasing permeability, and hence coalbed gas production, with time.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oil and gas and other resources of the Wind River Basin, Wyoming; Special symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wyo. Geol. Assoc.","usgsCitation":"Johnson, R.C., Clark, A., and Szmajter, R., 1993, Cleat development in coals of the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Formation, Pilot Butte area, Wind River Reservation, Wyoming, in Oil and gas and other resources of the Wind River Basin, Wyoming; Special symposium, p. 257-269.","productDescription":"13 p. ","startPage":"257","endPage":"269","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339467,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339466,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/wga/data/055/055001/257_wga0550257.htm"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a552e4b09da6799d63fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, R. C. 0000-0002-6197-5165","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6197-5165","contributorId":101621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"R.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":690406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, A.C.","contributorId":25164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Szmajter, R.J.","contributorId":87573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szmajter","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70186735,"text":"70186735 - 1993 - Variations in composition and origins of gases from coal bed and conventional reservoirs, Wind River basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T16:04:25","indexId":"70186735","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Variations in composition and origins of gases from coal bed and conventional reservoirs, Wind River basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wyoming Geological Association special symposium on oil and gas and other resources of the Wind River basin, Wyoming","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wyo. Geol. Assoc.","usgsCitation":"Johnson, R.C., and Rice, D.D., 1993, Variations in composition and origins of gases from coal bed and conventional reservoirs, Wind River basin, Wyoming, in Wyoming Geological Association special symposium on oil and gas and other resources of the Wind River basin, Wyoming, p. 319-335.","productDescription":"17 p. ","startPage":"319","endPage":"335","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339468,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/wga/data/055/055001/1_wga0550001.htm"},{"id":339469,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a552e4b09da6799d63fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, R. C. 0000-0002-6197-5165","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6197-5165","contributorId":101621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"R.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":690409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, D. D.","contributorId":41828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186214,"text":"70186214 - 1993 - Fracture zone traces across the North Pacific Cretaceous Quiet Zone and their tectonic implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-31T14:40:29","indexId":"70186214","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Fracture zone traces across the North Pacific Cretaceous Quiet Zone and their tectonic implications","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Mesozoic Pacific: Geology, tectonics, and volcanism","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/GM077p0137","usgsCitation":"Atwater, T., Sclater, J., Sandwell, D., Severinghaus, J., and Marlow, M.S., 1993, Fracture zone traces across the North Pacific Cretaceous Quiet Zone and their tectonic implications, chap. of The Mesozoic Pacific: Geology, tectonics, and volcanism, p. 137-154, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM077p0137.","productDescription":"18 p. ","startPage":"137","endPage":"154","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338979,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58df6acae4b02ff32c6aea95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Atwater, Tanya","contributorId":168311,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Atwater","given":"Tanya","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6710,"text":"University of California, Santa Barbara, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":687894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sclater, John","contributorId":190236,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sclater","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sandwell, David","contributorId":190237,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sandwell","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Severinghaus, Jeff","contributorId":190238,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Severinghaus","given":"Jeff","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marlow, Michael S.","contributorId":72775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marlow","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70186212,"text":"70186212 - 1993 - Generalized statistical model of the Edwards Aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-31T14:30:26","indexId":"70186212","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Generalized statistical model of the Edwards Aquifer","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings; Texas sections jointspring meeting and Texas hydrology roundup","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Texas sections jointspring meeting and Texas hydrology roundup","conferenceDate":"1993","language":"English","publisher":"Am. Inst. Hydrol","usgsCitation":"Asquith, W., and Jennings, M., 1993, Generalized statistical model of the Edwards Aquifer, in Proceedings; Texas sections jointspring meeting and Texas hydrology roundup, 1993, 6 p. .","productDescription":"6 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338976,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58df6acae4b02ff32c6aea97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Asquith, W.H.","contributorId":87980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asquith","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jennings, M.E.","contributorId":76775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70188275,"text":"70188275 - 1993 - New reference materials for nitrogen-isotope-ratio measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-16T17:30:52.343182","indexId":"70188275","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1821,"text":"Geostandards Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New reference materials for nitrogen-isotope-ratio measurements","docAbstract":"Three new reference materials were manufactured for calibration of relative stable nitrogen‐isotope‐ratio measurements:
USGS25 (ammonium sulfate) δ615″=−30 per mil
USGS26 (ammonium sulfate) δ615″=+54 per mil
USGS32 (potassium nitrate) δ615″=+180 per mil
where δN′, relative to atmospheric nitrogen, is an approximate value subject to change following interlaboratory comparisons. These materials are isotopically homogeneous in aliquots at least as small as 10 pot N, (or about 1‐2 mg of salt). The new reference materials greatly extend the range of δ15N values of internationally distributed standards, and they allow normalization of δ15N measurements over almost the full range of known natural isotope variation on Earth. The methods used to produce these materials may be adapted to produce homogeneous local laboratory standards for routine use.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Geoanalysts","doi":"10.1111/j.1751-908X.1993.tb00131.x","usgsCitation":"Bohlke, J., Gwinn, C.J., and Coplen, T., 1993, New reference materials for nitrogen-isotope-ratio measurements: Geostandards Newsletter, v. 17, no. 1, p. 159-164, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-908X.1993.tb00131.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"159","endPage":"164","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342083,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-05-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59366dafe4b0f6c2d0d7d668","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":191103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"J.K.","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":697047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gwinn, C. J.","contributorId":192614,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gwinn","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coplen, T. B.","contributorId":118620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"T. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187904,"text":"70187904 - 1993 - Losses of seabirds in gill nets in the North Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-24T20:31:22","indexId":"70187904","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Losses of seabirds in gill nets in the North Pacific","docAbstract":"Existing knowledge on high-seas and coastal gillnet fisheries known to kill seabirds in the North Pacific is summarized. Recent estimates suggest that high-seas gillnet fisheries may have taken more than 500,000 seabirds in 1990. The majority of birds taken in those fisheries were Sooty Puffinus griseus or Short-tailed P. tenuirostris shearwaters. A recent analysis of impacts of those fisheries suggests that both shearwater populations may be declining slightly, although overall populations remain large. Impacts on seabirds of gillnet fishing in coastal waters are poorly known, except in California. Incidental mortality of seabirds in coastal gillnet fisheries may be adding additional stress to populations already compromised by habitat destruction and oil spills. Local populations of Marbled Murrelets Brachyramphus marmoratus, Common Murres Uria aalge, and Japanese Murrelets Synthliboramphus wumizusume may be particularly vulnerable to coastal gillnet fisheries. United National General Assembly Resolution 44/225 called for a moratorium on high-seas gillnet fishing by 30 June 1992. Japan has complied and Korea and Taiwan will comply with the moratorium.
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