The Silent Canyon volcanic center consists of a buried Miocene peralkaline caldera complex and outlying peralkaline lava domes. Its location has been corroborated by geophysical data and more than 50 drill holes. Two widespread ash flow sheets, the Tub Spring and overlying Grouse Canyon members of the Miocene Belted Range Tuff, were erupted from the caldera complex and have volumes of 60–100 km3 and 200 km3, respectively. Eruption of the ash flows was preceded by widespread extrusion of precaldera comendite domes and was followed by extrusion of postcollapse peralkaline lavas and tuffs within and outside the caldera complex. Lava flows and tuffs were also deposited between the two major ash flow sheets. Rocks of the Silent Canyon center vary significantly in silica content and peralkalinity. The most mafic rocks are precollapse and postcollapse trachytes (65–69% SiO2). Low-silica comendites (69–73% SiO2) were erupted as the mafic upper part of the chemically zoned Grouse Canyon Member and as postcollapse lavas. The lower part of the Grouse Canyon Member and the underlying rhyolite of Split Ridge are moderately peralkaline comendite (PI is molar ratio Na + K/Al is 1.17–1.26). These comendites have major element characteristics and trace element enrichments approaching those of pantellerites. The Tub Spring Member, by contrast, is a weakly peralkaline chemically unzoned silicic comendite (75–76% SiO2) ash flow tuff. Weakly peralkaline silicic comendites (PI 1.0–1.1) are the most abundant precaldera lavas. Postcollapse lavas range from trachyte to silicic comendite; some have anomalous light rare earth element (LREE) enrichments. Silent Canyon rocks follow a common petrologic evolution from trachyte to low-silica comendite; above 73% SiO2, compositions of the moderately peralkaline comendites diverge from those of the weakly peralkaline silicic comendites. These contrasting differentiation paths are shown in the behavior of Fe and other transition metals, Al, Na, K; the trace elements Ba, Zr, Nb; and probably F and Cl. Weakly peralkaline silicic comendites show a LREE/heavy REE crossover in early erupted/late erupted rocks; moderately peralkaline comendites are enriched in all REE. The development of divergent peralkaline magmas, toward both pantelleritic and weakly peralkaline compositions, is unusual in a single volcanic center.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB05p06021","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Sawyer, D., and Sargent, K.A., 1989, Petrologic evolution of divergent peralkaline magmas from the Silent Canyon caldera complex, southwestern Nevada volcanic field: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B5, p. 6021-6040, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB05p06021.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"6021","endPage":"6040","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223337,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7812e4b0c8380cd78619","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sawyer, D.A.","contributorId":107666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sawyer","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sargent, K. A.","contributorId":58630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sargent","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015931,"text":"70015931 - 1989 - Extracting spectral contrast in Landsat Thematic Mapper image data using selective principal component analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:44","indexId":"70015931","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extracting spectral contrast in Landsat Thematic Mapper image data using selective principal component analysis","docAbstract":"A challenge encountered with Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data, which includes data from size reflective spectral bands, is displaying as much information as possible in a three-image set for color compositing or digital analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) applied to the six TM bands simultaneously is often used to address this problem. However, two problems that can be encountered using the PCA method are that information of interest might be mathematically mapped to one of the unused components and that a color composite can be difficult to interpret. \"Selective' PCA can be used to minimize both of these problems. The spectral contrast among several spectral regions was mapped for a northern Arizona site using Landsat TM data. Field investigations determined that most of the spectral contrast seen in this area was due to one of the following: the amount of iron and hematite in the soils and rocks, vegetation differences, standing and running water, or the presence of gypsum, which has a higher moisture retention capability than do the surrounding soils and rocks. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Chavez, P., and Kwarteng, A.Y., 1989, Extracting spectral contrast in Landsat Thematic Mapper image data using selective principal component analysis: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 55, no. 3, p. 339-348.","startPage":"339","endPage":"348","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223441,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e5ae4b0c8380cd533e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chavez, P.S. Jr.","contributorId":75147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chavez","given":"P.S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kwarteng, Andy Y.","contributorId":7423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwarteng","given":"Andy","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015949,"text":"70015949 - 1989 - Hydraulic analysis of the Schoharie Creek bridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:45","indexId":"70015949","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Hydraulic analysis of the Schoharie Creek bridge","docAbstract":"Ten people died on April 5, 1987 as a result of the collapse of two spans of a New York State Thruway bridge into the floodwaters of Schoharie Creek. The cause of the bridge failure was determined to be scour of bed material from under the foundations of piers supporting the bridge. To evaluate the hydraulic conditions that produced the scour, a two-dimensional finite element surface-water flow model was constructed. The model was used to obtain a detailed description of water-surface elevations and depth-averaged velocities within a reach that extends from about 4000 ft downstream of the bridge to about 6000 ft upstream of the bridge.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1989 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"14 August 1989 through 18 August 1989","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, LA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872627195","usgsCitation":"Froehlich, D.C., and Trent, R.E., 1989, Hydraulic analysis of the Schoharie Creek bridge, Proceedings of the 1989 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, New Orleans, LA, USA, 14 August 1989 through 18 August 1989, p. 887-892.","startPage":"887","endPage":"892","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222930,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a32d2e4b0c8380cd5eadd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Froehlich, David C.","contributorId":58617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Froehlich","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trent, Roy E.","contributorId":26815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trent","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015950,"text":"70015950 - 1989 - Search for clues to Mesozoic graben on Long Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-03T11:03:42.746278","indexId":"70015950","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Search for clues to Mesozoic graben on Long Island","docAbstract":"Samples of Recent sediments, representing up to 1000 years of accumulation, were collected from three closed basin lakes (Mono Lake, CA, Walker Lake, NV, and Great Salt Lake, UT) to assess the effects of brine composition on the accumulation of total organic carbon, the concentration of dissolved organic carbon, humic acid structure and diagenesis, and trace metal complexation.
The Great Salt Lake water column is a stratified Na-Mg-Cl-SO4 brine with low alkalinity. Algal debris is entrained in the high density (1.132–1.190 g/cc) bottom brines, and in this region maximum organic matter decomposition occurs by anaerobic processes, with sulfate ion as the terminal electron acceptor. Organic matter, below 5 cm of the sediment-water interface, degrades at a very slow rate in spite of very high pore-fluid sulfate levels. The organic carbon concentration stabilizes at 1.1 wt%. Mono Lake is an alkaline (Na-CO3-Cl-SO4) system. The water column is stratified, but the bottom brines are of lower density relative to the Great Salt Lake, and sedimentation of algal debris is rapid. Depletion of pore-fluid sulfate, near l m of core, results in a much higher accumulation of organic carbon, approximately 6 wt%. Walker Lake is also an alkaline system. The water column is not stratified, and decomposition of organic matter occurs by aerobic processes at the sediment-water interface and by anaerobic processes below. Total organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon concentrations in Walker Lake sediments vary with location and depth due to changes in input and pore-fluid sulfate concentrations.
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies (13C) of humic substances and dissolved organic carbon provide information on the source of the Recent sedimentary organic carbon (aquatic vs. terrestrial), its relative state of decomposition, and its chemical structure. The spectra suggest an algal origin with little terrestrial signature at all three lakes. This is indicated by the ratio of aliphatic to aromatic carbon and the absence of chemical structures indicative of the lignin of vascular plants. The dissolved organic carbon of the Mono Lake pore fluids is structurally related to humic acid and is also related to carbohydrate metabolism. The alkaline pore fluids, due to high pH, solubilize high molecular weight organic matter from the sediments. This hydrophilic material is a metal complexing agent.
Despite very high algal productivities, organic carbon accumulation can be low in stratified lakes if the anoxic bottom waters are hypersaline with high concentrations of sulfate ion. Labile organic matter is recycled to the water column and the sedimentary organic matter is relatively nonsusceptible to bacterial metabolism. As a result, pore-fluid dissolved organic carbon and metal-organic complexation are low.
Palynological evidence is used to date and interpret depositional environments of sediments of Campanian, Maestrichtian and early Danian ages cored in three wells from South Carolina and Georgia. The evidence is usefil for distinguishing environments which lithofacies evidence indicates a range from nonmarine to coastal to inner neritic shallow shelf. Numerous dinoflagellate species and an organic facies defined abundant amoprphous debris (amorphous debris facies) distinguish shallow shelf sediments deposited during marine transgression. The nearshore amorphous debris facies of late Campanian age consists of heterogenous assemblages dominated by Palaeohystrichophora infusorioides Deflandre or Hystrichosphaerina varians (May). The farther offshore amorphous debris facies of late early Maestrichtian to late Maestrichtian age consists of heterogenous assemblages dominated by Glaphyrocysta retiintexta (Cookson) and/or Areoligera medusettiformis (Wetzel). The larger number of dinoflagellate species in the offshore facies represents the maximum transgression detected in the investigated interval. A multiple occurrence datum defined by the combination of first appearance, klast appearances and sole occurrence of dinoflagellate species at the base of each interval distinguished by the amorphous debris facies provides the first evidence of marine transgression. Relatively small organic residues consisting of intertinite and few or no palynomorphs define the inertinite facies in nonmarine deltaic and in coastal (lagoonal, tidal flat, interdistributary bary) sediments. Dinocyt{star, open}s are absent in the nonmarine sediments and are represented by few species and few specimens in the coastal inertinite faceis. A third organic facies (vascular tissue facies) is defined by the abundance of land plant tissue. Sporomorph species, including those of the Normapolles pollen group and of pteridophyte spores, comprise a large proportion of the total palynomorph flora in the inertinite and vascular tissue facies. The vascular tissue facies occurs in the proximal prodelta and nearshore shallow shelf lithofacies of early Maestrichtian age. Baed in the sequence of organuic facies, dinoflagellate species abundance, and lithofacies in the investigated wells, the nonmarine and coastal inertinite facies was first deposited and was followed during the late Campanian by a marine trangression when the nearshore amorphous debris facies was deposited. This was followed in the early Maestrichtian by the influx of terrigenous organic matter (vascular tissue facies) in response to deltaic progradation on the shallow shelf. A marine regression occurred towards the close of the early Maestrichtian, emplacing the coastal inertinite facies. The major marine transgression occurred near the end of the early Maestrichtian, developing a farther offshore amorphous debris facies on an expanded continental shelf which persisted through the late Maestrichtian. The inertinite facies returned during marine regression in the approximate position of the Maestrichtian/Danian boudnary. ?? 1989.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(89)90018-7","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Habib, D., and Miller, J.A., 1989, Dinoflagellate species and organic facies evidence of marine transgression and regression in the atlantic coastal plain: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 74, no. 1-2, p. 23-47, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(89)90018-7.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"47","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222773,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a01a3e4b0c8380cd4fca8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Habib, D.","contributorId":63172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Habib","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, J. A.","contributorId":77101,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015979,"text":"70015979 - 1989 - Dynamic rupture modeling with laboratory-derived constitutive relations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T16:49:27.28769","indexId":"70015979","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamic rupture modeling with laboratory-derived constitutive relations","docAbstract":"A laboratory-derived state variable friction constitutive relation is used in the numerical simulation of the dynamic growth of an in-plane or mode II shear crack. According to this formulation, originally presented by J. H. Dieterich, frictional resistance varies with the logarithm of the slip rate and with the logarithm of the frictional state variable as identified by A. L. Ruina. Under conditions of steady sliding, the state variable is proportional to (slip rate)−1. Following suddenly introduced increases in slip rate, the rate and state dependencies combine to produce behavior which resembles slip weakening. When rupture nucleation is artificially forced at fixed rupture velocity, rupture models calculated with the state variable friction in a uniformly distributed initial stress field closely resemble earlier rupture models calculated with a slip weakening fault constitutive relation. Additional rupture models are calculated in which rupture nucleation is achieved naturally, with numerical simulations of the quasi-static response of the fault leading to the onset of unstable, dynamic rupture. When rupture nucleation with the state variable friction law takes place naturally, a large fraction of the fault accelerates before accelerating slip is concentrated in what ultimately becomes the rupture nucleation patch. The state evolution accompanying this accelerating slip leads to higher average rupture speeds or a more rapid rupture acceleration to near P wave rupture speeds. Rupture models are also calculated for the seismological asperity problem, that is, the failure of a highly stressed fault patch surrounded by a region of zero stress drop. Dynamic overshoot of slip into the region of zero stress drop roughly agrees with a simple energy balance analysis; the final size of the rupture is proportional to the square of the size of the high stress patch. Earlier frictional stability analyses have led to the definition of a critical fault patch size for rupture nucleation. This critical patch size is generally different from critical crack lengths determined from crack tip energy balance considerations applied to a simpler slip weakening law. In the model calculations, dynamic rupture does not nucleate if the starting patch size is less than the critical patch size. This is consistent with the frictional stability analyses. Thus these model calculations suggest that dynamic rupture following a state variable friction relation is similar to that following a simpler fault slip weakening law. However, when modeling the full cycle of fault motions, rate-dependent frictional responses included in the state variable formulation are important at low slip rates associated with rupture nucleation. The critical rupture nucleation dimension appropriate for a slip weakening fault does not predict the critical nucleation dimension for a state variable fault.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB09p12321","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Okubo, P.G., 1989, Dynamic rupture modeling with laboratory-derived constitutive relations: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B9, p. 12321-12335, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB09p12321.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"12321","endPage":"12335","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222825,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a042ae4b0c8380cd50817","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Okubo, P. G. 0000-0002-0381-6051","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-6051","contributorId":95899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015984,"text":"70015984 - 1989 - Undiscovered lode tin resources of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T17:38:34.320453","indexId":"70015984","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Undiscovered lode tin resources of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska","docAbstract":"The United States is a net importer of many important minerals, including tin. Consumption of primary tin in the United States is about 36,000 metric tons per year. Identified U.S. tin resources consist of about 40,000 metric tons. Although such figures provide insight about vulnerability to supply disruptions in the short term, they do not provide information about the potential of a country to meet its needs for a commodity from undiscovered domestic sources. Recent developments, including the preparation of models of mineral deposits and their grades and tonnages, and the application of computer simulation techniques to the estimation of metallic mineral resources, make it possible to estimate the magnitude of undiscovered resources, by deposit type, for relatively small areas such as the Seward Peninsula. This paper uses these developments and geophysical data to estimate undiscovered lode tin resources on the Seward Peninsula of Alaska. The assessment is based on a three-step methodology that (1) identifies the types of tin deposits that may be present in the region, (2) identifies the geophysical characteristics of unroofed granites and shallow granitoids, and (3) estimates, on the basis of various combinations of geologic and geophysical conditions, the number of undiscovered deposits present within or near exposed or concealed granite plutons. Computer simulation was used to combine the estimates of the number of deposits with available grade and tonnage models. Simulation experiments were designed to estimate the amount of tin in undiscovered deposits under a variety of limiting conditions. Results of simulation experiments indicate there is a 90 percent chance that the Seward Peninsula contains at least 51,000 metric tons, a 50 percent chance that it contains at least 390,000 metric tons, and a 10 percent chance it contains at least 1,100,000 metric tons of tin in undiscovered greisen, vein, and replacement deposits that have average grades of at least 0.5 percent tin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.84.7.1936","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Reed, B., Menzie, W., McDermott, M., Root, D.H., Scott, W., and Drew, L., 1989, Undiscovered lode tin resources of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 84, no. 7, p. 1936-1947, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.84.7.1936.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1936","endPage":"1947","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222879,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbc6ce4b08c986b328c05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, B.L.","contributorId":29434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Menzie, W. D.","contributorId":52916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menzie","given":"W. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDermott, M.","contributorId":61568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDermott","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Root, D. H.","contributorId":74019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Root","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scott, W.","contributorId":29498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Drew, L.J.","contributorId":69157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70015985,"text":"70015985 - 1989 - Criteria for a sediment data set","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:46","indexId":"70015985","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Criteria for a sediment data set","docAbstract":"The transport of sediment through a hydrologic system or basin is an extremely complex phenomenon. Many factors affect this movement. Criteria are established for an 'ultimate' or complete sediment data set, and guidelines are given for the collection of alluvial data. The paper describes what parameters need to be measured and stored to obtain a complete sediment and hydraulic data set that could be used to compute sediment transport using any prominently known sediment-transport equation. The criteria address only the collection of data for noncohesive sediment.","conferenceTitle":"Sediment Transport Modeling: Proceedings of the International Symposium","conferenceDate":"14 August 1989 through 18 August 1989","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, LA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872627187","usgsCitation":"Glysson, D.G., 1989, Criteria for a sediment data set, Sediment Transport Modeling: Proceedings of the International Symposium, New Orleans, LA, USA, 14 August 1989 through 18 August 1989, p. 675-680.","startPage":"675","endPage":"680","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222880,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcb1e4b0c8380cd4e3ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glysson, Douglas G.","contributorId":25296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glysson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015987,"text":"70015987 - 1989 - Acceleration spectra for subduction zone earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T16:40:16.09538","indexId":"70015987","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acceleration spectra for subduction zone earthquakes","docAbstract":"We estimate the source spectra of shallow earthquakes from digital recordings of teleseismic P wave groups, that is, P + pP + sP, by making frequency dependent corrections for the attenuation and for the interference of the free surface. The correction for the interference of the free surface assumes that the earthquake radiates energy from a range of depths. We apply this spectral analysis to a set of 12 subduction zone earthquakes which range in size from MS = 6.2 to 8.1, obtaining corrected P wave acceleration spectra on the frequency band from 0.01 to 2.0 Hz. Seismic moment estimates from surface waves and normal modes are used to extend these P wave spectra to the frequency band from 0.001 to 0.01 Hz. The acceleration spectra of moderate subduction zone earthquakes, that is, earthquakes whose seismic moments are less than 1027 dyn cm, exhibit ω-square or Brune-type spectra, while the acceleration spectra of large subduction zone earthquakes, that is, earthquakes whose seismic moments are greater than 1027 dyn cm, exhibit intermediate slopes where ü(ω) ∝ ω5/4 for frequencies from 0.005 to 0.05 Hz. For this set of earthquakes, spectral shape appears to be a discontinuous function of seismic moment. Using reasonable assumptions for the phase characteristics, we transform the spectral shape observed for large earthquakes into the time domain to fit Ekström's (1987) moment rate functions for the MS = 8.1 Michoacan earthquake of September 19, 1985, and the MS = 7.6 Michoacan aftershock of September 21, 1985.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB11p15541","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Boatwright, J., and Choy, G.L., 1989, Acceleration spectra for subduction zone earthquakes: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B11, p. 15541-15553, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB11p15541.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"15541","endPage":"15553","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222932,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e668e4b0c8380cd473d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boatwright, J.","contributorId":87297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boatwright","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Choy, G. L. 0000-0002-0217-5555","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0217-5555","contributorId":78322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choy","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015991,"text":"70015991 - 1989 - Biogeography of marine podocopid Ostracodes in Micronesia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T22:28:51.151317","indexId":"70015991","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2193,"text":"Journal of Biogeography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biogeography of marine podocopid Ostracodes in Micronesia","docAbstract":"Shallow-water podocopic marine Ostracoda from Micronesian lagoons in the Marianas, Caroline, Marshall and Gilbert Islands in the western Pacific were analysed to establish their diversity and zoogeography within Micronesia and the taxonomic affinities with ostracodes from other tropical regions. Sixty-four bottom lagoonal sediment samples from twelve islands and atolls yielded more than seventy species representing over thirty-two ostracode genera.
Q-mode cluster analysis using Jaccard coefficients showed that, with few exceptions, all or most samples from a particular lagoon form distinct subgroups (Jaccard=0.45-0.50). At lower levels, five groups delineate faunal regions within Micronesia: the Gilbert Islands (Onotoa) in the southeast part of the region, the northern Marshall Islands (Enewetak, Rongelap, Bikini), the southestern Marshall Islands (Kwajalein, Jaluit, Majuro, Arno), the Marianas and Caroline Islands (Guam, Truk, Pohnpei) and Pingelap.
Patterns of species diversity show Guam, Truk, Pohnpei, Pingelap, Kwajalein and Onotoa have the highest species richness (S=32-42) and Shannon-Wiener diversity values (H(S)=2.62-3.02) in the study area. Enewetak, Jaluit, Majuro and Arno show lower values (S=23-27, H(S)=2.29-2.70). Of the ostracode species living in Micronesia, 64.3% have Indo-West Pacific affinities, 7.1% are circumtropical, 5.7% have East Pacific-Caribbean affinities, 11.4% are endemic to Micronesia, and 11.4% have unknown affinities.
If the southeast Asian region is a primary species-source, the results show that each Micronesian lagoon is equally likely to be colonized by dispersal from the source region, despite differences in distance from a hypothetical source. However, each lagoon has a distinct ostracode assemblage, probably the result of unique history of random colonization events, local extinctions and environmental disturbances.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/2845084","issn":"03050270","usgsCitation":"Weissleader, L., Gilinsky, N., Ross, R.M., and Cronin, T.M., 1989, Biogeography of marine podocopid Ostracodes in Micronesia: Journal of Biogeography, v. 16, no. 2, p. 103-114, https://doi.org/10.2307/2845084.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"114","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222983,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f15be4b0c8380cd4abfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weissleader, L.S.","contributorId":107432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weissleader","given":"L.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilinsky, N.L.","contributorId":59561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilinsky","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ross, R. M.","contributorId":39311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":372280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015992,"text":"70015992 - 1989 - Pillow basalts of the Angayucham terrane: Oceanic plateau and island crust accreted to the Brooks Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T16:38:13.299479","indexId":"70015992","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pillow basalts of the Angayucham terrane: Oceanic plateau and island crust accreted to the Brooks Range","docAbstract":"The Angayucham Mountains (north margin of the Yukon-Koyukuk province) are made up of an imbricate stack of four to eight east-west trending, steeply dipping, fault slabs composed of Paleozoic (Devonian to Mississippean), Middle to Late Triassic, and Early Jurassic oceanic upper crustal rocks (pillow basalt, subordinate diabase, basaltic tuff, and radiolarian chert). Field relations and geochemical characteristics of the basaltic rocks suggest that the fault slabs were derived from an oceanic plateau or island setting and were emplaced onto the Brooks Range continental margin. The basalts are variably metamorphosed to prehnite-pumpellyite and low-greenschist facies. Major element analyses suggest that many are hypersthene-normative olivine tholeiites. Classification based on immobile trace elements confirms the tholeiitic character of most of the basalts but suggests that some had primary compositions transitional to alkali basalt. Although field and petrographic features of the basalts are similar, trace element characteristics allow definition of geographically distinct suites. A central outcrop belt along the crest of the mountains is made up of basalt with relatively flat rare earth element (REE) patterns. This belt is flanked to the north and south by LREE (light rare earth element)-enriched basalts. Radiolarian and conodont ages from interpillow and interlayered chert and limestone indicate that the central belt of basalts is Triassic in age, the southern belt is Jurassic in age, and the northern belt contains a mixture of Paleozoic and Mesozoic ages. Data for most of the basalts cluster in the “within-plate basalt” fields of trace element discriminant diagrams; none have trace-element characteristics of island arc basalt. The Triassic and Jurassic basalts are geochemically most akin to modern oceanic plateau and island basalts. Field evidence also favors an oceanic plateau or island setting. The great composite thickness of pillow basalt probably resulted from obduction faulting, but the lack of fault slabs of gabbro or peridotite suggests that obduction faults did not penetrate below oceanic layer 2, a likely occurrence if layer 2 were anomalously thick, as in the vicinity of an oceanic island. The presence of basaltic tuff interbeds indicates proximity to an explosive basaltic eruptive center. The juxtaposition of submarine basalts of differing chemical affinity and age, adjacent to higher-grade Paleozoic metamorphic rocks of the Brooks Range to the north, may be explained by obduction of internally complex (thickened) oceanic crust formed in an ocean plateau setting. Emplacement and rotation of thrust plates to steep attitudes occurred during accretion of the Brooks Range passive margin, probably beginning in the Late to Middle Jurassic.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB11p15901","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Pallister, J., Budahn, J., and Murchey, B., 1989, Pillow basalts of the Angayucham terrane: Oceanic plateau and island crust accreted to the Brooks Range: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B11, p. 15901-15923, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB11p15901.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"15901","endPage":"15923","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222984,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b5ee4b0c8380cd793e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pallister, J.S.","contributorId":46534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pallister","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Budahn, J. R. 0000-0001-9794-8882","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":83914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murchey, B.L.","contributorId":93074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murchey","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015996,"text":"70015996 - 1989 - Geology and K-Ar geochronology of the Paradise Peak Mine and the relationship of pre-Basin and Range extension to Early Miocene precious metal mineralization in west-central Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-05T12:01:54.877851","indexId":"70015996","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and K-Ar geochronology of the Paradise Peak Mine and the relationship of pre-Basin and Range extension to Early Miocene precious metal mineralization in west-central Nevada","docAbstract":"The Paradise Peak mine is a major gold-silver-mercury deposit located in the southwestern part of the Paradise Range near the eastern edge of the Walker Lane in the western Great Basin, Nevada. The Tertiary volcanic rocks of the area can be divided into a sequence of 26- to 24-Ma intermediate lavas, a sequence of 24- to 22-Ma silicic ash-flow tuffs, and a sequence of 20- to 15-Ma intermediate lavas. We classify these rocks as the older, middle, and younger sequences. Sedimentary rocks, and latites and basalts 12 Ma old or younger, locally overlie the younger intermediate lavas south of the mine. Silicified rhyolite tuff in the lower part of the middle tuff sequence is the principal host of the precious metal ore. Most ore occurs under an acid-leached zone of alunitic alteration and is contained in hydrothermal breccias that crosscut early quartz-pyrite and alunite alteration.Field relations and K-Ar ages of hypogene alunite indicate that precious metal mineralization and alunitic and silicic alteration formed at about 19 to 18 Ma, several million years after eruption of the main host rock. Mineralization formed during high-angle faulting related to crustal extension. Low-angle normal faults are present 5 km northeast of the Paradise Peak mine, but they formed more than 2 Ma after formation of the Paradise Peak deposit. Silicic and alunitic alteration and precious metal mineralization are generally absent in areas of low-angle faulting.Regional stratigraphic relations and K-Ar ages indicate that volcanism changed from silicic ash-flow tuffs to intermediate lavas at about 20 to 19 Ma. Regionally extensive angular unconformities indicate that a period of \"pre-Basin and Range\" crustal extension occurred between about 22 to 19 Ma. This extension was penecontemporaneous with the shift in the style of volcanism and with gold-silver mineralization in the Paradise Peak mine and in the Goldfield and Tonopah districts of western Nevada. The close temporal and spatial relationships of precious metal mineralization with pre-Basin and Range extension suggest that extension was a major factor in the genesis of early Miocene precious metal deposits in the western Great Basin.
Late Cretaceous ash flow volcanism in the Silver Bell Mountains of southern Arizona (32.3°N, 248.5°E) was associated with caldera formation and porphyry copper mineralization. Oriented samples from 34 sites in volcanic, volcaniclastic, and intrusive units related to this episode of igneous activity (73–69 Ma) yield a mean paleomagnetic direction of I = 61.2°, D = 24.0°, α95 = 7.6°. Primary remanent magnetizations are indicated by the presence of both normal and reversed polarities and by the significantly improved grouping (95% confidence level) of site-mean directions for a widespread tuff unit after structural correction. A comparison of this direction with a direction at Silver Bell calculated from contemporaneous units for stable North America (I = 58.8°, D = 342.3°, α95 = 7.7°) indicates a Late Cretaceous paleolatitude anomaly of −2.4°±7.6° (not significant at the 95% confidence level) and a declination anomaly of 41.7°±14.3° for the Silver Bell Mountains. Previously determined paleomagnetic data for southeastern Arizona suggest that this apparent clockwise rotation in the Silver Bell Mountains is a local phenomenon. Although preliminary, the average paleomagnetic direction for Oligocene and lower Miocene rocks in the Silver Bell area (I = 43.8°, D = 357.3°, α95 = 16.5°) is similar to that calculated for stable North America (I = 50.2°, D = 352.2°, α95 = 3.9°), implying that the observed rotation in the Silver Bell Mountains occurred before 26 Ma and was most likely associated with dextral strike-slip movement along the Ragged Top and related WNW trending faults bounding the Silver Bell Mountain block. These data, in conjunction with plate reconstructions and other paleomagnetic data from southwestern North America, imply that WNW trending strike-slip faults may have played an important role during Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary deformation in southern Arizona.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB12p17847","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hagstrum, J., and Sawyer, D., 1989, Late Cretaceous paleomagnetism and clockwise rotation of the Silver Bell Mountains, south central Arizona: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B12, p. 17847-17860, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB12p17847.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"17847","endPage":"17860","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223190,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44d6e4b0c8380cd66e1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hagstrum, J.T.","contributorId":75922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagstrum","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sawyer, D.A.","contributorId":107666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sawyer","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016007,"text":"70016007 - 1989 - The Relief Canyon gold deposit, Nevada: A mineralized solution breccia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-05T14:45:14.277759","indexId":"70016007","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Relief Canyon gold deposit, Nevada: A mineralized solution breccia","docAbstract":"The Relief Canyon gold deposit in the Humboldt Range of western Nevada is a low-grade, high-tonnage orebody of Tertiary or younger age. The host rocks include limestones of the Triassic Cane Spring Formation, which are overlain by shales of the Triassic Grass Valley Formation. The rocks were folded and metamorphosed to greenschist grade during Jurassic and Cretaceous regional tectonic activity. Mesozoic thrusting may have occurred along the shale-limestone contact, but evidence has been obscured by later hydrothermal activity. The sedimentary rocks were nominally offset along several Late Tertiary normal faults related to uplift of the range.The upper part of the Cane Spring Formation is composed of a poorly sorted breccia composed of limestone clasts with a clay matrix. Irregular pockets within this zone are filled with clay- to pebble-sized fragments derived from the Grass Valley shale. The enclosing limestone beds were tilted moderately to the southwest during Mesozoic deformation, whereas bedding within these pockets is generally horizontal, indicating post-tilting deposition of the sediments. The sediments show graded bedding and other sedimentary features that indicate deposition from flowing water. Thermally mature carbon derived from the limestone is also concentrated in small pockets in the matrix. The breccia unit is likely the product of low-temperature solution brecciation. Ground water dissolved much of the limestone directly beneath the shales, progressively creating irregular cavities and the breccia. Sediments derived from the overlying Grass Valley shale were fiuvially deposited as a matrix to the developing solution breccia.Episodic pulses of hydrothermal fluids were introduced along faults and possibly mixed with the ground water in the breccia zone. Initially, jasperoids formed along the faults, but later hydrothermal pulses introduced gold, silica, and fluorine into both the early jasperoids and the unconsolidated cave-fill sediments to form the orebody. Continued solution-related brecciation chaotically disrupted the gold deposit.Gold, fluorite, pyrite, silver, calcite, and fine-grained silica are the principal hydrothermal minerals in the deposit. Gold was deposited as micron-sized flakes of native gold and rarely as electrum during a relatively late stage of silicification of the jasperoids, the carbon-rich zones, and the clay-rich matrix of the breccia. Fluorite was deposited with and later than the gold in the jasperoids, and it in part replaced the clay-rich breccia matrix. Antimony, arsenic, mercury, and thallium are directly associated with gold in the orebody.The deposit formed at a relatively shallow depth. On the basis of fluid inclusion data, late-stage hydrothermal fluids related to gold and fluorite deposition were extremely dilute and had temperatures near 200 degrees C. The fluid inclusions in fluorite show no evidence for boiling, but porous crackle breccias in the jasperoids suggest that hydrobrecciation took place.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.84.2.279","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Wallace, A.R., 1989, The Relief Canyon gold deposit, Nevada: A mineralized solution breccia: Economic Geology, v. 84, no. 2, p. 279-290, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.84.2.279.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"279","endPage":"290","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223292,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba8b3e4b08c986b321dc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wallace, A. R.","contributorId":59445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016008,"text":"70016008 - 1989 - Speciation and equilibrium relations of soluble aluminum in a headwater stream at base flow and during rain events","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T12:48:48","indexId":"70016008","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Speciation and equilibrium relations of soluble aluminum in a headwater stream at base flow and during rain events","docAbstract":"In a small watershed in the Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, the short-term dynamics of soluble aluminum in stream water sampled during rain events differed significantly from stream water sampled during base flow conditions. Three fractions of dissolved aluminum were measured. The inorganic monomeric fraction made up approximately two thirds of the total reactive aluminum at base flow, followed by the acid-soluble and organic monomeric fractions, respectively. Equilibrium modeling showed that hydroxide complexes were the most abundant form of inorganic monomeric aluminum followed by fluoride, free aluminum ion, and sulfate. The activity of inorganic monomeric aluminum at base flow appears to be in equilibrium with an Al(OH)3 phase with solubility intermediate between microcrystalline gibbsite and natural gibbsite. During two rain events, the concentration of all three aluminum fractions increased significantly. Available chemical evidence indicates that acidic soil water was the primary source of dissolved aluminum. As flow increased, the Al(OH)3 saturation index in the stream water increased significantly. The primary cause of the transient increase in the Al(OH)3 saturation index appears to have been the neutralization of excess H+ added by soil water through reaction with stream water HCO3− at a more rapid rate than excess inorganic monomeric aluminum could be removed from solution by hydroxide mineral precipitation. A soil water/stream water mixing model was developed based on measured changes of stream water alkalinity, silica concentration, and charge imbalance during the rain events. Model results indicate that a small amount of soil water (3–11%) was present in the stream at peak stage.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR025i007p01653","usgsCitation":"Burns, D.A., 1989, Speciation and equilibrium relations of soluble aluminum in a headwater stream at base flow and during rain events: Water Resources Research, v. 25, no. 7, p. 1653-1665, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR025i007p01653.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1653","endPage":"1665","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223293,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Shenandoah National Park","volume":"25","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94e7e4b08c986b31acac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":29450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016009,"text":"70016009 - 1989 - Retention and transport of nutrients in a third-order stream: Channel processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T15:36:17.079947","indexId":"70016009","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Retention and transport of nutrients in a third-order stream: Channel processes","docAbstract":"Chloride was injected as a conservative tracer with nitrate to examine nitrate retention (storage plus biotic uptake) and transport in a 327—m reach of a third—order stream draining a forested basin in northwestern California. Prior to injections, diel patterns of nutrient concentrations were measured under background conditions. Nitrate concentration of stream water increased downstream, indicating that the reach was a source of dissolved inorganic nitrogen to downstream communities under background, low—flow conditions, despite uptake by photoautotrophs. At the onset of continuous solute injection over a 10—d period, timing the passage of the solute front indicated that storage dominated nitrate retention. Instantaneous concentration differences at the base of the reach at hour 24 indicated that biotic uptake accounted for 13% of the nitrate amendment while hydrologic storage constituted 29%. Corrected for groundwater dilution (11.7%), saturation of the stream's channel and hyporheic zones was not complete until 6.8 d of continuous injection. By day 3 nitrate retention was dominated by biotic processes. Biotic uptake was greatest during daylight hours indicating retention by photoautotrophs, but also occurred during darkness. After 10 d of continuous injection, mass balance calculations indicated that 29% of N (339 g) was retained from the total injected (1155 g), while the balance of injected nitrate was transported downstream. Storage of NO3—N was 117 g or 10% while biotic uptake was 222 g or 19%. Periphyton biomass on slides, chlorophyll a both on slides and on natural cobbles, and net community primary production all indicated a lag in periphyton response to nitrate amendment. Earliest indicators of a biotic response to nutrient amendment were decreases in both tissue C/N and epilithic respiration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/1938119","usgsCitation":"Triska, F.J., Kennedy, V.C., Avanzino, R.J., Zellweger, G.W., and Bencala, K.E., 1989, Retention and transport of nutrients in a third-order stream: Channel processes: Ecology, v. 70, no. 6, p. 1877-1892, https://doi.org/10.2307/1938119.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1877","endPage":"1892","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223294,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aac05e4b0c8380cd86af1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Triska, Frank J.","contributorId":88781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Triska","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, Vance C.","contributorId":102063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Vance","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Avanzino, Ronald J.","contributorId":24355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avanzino","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zellweger, Gary W.","contributorId":71171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zellweger","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":372333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70016017,"text":"70016017 - 1989 - Origin and age of the Lake Nyos maar, Cameroon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:46","indexId":"70016017","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin and age of the Lake Nyos maar, Cameroon","docAbstract":"Lake Nyos occupies a young maar crater in the Precambrian granitic terrane of northwest Cameroon. The lake is partly surrounded by poorly consolidated, ultramafic nodule-bearing pyroclastic surge deposits that were explosively ejected from the Nyos crater at the time of its formation. Radiocarbon dates show that the maar probably formed about 400 years ago. Field evidence suggests that carbon dioxide could have been the principal volatile involved in the formation of the Nyos maar, and that the role of water may have been minor. The formation of the Nyos maar was preceded by a brief period of effusive basaltic volcanism, but the maar itself may have largely formed by cold, 'dry' explosive processes. Carbon dioxide may still be trapped interstitially in a diatreme inferred to underlie Lake Nyos; its gradual release into the waters of Lake Nyos may have set the stage for the tragic gas-release event of August 21, 1986. Only young maar lakes such as Nyos may pose a danger of future lethal gas releases. ?? 1989.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Lockwood, J.P., and Rubin, M., 1989, Origin and age of the Lake Nyos maar, Cameroon: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 39, no. 2-3, p. 117-124.","startPage":"117","endPage":"124","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223398,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7097e4b0c8380cd76100","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lockwood, J. P.","contributorId":104473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockwood","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, M.","contributorId":88079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016020,"text":"70016020 - 1989 - Coprecipitation and redox reactions of manganese oxides with copper and nickel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-12T10:43:07","indexId":"70016020","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coprecipitation and redox reactions of manganese oxides with copper and nickel","docAbstract":"Open-system, continuous-titration experiments have been done in which a slow flux of ∼0.02 molar solution of Mn2+ chloride, nitrate, or perchlorate with Cu2+ or Ni2+ in lesser concentrations was introduced into an aerated reactor solution held at constant temperature and at constant pH by a pH-stat titrator that added dilute NaOH. The resulting mixtures of metal oxyhydroxides and their native solutions were aged for periods as long as 2 1/2 years. Fresh and aged precipitates were characterized by chemical analysis, oxidation state determinations, X-ray and electron diffraction, and electron microscopy. The precipitates can be described as mixtures of oxide and oxyhydroxide species, using concepts of equilibrium and nonequilibrium chemical thermodynamics. The metal-ion content of the aged precipitates in systems that contained copper is distributed among three principal components. One of these is a mixed oxide Cu2Mn3O8 in which all Mn is in the 4+ oxidation state. A major component in all precipitates is feitknechtite, βMnOOH. These forms are supplemented by CuO or by birnessite or ramsdellite forms of MnO2 where stoichiometry and thermodynamic calculations predict them. In systems that contained nickel and manganese, identifiable components included βMnOOH, Ni(OH)2, and the same two forms of MnO2. The oxidation number of the precipitated manganese increased during aging, and the pH of the supernatant solution decreased. The maximum Mn oxidation number observed was 3.55 in an Mn + Cu precipitate aged for 18 months. Concentrations of Cu2+ and Ni2+ generally decreased to values substantially below those predicted by oxide or hydroxide equilibrium. Scavenging effects of this type are common in natural aqueous systems.