A nonnormal and heteroscedastic Tobit model is used to determine the primary factors that affect nitrate concentrations in near-surface aquifers, using data from the U.S. Geological Survey collected in 1991. Both normality and homoscedasticity of errors are rejected, justifying the use of a nonnormal and heteroscedastic model. The following factors are found to have significant impacts on nitrate concentrations in groundwater: well screen interval, depth to top of aquifers, percentages of urban residential, forest land, and pasture within 3.2 km, dissolved oxygen concentration level, and presence of a chemical facility and feedlot. The effects of explanatory variables on nitrate concentration are explored further by calculating elasticities. Dissolved oxygen concentration level has more notable effects on nitrate concentrations in groundwater than other variables.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96WR02102","usgsCitation":"Yen, S.T., Liu, S., and Kolpin, D.W., 1996, Analysis of nitrate in near-surface aquifers in the midcontinental United States: An application of the inverse hyperbolic sine Tobit model: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 10, p. 3003-3011, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR02102.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"3003","endPage":"3011","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227409,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n 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-83.3642578125,\n 42.391008609205045\n ],\n [\n -83.69384765625,\n 41.918628865183045\n ],\n [\n -83.56201171875,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n -83.25439453125,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n -82.7490234375,\n 41.393294288784865\n ],\n [\n -82.30957031249999,\n 41.393294288784865\n ],\n [\n -81.84814453125,\n 41.492120839687786\n ],\n [\n -81.298828125,\n 41.705728515237524\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb23e4b0c8380cd48c4b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yen, Steven T.","contributorId":4173,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yen","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, Shiping","contributorId":191627,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"Shiping","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kolpin, Dana W. 0000-0002-3529-6505 dwkolpin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-6505","contributorId":1239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana","email":"dwkolpin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":378868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018205,"text":"70018205 - 1996 - The alteration of rhyolite in CO2 charged water at 200 and 350°C: The unreactivity of CO2 at higher temperature","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-21T11:54:16","indexId":"70018205","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The alteration of rhyolite in CO2 charged water at 200 and 350°C: The unreactivity of CO2 at higher temperature","docAbstract":"Geochemical and hydrologic modeling indicates that geothermal waters in the T > 270°C reservoirs beneath Yellowstone National Park have HCO3 ≪ Cl and contrast with waters in reservoirs at lower temperatures which attain HCO3 about equal to Cl. Experiments reacting rhyolite with 0.5 molal solutions of CO2 at 200° and 350°C were carried out to test the hypothesis of 3 and 4 to explain the chemistry of these springs: that CO2 is relatively unreactive with volcanic rocks at temperatures >270°C. The experimental results strongly support this hypothesis. Extent of alteration is twenty-seven times greater at 200°C than at 350°C. The dominant process in the experiments appears to be the alteration of the albitic component of the rhyolite by dissolved CO2 to form a kaolinite-like alteration product plus quartz:
\nCO2 reacts with water to form H2CO3 which dissociates to H+ and HCO3−, more so at lower temperatures. Kinetic and thermodynamic considerations suggest that the reactivity of H2CO3 with wallrocks is at its maximum between 150° and 200°C, consuming most of the H+ and liberating equivalent amounts of cations and bicarbonate. Wallrocks in higher temperature reservoirs are relatively unreactive to dissolved CO2 which is eventually lost from the system by boiling.
\nThese observations also offer a possible explanation for the change in chemical sediments from chloride-dominated to bicarbonate-dominated salts found in the stratigraphic section at Searles Lake, California, the terminus of the Owens River which derives its dissolved load from hot springs of the Long Valley caldera.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(96)00208-6","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Bischoff, J.L., and Rosenbauer, R.J., 1996, The alteration of rhyolite in CO2 charged water at 200 and 350°C: The unreactivity of CO2 at higher temperature: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, no. 20, p. 3859-3867, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00208-6.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"3859","endPage":"3867","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227410,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205912,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00208-6"}],"volume":"60","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba9b6e4b08c986b322461","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bischoff, James L. jbischoff@usgs.gov","contributorId":1389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"James","email":"jbischoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":378871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosenbauer, Robert J. brosenbauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbauer","given":"Robert","email":"brosenbauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":378872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018206,"text":"70018206 - 1996 - Reduction of aqueous transition metal species on the surfaces of Fe(II)-containing oxides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-14T07:22:03","indexId":"70018206","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reduction of aqueous transition metal species on the surfaces of Fe(II)-containing oxides","docAbstract":"Experimental studies demonstrate that structural Fe(II) in magnetite and ilmenite heterogeneously reduce aqueous ferric, cupric, vanadate, and chromate ions at the oxide surfaces over a pH range of 1–7 at 25°C. For an aqueous transition metal m, such reactions are
and
where z is the valance state and n is the charge transfer number. The half cell potential range for solid state oxidation [Fe(II)] → [Fe(III)] is −0.34 to −0.65 V, making structural Fe(II) a stronger reducing agent than aqueous Fe2+ (−0.77 V). Reduction rates for aqueous metal species are linear with time (up to 36 h), decrease with pH, and have rate constants between 0.1 and 3.3 × 10−10 mol m−2s−1. Iron is released to solution both from the above reactions and from dissolution of the oxide surface. In the presence of chromate, Fe2+ is oxidized homogeneously in solution to Fe3+.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) denotes a Fe(III) oxide surface containing reduced Cr(III) and V(IV) species. Magnetite and ilmenite electrode potentials are insensitive to increases in divalent transition metals including Zn(II), Co(II), Mn(II), and Ni(II) and reduced V(IV) and Cr(III) but exhibit a log-linear concentration-potential response to Fe(III) and Cu(II). Complex positive electrode responses occur with increasing Cr(VI) and V(V) concentrations. Potential dynamic scans indicate that the high oxidation potential of dichromate is capable of suppressing the cathodic reductive dissolution of magnetite. Oxide electrode potentials are determined by the Fe(II)/Fe(III) composition of the oxide surface and respond to aqueous ion potentials which accelerate this oxidation process.
Natural magnetite sands weathered under anoxic conditions are electrochemically reactive as demonstrated by rapid chromate reduction and the release of aqueous Fe(III) to experimental solution. In contrast, magnetite weathered under oxidizing vadose conditions show minimum reactivity toward chromate ions. The ability of Fe(II) oxides to reduce transition metals in soils and groundwaters will be strongly dependent on the redox environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(96)00213-X","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"White, A.F., and Peterson, M.L., 1996, Reduction of aqueous transition metal species on the surfaces of Fe(II)-containing oxides: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, no. 20, p. 3799-3814, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00213-X.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"3799","endPage":"3814","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227456,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205924,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00213-X"}],"volume":"60","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3d9e4b0e8fec6cdb9d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, A. F.","contributorId":36546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, M. L.","contributorId":49930,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018224,"text":"70018224 - 1996 - Geochemistry of aquatic humic substances in the Lake Fryxell basin, Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-07T12:56:16","indexId":"70018224","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of aquatic humic substances in the Lake Fryxell basin, Antarctica","docAbstract":"Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in Lake Fryxell, 10 streams flowing into the lake, and the moat surrounding the lake was studied to determine the influence of sources and biogeochemical processes on its distribution and chemical nature. Lake Fryxell is an amictic, permanently ice-covered lake in the McMurdo Dry Valleys which contains benthic and planktonic microbial populations, but receives essentially no input of organic material from the ahumic soils of the watershed. Biological activity in the water column does not appear to influence the DOC depth profile, which is similar to the profiles for conservative inorganic constituents. DOC values for the streams varied with biomass in the stream channel, and ranged from 0.2 to 9.7 mg C/L. Fulvic acids in the streams were a lower percentage of the total DOC than in the lake. These samples contain recent carbon and appear to be simpler mixtures of compounds than the lake samples, indicating that they have undergone less humification. The fulvic acids from just above the sediments of the lake have a high sulfur content and are highly aliphatic. The main transformations occurring as these fractions diffuse upward in the water column are 1) loss of sulfur groups through the oxycline and 2) decrease in aliphatic carbon and increase in the heterogeneity of aliphatic moieties. The fraction of modem 14C content of the lake fulvic acids range from a minimum of 0.68 (approximately 3000 years old) at 15m depth to 0.997 (recent material) just under the ice. The major processes controlling the DOC in the lake appear to be: 1) The transport of organic matter by the inflow streams resulting in the addition of recent organic material to the moat and upper waters of the lake; 2) The diffusion of organic matter composed of relict organic material and organic carbon resulting from the degradation of algae and bacteria from the bottom waters or sediments of the lake into overlying glacial melt water; 3) The addition of recent organic matter to the bottom waters of the lake from the moat.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00000900","issn":"01682563","usgsCitation":"Aiken, G., McKnight, D., Harnish, R., and Wershaw, R., 1996, Geochemistry of aquatic humic substances in the Lake Fryxell basin, Antarctica: Biogeochemistry, v. 34, no. 3, p. 157-188, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00000900.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"188","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227016,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16ede4b0c8380cd552fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aiken, G.","contributorId":82066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKnight, D.","contributorId":48713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKnight","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harnish, R.","contributorId":72143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harnish","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wershaw, R.","contributorId":64797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wershaw","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018237,"text":"70018237 - 1996 - Climatic and hydrologic oscillations in the Owens Lake basin and adjacent Sierra Nevada, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-13T10:44:02","indexId":"70018237","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climatic and hydrologic oscillations in the Owens Lake basin and adjacent Sierra Nevada, California","docAbstract":"Oxygen isotope and total inorganic carbon values of cored sediments from the Owens Lake basin, California, indicate that Owens Lake overflowed most of the time between 52,500 and 12,509 carbon-14 (14C) years before present (B.P.). Owens Lake desiccated during or after Heinrich event H1 and was hydrologically closed during Heinrich event H2. The magnetic susceptibility and organic carbon content of cored sediments indicate that about 19 Sierra Nevada glaciations occurred between 52,500 and 23,500 14C years B.P. Most of the glacial advances were accompanied by decreases in the amount of discharge reaching Owens Lake. Comparison of the timing of glaciation with the lithic record of North Atlantic core V23-81 indicates that the number of mountain glacial cycles and the number of North Atlantic lithic events were about equal between 39,000 and 23,500 14C years B.P.","language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.274.5288.746","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Benson, L.V., Burdett, J., Kashgarian, M., Lund, S., Phillips, F.M., and Rye, R.O., 1996, Climatic and hydrologic oscillations in the Owens Lake basin and adjacent Sierra Nevada, California: Science, v. 274, no. 5288, p. 746-749, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5288.746.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"746","endPage":"749","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205868,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5288.746"}],"volume":"274","issue":"5288","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f65be4b0c8380cd4c6ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, L. V.","contributorId":50159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burdett, J.W.","contributorId":10177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burdett","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kashgarian, Michaele","contributorId":68473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kashgarian","given":"Michaele","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lund, S.P.","contributorId":98054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lund","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Phillips, F. M.","contributorId":24493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70018404,"text":"70018404 - 1996 - A Generalized Approach for the Interpretation of Geophysical Well Logs in Ground-Water Studies:Theory and Application","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T07:55:59","indexId":"70018404","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Generalized Approach for the Interpretation of Geophysical Well Logs in Ground-Water Studies:Theory and Application","docAbstract":"Quantitative analysis of geophysical logs in ground-water studies often involves at least as broad a range of applications and variation in lithology as is typically encountered in petroleum exploration, making such logs difficult to calibrate and complicating inversion problem formulation. At the same time, data inversion and analysis depend on inversion model formulation and refinement, so that log interpretation cannot be deferred to a geophysical log specialist unless active involvement with interpretation can be maintained by such an expert over the lifetime of the project. We propose a generalized log-interpretation procedure designed to guide hydrogeologists in the interpretation of geophysical logs, and in the integration of log data into ground-water models that may be systematically refined and improved in an iterative way. The procedure is designed to maximize the effective use of three primary contributions from geophysical logs: (1) The continuous depth scale of the measurements along the well bore; (2) The in situ measurement of lithologic properties and the correlation with hydraulic properties of the formations over a finite sample volume; and (3) Multiple independent measurements that can potentially be inverted for multiple physical or hydraulic properties of interest. The approach is formulated in the context of geophysical inversion theory, and is designed to be interfaced with surface geophysical soundings and conventional hydraulic testing. The step-by-step procedures given in our generalized interpretation and inversion technique are based on both qualitative analysis designed to assist formulation of the interpretation model, and quantitative analysis used to assign numerical values to model parameters. The approach bases a decision as to whether quantitative inversion is statistically warranted by formulating an over-determined inversion. If no such inversion is consistent with the inversion model, quantitative inversion is judged not possible with the given data set. Additional statistical criteria such as the statistical significance of regressions are used to guide the subsequent calibration of geophysical data in terms of hydraulic variables in those situations where quantitative data inversion is considered appropriate.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02083.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., and Crowder, R., 1996, A Generalized Approach for the Interpretation of Geophysical Well Logs in Ground-Water Studies:Theory and Application: Ground Water, v. 34, no. 5, p. 883-898, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02083.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"883","endPage":"898","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2dfe4b0c8380cd45cd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crowder, R.E.","contributorId":80836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowder","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018411,"text":"70018411 - 1996 - Hydrogeology of the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project borehole KP-1 2. Groundwater geochemistry and regional flow patterns","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-17T14:14:12","indexId":"70018411","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeology of the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project borehole KP-1 2. Groundwater geochemistry and regional flow patterns","docAbstract":"A series of downhole and surface water samples were taken from the 1‐km‐deep KP‐1 borehole located on the eastern flank of the island of Hawaii. Early samples from depths of more than 700 m showed salinities nearly equivalent to seawater but having anomalous cation concentrations that are attributed to ion exchange between formation fluids and residual drilling mud clays. Later deep samples found only minor variations from seawater cation chemistry that are consistent with low‐temperature weathering of basalts; δ18O values are equivalent to seawater values and are consistent with this interpretation. Carbon 14 activities of dissolved inorganic carbonate indicate a water age ranging from 5890 to 7170 years B.P. and fluid transport rates of 1.8 to 2.2 m/yr. Fluid samples from perforations at 310 m in the borehole demonstrate that a freshwater aquifer is present at the Mauna Kea/Mauna Loa interface; borehole resistivity logs indicate that it is ∼200 m thick. Although it has not yet been possible to obtain samples of the freshwater zone without contamination from the deep saline fluids, the chloride concentrations of the low‐salinity zone are estimated using a mixing enthalpy calculation to be less than 100 mg/L. Light stable isotope data indicate that the fresh water at 320 m is derived from recharge entering the island at an average elevation of 2000 m. Inferred 14C activities of the dissolved bicarbonate in the freshwater zone indicate an average calibrated age of 2200 years B.P. and an average fluid velocity of at least 14 m/yr. A regional water flow model is proposed that suggests that the fresh water found at the 320‐m depth is derived from rainfall recharge from the middle elevations of Mauna Kea volcano. This rainfall is channeled beneath the Mauna Loa lavas by the thick soil layer separating the two volcanoes. A second shallow fresh‐to‐brackish water zone, derived from Mauna Loa recharge, is also inferred to exist below the carbonate formation that underlies the shallow basal lens. The results of our preliminary study of the groundwater system below the KP‐1 drill site demonstrate that intervolcano and interflow aquicludes can have a substantial impact on water circulation and discharge from young island volcanoes.
Soils are often layered at scales smaller than the block size used in numerical and conceptual models of variably saturated flow. Consequently, the small-scale variability in water content within each block must be homogenized (upscaled). Laboratory results have shown that a linear volume average (LVA) of water content at a uniform suction is a good approximation to measured water contents in heterogeneous cores. Here, we upscale water contents using van Genuchten's function for both the local and upscaled soil-water-retention characteristics. The van Genuchten (vG) function compares favorably with LVA results, laboratory experiments under hydrostatic conditions in 3-cm cores, and numerical simulations of large-scale gravity drainage. Our method yields upscaled vG parameter values by fitting the vG curve to the LVA of water contents at various suction values. In practice, it is more efficient to compute direct averages of the local vG parameter values. Nonlinear power averages quantify a feasible range of values for each upscaled vG shape parameter; upscaled values of N are consistently less than the harmonic means, reflecting broad pore-size distributions of the upscaled soils. The vG function is useful for modeling soil-water retention at large scales, and these results provide guidance for its application.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(1996)1:3(123)","issn":"10840699","usgsCitation":"Green, T., Constantz, J., and Freyberg, D., 1996, Upscaled soil-water retention using van Genuchten's function: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, v. 1, no. 3, p. 123-130, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(1996)1:3(123).","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"123","endPage":"130","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227296,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd6ce4b08c986b329000","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, T.R.","contributorId":86503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Constantz, J.E.","contributorId":22919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freyberg, D.L.","contributorId":66867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freyberg","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018431,"text":"70018431 - 1996 - The reversibility of virus attachment to mineral surfaces","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T08:36:35","indexId":"70018431","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1268,"text":"Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The reversibility of virus attachment to mineral surfaces","docAbstract":"Virus transport through groundwater is limited by attachment to mineral surfaces and inactivation. Current virus transport models do not consider the implications of the reversibility of virus attachment to minerals. To explore the reversibility of virus attachment to mineral surfaces, we attached PRD1, a bacteriophage considered to be a good model of enteric viruses, to quartz and ferric oxyhydroxide-coated quartz surfaces over a range of pH values in equilibrium 'static columns'. Following attachment, we detached the viruses by replacing the pore solution with solutions of equal and higher pH. The extent of virus attachment followed an attachment 'edge' that occurred at a pH value about 2.5-3.5 pH units above the pH(IEP) of the mineral surfaces. Viruses attached below this edge were irreversibly attached until the pH of the detachment solution exceeded the pH value of the attachment edge. Viruses attached above this edge were reversibly attached. Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DEVO) potential energy calculations showed that the attachment edge occurred at the pH at which the potential energy of the primary minimum was near zero, implying that the position of the primary minimum (attractive or repulsive) controlled the equilibrium distribution of the viruses. The results suggest that the reversibility of virus attachment must be considered in virus transport models for accurate predictions of virus travel time.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0927-7757(95)03373-4","issn":"09277757","usgsCitation":"Loveland, J., Ryan, J.N., Amy, G., and Harvey, R., 1996, The reversibility of virus attachment to mineral surfaces: Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, v. 107, p. 205-221, https://doi.org/10.1016/0927-7757(95)03373-4.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"205","endPage":"221","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227339,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205894,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0927-7757(95)03373-4"}],"volume":"107","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf40e4b08c986b32466b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loveland, J.P.","contributorId":35888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryan, J. N.","contributorId":102649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Amy, G.L.","contributorId":47098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amy","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harvey, R.W. 0000-0002-2791-8503","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":11757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019408,"text":"70019408 - 1996 - Effects of sampling strategies on estimates of annual mean herbicide concentrations in midwestern rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T10:32:25","indexId":"70019408","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of sampling strategies on estimates of annual mean herbicide concentrations in midwestern rivers","docAbstract":"The effects of 10 sampling strategies on estimates of annual mean concentrations of the herbicides atrazine, alachlor, and cyanazine in selected midwestern rivers were tested. The accuracy of the strategies was computed by comparing time-weighted annual mean herbicide concentrations calculated from water samples collected from 17 locations on midwestern rivers, with simulated annual mean concentrations calculated for each sampling strategy, using Monte Carlo simulations. Monthly sampling was the most accurate strategy tested. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency requires quarterly sampling for municipalities using surface water as a source of drinking water. Due to the seasonality of herbicide occurrence and transport, quarterly sampling underestimates annual mean herbicide concentrations in over 40% of the simulations. Three of the strategies tested showed that, relative to quarterly sampling, a more accurate representation of annual mean concentrations could be obtained by sampling more frequently during spring and early summer runoff and assuming zero herbicide concentration during late summer and winter months.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es950351r","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Battaglin, W., and Hay, L., 1996, Effects of sampling strategies on estimates of annual mean herbicide concentrations in midwestern rivers: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 30, no. 3, p. 889-896, https://doi.org/10.1021/es950351r.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"889","endPage":"896","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226479,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205734,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es950351r"}],"volume":"30","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-02-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07bee4b0c8380cd517eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hay, L.E.","contributorId":54253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018447,"text":"70018447 - 1996 - Groundwater inflow measurements in wetland systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T15:30:04","indexId":"70018447","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater inflow measurements in wetland systems","docAbstract":"Our current understanding of wetlands is insufficient to assess the effects of past and future wetland loss. While knowledge of wetland hydrology is crucial, groundwater flows are often neglected or uncertain. In this paper, groundwater inflows were estimated in wetlands in southwestern Wisconsin using traditional Darcy's law calculations and three independent methods that included (1) stable isotope mass balances, (2) temperature profile modeling, and (3) numerical water balance modeling techniques. Inflows calculated using Darcy's law were lower than inflows estimated using the other approaches and ranged from 0.02 to 0.3 cm/d. Estimates obtained using the other methods generally were higher (0.1 to 1.1 cm/d) and showed similar spatial trends. An areal map of groundwater flux generated by the water balance model demonstrated that areas of both recharge and discharge exist in what is considered a regional discharge area. While each method has strengths and weaknesses, the use of more than one method can reduce uncertainty in the estimates.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR03724","usgsCitation":"Hunt, R.J., Krabbenhoft, D.P., and Anderson, M.P., 1996, Groundwater inflow measurements in wetland systems: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 3, p. 495-507, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR03724.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"495","endPage":"507","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227604,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2da7e4b0c8380cd5bf89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, Randy J.","contributorId":25903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hunt","given":"Randy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":379611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Mary P.","contributorId":147842,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":16925,"text":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":379612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018460,"text":"70018460 - 1996 - Meeting summary - Coastal meteorology and oceanography: Report of the third prospectus development team of the U.S. Weather Research Program to NOAA and NSF","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:25","indexId":"70018460","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Meeting summary - Coastal meteorology and oceanography: Report of the third prospectus development team of the U.S. Weather Research Program to NOAA and NSF","docAbstract":"U.S. Weather Research Program (USWRP) prospectus development teams (PDTs) are small groups of scientists that are convened by the USWRP lead scientist on a one-time basis to discuss critical issues and to provide advice related to future directions of the program. PDTs are a principal source of information for the Science Advisory Committee, which is a standing committee charged with the duty of making recommendations to the Program Office based upon overall program objectives. PDT-1 focused on theoretical issues, and PDT-2 on observational issues; PDT-3 is the first of several to focus on more specialized topics. PDT-3 was convened to identify forecasting problems related to U.S. coastal weather and oceanic conditions, and to suggest likely solution strategies. There were several overriding themes that emerged from the discussion. First, the lack of data in and over critical regions of the ocean, particularly in the atmospheric boundary layer, and the upper-ocean mixed layer were identified as major impediments to coastal weather prediction. Strategies for data collection and dissemination, as well as new instrument implementation, were discussed. Second, fundamental knowledge of air-sea fluxes and boundary layer structure in situations where there is significant mesoscale variability in the atmosphere and ocean is needed. Companion field studies and numerical prediction experiments were discussed. Third, research prognostic models suggest that future operational forecast models pertaining to coastal weather will be high resolution and site specific, and will properly treat effects of local coastal geography, orography, and ocean state. The view was expressed that the exploration of coupled air-sea models of the coastal zone would be a particularly fruitful area of research. PDT-3 felt that forecasts of land-impacting tropical cyclones, Great Lakes-affected weather, and coastal cyclogenesis, in particular, would benefit from such coordinated modeling and field efforts. Fourth, forecasting for Arctic coastal zones is limited by our understanding of how sea ice forms. The importance of understanding air-sea fluxes and boundary layers in the presence of ice formation was discussed. Finally, coastal flash flood forecasting via hydrologic models is limited by the present accuracy of measured and predicted precipitation and storm surge events. Strategies for better ways to improve the latter were discussed.","largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","language":"English","issn":"00030007","usgsCitation":"Rotunno, R., Pietrafesa, L., Allen, J.S., Colman, B., Dorman, C., Kreitzberg, C., Lord, S., McPhee, M., Mellor, G., Mooers, C., Niiler, P., Pielke, R., Powell, M., Rogers, D., Smith, J., Xie, L., and Carbone, R., 1996, Meeting summary - Coastal meteorology and oceanography: Report of the third prospectus development team of the U.S. Weather Research Program to NOAA and NSF, in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, v. 77, no. 7, p. 1578-1585.","startPage":"1578","endPage":"1585","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227162,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5385e4b0c8380cd6cb36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rotunno, R.","contributorId":28022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rotunno","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pietrafesa, L.J.","contributorId":82469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pietrafesa","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, J. S.","contributorId":40354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Colman, B.R.","contributorId":41976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dorman, C.M.","contributorId":55585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorman","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kreitzberg, C.W.","contributorId":18121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kreitzberg","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lord, S.J.","contributorId":79637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lord","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McPhee, M.G.","contributorId":81262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McPhee","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Mellor, G.L.","contributorId":41162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mellor","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Mooers, C.N.K.","contributorId":13762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooers","given":"C.N.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Niiler, P.P.","contributorId":71706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niiler","given":"P.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Pielke, R.A. Sr.","contributorId":96224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pielke","given":"R.A.","suffix":"Sr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Powell, M.D.","contributorId":21709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Rogers, D.P.","contributorId":61582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Smith, J.D.","contributorId":35796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Xie, Lingtian","contributorId":65209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xie","given":"Lingtian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Carbone, R.","contributorId":96431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carbone","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17}]}} ,{"id":70018461,"text":"70018461 - 1996 - Estimation of rates of aerobic hydrocarbon biodegradation by simulation of gas transport in the unsaturated zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T08:45:28","indexId":"70018461","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of rates of aerobic hydrocarbon biodegradation by simulation of gas transport in the unsaturated zone","docAbstract":"The distribution of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases in the unsaturated zone provides a geochemical signature of aerobic hydrocarbon degradation at petroleum product spill sites. The fluxes of these gases are proportional to the rate of aerobic biodegradation and are quantified by calibrating a mathematical transport model to the oxygen and carbon dioxide gas concentration data. Reaction stoichiometry is assumed to convert the gas fluxes to a corresponding rate of hydrocarbon degradation. The method is applied at a gasoline spill site in Galloway Township, New Jersey, to determine the rate of aerobic degradation of hydrocarbons associated with passive and bioventing remediation field experiments. At the site, microbial degradation of hydrocarbons near the water table limits the migration of hydrocarbon solutes in groundwater and prevents hydrocarbon volatilization into the unsaturated zone. In the passive remediation experiment a site-wide degradation rate estimate of 34,400 g yr−1 (11.7 gal. yr−1) of hydrocarbon was obtained by model calibration to carbon dioxide gas concentration data collected in December 1989. In the bioventing experiment, degradation rate estimates of 46.0 and 47.9 g m−2 yr−1(1.45 × 10−3 and 1.51 × 10−3 gal. ft.−2yr−1) of hydrocarbon were obtained by model calibration to oxygen and carbon dioxide gas concentration data, respectively. Method application was successful in quantifying the significance of a naturally occurring process that can effectively contribute to plume stabilization.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96WR00805","usgsCitation":"Lahvis, M.A., and Baehr, A.L., 1996, Estimation of rates of aerobic hydrocarbon biodegradation by simulation of gas transport in the unsaturated zone: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 7, p. 2231-2249, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR00805.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"2231","endPage":"2249","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227163,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ba3e4b0c8380cd527f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lahvis, Matthew A.","contributorId":104522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahvis","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018465,"text":"70018465 - 1996 - Effect of snow and firn hydrology on the physical and chemical characteristics of glacial runoff","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-27T11:18:18.285205","indexId":"70018465","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of snow and firn hydrology on the physical and chemical characteristics of glacial runoff","docAbstract":"Near-surface processes on glaciers, including water flow over bare ice and through seasonal snow and firn, have a significant effect on the speed, volume and chemistry of water flow through the glacier. The transient nature of the seasonal snow profoundly affects the water discharge and chemistry. Water flow through snow is fairly slow compared with flow over bare ice and a thinning snowpack on a glacier decreases the delay between peak meltwater input and peak stream discharge. Furthermore, early spring melt flushes the snowpack of solutes and by mid-summer the melt water flowing into the glacier is fairly clean by comparison. The firn, a relatively constant feature of glaciers, attenuates variations in water drainage into the glacier by temporarily storing water in saturated layer. Bare ice exerts opposite influences by accentuating variations in runoff by water flowing over the ice surface. The melt of firn and ice contributes relatively clean (solute-free) water to the glacier water system.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Fountain, A.G., 1996, Effect of snow and firn hydrology on the physical and chemical characteristics of glacial runoff: Hydrological Processes, v. 10, no. 4, p. 509-521.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"509","endPage":"521","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227250,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0608e4b0c8380cd510b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fountain, A. G.","contributorId":29815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fountain","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018477,"text":"70018477 - 1996 - Characterization of metal adsorption variability in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-19T05:49:26","indexId":"70018477","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of metal adsorption variability in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, U.S.A","docAbstract":"Several geochemical properties of an aquifer sediment that control metal-ion adsorption were investigated to determine their potential use as indicators of the spatial variability of metal adsorption. Over the length of a 4.5-m-long core from a sand and gravel aquifer, lead (Pb2+) and zinc (Zn2+) adsorption at constant chemical conditions (pH 5.3) varied by a factor of 2 and 4, respectively. Pb2+ and Zn2+ were adsorbed primarily by Fe- and Al-oxide coatings on quartz-grain surfaces. Per unit surface area, both Pb2+ and Zn2+ adsorption were significantly correlated with the amount of Fe and Al that dissolved from the aquifer material in a partial chemical extraction. The variability in conditional binding constants for Pb2+ and Zn2+ adsorption (log KADS) derived from a simple non-electrostatic surface complexation model were also predicted by extracted Fe and Al normalized to surface area. Because the abundance of Fe- and Al-oxide coatings that dominate adsorption does not vary inversely with grain size by a simple linear relationship, only a weak, negative correlation was found between the spatial variability of Pb2+ adsorption and grain size in this aquifer. The correlation between Zn2+ adsorption and grain size was not significant. Partial chemical extractions combined with surface-area measurements have potential use for estimating metal adsorption variability in other sand and gravel aquifers of negligible carbonate and organic carbon content.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-7722(95)00090-9","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Fuller, C.C., Davis, J., Coston, J., and Dixon, E., 1996, Characterization of metal adsorption variability in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, U.S.A: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 22, no. 3-4, p. 165-187, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-7722(95)00090-9.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"165","endPage":"187","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227475,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","volume":"22","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4cfe4b0c8380cd4bf2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuller, C. C.","contributorId":29858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coston, J.A.","contributorId":59572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coston","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dixon, E.","contributorId":79254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018484,"text":"70018484 - 1996 - Hydrogeology of the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project borehole KP-1 1. Hydraulic conditions adjacent to the well bore","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-13T20:11:01","indexId":"70018484","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeology of the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project borehole KP-1 1. Hydraulic conditions adjacent to the well bore","docAbstract":"Temperature and formation resistivity logs obtained in borehole KP-1 of the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project indicate that the adjacent formation is characterized by several zones of distinctly different average temperature and water salinity. A series of hydraulic analyses and water sampling programs were conducted to rule out the possibility of local hydraulic effects associated with the presence of the borehole in the generation of these apparent groundwater zones. Hydraulic tests and sampling with the borehole cased to a depth of 710 m and open below that depth indicate that the deep aquifer contains seawater at a temperature nearly identical to that of the open ocean at the same depth. Various analyses give estimates of aquifer transmissivity of about 10-3 m2/s in the vicinity of the borehole. Isolation of this deeper aquifer from the overlying groundwater zones was investigated by perforating the casing at six locations and then measuring the changes in water level in the borehole, in the salinity of the fluid column, in the temperature profile of the fluid column, and in the rate of flow in the fluid column induced by the perforations. These results positively confirm that the zones of distinctly different formation properties indicated on the temperature and resistivity logs are not caused by flow in or around casing. Flow and fluid column salinity induced by the perforations also confirm significant differences between the hydraulic heads and geochemistry of the different groundwater zones inferred from the well logs.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/95JB03445","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., and Thomas, D.M., 1996, Hydrogeology of the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project borehole KP-1 1. Hydraulic conditions adjacent to the well bore: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 5, p. 11675-11682, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB03445.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"11675","endPage":"11682","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227607,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a34a2e4b0c8380cd5f8fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, D. M.","contributorId":8827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018485,"text":"70018485 - 1996 - Movement of nitrate fertilizer to glacial till and runoff from a claypan soil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-19T06:21:01","indexId":"70018485","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movement of nitrate fertilizer to glacial till and runoff from a claypan soil","docAbstract":"Although water from 20 to 25% of shallow farmstead wells in northern Missouri has concentrations of nitrate (NO3/-) exceeding 10 mg L-1 as nitrogen (N), many potential sources for this NO3/- are usually present. A field experiment was designed to trace and isolate the amount of a single application of N fertilizer lost to a glacial-till aquifer and runoff from a 400 m2 corn (Zea mays L.) plot with bromide (Br-) and isotopically labeled (15N) fertilizer. Soil at the plot is a Albaquic Hapludalf of the Adco Series containing a 61 cm claypan beneath 41 to 43 cm of topsoil. Groundwater levels ranged from 0.38 to 2.40 m below the land surface. Transport of water and NO3/- to the saturated zone was not substantially retarded by the claypan. Labeled-N fertilizer accounted for as much as 8.6 mg L-1 of the NO3/- (as N) in groundwater, but only in the top 1 to 2 m of the saturated zone. After two growing seasons (16 mo), <2% of the labeled-N fertilizer was lost to runoff, about 30% was in the saturated zone, 27.3% was removed with the grain, and about 5% remained in the unsaturated zone. A large part of the remaining labeled N may have been lost in gaseous N forms. The presence of labeled NO3/- only in the top 2 m of the aquifer, slow horizontal transport, and winter recharge indicate grass crops such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or rye (Secale cereale L.) might be used to extract near- surface N during the winter recharge period. Also, fall fertilizations can be expected to readily leach. Because groundwater concentrations of labeled NO3/- were still increasing after two growing seasons, rotation of crops requiring small N inputs could be expected to limit the cumulative effect of large annual fertilizer applications on groundwater.","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2134/jeq1996.00472425002500030026x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Blevins, D.W., Wilkison, D., Kelly, B.P., and Silva, S.R., 1996, Movement of nitrate fertilizer to glacial till and runoff from a claypan soil: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 25, no. 3, p. 584-593, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1996.00472425002500030026x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"584","endPage":"593","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5f1ee4b0c8380cd70d99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blevins, D. W.","contributorId":75940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blevins","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilkison, D.H.","contributorId":39800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkison","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kelly, B. P.","contributorId":30653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Silva, S. R.","contributorId":27474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silva","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018490,"text":"70018490 - 1996 - Flow to a well in a water-table aquifer: An improved laplace transform solution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-14T07:17:30","indexId":"70018490","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flow to a well in a water-table aquifer: An improved laplace transform solution","docAbstract":"An alternative Laplace transform solution for the problem, originally solved by Neuman, of constant discharge from a partially penetrating well in a water-table aquifer was obtained. The solution differs from existing solutions in that it is simpler in form and can be numerically inverted without the need for time-consuming numerical integration. The derivation invloves the use of the Laplace transform and a finite Fourier cosine series and avoids the Hankel transform used in prior derivations. The solution allows for water in the overlying unsaturated zone to be released either instantaneously in response to a declining water table as assumed by Neuman, or gradually as approximated by Boulton's convolution integral. Numerical evaluation yields results identical with results obtained by previously published methods with the advantage, under most well-aquifer configurations, of much reduced computation time.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02045.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Moench, A., 1996, Flow to a well in a water-table aquifer: An improved laplace transform solution: Ground Water, v. 34, no. 4, p. 593-604, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02045.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"593","endPage":"604","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226990,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1255e4b0c8380cd54281","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moench, A.F.","contributorId":91495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moench","given":"A.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018507,"text":"70018507 - 1996 - A catastrophic flood caused by drainage of a caldera lake at Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska, and implications for volcanic hazards assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-10T07:53:30","indexId":"70018507","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A catastrophic flood caused by drainage of a caldera lake at Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska, and implications for volcanic hazards assessment","docAbstract":"Aniakchak caldera, located on the Alaska Peninsula of southwest Alaska, formerly contained a large lake (estimated volume 3.7 × 109 m3) that rapidly drained as a result of failure of the caldera rim sometime after ca. 3400 yr B.P. The peak discharge of the resulting flood was estimated using three methods: (1) flow-competence equations, (2) step-backwater modeling, and (3) a dam-break model. The results of the dam-break model indicate that the peak discharge at the breach in the caldera rim was at least 7.7 × 104 m3 s−1, and the maximum possible discharge was ≈1.1 × 106 m3 s−1. Flow-competence estimates of discharge, based on the largest boulders transported by the flood, indicate that the peak discharge values, which were a few kilometers downstream of the breach, ranged from 6.4 × 105 to 4.8 × 106 m3 s−1. Similar but less variable results were obtained by step-backwater modeling. Finally, discharge estimates based on regression equations relating peak discharge to the volume and depth of the impounded water, although limited by constraining assumptions, provide results within the range of values determined by the other methods. The discovery and documentation of a flood, caused by the failure of the caldera rim at Aniakchak caldera, underscore the significance and associated hydrologic hazards of potential large floods at other lake-filled calderas.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0861:ACFCBD>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Waythomas, C.F., Walder, J.S., McGimsey, R.G., and Neal, C., 1996, A catastrophic flood caused by drainage of a caldera lake at Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska, and implications for volcanic hazards assessment: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, no. 7, p. 861-871, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0861:ACFCBD>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"861","endPage":"871","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227342,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e33be4b0c8380cd45ec5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waythomas, C. F.","contributorId":10065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walder, J. S.","contributorId":32561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walder","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGimsey, R. G.","contributorId":93921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGimsey","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Neal, C.A. 0000-0002-7697-7825","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7697-7825","contributorId":91122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018516,"text":"70018516 - 1996 - Effects of glacial meltwater inflows and moat freezing on mixing in an ice-covered antarctic lake as interpreted from stable isotope and tritium distributions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:24","indexId":"70018516","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of glacial meltwater inflows and moat freezing on mixing in an ice-covered antarctic lake as interpreted from stable isotope and tritium distributions","docAbstract":"Perennially ice-covered lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys have risen several meters over the past two decades due to climatic warming and increased glacial meltwater inflow. To elucidate the hydrologic responses to changing climate and the effects on lake mixing processes we measured the stable isotope (??18O and ??D) and tritium concentrations of water and ice samples collected in the Lake Fryxell watershed from 1987 through 1990. Stable isotope enrichment resulted from evaporation in stream and moat samples and from sublimation in surface lake-ice samples. Tritium enrichment resulted from exchange with the postnuclear atmosphere in stream and moat samples. Rapid injection of tritiated water into the upper water column of the make and incorporation of this water into the ice cover resulted in uniformly elevated tritium contents (> 3.0 TU) in these reservoirs. Tritium was also present in deep water, suggesting that a component of bottom water was recently at the surface. During summer, melted lake ice and stream water forms the moat. Water excluded from ice formation during fall moat freezing (enriched in solutes and tritium, and depleted in 18O and 2H relative to water below 15-m depth) may sink as density currents to the bottom of the lake. Seasonal lake circulation, in response to climate-driven surface inflow, is therefore responsible for the distribution of both water isotopes and dissolved solutes in Lake Fryxell.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Limnology and Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00243590","usgsCitation":"Miller, L., and Aiken, G., 1996, Effects of glacial meltwater inflows and moat freezing on mixing in an ice-covered antarctic lake as interpreted from stable isotope and tritium distributions: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 41, no. 5, p. 966-976.","startPage":"966","endPage":"976","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227477,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0701e4b0c8380cd51500","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, L.G.","contributorId":32522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aiken, G. R. 0000-0001-8454-0984","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":14452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018517,"text":"70018517 - 1996 - The influence of landscape position on lake chemical responses to drought in northern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:24","indexId":"70018517","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The influence of landscape position on lake chemical responses to drought in northern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Climatic shifts to drier conditions during drought alter the hydrologic pathways of water and solute flow to aquatic ecosystems. We examined differences in drought-induced trends in the semiconservative cations, Ca+Mg, in seven northern Wisconsin lakes. These spanned the range of hydrologic settings in the region, including hydraulically mounded, groundwater flowthrough, and groundwater-discharge lakes. Parallel increases in concentration across the seven lakes during drought were attributable to evapoconcentration. However, we observed divergent trends for mass, which better reflects altered solute flux by accounting for changes in lake volume. Ca+Mg mass increased in three groundwater-dominated lakes as precipitation inputs were low and groundwater discharging from longer flowpaths became proportionately more important. In contrast, decreases in Ca+Mg mass for two precipitation-dominated lakes reflected diminished inputs of solute-rich groundwater. Landscape position, defined by the spatial position of a lake within a hydrologic flow system, accounted for the divergence in chemical responses to drought.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Limnology and Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00243590","usgsCitation":"Webster, K., Kratz, T., Bowser, C., Magnuson, J., and Rose, W.J., 1996, The influence of landscape position on lake chemical responses to drought in northern Wisconsin: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 41, no. 5, p. 977-984.","startPage":"977","endPage":"984","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227478,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad2be4b08c986b323a17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Webster, K.E.","contributorId":63753,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webster","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":379909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kratz, T.K.","contributorId":51684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kratz","given":"T.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bowser, C.J.","contributorId":32302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowser","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Magnuson, J.J.","contributorId":85342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magnuson","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rose, W. J.","contributorId":14433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018522,"text":"70018522 - 1996 - Analysis of fractures intersecting Kahi Puka Well 1 and its relation to the growth of the island of Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-05T10:26:19","indexId":"70018522","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of fractures intersecting Kahi Puka Well 1 and its relation to the growth of the island of Hawaii","docAbstract":"As part of the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project, Kahi Puka Well 1 penetrated about 275 m of Mauna Loa basalts overlying a sequence of Mauna Kea flow units as it was drilled and cored to a total depth of 1053 m below land surface. A borehole televiewer (BHTV) was run in most of the well in successive stages prior to casing in order to obtain magnetically oriented acoustic images of the borehole wall. A total of 283 individual fractures were identified from this log and characterized in terms of strike and dip. These data are divided into three vertical sections based upon age and volcanic source, and lower hemisphere stereographic plots identify two predominant, subparallel fracture subsets common to each section. Assuming that most of the steeply dipping fractures observed in the BHTV log are tensile features generated within basalt flows during deposition and cooling, this fracture information can be combined with models of the evolution of the island of Hawaii to investigate the depositional history of these Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea basalts over the past 400 kyr. The directions of high-angle fractures appear to be generally parallel to topography or to the coastline at the time of deposition, as is supported by surface mapping of modern flows. Consequently, an overall counterclockwise rotation of about 75?? in the strike of these fractures from the bottom to the top of the well represents a systematic change in depositional slope direction over time. We attribute the observed rotation in the orientations of the two predominant fracture subsets over the past 400 kyr to changes in the configurations of volcanic sources during shield building and to the structural interference of adjacent volcanoes that produces shifts in topographic patterns.","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/95JB03848","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Morin, R.H., and Paillet, F.L., 1996, Analysis of fractures intersecting Kahi Puka Well 1 and its relation to the growth of the island of Hawaii: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 5, p. 11695-11699, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB03848.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"11695","endPage":"11699","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227566,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb15e4b0c8380cd48be9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morin, Roger H. rhmorin@usgs.gov","contributorId":2432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"Roger","email":"rhmorin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":379927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018529,"text":"70018529 - 1996 - Hydrologic impact of Great Flood of 1993 in south-central Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-08T14:43:30.236568","indexId":"70018529","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2362,"text":"Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic impact of Great Flood of 1993 in south-central Kansas","docAbstract":"The writers analyze the hydrologic budget and quantify the ground-water recharge impact of the Great Flood of 1993 on the Great Bend Prairie aquifer of south-central Kansas. During the summer of 1993, rainfall totals exceeded normal levels by 200% in the northern portion of the study area, while air temperature and evapotranspiration were below normal levels. This extreme event provided the opportunity to revisit previously developed recharge-estimation algorithms. Average ground-water recharge for 1993 at four index sites was estimated at 178 mm using the hybrid water-fluctuation method of Sophocleous. Employing the recharge-estimation multiple-regression methodology of Sophocleous for the area, the writers estimated the 1993 recharge to be 145 mm. Both estimates are higher than the maximum annual recharge observed at the index sites during the 1985–1992 period. A January–July 1993 hydrologic balance analysis resulted in 130 mm of recharge. The recharge caused by the flood was three to more than four times the average annual recharge of the previous eight years. The regression-based recharge-estimation methodology proved to be generally reliable, even under extreme conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1996)122:4(203)","issn":"07339437","usgsCitation":"Sophocleous, M., Stern, A., and Perkins, S., 1996, Hydrologic impact of Great Flood of 1993 in south-central Kansas: Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, v. 122, no. 4, p. 203-210, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1996)122:4(203).","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"210","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227652,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3636e4b0c8380cd60518","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sophocleous, M.","contributorId":13373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sophocleous","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stern, A.J.","contributorId":90485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perkins, S.P.","contributorId":12211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018531,"text":"70018531 - 1996 - Occurrence and accumulation of pesticides and organic contaminants in river sediment, water and clam tissues from the San Joaquin River and tributaries, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-31T14:11:00.224733","indexId":"70018531","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence and accumulation of pesticides and organic contaminants in river sediment, water and clam tissues from the San Joaquin River and tributaries, California","docAbstract":"A study was conducted in 1992 to assess the effects of anthropogenic activities and land use on the water quality of the San Joaquin River and its major tributaries. This study focused on pesticides and organic contaminants, looking at distributions of contaminants in water, bed and suspended sediment, and the bivalve Corbicula fluminea. Results indicated that this river system is affected by agricultural practices and urban runoff. Sediments from Dry Creek contained elevated concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), possibly derived from urban runoff from the city of Modesto; suspended sediments contained elevated amounts of chlordane. Trace levels of triazine herbicides atrazine and simazine were present in water at most sites. Sediments, water, and bivalves from Orestimba Creek, a westside tributary draining agricultural areas, contained the greatest levels of DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2-2-bis[p-chlorophenyl]ethane), and its degradates DDD (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis[p-chlorophenyl]ethane), and DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2- bis[p-chlorophenyl]ethylene). Sediment adsorption co efficients (K(oc)), and bioconcentration factors (BCF) in Corbicula of DDT, DDD, and DDE at Orestimba Creek were greater than predicted values. Streams of the western San Joaquin Valley can potentially transport significant amounts of chlorinated pesticides to the San Joaquin River, the delta, and San Francisco Bay. Organochlorine compounds accumulate in bivalves and sediment and may pose a problem to other biotic species in this watershed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<0172:OAAOPA>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Pereira, W.E., Domagalski, J.L., Hostettler, F., Brown, L., and Rapp, J.B., 1996, Occurrence and accumulation of pesticides and organic contaminants in river sediment, water and clam tissues from the San Joaquin River and tributaries, California: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 15, no. 2, p. 172-180, https://doi.org/10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<0172:OAAOPA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"172","endPage":"180","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226992,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin River and tributaries","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.06982421874999,\n 36.87962060502676\n ],\n [\n -120.728759765625,\n 38.66835610151506\n ],\n [\n -121.17919921875001,\n 39.58875727696545\n ],\n [\n -121.728515625,\n 39.9434364619742\n ],\n [\n -122.728271484375,\n 39.53793974517628\n ],\n [\n -122.178955078125,\n 38.315801006824984\n ],\n [\n -122.135009765625,\n 38.06539235133249\n ],\n [\n -120.377197265625,\n 36.89719446989036\n ],\n [\n -119.06982421874999,\n 36.87962060502676\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6b27e4b0c8380cd74547","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pereira, W. E.","contributorId":46981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pereira","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Domagalski, Joseph L. 0000-0002-6032-757X joed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-757X","contributorId":1330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domagalski","given":"Joseph","email":"joed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":379953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hostettler, F. D.","contributorId":99563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"F. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, L. R. 0000-0001-6702-4531","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":66391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"L. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rapp, J. B.","contributorId":28987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}![\"View](\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-0016703796002086-si1.gif\" "\\"View")
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