A graphical method has been developed for determining the coefficient of consolidation from the transient phases of a flow-pump permeability test. The flow pump can be used to infuse fluid into or withdraw fluid from a laboratory sediment specimen at a constant volumetric rate in order to obtain data that can be used to calculate permeability using Darcy's law. When the initial transient-response curve (hydraulic head as a function of time) generated by this test is examined analytically in terms of a one-dimensional consolidation process, representative type-curve solutions to the associated forced-flow and pressure-decay models are derived. These curves provide the basis for graphically evaluating the permeability k, the coefficient of consolidation cv, and the coefficient of volume change mv. The curve-matching technique is easy and rapid, and it can be applied to results of forced-flow tests, both infusion and withdrawal, as well as to subsequent pressure-decay records. Values of k, cv, and mv for a laterally confined kaolinite specimen were determined by this graphical method and appear to be in reasonably good agreement with numerically derived estimates (within 20%). Discrepancies between the two sets of results seem to be largely a function of data quality rather than of method of analysis. Where responses of hydraulic head as a function of time are apparently unaffected by experimental sources of error, agreement is excellent (within 4%). Application of this graphical method to triaxial testing has inherent uncertainties, because the solution curves that describe one-dimensional deformation are used to analyze a three-dimensional process.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASTM","doi":"10.1520/GTJ10989J","usgsCitation":"Morin, R.H., Olsen, H.W., Nelson, K.R., and Gill, J.D., 1989, Graphical method for determining the coefficient of consolidation c from a flow-pump permeability test: Geotechnical Testing Journal, v. 12, no. 4, p. 302-307, https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10989J.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"302","endPage":"307","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223911,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a29d3e4b0c8380cd5ac84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morin, Roger H. rhmorin@usgs.gov","contributorId":2432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"Roger","email":"rhmorin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":369921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olsen, Harold W.","contributorId":28985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, Karl R.","contributorId":63538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gill, James D.","contributorId":52729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015028,"text":"70015028 - 1989 - Geologic setting, depths of emplacement, and regional distribution of fluid inclusions in intrusions of the central Wasatch Mountains, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-05T14:26:02.585741","indexId":"70015028","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic setting, depths of emplacement, and regional distribution of fluid inclusions in intrusions of the central Wasatch Mountains, Utah","docAbstract":"Nine mid-Tertiary calc-alkaline stocks, a subvolcanic porphyry system, and coeval volcanic rocks are exposed in a 45-km-long east-trending belt across the central Wasatch Mountains, Utah. The intrusions vary systematically from west to east in texture, style of emplacement, extent of contact metamorphism, hydrothermal alteration, and mineralization. Pressure-depth estimates based on metamorphic mineral assemblages, stratigraphic reconstructions, and fluid inclusion data indicate a regular variation in paleodepths ranging from about 11 km on the west to less than 1 km on the east. These data indicate that the central Wasatch Mountains have been tilted down to the east about 20 degrees during the late Cenozoic. Fluid inclusion populations in igneous quartz also vary systematically with paleodepth; high-salinity (halite-saturated) fluid inclusions are present in the eastern porphyry stocks and in the upper parts of the Alta and Clayton Peak stocks in the center of the belt but are absent in the deeper parts of the Alta and Clayton Peak stocks and in the Little Cottonwood stock on the west side of the belt. In the Alta and Clayton Peak stocks, nearly planar high-paleosalinity horizons, presently dipping 15 degrees to 20 degrees east, separate rocks containing high-salinity fluid inclusions (above the high-paleosalinity horizon) from those lacking such fluid inclusions. Comparison of fluid-inclusion populations in igneous and vein quartz in the Alta and Clayton Peak stocks indicates that high-salinity fluids predated most of the vein-forming hydrothermal activity and provide the earliest record of fluids to circulate in these stocks. High-salinity fluids probably formed either by boiling of fluids released during the late stages of crystallization in the parts of the intrusions where pressure was less than about 1,300 bars or by exsolution of immiscible high-salinity brines from the crystallizing magmas. Most hydrothermal mineralization associated with the intrusions, including Ag-Pb-Zn ores in the Park City district, are associated spatially with parts of the intrusions where high-salinity fluids were present. The major exception is the porphyry molybdenum system in the eastern part of the Little Cottonwood stock, which probably was at too great a depth (approximately 7 km) to form high-salinity brines and is dominated by low-salinity CO 2 -rich fluids.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.84.2.386","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"John, D., 1989, Geologic setting, depths of emplacement, and regional distribution of fluid inclusions in intrusions of the central Wasatch Mountains, Utah: Economic Geology, v. 84, no. 2, p. 386-409, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.84.2.386.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"386","endPage":"409","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223745,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a21e0e4b0c8380cd56b74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"John, D. A.","contributorId":43748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"John","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015014,"text":"70015014 - 1989 - A reinterpretation of the δDH2O of inclusion fluids in contemporaneous quartz and sphalerite, Creede mining district, Colorodo: a generic problem for shallow orebodies?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T10:41:29","indexId":"70015014","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A reinterpretation of the δDH2O of inclusion fluids in contemporaneous quartz and sphalerite, Creede mining district, Colorodo: a generic problem for shallow orebodies?","docAbstract":"Water extracted from fluid inclusions in quartz from shallow epithermal ore deposits often has a hydrogen isotope composition (δD) different from that of water extracted from inclusions in associated minerals. This difference is usually attributed to the involvement of primary fluids from multiple sources. Isotopic and homogenization and freezing temperature determinations on fluid inclusions from contemporaneous quartz and sphalerite from the epithermal, silver and base metal orebodies of the OH vein, Creede district, Colorado, suggest an alternative explanation. In near-surface deposits, differences between δDH2O of inclusion fluids in ore minerals and quartz may result, instead, from contamination during extraction of the fluids contained in primary inclusions by shallow ground water trapped in pseudosecondary inclusions in quartz.
\nQuartz from the OH vein contains two principal petrographically distinct populations of fluid inclusions: primary and pseudosecondary. The primary inclusions have salinities ranging from 5 to 10 equiv wt percent NaCl, and the salinities of pseudosecondary inclusions cluster between 0 and 1 percent. Primary inclusions in quartz from one locality have a measured δDH2O value of -69 per mil, while pseudosecondary inclusions at the same locality have a δDH2O value of -102 per mil. Both salinity and isotopic values for primary inclusions in quartz are similar to those for primary inclusions in contemporaneous sphalerite. Homogenization temperatures for primary and pseudosecondary inclusions in quartz range from 191° to 280° C and from 199° to 278° C, respectively. The δDH2O value measured on fluid inclusions from bulk crystals ranges between -97 and -85 per mil and represents a mixture of fluids from both primary and pseudosecondary inclusions.
\nWe interpret the data to indicate that one or more episodes of abrupt incursion of cooler, overlying ground water into the ore zone caused thermal cracking of the quartz crystals during the time interval of mineralization. Subsequent healing of the fractures trapped heated, low-salinity ground water in pseudosecondary inclusions. The abrupt incursions of overlying ground water are speculated to have resulted from either collapse of a transient vapor-dominated region of the ore zone, or catastrophic venting of the system through hydrothermal eruption(s).
\nThe unusually high contrast between the salinities of the ore-depositing fluids and the ground water overlying the ore zone allowed recognition of this phenomenon at Creede. It is likely, however, that Creede is not unique. Similar phenomena may be common in shallow ore zones where rapid fluctuation of an interface between a deep, high-temperature thermal plume and an overlying, cooler ground water may be expected to occur. Careful study of the origins of fluid inclusions, particularly in quartz, is essential to characterize the primary ore fluids and to assess the role of ground water in the hydrology of shallow ore deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.84.7.1966","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Foley, N.K., Bethke, P., and Rye, R.O., 1989, A reinterpretation of the δDH2O of inclusion fluids in contemporaneous quartz and sphalerite, Creede mining district, Colorodo: a generic problem for shallow orebodies?: Economic Geology, v. 84, no. 7, p. 1966-1977, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.84.7.1966.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1966","endPage":"1977","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223576,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.5943603515625,\n 37.00693943418586\n ],\n [\n -108.5943603515625,\n 38.805470223177466\n ],\n [\n -106.116943359375,\n 38.805470223177466\n ],\n [\n -106.116943359375,\n 37.00693943418586\n ],\n [\n -108.5943603515625,\n 37.00693943418586\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e545e4b0c8380cd46c55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foley, Nora K. 0000-0003-0124-3509 nfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-3509","contributorId":4010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Nora","email":"nfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bethke, Philip M.","contributorId":52829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bethke","given":"Philip M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rye, Robert O. rrye@usgs.gov","contributorId":1486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"Robert","email":"rrye@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015013,"text":"70015013 - 1989 - 100 years of sedimentation study by the USGS","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:51","indexId":"70015013","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"100 years of sedimentation study by the USGS","docAbstract":"On January 15, 1889, the U.S. Geological Survey began collecting sediment data on the Rio Grande at Embudo, New Mexico. During the past 100 years the U.S. Geological Survey's Water Resources Division (WRD) has collected daily sediment data at more than 1,200 sites. Projects have addressed the problems associated with reservoir construction, agricultural irrigation projects, energy production, and transport and deposition of pollutants sorbed to sediments. The Survey has been active as a charter member of the Federal Interagency Sediment Project and currently has three full-time hydrologists working on the project. The WRD's sediment-research projects have covered a wide variety of subjects from the fundamental theories of resistance to flow and sediment transport in alluvial channels to lunar erosion mechanisms.","conferenceTitle":"Sediment Transport Modeling: Proceedings of the International Symposium","conferenceDate":"14 August 1989 through 18 August 1989","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, LA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872627187","usgsCitation":"Glysson, G.D., 1989, 100 years of sedimentation study by the USGS, Sediment Transport Modeling: Proceedings of the International Symposium, New Orleans, LA, USA, 14 August 1989 through 18 August 1989, p. 260-265.","startPage":"260","endPage":"265","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224452,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e221e4b0c8380cd4599f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glysson, G. Douglas","contributorId":13607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glysson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015012,"text":"70015012 - 1989 - Behaviour of abandoned room and pillar mines in Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:51","indexId":"70015012","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2058,"text":"International Journal of Mining and Geological Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Behaviour of abandoned room and pillar mines in Illinois","docAbstract":"Little comprehensive information has been reported on the behaviour of room-and-pillar mines. The objective of this paper is to present case data on mine failures in the Illinois basin for use in practice. Presented are results of an ongoing study and details on the site characteristics of cases where sags have developed on the surface. Site data are reported to show the geologic, mining, and sag conditions that existed. Sags mainly develop from pillar, floor, or pillar-floor failure. The character of the sags depends upon the type of mine failure as well as the overburden response. Preliminary results show that the statistical no-risk tributary pressure decreases over 300% as the mine age increases from about 2 to 100 years at a long-term value of approximately 300 psi (2070 kPa). As more information is collected and more analysis is done, the allowable tributary pressure can be determined for different site conditions. A plot is also reported that depicts the relationship of the maximum subsidence to site conditions. It was found that the modified subsidence factor was heavily dependent upon the overburden rock thickness. ?? 1989 Chapman & Hall Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Mining and Geological Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00896592","issn":"02690136","usgsCitation":"Marino, G., and Bauer, R., 1989, Behaviour of abandoned room and pillar mines in Illinois: International Journal of Mining and Geological Engineering, v. 7, no. 4, p. 271-281, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00896592.","startPage":"271","endPage":"281","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205481,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00896592"},{"id":224451,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f0abe4b0c8380cd4a84a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marino, G.G.","contributorId":24929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marino","given":"G.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bauer, R.A.","contributorId":102599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauer","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015011,"text":"70015011 - 1989 - Estimating urban flood-frequency characteristics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:51","indexId":"70015011","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Estimating urban flood-frequency characteristics","docAbstract":"Methods in use by the U.S. Geological Survey to estimate flood-frequency characteristics for urban watersheds are compared with estimates based on the Soil Conservation Service TR-55 model. Data from four small urban watersheds in Georgia are used in the flood-peak and hydrograph comparisons.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1989 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"14 August 1989 through 18 August 1989","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, LA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872627195","usgsCitation":"Jennings, M., Atkins, J., and Inman, E.J., 1989, Estimating urban flood-frequency characteristics, Proceedings of the 1989 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, New Orleans, LA, USA, 14 August 1989 through 18 August 1989, p. 516-521.","startPage":"516","endPage":"521","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224450,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b6be4b0c8380cd526fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jennings, M.E.","contributorId":76775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Atkins, J.B.","contributorId":63842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkins","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Inman, E. J.","contributorId":44193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Inman","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014999,"text":"70014999 - 1989 - Mitigating oil and gas impacts in coastal wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:58","indexId":"70014999","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Mitigating oil and gas impacts in coastal wetlands","docAbstract":"This abstract refers to technical recommendations for avoiding, minimizing, and restoring (i.e., mitigating) drilling site access impacts related to oil and gas activities in coastal wetlands through regulatory review, drawing mostly from the Louisiana experience. The two standard methods used to access wetland drilling locations are canals and roads, both of which require dredging. Each access method impacts wetland values and functions and each has been implicated directly and indirectly in wetland loss by converting marsh habitat to open water or upland habitat and by altering the local hydrologic regime. However, numerous regulatory management techniques exist and should be employed to avoids minimize, and restore canal and road-dump impacts.","largerWorkTitle":"Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management","conferenceTitle":"Coastal Zone '89: Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management","conferenceDate":"11 July 1989 through 14 July 1989","conferenceLocation":"Charleston, SC, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","usgsCitation":"Cahoon, D.R., and Holmes, J.C., 1989, Mitigating oil and gas impacts in coastal wetlands, in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, v. 2, no. pt2, Charleston, SC, USA, 11 July 1989 through 14 July 1989.","startPage":"1935","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224283,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"pt2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b6fe4b0c8380cd6f564","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cahoon, Donald R. 0000-0002-2591-5667 dcahoon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2591-5667","contributorId":3791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahoon","given":"Donald","email":"dcahoon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holmes, Joseph C. Jr.","contributorId":90883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Joseph","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014998,"text":"70014998 - 1989 - Air permeability and trapped-air content in two soils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T12:46:00","indexId":"70014998","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Air permeability and trapped-air content in two soils","docAbstract":"To improve understanding of hysteretic air permeability relations, a need exists for data on the water content dependence of air permeability, matric pressure, and air trapping (especially for wetting-drying cycles). To obtain these data, a special instrument was designed. The instrument is a combination of a gas permeameter (for air permeability determination), a suction plate apparatus (for retentivity curve determination), and an air pycnometer (for trapped-air-volume determination). This design allowed values of air permeability, matric pressure, and air trapping to be codetermined, i.e., determined at the same values of water content using the same sample and the same inflow-outflow boundaries. Such data were obtained for two nonswelling soils. The validity of the air permeability determinations was repeatedly confirmed by rigorous tests of Darcy's law. During initial drying from complete water saturation, supplementary measurements were made to assess the magnitude of gas slip. The extended Darcy equation accurately described the measured flux gradient relations for each condition of absolute gas pressure tested. Air permeability functions exhibited zero-permeability regions at high water contents as well as an abruptly appearing hysteresis at low water contents. Measurements in the zero-permeability regions revealed that the total amount of air in general exceeded the amount of trapped air. This indicates that the medium' s air space is partitioned into three measurable domains: through-flowing air, locally accessible air (i.e., air accessible from only one flow boundary), and trapped air. During repeated wetting and drying, the disappearance and reappearance of air permeability coincided closely with the reappearance and disappearance, respectively, of trapped air. The observed relation between critical features of the air permeability functions and those of the air-trapping functions suggest that water-based blockages play a significant role in the disruption of gas-phase connectivity and in preventing air flow, and must be considered in any effectual model of air permeability relations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR025i009p01959","usgsCitation":"Stonestrom, D.A., and Rubin, J., 1989, Air permeability and trapped-air content in two soils: Water Resources Research, v. 25, no. 9, p. 1959-1969, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR025i009p01959.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1959","endPage":"1969","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224231,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e918e4b0c8380cd480bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stonestrom, David A. 0000-0001-7883-3385 dastones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-3385","contributorId":2280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonestrom","given":"David","email":"dastones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, Jacob","contributorId":23918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"Jacob","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014997,"text":"70014997 - 1989 - Transformation of dilative and contractive landslide debris into debris flows-An example from Marin County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-16T13:47:58.865984","indexId":"70014997","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transformation of dilative and contractive landslide debris into debris flows-An example from Marin County, California","docAbstract":"The severe rainstorm of January 3, 4 and 5, 1982, in the San Francisco Bay area, California, produced numerous landslides, many of which transformed into damaging debris flows. The process of transformation was studied in detail at one site where only part of a landslide mobilized into several episodes of debris flow. The focus of our investigation was to learn whether the landslide debris dilated or contracted during the transformation from slide to flow.
The landslide debris consisted of sandy colluvium that was separable into three soil horizons that occupied the axis of a small topographic swale. Failure involved the entire thickness of colluvium; however, over parts of the landslide, the soil A-horizon failed separately from the remainder of the colluvium.
Undisturbed samples were taken for density measurements from outside the landslide, from the failure zone and overlying material from the part of the landslide that did not mobilize into debris flows, and from the debris-flow deposits. The soil A-horizon was contractive and mobilized to flows in a process analogous to liquefaction of loose, granular soils during earthquakes. The soil B- and C-horizons were dilative and underwent 2 to 5% volumetric expansion during landslide movement that permitted mobilization of debris-flow episodes.
Several criteria can be used in the field to differentiate between contractive and dilative behavior including lag time between landsliding and mobilization of flow, episodic mobilization of flows, and partial or complete transformation of the landslide.
Concentrations of 18O and deuterium in ground waters beneath the Hanford Reservation, Washington State, suggest that the meteoric waters recharging the basalt aquifers have been progressively depleted in these isotopes since at least Pleistocene time. This conclusion is supported by oxygen-isotope analyses of low-temperature secondary minerals filling vugs and fractures in the basalts, which are used to approximate the 18O content of ground water at the time the mineral assemblage formed. A fossil profile of δ18O values projected for ground water in a 1500 m vertical section beneath the reservation suggests that the vertical mixing of shallow and deep ground water indicated by present-day hydrochemical data was also occurring during Neogene time. These data also suggest that a unidirectional depletion of 18O and deuterium recorded in Pleistocene ground waters may have extended considerably further back in time. This shift is tentatively attributed to the orographic depletion of 18O associated with the progressive uplift of the Cascade Range since the middle Miocene.
A hybrid fast Hankel transform algorithm has been developed that uses several complementary features of two existing algorithms: Anderson's digital filtering or fast Hankel transform (FHT) algorithm and Chave's quadrature and continued fraction algorithm. A hybrid FHT subprogram (called HYBFHT) written in standard Fortran-77 provides a simple user interface to call either subalgorithm. The hybrid approach is an attempt to combine the best features of the two subalgorithms to minimize the user's coding requirements and to provide fast execution and good accuracy for a large class of electromagnetic problems involving various related Hankel transform sets with multiple arguments. Special cases of Hankel transforms of double-order and double-argument are discussed, where use of HYBFHT is shown to be advantageous for oscillatory kernel functions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1442650","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Anderson, W., 1989, A hybrid fast Hankel transform algorithm for electromagnetic modeling: Geophysics, v. 54, no. 2, p. 263-266, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1442650.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"266","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224224,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e425e4b0c8380cd46443","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, W.L.","contributorId":54584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015754,"text":"70015754 - 1989 - Porosity development in coastal carbonate aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-24T01:42:39.256273","indexId":"70015754","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Porosity development in coastal carbonate aquifers","docAbstract":"Geochemical mixing theory suggests that the mixing of seawater and calcite-saturated fresh ground water can result in a solution that is undersaturated with respect to calcite. Previous studies of the mixing of such waters in carbonate rocks along certain coastlines have indicated that this mixing effect may be responsible for significant amounts of calcite dissolution and porosity development. In this study, potential rates of porosity development by calcite dissolution are assessed by combining geochemical mixing theory with the hydrodynamics of fresh-water-salt-water mixing zones in a coupled reaction- transport model. Results from the reaction-path model PHREEQE are used with a variable-density ground-water flow and solute-transport model to simulate an idealized cross section of a coastal carbonate aquifer. Results of the simulations indicate that the dissolution process is sensitive to fresh-water chemistry, ground-water velocities, and sea-level movement. Dissolution potential was evaluated at three field sites, and evidence from those sites is in general agreement with the simulation results. Dissolution rates indicated by the model show that under the proper conditions this dissolution mechanism can produce significant increases in porosity over relatively short spans of geologic time (tens of thousands of years).
During 1986 and 1987, migrating bed forms composed of coarse sand and fine gravel (d50=1.8 to 9.1 mm) were documented in the North Fork Toutle River at Kid Valley, Washington, at flow velocities ranging from 1.6 to 3.4 m s−1 and depths of 0.8 to 2.2 m. The bed forms (predominantly lower regime dunes) were studied with a sonic depth sounder transducer suspended in the river at a stationary point. Twelve temporal depth-sounding records were collected during storm runoff and nearly steady, average streamflow, with record durations ranging from 37 to 261 min. Waveform height was defined by dune front heights, which ranged from 12 to 70 cm. A weak correlation between flow depth and the standard deviation of bed elevation was noted. Dune front counts and spectral analyses of the temporal records showed that dune crests passed the observation point every 2 to 5 min. Dunes were often superposed on larger bed forms with wave periods between 10 and 30 min. Gradual changes in waveform height and periodicity occurred over several hours during storm runoff. The processes of dune growth and decay were both time-dependent and affected by changes in streamflow. Rates of migration for typical dunes were estimated to be 3 cm s−1, and dune wavelengths were estimated to be 6 to 7 m.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR025i005p00911","usgsCitation":"Dinehart, R.L., 1989, Dune migration in a steep, coarse-bedded stream: Water Resources Research, v. 25, no. 5, p. 911-923, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR025i005p00911.","productDescription":"13p.","startPage":"911","endPage":"923","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224115,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Kid Valley","otherGeospatial":"North Fork Toutle River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.66132354736328,\n 46.326068311712596\n ],\n [\n -122.51094818115233,\n 46.326068311712596\n ],\n [\n -122.51094818115233,\n 46.40590683633536\n ],\n [\n -122.66132354736328,\n 46.40590683633536\n ],\n [\n -122.66132354736328,\n 46.326068311712596\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0416e4b0c8380cd5078f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dinehart, Randy L.","contributorId":68341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinehart","given":"Randy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015749,"text":"70015749 - 1989 - Microearthquake spectra from the Anza, California, seismic network: Site response and source scaling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-27T11:32:22.931707","indexId":"70015749","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microearthquake spectra from the Anza, California, seismic network: Site response and source scaling","docAbstract":"We analyzed spectra of local microearthquakes recorded by the Anza, California, seismic network to isolate the effects of site response and to investigate the scaling of source parameters for small earthquakes. Spectra of microearthquakes (M < 2; Mo < 1019 dyne-cm) at Anza have shapes characteristic of the receiver sites and are generally independent of the source region. Thus, the site response is a major conditioner of the observed spectral shape. To remove the effects of site response from the spectra of a M ∼ 3 event and isolate its source spectrum, we divided by the spectra of an adjacent aftershock used as an empirical Green's function event. The spectral ratios indicate that the apparent corner frequencies of small earthquakes (Mo < 1019dyne-cm) observed at even the high-fmax stations on hard rock are much lower than the source corner frequencies. The spectral ratios are consistent with stress drop remaining constant with decreasing seismic moment, for events with moments as small as 1018 dyne-cm. The spectral ratios display remarkable agreement between sites which showed vast differences in their original spectra, indicating that the spectral division effectively removed the site response. The source spectrum of the M ∼ 3 event has a high-frequency spectral fall-off of about ω−2. An apparent dependence of high-frequency fall-off with seismic moment in the original spectra can also be explained by the effects of site response. The difference between the P- and S-wave corner frequencies and high-frequency roll-offs in the observed spectra for these events is the result of the site response and is not a source property. The shapes of the spectra of microearthquakes at Anza can largely be explained by attenuation at shallow depth with a frequency-independent Q. For some sites, near-surface resonances are also apparent in the spectra of microearthquakes. It is indicated by t* values determined for each site that Qp ∼ Qs for the shallow low-Q layer. Further evidence of low near-surface Q is observed in the anomalous spectra of an unusually shallow earthquake (source depth ∼ 1 km) in the network. The spectra from this shallow event are depleted in high-frequency energy at most stations, relative to those of deeper events. This observation can be explained by a low-Q surficial zone. For stations of the network situated on alluvium, this low-Q layer has a maximum thickness of about 3 km and maximum P- and S-wave Q values of 30 to 50.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0790030581","usgsCitation":"Frankel, A.D., and Wennerberg, L., 1989, Microearthquake spectra from the Anza, California, seismic network: Site response and source scaling: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 79, no. 3, p. 581-609, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0790030581.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"581","endPage":"609","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338187,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/79/3/581/119214/Microearthquake-spectra-from-the-Anza-California"},{"id":224114,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Anza","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.91211047212585,\n 33.6851333503832\n ],\n [\n -116.91211047212585,\n 33.42190812854244\n ],\n [\n -116.48639025728235,\n 33.42190812854244\n ],\n [\n -116.48639025728235,\n 33.6851333503832\n ],\n [\n -116.91211047212585,\n 33.6851333503832\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"79","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5678e4b0c8380cd6d5f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frankel, Arthur D. 0000-0001-9119-6106 afrankel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9119-6106","contributorId":1363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"Arthur","email":"afrankel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wennerberg, Leif","contributorId":96008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wennerberg","given":"Leif","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015748,"text":"70015748 - 1989 - Seismic reflection characteristics of glacial and glacimarine sediment in the Gulf of Alaska and adjacent fjords","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-03T11:07:43.672557","indexId":"70015748","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic reflection characteristics of glacial and glacimarine sediment in the Gulf of Alaska and adjacent fjords","docAbstract":"Experimental data on the vapor-liquid equilibrium relations for the system NaCl-H2O were compiled and compared in order to provide an improved estimate of the P-T-x surface between 300° to 500°C, a range for which the system changes from subcritical to critical behavior. Data for the three-phase curve (halite + liquid + vapor) and the NaCl-H2O critical curve were evaluated, and the best fits for these extrema then were used to guide selection of best fit for isothermal plots for the vapor-liquid region in-between. Smoothing was carried out in an iterative procedure by replotting the best-fit data as isobars and then as isopleths, until an internally consistent set of data was obtained. The results are presented in table form that will have application to theoretical modelling and to the understanding of two-phase behavior in saline geothermal systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Journal of Science","doi":"10.2475/ajs.289.3.217","usgsCitation":"Bischoff, J.L., and Pitzer, K.S., 1989, Liquid-vapor relations for the system NaCl-H2O: Summary of the P-T- x surface from 300° to 500°C: American Journal of Science, v. 289, no. 3, p. 217-248, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.289.3.217.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"248","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479935,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.289.3.217","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":224003,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"289","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4801e4b0c8380cd67b4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bischoff, James L. jbischoff@usgs.gov","contributorId":1389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"James","email":"jbischoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":371666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pitzer, Kenneth S.","contributorId":94435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitzer","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015742,"text":"70015742 - 1989 - A random spatial network model based on elementary postulates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T12:59:16","indexId":"70015742","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A random spatial network model based on elementary postulates","docAbstract":"A model for generating random spatial networks that is based on elementary postulates comparable to those of the random topology model is proposed. In contrast to the random topology model, this model ascribes a unique spatial specification to generated drainage networks, a distinguishing property of some network growth models. The simplicity of the postulates creates an opportunity for potential analytic investigations of the probabilistic structure of the drainage networks, while the spatial specification enables analyses of spatially dependent network properties. In the random topology model all drainage networks, conditioned on magnitude (number of first-order streams), are equally likely, whereas in this model all spanning trees of a grid, conditioned on area and drainage density, are equally likely. As a result, link lengths in the generated networks are not independent, as usually assumed in the random topology model. For a preliminary model evaluation, scale-dependent network characteristics, such as geometric diameter and link length properties, and topologic characteristics, such as bifurcation ratio, are computed for sets of drainage networks generated on square and rectangular grids. Statistics of the bifurcation and length ratios fall within the range of values reported for natural drainage networks, but geometric diameters tend to be relatively longer than those for natural networks.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR025i005p00793","usgsCitation":"Karlinger, M.R., and Troutman, B.M., 1989, A random spatial network model based on elementary postulates: Water Resources Research, v. 25, no. 5, p. 793-798, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR025i005p00793.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"793","endPage":"798","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224002,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e52ae4b0c8380cd46b8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karlinger, Michael R.","contributorId":10777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlinger","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Troutman, Brent M.","contributorId":195329,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Troutman","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015739,"text":"70015739 - 1989 - A model of channel response in disturbed alluvial channels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-13T15:32:33","indexId":"70015739","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1425,"text":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A model of channel response in disturbed alluvial channels","docAbstract":"Dredging and straightening of alluvial channels between 1959 and 1978 in West Tennessee caused a series of morphologic changes along modified reaches and tributary streams. Degradation occurred for 10 to 15 years at sites upstream of the area of maximum disturbance and lowered bed-levels by as much as 6.1 m. Following degradation, reaches upstream of the area of maximum disturbance experienced a secondary aggradation phase in response to excessive incision and gradient reduction. -from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/esp.3290140103","usgsCitation":"Simon, A., 1989, A model of channel response in disturbed alluvial channels: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 14, no. 1, p. 11-26, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290140103.","startPage":"11","endPage":"26","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223951,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269250,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290140103"}],"volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e47ee4b0c8380cd4667a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simon, A.","contributorId":43501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015738,"text":"70015738 - 1989 - A quality-assurance assessment for constituents reported by the National Atmospheric Deposition Program and the National Trends Network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-08T14:51:24.447572","indexId":"70015738","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":924,"text":"Atmospheric Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A quality-assurance assessment for constituents reported by the National Atmospheric Deposition Program and the National Trends Network","docAbstract":"A continuing quality-assurance program has been operated by the U.S. Geological Survey to evaluate any bias introduced by routine handling, shipping, and laboratory analyses of wet-deposition samples collected in the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) and National Trends Network (NTN). Blind-audit samples having a variety of constituent concentrations and values were selected. Only blind-audit samples with constituent concentrations and values less than the 95th-percentile concentration for natural wet-deposition samples were included in the analysis. Of the major ions, there was a significant increase of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na2+, K+, SO42− and Cl−1 in samples handled according to standard protocols and shipped in NADP/NTN sample-collection buckets. For 1979–1987, graphs of smoothed data showing the estimated contamination in blind-audit samples indicate a decrease in the median concentration and ranges of Ca2+, Mg2+ and SO42− contamination of blind-audit samples shipped in sample-collection buckets. Part of the contamination detected in blind-audit samples can be attributed to contact with the sample-collection bucket and lid; however, additional sources also seem to contaminate the blind-audit sample. Apparent decreases in the magnitude and range of sample contamination may be caused by differences in sample-collection bucket- and lid-washing procedures by the NADP/NTN Central Analytical Laboratory. Although the degree of bias is minimal for most constituents, summaries of the NADP/NTN data base may contain overestimates of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na−, K+ and SO42− and Cl− concentrations, and underestimates of H+ concentrations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0004-6981(89)90063-2","issn":"00046981","usgsCitation":"See, R., Schroder, L., and Willoughby, T.C., 1989, A quality-assurance assessment for constituents reported by the National Atmospheric Deposition Program and the National Trends Network: Atmospheric Environment, v. 23, no. 8, p. 1801-1806, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90063-2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1801","endPage":"1806","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223950,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e523e4b0c8380cd46b56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"See, R.B.","contributorId":67910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"See","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schroder, L.J.","contributorId":31767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroder","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Willoughby, T. C.","contributorId":31791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willoughby","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015737,"text":"70015737 - 1989 - Subaqueous grain flows at the head of Carmel Submarine Canyon, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-20T23:12:17.491272","indexId":"70015737","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subaqueous grain flows at the head of Carmel Submarine Canyon, California","docAbstract":"The head of Carmel Submarine Canyon lies in 15 m of water about 200 m off a coarse-sand beach in the southeast corner of Carmel Bay, California. Very coarse sand is the predominate material on the beach, adjacent shelf, and upper canyon-head slopes, while silt and clay cover the surface below a water depth of about 35 m. Along a shore-normal transect, median grain size decreases between the beach and canyon rim but increases down the upper canyon-head slope. On angle-of-repose slopes in the upper canyon head, downslope-coarsening deposits, which are everywhere there is active sand movement, are similar to a type of sediment gravity flow deposit formed by grain flows (sand avalanches). Using three sand fractions that were dyed different fluorescent colors, scuba divers generated sand avalanches that produced deposits similar to the natural deposits. The dyed-sand deposits, which extended as far as 25 m below the initiation point, were inversely graded and increased in grain size downslope. Inverse grading was well developed within two m of the initiation point, though the thicknesses of the three layers varied in a nonsystematic manner both across and down slope. The minor amount of native material found within the dyed-sand layers showed that entrainment of the underlying sand was minimal.
Two sequences of bottom photographs taken every two or four hours for two months during the Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment (CODE) off the Russian River, California, reveal the dynamic nature of interations between the water column, the sediments, and benthic organisms in the mid-shelf silt deposit.
Time-lapse photographs taken between late spring and early summer in 1981 and 1982 show that the subsurface-dwelling urchin Brisaster latifrons (one of the largest invertebrates found in shelf-depth fine sediment off the U.S. Pacific coast) occasionally emerged from the sediment, plowed the sediment surface during the course of a few hours to several days, then buried themselves again. Frame-by-frame study of the film sequences shows that the urchins typically emerged following relaxation of coastal upwelling, periods characterized by current direction reversals and increases in bottom water turbidity.
Among the possible causes of the emergence of urchins and the consequent bioturbation of the upper few cm of sediment, a response to an enhanced food supply seems most plausible. Circumstantial evidence suggests the possibility that phytoplankton sedimentation during periods of upwelling relaxation could provide a new source of food at the sediment surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0272-7714(89)90006-1","issn":"02727714","usgsCitation":"Nichols, F., Cacchione, D., Drake, D., and Thompson, J., 1989, Emergence of burrowing urchins from California continental shelf sediments: A response to alongshore current reversals?: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 29, no. 2, p. 171-182, https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7714(89)90006-1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"182","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223620,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean, Russian River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.42424754307564,\n 38.97084596822444\n ],\n [\n -124.42424754307564,\n 37.96935570757243\n ],\n [\n -122.8402305995624,\n 37.96935570757243\n ],\n [\n -122.8402305995624,\n 38.97084596822444\n ],\n [\n -124.42424754307564,\n 38.97084596822444\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08eae4b0c8380cd51d06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, F.H.","contributorId":88020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"F.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Drake, D.E.","contributorId":48150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thompson, J.K.","contributorId":103300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}