No abstract available.
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1959 - Summary of test-drilling results in Last Chance Basin, Juneau, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-16T11:30:13","indexId":"ofr59125","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"59-125","title":"Summary of test-drilling results in Last Chance Basin, Juneau, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr59125","collaboration":"This report was also published as Water Hydrological Data 8 by the Alaska Department of Health","usgsCitation":"Waller, R.M., 1959, Summary of test-drilling results in Last Chance Basin, Juneau, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 59-125, 21 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr59125.","productDescription":"21 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":111569,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/id/10635","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":148310,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr59125.JPG"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698953","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waller, Roger Milton","contributorId":22320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waller","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"Milton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":43532,"text":"ofr59107 - 1959 - Geologic strip map of part of Kukpuk River, northwestern Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":43532,"text":"ofr59107 - 1959 - Geologic strip map of part of Kukpuk River, northwestern Alaska","indexId":"ofr59107","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic strip map of part of Kukpuk River, northwestern Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":5812,"text":"pp395 - 1967 - Areal geology in the vicinity of the Chariot site, Lisburne Peninsula, northwestern Alaska","indexId":"pp395","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"title":"Areal geology in the vicinity of the Chariot site, Lisburne Peninsula, northwestern Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":5812,"text":"pp395 - 1967 - Areal geology in the vicinity of the Chariot site, Lisburne Peninsula, northwestern Alaska","indexId":"pp395","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"title":"Areal geology in the vicinity of the Chariot site, Lisburne Peninsula, northwestern Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-30T12:20:09.547342","indexId":"ofr59107","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"59-107","title":"Geologic strip map of part of Kukpuk River, northwestern Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr59107","usgsCitation":"Sainsbury, C., and Campbell, R., 1959, Geologic strip map of part of Kukpuk River, northwestern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 59-107, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr59107.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":168452,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":386870,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dggs.alaska.gov/pubs/id/10634","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6881ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sainsbury, C.L.","contributorId":99968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sainsbury","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":228337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, Russell H.","contributorId":91074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Russell H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":228336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":15345,"text":"ofr5992 - 1959 - Geology of the upper Killik-Itkillik region, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15345,"text":"ofr5992 - 1959 - Geology of the upper Killik-Itkillik region, Alaska","indexId":"ofr5992","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the upper Killik-Itkillik region, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":39101,"text":"pp303G - 1964 - Geology of the Killik-Itkillik region, Alaska","indexId":"pp303G","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"chapter":"G","title":"Geology of the Killik-Itkillik region, Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":39101,"text":"pp303G - 1964 - Geology of the Killik-Itkillik region, Alaska","indexId":"pp303G","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the Killik-Itkillik region, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-02T13:49:47.460719","indexId":"ofr5992","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"59-92","title":"Geology of the upper Killik-Itkillik region, Alaska","docAbstract":"The upper Killik-Itkillik map area is a 2,500 square mile segment of foothills along the north front of the Brooks Range on the Arctic Slope of Alaska. The rocks exposed in this area include eleven formations of sedimentary rocks, three types of surficial deposits, and one igneous rock unit. The oldest rocks are a 2,500-foot sequence of limestone which belongs to the Lisburne group (Mississippian). The Lisburne is succeeded by the Siksikpuk formation (Permian ?), a 300-foot unit of variegated shale and siltstone. The Shublik formation (Triassic), composed of 200 to 750 feet of fossiliferous dark shale, limestone, and chart, rests upon the Siksikpuk. Next above the Shublik is a sequence, more than 13,000 feet thick, of marine shale and graywacke which is subdivided into four formations: Tiglukpuk (Late Jurassic), Okpikruak (earliest Cretaceous), Fortress Mountain (late Early Cretaceous), and Torok (late Early Cretaceous). The youngest rocks comprise the Nanushuk group (late Early to Late Cretaceous) which consists of 5,000 feet of interfingering marine and non-marine clastic rocks and is subdivided into three formations: Tuktu, Chandler, and Ninuluk.
Small diabase sills, thought to be of latest Jurassic age, intrude the Tiglukpuk and older formations in the western part of the map area.
The rocks of the map area have been deformed by north-south tectonic forces in such a way that the upper part of the crust appears to have moved northward relative to deeper parts. Five east-trending zones of distinctive lithology and structure are recognizable: zone I, at the mountain front-massive strata of the Lisburne group sliced by southward dipping imbricate faults and locally thrust upon the younger strata of the dipping imbricate faults and locally thrust upon the younger strata of the foothills, zone II—relatively incompetent interfolded late Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata characterized by isoclinal folds and by small, closely spaced high-angle faults, zone III--chiefly rocks of the Fortress Mountain formation which, although folded and faulted, are not as complexly deformed as the rocks of zone II, zone IV - highly crenulated shale of the Torok formation, and zone V, at the northern edge of the map area--gently folded strata of the Nanushuk group.
A seismograph survey across zone IV suggests that, although the incompetent Torok formation is highly crenulated, the subsurface strata lie nearly flat.
The character of the subsurface structure in zones II and III is uncertain. However, it is believed that some of the high-angle faults in these two zones may flatten in the subsurface and merge into large sole faults beneath thrust plates of Paleozoic limestone. Such a fault pattern has been found in the foothills of the Alberta Rockies, where the surface structure, stratigraphy and geologic history are remarkably similar.
The depositional history of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata is divided into a shelf phase during late Paleozoic and Triassic and a geosynclinal phase during Late Jurassic and Cretaceous. The shelf sediments were chiefly marine carbonates and fine clastics, apparently derived largely from the north. The geosynclinal sediments consisted of marine graywacke \"flysch\" deposits overlain by littoral marine and non-marine coal-bearing \"molasse\" deposits and were derived mainly from the south. Several periods of emergence and erosion interrupted the shelf and geosynclinal deposition; evidently some folding and faulting occurred during deposition of the \"flysch\". The principal deformation is believed to have coincided with the Laramide orogeny in Late Cretaceous or Tertiary.
In the Pleistocene the Brooks Range was intensively glaciated, and at times of maximum advance, ice tongues along the major river valleys pushed northward into the foothills.
No abstract available.
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1959 - Iron-ore resources of the United States including Alaska and Puerto Rico, 1955","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13430,"text":"ofr5473 - 1954 - Iron deposits of North America, Cuba, and Puerto Rico","indexId":"ofr5473","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"title":"Iron deposits of North America, Cuba, and Puerto Rico"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":47377,"text":"b1082C - 1959 - Iron-ore resources of the United States including Alaska and Puerto Rico, 1955","indexId":"b1082C","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Iron-ore resources of the United States including Alaska and Puerto Rico, 1955"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":47377,"text":"b1082C - 1959 - Iron-ore resources of the United States including Alaska and Puerto Rico, 1955","indexId":"b1082C","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Iron-ore resources of the United States including Alaska and Puerto Rico, 1955"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33208,"text":"b1082 - 1962 - Contributions to economic geology, 1958","indexId":"b1082","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to economic geology, 1958"},"id":2}],"isPartOf":{"id":33208,"text":"b1082 - 1962 - Contributions to economic geology, 1958","indexId":"b1082","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to economic geology, 1958"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-24T18:21:40.983129","indexId":"b1082C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1082","chapter":"C","title":"Iron-ore resources of the United States including Alaska and Puerto Rico, 1955","docAbstract":"The importance of iron ore, the basic raw material of steel, as a fundamental mineral, resource is shown by the fact that about 100 million long tons of steel is used annually in the economy of the United States, as compared with a combined total of about 5 million long tons of copper, lead, zinc, and aluminum. Satisfying this annual demand for steel requires about 110 million tons of iron ore and 70 million tons of scrap iron and steel.
The average annual consumption of iron ore in the United States from 1951 to 1955, inclusive, was about 110 million long tons, which is about twice the annual average from 1900 to 1930. Production of iron ore in the United States in this 5-year period averaged approximately 100 million long tons annually, divided by regions as follows (in percent): Lake Superior, 84.1; southeastern, 6.7; western, 6.7; northeastern, 1.4; and central and gulf, 1.1.
Mining of iron ore began in the American Colonies about 1619, and for 225 years it was limited to eastern United States where fuel and markets were readily available. Production of iron ore from the Lake Superior region began in 1846; the region became the leading domestic source by 1890, and the Mesabi range in Minnesota has been the world's most productive area since 1896. Proximity of raw materials, water transportation, and markets has resulted in centralization of the country's iron and steel industry in the lower Great Lakes area. Increased imports of iron ore being delivered to eastern United States as well as demands for steel in nearby markets have given impetus to expansion in the steel-making capacity in this area.
The four chief iron-ore minerals - hematite, liminite, magnetite, and siderite - are widely distributed but only locally form deposits of sufficient tonnage and grade to be commercially valuable at the present time. The iron content of these minerals, of which hematite is the most important, ranges from 48 percent in siderite to 72 percent in magnetite, but as these minerals are associated with other rock-forming minerals, the iron content of marketable ore has a lower range from 30 to 67 percent.
Chemical constituents other than iron also are important in determining the marketability of iron ore. Although some iron ores can be used in the blast furnace as mined, others must first be improved either chemically by reduction of undesirable constituents, or physically by aggregation. Phosphorus and sulfur particularly are common deleterious elements; excessive silica is also undesirable but within certain limits can be controlled by additional flux. Lime and magnesia are beneficial in specified amounts because of their fluxing qualities, and a small amount of alumina improves the fluidity of slag. Manganese is especially desirable as a deoxidizing and desulfurizing agent. Titanium, chromium, and nickel must also be considered in the use of ore containing these elements.
The principal iron-ore deposits in the United States have been formed by three processes. Hematite-bearing bedded deposits such as those at Birmingham, Ala., are marine sedimentary rocks which, except for weathering along the outcrop, have remained practically unaltered since deposition. Deposits of the Lake Superior region, also in sedimentary strata, originally had a slightly lower iron content than those at-Birmingham, but ore bodies of hematite and limonite were formed by removal of other constituents in solution after deposition of the beds, with a relative increase of iron content in the material remaining. Limestone adjacent to igneous intrusions has been replaced by magnetite deposits at Cornwall, Pa., and by hematite-magnetite deposits near Cedar City, Utah. Magnetite deposits in New Jersey and in the Adirondack Mountains of New York are generally believed to have been formed by replacement of grains of other minerals in metamorphic rocks.
Iron-ore resources are made up of reserves of iron ore, material usable under existing economic and technologic conditions; and potential ore, material likely to become usable under more favorable conditions. The tonnage and grade of material of combined reserves and potential ore in each of the deposits known or believed to contain at least 200,000 long tons of iron-ore resources are tabulated in this report, and numerous sources of additional information are given in a selected bibliography.
The total domestic iron-ore resources are estimated at approximately 75,000 million long tons of crude ore. About 10,000 million tons of the resources is reserves of crude ore that will probably yield 5,500 million tons of concentrates and direct-shipping ore. About 65,000 million tons is potential ore and may yield 25,000 million tons of concentrates and some direct-shipping ore.
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","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.129.3362.1519","usgsCitation":"Hopkins, D., 1959, Cenozoic history of the Bering land bridge: Science, v. 129, no. 3362, p. 1519-1528, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.129.3362.1519.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1519","endPage":"1528","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":377022,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia, United States","state":"Alaska, Siberia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -170.09033203125,\n 65.4217295985527\n ],\n [\n -167.36572265625,\n 65.4217295985527\n ],\n [\n -167.36572265625,\n 66.24031184756058\n ],\n [\n -170.09033203125,\n 66.24031184756058\n ],\n [\n -170.09033203125,\n 65.4217295985527\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"129","issue":"3362","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hopkins, David M.","contributorId":37409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"David M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":794800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70211614,"text":"70211614 - 1959 - History of Imuruk Lake, Seward Peninsula, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-05T14:17:27.877505","indexId":"70211614","displayToPublicDate":"1959-08-04T14:00:21","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"History of Imuruk Lake, Seward Peninsula, Alaska","docAbstract":"A study of Imuruk Lake, a large, shallow lake in north-central Seward Peninsula, Alaska, illuminates the climatic history of northwestern Alaska and the tectonic history of central Seward Peninsula during Pleistocene and Recent time. Special interest attaches to the older lake sediments, because they contain evidence concerning the climate, fauna, and flora that existed in the vicinity of Bering Strait at a time when the Bering land bridge was open and when animal and plant populations were being exchanged between the eastern and western hemispheres.
The lake is 8 miles long and less than 10 feet deep; bottom sediments consisting of reworked wind-blown silt bury a rolling bedrock topography of much greater relief. Analysis of the hydrologic regime indicates that much of the water draining into the lake is lost by evaporation; smaller quantities are lost by discharge through the outlet, the Kugruk River, and by leakage into the lava flows along the lake shore. Changes in the duration and temperature of the summer ice-free season would result in changes in the amount of water lost by evaporation and thus in appreciable changes in lake level.
Imuruk Lake occupies an initial low area on basaltic lava flows of Quaternary age, but the initial low area has been modified by faulting and now lies in a poorly defined graben. Topographic evidence confirmed by study of lacustrine terraces indicates that until recently Imuruk Lake drained westward into the Noxapaga River instead of eastward into the Kugruk River. A history of repeated warping of the lake basin, on which is superimposed a history of oscillating lake level which is due to changes in climate, is recorded by three systems of abandoned shore-line features found along the shores: a warped shore cliff of probable Illinoian age, a double set of warped terraces of probable Wisconsin age, and a low, horizontal terrace of Recent age. Bones of bison, horse, and mammoth were found in peaty sediments containing many twigs but no large wood; their presence indicates that these mammals, at least, were capable of surviving in a tundra environment during cold stages of the Pleistocene epoch and at a time when the Bering land bridge was in existence nearby.
The sediments filling the deeper parts of the bedrock basin of Imuruk Lake probably contain an uninterrupted pollen record that reflects vegetation changes in central Seward Peninsula beginning in middle Illinoian time and terminating a few thousand years ago. Core drilling and pollen analysis of these sediments would greatly amplify our understanding of late Pleistocene events in the vicinity of the Bering land bridge.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1959)70[1033:HOILSP]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hopkins, D., 1959, History of Imuruk Lake, Seward Peninsula, Alaska: GSA Bulletin, v. 70, no. 8, p. 1033-1046, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1959)70[1033:HOILSP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1033","endPage":"1046","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":377018,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Imuruk Lake, Seward Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -168.57421875,\n 64.09140752262307\n ],\n [\n -160.048828125,\n 64.09140752262307\n ],\n [\n -160.048828125,\n 66.75724984139227\n ],\n [\n -168.57421875,\n 66.75724984139227\n ],\n [\n -168.57421875,\n 64.09140752262307\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"70","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hopkins, David M.","contributorId":37409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"David M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":794793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70211665,"text":"70211665 - 1959 - Rock glaciers in the Alaska Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-06T18:56:30.67794","indexId":"70211665","displayToPublicDate":"1959-06-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rock glaciers in the Alaska Range","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1959)70[383:RGITAR]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wahrhaftig, C., and Cox, A., 1959, Rock glaciers in the Alaska Range: GSA Bulletin, v. 70, no. 4, p. 383-436, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1959)70[383:RGITAR]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"54 p.","startPage":"383","endPage":"436","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":377101,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Alaska Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -149.58984375,\n 63.54855223203644\n ],\n [\n -144.228515625,\n 63.54855223203644\n ],\n [\n -144.228515625,\n 64.92354174306496\n ],\n [\n -149.58984375,\n 64.92354174306496\n ],\n [\n -149.58984375,\n 63.54855223203644\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"70","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wahrhaftig, Clyde","contributorId":102473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahrhaftig","given":"Clyde","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":794949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, Allan","contributorId":89949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Allan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":794950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}