{"pageNumber":"4172","pageRowStart":"104275","pageSize":"25","recordCount":165992,"records":[{"id":70015486,"text":"70015486 - 1989 - Isotopic determinations of rhenium and osmium in meteorites by using fusion, distillation and ion-exchange separations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-07T16:17:54.986838","indexId":"70015486","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":760,"text":"Analytica Chimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic determinations of rhenium and osmium in meteorites by using fusion, distillation and ion-exchange separations","docAbstract":"A stable isotope-dilution method using resonance ionization mass spectrometry is suitable for the determination of rhenium and osmium abundances and osmium isotopic composition in carbonaceous chondrites and iron meteorites. The chemical procedure involves sodium peroxide fusion, followed by distillation of osmium from sulfuric acid/hydrogen peroxide and subsequent anion-exchange separation of rhenium from the same solution. ?? 1989.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0003-2670(00)81904-2","usgsCitation":"Morgan, J.W., and Walker, R.J., 1989, Isotopic determinations of rhenium and osmium in meteorites by using fusion, distillation and ion-exchange separations: Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 222, no. 1, p. 291-300, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)81904-2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"291","endPage":"300","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223941,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"222","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3fa8e4b0c8380cd646e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, J. W.","contributorId":92384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walker, Richard J.","contributorId":117844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70015489,"text":"70015489 - 1989 - Predicting earthquakes by analyzing accelerating precursory seismic activity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:56","indexId":"70015489","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting earthquakes by analyzing accelerating precursory seismic activity","docAbstract":"During 11 sequences of earthquakes that in retrospect can be classed as foreshocks, the accelerating rate at which seismic moment is released follows, at least in part, a simple equation. This equation (1) is {Mathematical expression},where {Mathematical expression} is the cumulative sum until time, t, of the square roots of seismic moments of individual foreshocks computed from reported magnitudes;C and n are constants; and tfis a limiting time at which the rate of seismic moment accumulation becomes infinite. The possible time of a major foreshock or main shock, tf,is found by the best fit of equation (1), or its integral, to step-like plots of {Mathematical expression} versus time using successive estimates of tfin linearized regressions until the maximum coefficient of determination, r2,is obtained. Analyzed examples include sequences preceding earthquakes at Cremasta, Greece, 2/5/66; Haicheng, China 2/4/75; Oaxaca, Mexico, 11/29/78; Petatlan, Mexico, 3/14/79; and Central Chile, 3/3/85. In 29 estimates of main-shock time, made as the sequences developed, the errors in 20 were less than one-half and in 9 less than one tenth the time remaining between the time of the last data used and the main shock. Some precursory sequences, or parts of them, yield no solution. Two sequences appear to include in their first parts the aftershocks of a previous event; plots using the integral of equation (1) show that the sequences are easily separable into aftershock and foreshock segments. Synthetic seismic sequences of shocks at equal time intervals were constructed to follow equation (1), using four values of n. In each series the resulting distributions of magnitudes closely follow the linear Gutenberg-Richter relation log N=a-bM, and the product n times b for each series is the same constant. In various forms and for decades, equation (1) has been used successfully to predict failure times of stressed metals and ceramics, landslides in soil and rock slopes, and volcanic eruptions. Results of more recent experiments and theoretical studies on crack propagation, fault mechanics, and acoustic emission can be closely reproduced by equation (1). Rate-process theory and continuum damage mechanics offer leads toward understanding the physical processes. ?? 1989 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00881603","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Varnes, D.J., 1989, Predicting earthquakes by analyzing accelerating precursory seismic activity: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 130, no. 4, p. 661-686, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00881603.","startPage":"661","endPage":"686","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205438,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00881603"},{"id":224040,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"130","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81b4e4b0c8380cd7b6a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Varnes, D. J.","contributorId":85201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varnes","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70015490,"text":"70015490 - 1989 - Urban flood frequency and hydrograph analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-21T16:45:50.634223","indexId":"70015490","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Urban flood frequency and hydrograph analysis","docAbstract":"A set of seven-parameter regression equations was developed for estimating flood discharges at ungaged areas. The regression equations can be used to estimate urban flood discharges throughout the United States for recurrence intervals from 2 through 500 years. The average standard errors of regression range from 37 percent for the 5-year flood to 49 percent for the 500-year flood. Flood hydrographs representing average, or typical, runoff conditions can be estimated by using a dimensionless hydrograph technique. The dimensionless hydrograph is used to simulate a flood hydrograph by using two parameters - the design peak discharge and the basin lagtime.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydraulic engineering: 3rd national conference: Papers","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1989 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"August 14-18, 1989","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, LA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","usgsCitation":"Sauer, V.B., 1989, Urban flood frequency and hydrograph analysis, <i>in</i> Hydraulic engineering: 3rd national conference: Papers, New Orleans, LA, August 14-18, 1989, p. 379-385.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"379","endPage":"385","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224041,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbe0de4b08c986b3293bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sauer, Vernon B.","contributorId":92645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"Vernon","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1003828,"text":"1003828 - 1989 - Presumed drowning of Aleutian Canada geese on the Pacific coast of California and Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-19T11:37:35","indexId":"1003828","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Presumed drowning of Aleutian Canada geese on the Pacific coast of California and Oregon","docAbstract":"<p><span>Carcasses of 42 and 17 Aleutian Canada geese (</span><i>Branta canadensis leucopareia</i><span>), a federally listed endangered species, were found on ocean beaches near Crescent City, California, and near Pacific City, Oregon, respectively, following severe storms. Necropsies and other information suggest that the birds were flushed during the storms and somehow entered the water where they were washed into the surf and drowned.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-25.2.276","usgsCitation":"Springer, P.F., Lowe, R.W., Stroud, R.K., and Gullett, P.A., 1989, Presumed drowning of Aleutian Canada geese on the Pacific coast of California and Oregon: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 25, no. 2, p. 276-279, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-25.2.276.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"276","endPage":"279","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":486829,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-25.2.276","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131134,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -124.24919128417967,\n              41.777456667491066\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.22859191894531,\n              41.801006999656636\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.21520233154297,\n              41.8242928385401\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.20490264892578,\n              41.84859319874276\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.19700622558594,\n              41.86981648734634\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.19528961181639,\n              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F.","contributorId":70445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Springer","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowe, Roy W.","contributorId":50847,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lowe","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stroud, Richard K.","contributorId":102837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stroud","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gullett, Patricia A.","contributorId":65428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gullett","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70015491,"text":"70015491 - 1989 - Some significant records from instrumented structures in California - USGS program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:56","indexId":"70015491","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Some significant records from instrumented structures in California - USGS program","docAbstract":"The main objective in seismic instrumentation of structures is to facilitate response studies that lead to improved understanding of the dynamic behavior and the potential for damage to structures under seismic loading. The purpose of this paper is: (1) to review the status of the programs for strong-motion instrumentation of structures in the United States and discuss various procedures and instrumentation schemes designed to best acquire response data from buildings and (2) to discuss preliminary results derived from recorded response data obtained from a well-instrumented structure during the recent Whittier Narrows earthquake of October 1, 1987 (M3 = 5.6).","conferenceTitle":"Seismic Engineering: Research and Practice","conferenceDate":"1 May 1989 through 5 May 1989","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872627012","usgsCitation":"Çelebi, M., Safak, E., and Maley, R., 1989, Some significant records from instrumented structures in California - USGS program, Seismic Engineering: Research and Practice, San Francisco, CA, USA, 1 May 1989 through 5 May 1989, p. 247-256.","startPage":"247","endPage":"256","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224042,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b92e5e4b08c986b31a18c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Çelebi, M.","contributorId":36946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Çelebi","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Safak, E.","contributorId":104070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Safak","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maley, R.","contributorId":87929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maley","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70015494,"text":"70015494 - 1989 - Subsurface temperatures and surface heat flow in the Michigan Basin and their relationships to regional subsurface fluid movement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-01T15:28:15","indexId":"70015494","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subsurface temperatures and surface heat flow in the Michigan Basin and their relationships to regional subsurface fluid movement","docAbstract":"Linear regression of 405 bottomhole temperature (BHT) measurements vs. associated depths from Michigan's Lower Peninsula results in the following equation relating BHT and depth: BHT(??C) = 14.5 + 0.0192 ?? depth(m) Temperature residuals, defined as (BHT measured)-(BHT calculated), were determined for each of the 405 BHT's. Areas of positive temperature residuals correspond to areas of regional groundwater discharge (determined from maps of equipotential surface) while areas of negative temperature residuals correspond to areas of regional groundwater recharge. These relationships are observed in the principal aquifers in rocks of Devonian and Ordovician age and in a portion of the principal aquifer in rocks of Silurian age. There is a similar correspondence between high surface heat flow (determined using the silica geothermometer) and regional groundwater discharge areas and low surface heat flow and regional groundwater recharge areas. Post-Jurassic depositional and tectonic histories suggest that the observed coupling of subsurface temperature and groundwater flow systems may have persisted since Jurassic time. Thus the higher subsurface palaeotemperatures (and palaeogeothermal gradients) indicated by recent studies most likely pre-date the Jurassic. ?? 1989.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0264-8172(89)90076-7","issn":"02648172","usgsCitation":"Vugrinovich, R., 1989, Subsurface temperatures and surface heat flow in the Michigan Basin and their relationships to regional subsurface fluid movement: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 6, no. 1, p. 60-70, https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(89)90076-7.","startPage":"60","endPage":"70","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":268651,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(89)90076-7"},{"id":224097,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d91e4b08c986b31d90f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vugrinovich, R.","contributorId":82065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vugrinovich","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70015087,"text":"70015087 - 1989 - Tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the Early Proterozoic Wisconsin magmatic terranes of the Penokean Orogen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T18:31:55.83867","indexId":"70015087","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the Early Proterozoic Wisconsin magmatic terranes of the Penokean Orogen","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Early Proterozoic Penokean Orogen developed along the southern margin of the Archean Superior craton. The orogen consists of a northern deformed continental margin prism overlying an Archean basement and a southern assemblage of oceanic arcs, the Wisconsin magmatic terranes. The south-dipping Niagara fault (suture) zone separates the south-facing continental margin from the accreted arc terranes. The suture zone contains a dismembered ophiolite.The Wisconsin magmatic terranes consist of two terranes that are distinguished on the basis of lithology and structure. The northern Pembine–Wausau terrane contains a major succession of tholeiitic and calc-alkaline volcanic rocks deposited in the interval 1860–1889 Ma and a more restricted succession of calc-alkaline volcanic rocks deposited about 1835 – 1845 Ma. Granitoid rocks ranging in age from about 1870 to 1760 Ma intrude the volcanic rocks. The older succession was generated as island arcs and (or) closed back-arc basins above the south-dipping subduction zone (Niagara fault zone), whereas the younger one developed as island arcs above a north-dipping subduction zone, the Eau Pleine shear zone. The northward subduction followed deformation related to arc–continent collision at the Niagara suture at about 1860 Ma. The southern Marshfield terrane contains remnants of mafic to felsic volcanic rocks about 1860 Ma that were deposited on Archean gneiss basement, foliated tonalite to granite bodies ranging in age from about 1890 to 1870 Ma, and younger undated granite plutons. Following amalgamation of the two arc terranes along the Eau Pleine suture at about 1840 Ma, intraplate magmatism (1835 Ma) produced rhyolite and anorogenic alkali-feldspar granite that straddled the internal suture.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e89-180","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Sims, P., Van Schmus, W.R., Schulz, K.J., and Peterman, Z.E., 1989, Tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the Early Proterozoic Wisconsin magmatic terranes of the Penokean Orogen: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 26, no. 10, p. 2145-2158, https://doi.org/10.1139/e89-180.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2145","endPage":"2158","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223748,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.38101796315155,\n              46.772476394321046\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.38101796315155,\n              43.72975596682312\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.68543949566828,\n              43.72975596682312\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.68543949566828,\n              46.772476394321046\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.38101796315155,\n              46.772476394321046\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba491e4b08c986b320436","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sims, P.K.","contributorId":30191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sims","given":"P.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Schmus, W. R.","contributorId":83114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Schmus","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schulz, K. J.","contributorId":79131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peterman, Z. E.","contributorId":63781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Z.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70015221,"text":"70015221 - 1989 - Direct evidence for the origin of low-18O silicic magmas: quenched samples of a magma chamber's partially-fused granitoid walls, Crater Lake, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T12:31:00","indexId":"70015221","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Direct evidence for the origin of low-18O silicic magmas: quenched samples of a magma chamber's partially-fused granitoid walls, Crater Lake, Oregon","docAbstract":"<p><span>Partially fused granitoid blocks were ejected in the climactic eruption of Mount Mazama, which was accompanied by collapse of Crater Lake caldera. Quartz, plagioclase, and glass in the granitoids have much lower&nbsp;</span><i>δ<sup>18</sup>O</i><span>&nbsp;values (−3.4 to +4.9‰) than any fresh lavas of Mount Mazama and the surrounding region (+5.8 to +7.0‰). Oxygen isotope fractionation between phases in granitoids is consistent with equilibrium at&nbsp;</span><i>T ⩾ 900°C</i><span>&nbsp;following subsolidus exchange with hydrothermal fluids of meteoric origin. Assimilation of ∼ 10–20% of material similar to these granitoids can account for the O and Sr isotopic compositions of lavas and juvenile pyroclasts derived from the climactic magma chamber, many of which have&nbsp;</span><i>δ<sup>18</sup>O</i><span>&nbsp;values ∼ 0.5‰ or more lower than comparable lavas of Mount Mazama. The O isotope data provide the only clear evidence for such assimilation because the mineralogy and chemical and radiogenic isotopic compositions of the granitoids (dominantly granodiorite) are similar to those of erupted juvenile magmas. The granitoid blocks from Crater Lake serve as direct evidence for the origin of</span><sup>18</sup><span>O depletion in large, shallow silicic magma bodies.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(89)90132-5","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Bacon, C.R., Adami, L.H., and Lanphere, M.A., 1989, Direct evidence for the origin of low-18O silicic magmas: quenched samples of a magma chamber's partially-fused granitoid walls, Crater Lake, Oregon: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 96, no. 1-2, p. 199-208, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(89)90132-5.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"199","endPage":"208","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223923,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Crater Lake","volume":"96","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a01afe4b0c8380cd4fcee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bacon, Charles R. 0000-0002-2165-5618 cbacon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":2909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"Charles","email":"cbacon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":370359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adami, Lanford H.","contributorId":146967,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adami","given":"Lanford","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":370360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70015504,"text":"70015504 - 1989 - Boron isotopic composition of tourmaline from massive sulfide deposits and tourmalinites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:55","indexId":"70015504","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Boron isotopic composition of tourmaline from massive sulfide deposits and tourmalinites","docAbstract":"Boron isotope ratios (11B/10B) have been measured on 60 tourmaline separates from over 40 massive sulfide deposits and tourmalinites from a variety of geologic and tectonic settings. The coverage of these localities is global (5 continents) and includes the giant ore bodies at Kidd Creek and Sullivan (Canada), Broken Hill (Australia), and Ducktown (USA). Overall, the tourmalines display a wide range in ??11B values from -22.8 to +18.3??? Possible controls over the boron isotopic composition of the tourmalines include: 1) composition of the boron source, 2) regional metamorphism, 3) water/rock ratios, 4) seawater entrainment, 5) temperature of formation, and 6) secular variations in seawater ??11B. The most significant control appears to be the composition of the boron source, particularly the nature of footwall lithologies; variations in water/ rock ratios and seawater entrainment are of secondary importance. The boron isotope values seem especially sensitive to the presence of evaporites (marine and non-marine) and carbonates in source rocks to the massive sulfide deposits and tourmalinites. ?? 1989 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01041751","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Palmer, M.R., and Slack, J.F., 1989, Boron isotopic composition of tourmaline from massive sulfide deposits and tourmalinites: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 103, no. 4, p. 434-451, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01041751.","startPage":"434","endPage":"451","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224208,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205453,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01041751"}],"volume":"103","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f221e4b0c8380cd4b011","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Palmer, M. R.","contributorId":81256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slack, J. F.","contributorId":75917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70015516,"text":"70015516 - 1989 - Geohydrology of the Laura fresh-water lens, Majuro atoll: A hydrogeochemical approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-27T13:05:20.579681","indexId":"70015516","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geohydrology of the Laura fresh-water lens, Majuro atoll: A hydrogeochemical approach","docAbstract":"<p>In small limestone islands, the depositional history and subsequent chemical interactions between ground water and the aquifer host rock play critical roles in the occurrence, movement, and chemical quality of ground water. The hydrogeochemistry of the Laura fresh-water lens, Majuro atoll, Marshall Islands, is an example of these relations.</p><p>Laura is underlain by two principal hydrologic units. The upper unit is a back-reef-marginal-lagoonal deposit which formed during the Holocene interglacial stage. It is composed of moderately permeable carbonate sediments. The lower hydrologic unit consists of highly permeable limestone that was subaerially exposed, most likely during a Pleistocene glacial lowstand. Similar stratification is found at Bikini and Enewetak atolls.</p><p>The upper hydrologic unit contains a calcium bicarbonate-rich fresh-water lens, in which a potable fresh-water nucleus as much as 14 m thick occurs on the lagoon side of the island. Storage in the fresh-water nucleus ranged from 1.70 x 10<sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>to 2.08 x 10<sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>m<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>during 1984-1985. Ground-water occurrence and flow are governed by an asymmetric distribution of lithofacies about the longitudinal axis of the island and an abrupt increase in permeability at the contact between the upper and lower hydrologic units. The highly permeable lower hydrologic unit contains sea water and truncates the fresh-water-sea-water mixing zone.</p><p>The fresh-water lens and associated fresh-water-sea-water mixing zone are the site of continuously occurring diagenetic reactions that significantly affect the porosity and permeability of the aquifer. Non-equilibrium dissolution-precipitation reactions, coupled with variations in CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>input, control the chemical evolution of Laura ground water. At the present rate of chemical weathering, 465 m<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>of sediment are being dissolved and transported to the sea by ground water each year. This dissolution results in an annual increase in porosity of 0.01%.</p><p>The primary factors controlling the occurrence and flow of ground water in the leeward reef islet of Laura are (1) the depositional history of the upper hydrologic unit, which has resulted in a greater accumulation of low-permeability (fine-grained) sediments beneath the lagoon side of the island and a high- to low-permeability (coarse-to fine-grained sediment) gradation between the ocean and lagoon; and (2) the diagenetic history of the lower hydrologic unit, which has resulted in a highly permeable basement.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<1066:GOTLFW>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Anthony, S.S., Peterson, F., MacKenzie, F., and Hamlin, S.N., 1989, Geohydrology of the Laura fresh-water lens, Majuro atoll: A hydrogeochemical approach: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 101, no. 8, p. 1066-1075, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<1066:GOTLFW>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1066","endPage":"1075","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224426,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1827e4b0c8380cd556b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anthony, S. S.","contributorId":89173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, F.L.","contributorId":14123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"MacKenzie, F.T.","contributorId":25681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKenzie","given":"F.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hamlin, S. N.","contributorId":46560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamlin","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70015233,"text":"70015233 - 1989 - The influence of formation material properties on the response of water levels in wells to Earth tides and atmospheric loading","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-30T16:08:40.566375","indexId":"70015233","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The influence of formation material properties on the response of water levels in wells to Earth tides and atmospheric loading","docAbstract":"<p><span>The water level in an open well can change in response to deformation of the surrounding material, either because of applied strains (tidal or tectonic) or surface loading by atmospheric pressure changes. Under conditions of no vertical fluid flow and negligible well bore storage (static-confined conditions), the sensitivities to these effects depend on the elastic properties and porosity which characterize the surrounding medium. For a poroelastic medium, high sensitivity to applied areal strains occurs for low porosity, while high sensitivity to atmospheric loading occurs for high porosity; both increase with decreasing compressibility of the solid matrix. These material properties also influence vertical fluid flow induced by areally extensive deformation and can be used to define two types of hydraulic diffusivity which govern pressure diffusion, one for applied strain and one for surface loading. The hydraulic diffusivity which governs pressure diffusion in response to surface loading is slightly smaller than that which governs fluid flow in response to applied strain. Given the static-confined response of a water well to atmospheric loading and Earth tides, the in situ drained matrix compressibility and porosity (and hence the one-dimensional specific storage) can be estimated. Analysis of the static-confined response of five wells to atmospheric loading and Earth tides gives generally reasonable estimates for material properties.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB09p12403","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Rojstaczer, S., and Agnew, D., 1989, The influence of formation material properties on the response of water levels in wells to Earth tides and atmospheric loading: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B9, p. 12403-12411, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB09p12403.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"12403","endPage":"12411","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224192,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad22e4b08c986b3239d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rojstaczer, S.","contributorId":92709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rojstaczer","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Agnew, D.C.","contributorId":32186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agnew","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1003853,"text":"1003853 - 1989 - Sightability adjustment methods for aerial surveys of wildlife  populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-06T12:38:57.41841","indexId":"1003853","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1039,"text":"Biometrics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sightability adjustment methods for aerial surveys of wildlife  populations","docAbstract":"Aerial surveys are routinely conducted to estimate the abundance of wildlife species and the rate of population change. However, sightability of animal groups is acknowledged as a significant source of bias in these estimates. Recent research has focused on the development of sightability models to predict the probability of sighting groups under various conditions. Given such models, we show how sightability can be incorporated into the estimator of population size as a probability of response using standard results from sample surveys. We develop formulas for the cases where the sighting probability must be estimated. An example, using data from a helicopter survey of moose in Alberta (Jacobson, Alberta Oil Sands Research Project Report, 1976), is given to illustrate the technique.","language":"English","publisher":"International Biometric Society","doi":"10.2307/2531486","usgsCitation":"Steinhorst, R., and Samuel, M., 1989, Sightability adjustment methods for aerial surveys of wildlife  populations: Biometrics, v. 45, no. 2, p. 415-425, https://doi.org/10.2307/2531486.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"425","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129199,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db60688c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steinhorst, R.K.","contributorId":89833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinhorst","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Samuel, M.D.","contributorId":13910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samuel","given":"M.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70015572,"text":"70015572 - 1989 - A new method for the automatic interpretation of Schlumberger and Wenner sounding curves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T13:57:04","indexId":"70015572","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new method for the automatic interpretation of Schlumberger and Wenner sounding curves","docAbstract":"A fast iterative method for the automatic interpretation of Schlumberger and Wenner sounding curves is based on obtaining interpreted depths and resistivities from shifted electrode spacings and adjusted apparent resistivities, respectively. The method is fully automatic. It does not require an initial guess of the number of layers, their thicknesses, or their resistivities; and it does not require extrapolation of incomplete sounding curves. The number of layers in the interpreted model equals the number of digitized points on the sounding curve. The resulting multilayer model is always well-behaved with no thin layers of unusually high or unusually low resistivities. For noisy data, interpretation is done in two sets of iterations (two passes). Anomalous layers, created because of noise in the first pass, are eliminated in the second pass. Such layers are eliminated by considering the best-fitting curve from the first pass to be a smoothed version of the observed curve and automatically reinterpreting it (second pass). The application of the method is illustrated by several examples. -Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1190/1.1442648","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Zohdy, A., 1989, A new method for the automatic interpretation of Schlumberger and Wenner sounding curves: Geophysics, v. 54, no. 2, p. 245-253, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1442648.","startPage":"245","endPage":"253","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223672,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280101,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442648"}],"volume":"54","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4a8e4b0c8380cd467f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zohdy, A.A.R.","contributorId":43503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zohdy","given":"A.A.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70014983,"text":"70014983 - 1989 - Earthquakes triggered by fluid extraction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-24T12:16:16.133079","indexId":"70014983","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes triggered by fluid extraction","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15572358\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Seismicity is correlated in space and time with production from some oil and gas fields where pore pressures have<span>&nbsp;</span><i>declined</i><span>&nbsp;</span>by several tens of megapascals. Reverse faulting has occurred both above and below petroleum reservoirs, and normal faulting has occurred on the flanks of at least one reservoir. The theory of poroelasticity requires that fluid extraction locally alter the state of stress. Calculations with simple geometries predict stress perturbations that are consistent with observed earthquake locations and focal mechanisms. Measurements of surface displacement and strain, pore pressure, stress, and poroelastic rock properties in such areas could be used to test theoretical predictions and improve our understanding of earthquake mechanics.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0942:ETBFE>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Segall, P., 1989, Earthquakes triggered by fluid extraction: Geology, v. 17, no. 10, p. 942-946, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0942:ETBFE>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"942","endPage":"946","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224010,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a052ae4b0c8380cd50ca7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Segall, P.","contributorId":44231,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Segall","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70014997,"text":"70014997 - 1989 - Transformation of dilative and contractive landslide debris into debris flows-An example from Marin County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-16T13:47:58.865984","indexId":"70014997","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transformation of dilative and contractive landslide debris into debris flows-An example from Marin County, California","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"ab1\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id4\"><p>The severe rainstorm of January 3, 4 and 5, 1982, in the San Francisco Bay area, California, produced numerous landslides, many of which transformed into damaging debris flows. The process of transformation was studied in detail at one site where only part of a landslide mobilized into several episodes of debris flow. The focus of our investigation was to learn whether the landslide debris dilated or contracted during the transformation from slide to flow.</p><p>The landslide debris consisted of sandy colluvium that was separable into three soil horizons that occupied the axis of a small topographic swale. Failure involved the entire thickness of colluvium; however, over parts of the landslide, the soil A-horizon failed separately from the remainder of the colluvium.</p><p>Undisturbed samples were taken for density measurements from outside the landslide, from the failure zone and overlying material from the part of the landslide that did not mobilize into debris flows, and from the debris-flow deposits. The soil A-horizon was contractive and mobilized to flows in a process analogous to liquefaction of loose, granular soils during earthquakes. The soil B- and C-horizons were dilative and underwent 2 to 5% volumetric expansion during landslide movement that permitted mobilization of debris-flow episodes.</p><p>Several criteria can be used in the field to differentiate between contractive and dilative behavior including lag time between landsliding and mobilization of flow, episodic mobilization of flows, and partial or complete transformation of the landslide.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0013-7952(89)90034-3","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Fleming, R.W., Ellen, S.D., and Algus, M., 1989, Transformation of dilative and contractive landslide debris into debris flows-An example from Marin County, California: Engineering Geology, v. 27, no. 1-4, p. 201-223, https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(89)90034-3.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"223","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224230,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Marin County","volume":"27","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb6d3e4b08c986b326ed8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleming, R. W.","contributorId":89110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellen, S. D.","contributorId":12467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Algus, M.A.","contributorId":47093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Algus","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70015120,"text":"70015120 - 1989 - California's potential volcanic hazards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:59","indexId":"70015120","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"California's potential volcanic hazards","docAbstract":"This is a summary of \"Potential Hazards from Future Volcanic Eruptions in California' (USGS Bulletin No. 1847: price $4.75). The chief areas of danger are Lassen Peak, Mount Shasta and Medicine Lake Highland in the north; Clear Lake, Mono Lake and Long Valley in the centre; and Owen's River-Death Valley, Amboy Crater and the Saltan Butter in the south of the State. -A.Scarth","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Jorgenson, P., 1989, California's potential volcanic hazards: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 21, no. 3, p. 96-100.","startPage":"96","endPage":"100","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224236,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f325e4b0c8380cd4b610","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jorgenson, P.","contributorId":63963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgenson","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70015119,"text":"70015119 - 1989 - Hydrologic effects on water level changes associated with episodic fault creep near Parkfield, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-30T16:11:39.849828","indexId":"70015119","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic effects on water level changes associated with episodic fault creep near Parkfield, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>As part of the Parkfield, California, earthquake prediction experiment, water level is monitored in a well 460 m from the main trace of the San Andreas fault on Middle Mountain, in the preparation zone of the anticipated Parkfield earthquake. The well configuration allows water level to be monitored in two fluid reservoirs at depths of 85 and 250 m below land surface. During 1987, water level changes were recorded during 12 of the 18 episodes of accelerated fault creep detected by a creep meter spanning the fault trace 750 m northwest of the well. The creep-related water level changes in the shallow reservoir have durations of less than 1 day, whereas in the deeper reservoir the changes persist for as long as 2 months. These data suggest that the transient nature of the water level changes in the shallow interval is due to vertical flow to the water table and is not evidence that creep events propagate past the well. Phase leads of earth tidal constituents in the water level data from the shallow interval relative to the same constituents in the local volume strain tide support the interpretation of significant flow to the water table at periods of 1 day or less. The form of the water level changes in the deep interval is affected by horizontal flow to the well bore. This effect can be removed from the water level records using a theoretical response curve constrained by the phases of earth tidal constituents in the deep interval relative to the local volume strain tide. For the events where the signal in the shallow interval has been large enough to measure, the sizes of the simultaneous water level changes in the two reservoirs are consistent with the same amounts of volume strain occurring at both depths.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB09p12387","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Roeloffs, E., Burford, S., Riley, F.S., and Records, A., 1989, Hydrologic effects on water level changes associated with episodic fault creep near Parkfield, California: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B9, p. 12387-12402, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB09p12387.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"12387","endPage":"12402","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224235,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3622e4b0c8380cd6048b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roeloffs, E.A.","contributorId":88742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roeloffs","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burford, S.S.","contributorId":85335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burford","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riley, F. S.","contributorId":7701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riley","given":"F.","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Records, A.W.","contributorId":107860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Records","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70015344,"text":"70015344 - 1989 - State and local response to damaging land subsidence in United States urban areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-14T15:33:11","indexId":"70015344","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"State and local response to damaging land subsidence in United States urban areas","docAbstract":"<p>Land subsidence caused by man-induced depressuring of underground reservoirs has occurred in at least nine urban areas in the United States. Significant efforts to control it have been made in three areas: Long Beach, California; Houston-Galveston, Texas; and Santa Clara Valley, California. In these areas coastal flooding and its control cost more than $300 million. Institutional changes were required in each area to ameliorate its subsidence problem. </p><p>In Long Beach and Houston Galveston, efforts were made to mitigate subsidence only after significant flood damage had occurred. To arrest subsidence at Long Beach, the city lobbied for a special state law, the California Subsidence Act, that required unitization and repressuring of the Wilmington oil field. In the Houston-Galveston region, the Texas State Legislature authorized formation of the Harris-Galveston Coastal Subsidence District with authority to regulate groundwater pumping by permit. This solution, which was achieved through efforts of entities affected by subsidence, was the product of a series of compromises necessitated by political fragmentation and disjointed water planning in the region. Amelioration of subsidence in the Santa Clara Valley was a collateral benefit from the effort by water users to curtail ground-water overdraft in the valley. Importation of surface water and a tax on ground-water pumpage reduced ground-water use, thereby allowing the recovery of water level and the arresting of subsidence. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0013-7952(89)90041-0","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Holzer, T., 1989, State and local response to damaging land subsidence in United States urban areas: Engineering Geology, v. 27, no. 1-4, p. 449-466, https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(89)90041-0.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"449","endPage":"466","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224147,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Georgia, Louisiana, Nevada, Texas","city":"Baldwin Hills, Baton Rouge, Houston-Galveston, Las Vegas, Long Beach, New Orleans, Phoenix, Santa Clara Valley, Savannah","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n 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,{"id":70164376,"text":"70164376 - 1989 - The Moon; twenty years later","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-18T15:24:34","indexId":"70164376","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Moon; twenty years later","docAbstract":"<p>The 20th anniversary of the first landing on the Moon occurred on July 21, 1989. The vast majority of the Moon rocks collected by the Apollo mission astronauts await further study in the continuing effort to unravel the origin and evolution of Earth's nearest neighbor. Not that the 382-kilogram treasure trove of lunar samples has been gathering dust in the Planetary Materials Laboratory at the Johnson Space Center in Houston. It is just that lunar scientists are being very sparing in their use of the rocks.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Kerr, R.A., 1989, The Moon; twenty years later: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 21, no. 4, p. 145-146.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"145","endPage":"146","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":316458,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b1e150e4b07a81bb240bb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kerr, R. A.","contributorId":152674,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kerr","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70140597,"text":"70140597 - 1989 - Terrain, vegetation, and landscape evolution of the R4D research site, Brooks Range Foothills, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-10T15:09:08","indexId":"70140597","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3869,"text":"Holarctic Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Terrain, vegetation, and landscape evolution of the R4D research site, Brooks Range Foothills, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Maps of the vegetation and terrain of a 22 km2 area centered on the Department of Energy (DOE) R4D (Response, Resistance, Resilience to and Recovery from Disturbance in Arctic Ecosystems) study site in the Southern Foothills Physiographic Province of Alaska were made using integrated geobotanical mapping procedures and a geographic-information system. Typical land forms and surface f orms include hillslope water tracks, Sagavanirktok-age till deposits, nonsorted stone stripes, and colluvial-basin deposits. Thirty-two plant communities are described; the dominant vegetation (51% of the mapped area) is moist tussock-sedge, dwarf-shrub tundra dominated by Eriophorum vaginatum or Carex bigelowii. Much of the spatial variation in the mapped geobotanical characters reflects different-aged glaciated surfaces. Shannon-Wienerin dices indicate that the more mature landscapes, represented by retransported hillslope deposits and basin colluvium, are less heterogeneous than newer landscapes such as surficial till deposits and floodplains. A typical toposequence on a mid-Pleistocene-age surface is discussed with respect to evolution of the landscape. Thick Sphagnum moss layers occur on lower hillslopes, and the patterns of moss-layer development, heat flux, active layer thickness, and ground-ice are seen as keys to developing thermokarst-susceptibility maps.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Nordic Society Oikos","usgsCitation":"Walker, D., Binnian, E.F., Evans, B.M., Lederer, N., Nordstrand, E., and Webber, P., 1989, Terrain, vegetation, and landscape evolution of the R4D research site, Brooks Range Foothills, Alaska: Holarctic Ecology, v. 12, no. 3, p. 238-261.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"238","endPage":"261","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297881,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":336825,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3682732"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Brooks Range","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -159.345703125,\n              66.79190947341796\n            ],\n            [\n              -140.712890625,\n              66.79190947341796\n            ],\n            [\n              -140.712890625,\n              69.51914693717981\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.345703125,\n              69.51914693717981\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.345703125,\n              66.79190947341796\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c68e4b08de9379b37a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, D.A.","contributorId":82484,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walker","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Binnian, Emily F.","contributorId":34090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binnian","given":"Emily","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, B. M.","contributorId":107872,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Evans","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lederer, N.D.","contributorId":139151,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lederer","given":"N.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nordstrand, E.A.","contributorId":139152,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nordstrand","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Webber, P.J.","contributorId":25351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webber","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70015749,"text":"70015749 - 1989 - Microearthquake spectra from the Anza, California, seismic network: Site response and source scaling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-27T11:32:22.931707","indexId":"70015749","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microearthquake spectra from the Anza, California, seismic network: Site response and source scaling","docAbstract":"<p>We analyzed spectra of local microearthquakes recorded by the Anza, California, seismic network to isolate the effects of site response and to investigate the scaling of source parameters for small earthquakes. Spectra of microearthquakes (M &lt; 2; Mo &lt; 1019 dyne-cm) at Anza have shapes characteristic of the receiver sites and are generally independent of the source region. Thus, the site response is a major conditioner of the observed spectral shape. To remove the effects of site response from the spectra of a M ∼ 3 event and isolate its source spectrum, we divided by the spectra of an adjacent aftershock used as an empirical Green's function event. The spectral ratios indicate that the apparent corner frequencies of small earthquakes (Mo &lt; 1019dyne-cm) observed at even the high-fmax stations on hard rock are much lower than the source corner frequencies. The spectral ratios are consistent with stress drop remaining constant with decreasing seismic moment, for events with moments as small as 1018 dyne-cm. The spectral ratios display remarkable agreement between sites which showed vast differences in their original spectra, indicating that the spectral division effectively removed the site response. The source spectrum of the M ∼ 3 event has a high-frequency spectral fall-off of about ω−2. An apparent dependence of high-frequency fall-off with seismic moment in the original spectra can also be explained by the effects of site response. The difference between the P- and S-wave corner frequencies and high-frequency roll-offs in the observed spectra for these events is the result of the site response and is not a source property. The shapes of the spectra of microearthquakes at Anza can largely be explained by attenuation at shallow depth with a frequency-independent Q. For some sites, near-surface resonances are also apparent in the spectra of microearthquakes. It is indicated by t* values determined for each site that Qp ∼ Qs for the shallow low-Q layer. Further evidence of low near-surface Q is observed in the anomalous spectra of an unusually shallow earthquake (source depth ∼ 1 km) in the network. The spectra from this shallow event are depleted in high-frequency energy at most stations, relative to those of deeper events. This observation can be explained by a low-Q surficial zone. For stations of the network situated on alluvium, this low-Q layer has a maximum thickness of about 3 km and maximum P- and S-wave Q values of 30 to 50.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0790030581","usgsCitation":"Frankel, A.D., and Wennerberg, L., 1989, Microearthquake spectra from the Anza, California, seismic network: Site response and source scaling: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 79, no. 3, p. 581-609, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0790030581.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"581","endPage":"609","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338187,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/79/3/581/119214/Microearthquake-spectra-from-the-Anza-California"},{"id":224114,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Anza","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.91211047212585,\n              33.6851333503832\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.91211047212585,\n              33.42190812854244\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.48639025728235,\n              33.42190812854244\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.48639025728235,\n              33.6851333503832\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.91211047212585,\n              33.6851333503832\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"79","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5678e4b0c8380cd6d5f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frankel, Arthur D. 0000-0001-9119-6106 afrankel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9119-6106","contributorId":1363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"Arthur","email":"afrankel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wennerberg, Leif","contributorId":96008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wennerberg","given":"Leif","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016117,"text":"70016117 - 1989 - A close-range photogrammetric technique for mapping neotectonic features in trenches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-03T00:36:03.69484","indexId":"70016117","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1115,"text":"Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A close-range photogrammetric technique for mapping neotectonic features in trenches","docAbstract":"<p>Close-range photogrammetric techniques and newly available computerized plotting equipment were used to map exploratory trench walls that expose Quaternary faults in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Small-scale structural, lithologic, and stratigraphic features can be rapidly mapped by the photogrammetric method. This method is more accurate and significantly more rapid than conventional trench-mapping methods, and the analytical plotter is capable of producing cartographic definition of high resolution when detailed trench maps are necessary.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Association of Engineering Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gseegeosci.xxvi.4.521","usgsCitation":"Fairer, G., Whitney, J., and Coe, J.A., 1989, A close-range photogrammetric technique for mapping neotectonic features in trenches: Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists, v. 26, no. 4, p. 521-530, https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.xxvi.4.521.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"521","endPage":"530","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223301,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e345e4b0c8380cd45f1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fairer, G. M.","contributorId":99532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairer","given":"G. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whitney, J.W.","contributorId":27437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coe, J. A.","contributorId":8867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coe","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016002,"text":"70016002 - 1989 - Exploration computer applications to primary dispersion halos: Kougarok tin prospect, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:46","indexId":"70016002","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Exploration computer applications to primary dispersion halos: Kougarok tin prospect, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, USA","docAbstract":"Computer processing and high resolution graphics display of geochemical data were used to quickly, accurately, and efficiently obtain important decision-making information for tin (cassiterite) exploration, Seward Peninsula, Alaska (USA). Primary geochemical dispersion patterns were determined for tin-bearing intrusive granite phases of Late Cretaceous age with exploration bedrock lithogeochemistry at the Kougarok tin prospect. Expensive diamond drilling footage was required to reach exploration objectives. Recognition of element distribution and dispersion patterns was useful in subsurface interpretation and correlation, and to aid location of other holes.","largerWorkTitle":"Application of Computers and Operations Research in the Mineral Industry","conferenceTitle":"21st International Symposium - Application of Computers and Operations Research in the Mineral Industry","conferenceDate":"27 February 1989 through 2 March 1989","conferenceLocation":"Littleton, CO, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by Soc of Mining Engineers of AIME","publisherLocation":"Littleton, CO, United States","usgsCitation":"Reid, J.C., 1989, Exploration computer applications to primary dispersion halos: Kougarok tin prospect, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, USA, <i>in</i> Application of Computers and Operations Research in the Mineral Industry, Littleton, CO, USA, 27 February 1989 through 2 March 1989, p. 141-147.","startPage":"141","endPage":"147","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223189,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e0be4b0c8380cd5329d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reid, Jeffrey C.","contributorId":66799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1000538,"text":"1000538 - 1989 - Behavioural interaction between fish predators and their prey: effects of plant density","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-05T15:55:00","indexId":"1000538","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":770,"text":"Animal Behaviour","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Behavioural interaction between fish predators and their prey: effects of plant density","docAbstract":"Prey-specific anti-predatory behaviour under different degrees of structural complexity determines foraging success of predators. The behaviour of piscivorous fish (largemouth bass, <i>Micropterus salmoides</i> and northern pike, <i>Esox lucius</i>) and their prey (bluegills, <i>Lepomis macrochirus</i>, and fathead minnows, <i>Pimephales promelas</i>) were quantified in 60-min experiments in laboratory pools (2 multiplied by 4 m in diameter, 0 multiplied by 5 m deep) with artificial vegetation at densities of 0, 50, 250, and 1000 stems/m<sup>2</sup>.  Largemouth bass switched predatory tactics from searching to ambushing as plant density increased whereas northern pike always used ambushing.  At high plant density, both predators captured minnows, but not bluegills. Bluegills modified their behaviour more than minnows in response to predators, thereby avoiding predation at high plant densities. Structural complexity alone did not always provide refuge for prey; prey must use the structure to avoid predators. Predators may seek vegetated areas if appropriate, vulnerable prey are present.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Animal Behaviour","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0003-3472(89)90120-6","usgsCitation":"Savino, J.F., and Stein, R., 1989, Behavioural interaction between fish predators and their prey: effects of plant density: Animal Behaviour, v. 37, no. 2, p. 311-321, https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(89)90120-6.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"311","endPage":"321","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267058,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(89)90120-6"}],"volume":"37","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b6a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savino, Jacqueline F. jsavino@usgs.gov","contributorId":2213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savino","given":"Jacqueline","email":"jsavino@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stein, Roy A.","contributorId":21494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"Roy A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016053,"text":"70016053 - 1989 - Survey of three-dimensional numerical estuarine models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:40","indexId":"70016053","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Survey of three-dimensional numerical estuarine models","docAbstract":"This paper surveys the existing 3-D estuarine hydrodynamic and solute transport models by a review of the commonly used assumptions and approximations, and by an examination of the methods of solution. The model formulations, methods of solution, and known applications are surveyed and summarized in tables. In conclusion, the authors present their modeling philosophy and suggest future research needs.","conferenceTitle":"Estuarine and Coastal Modeling - Proceedings of the Conference","conferenceDate":"15 November 1989 through 17 November 1989","conferenceLocation":"Newport, RI, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA, United States","isbn":"0872627586","usgsCitation":"Cheng, R.T., and Smith, P.E., 1989, Survey of three-dimensional numerical estuarine models, Estuarine and Coastal Modeling - Proceedings of the Conference, Newport, RI, USA, 15 November 1989 through 17 November 1989, p. 1-15.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223194,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba29ce4b08c986b31f81b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cheng, Ralph T.","contributorId":69134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Peter E.","contributorId":50609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}