Large landslides are bounded on their flanks and on elements within the landslides by structures analogous to strike-slip faults. We observed the formation of thwse strike-slip faults and associated structures at two large landslides in central Utah during 1983-1985. The strike-slip faults in landslides are nearly vertical but locally may dip a few degrees toward or away from the moving ground. Fault surfaces are slickensided, and striations are subparallel to the ground surface. Displacement along strike-slip faults commonly produces scarps; scarps occur where local relief of the failure surface or ground surface is displaced and becomes adjacent to higher or lower ground, or where the landslide is thickening or thinning as a result of internal deformation. Several types of structures are formed at the ground surface as a strike-slip fault, which is fully developed at some depth below the ground surface, propagates upward in response to displacement. The simplest structure is a tension crack oriented at 45?? clockwise or counterclockwise from the trend of an underlying right- or left-lateral strike-slip fault, respectively. The tension cracks are typically arranged en echelon with the row of cracks parallel to the trace of the underlying strike-slip fault. Another common structure that forms above a developing strike-slip fault is a fault segment. Fault segments are discontinuous strike-slip faults that contain the same sense of slip but are turned clockwise or counterclockwise from a few to perhaps 20?? from the underlying strike-slip fault. The fault segments are slickensided and striated a few centimeters below the ground surface; continued displacement of the landslide causes the fault segments to open and a short tension crack propagates out of one or both ends of the fault segments. These structures, open fault segments containing a short tension crack, are termed compound cracks; and the short tension crack that propagates from the tip of the fault segment is typically oriented 45?? to the trend of the underlying fault. Fault segments are also typically arranged en echelon above the upward-propagating strike-slip fault. Continued displacement of the landslide causes the ground to buckle between the tension crack portions of the compound cracks. Still more displacement produces a thrust fault on one or both limbs of the buckle fold. These compressional structures form at right angles to the short tension cracks at the tips of the fault segments. Thus, the compressional structures are bounded on their ends by one face of a tension crack and detached from underlying material by thrusting or buckling. The tension cracks, fault segments, compound cracks, folds, and thrusts are ephemeral; they are created and destroyed with continuing displacement of the landslide. Ultimately, the structures are replaced by a throughgoing strike-slip fault. At one landslide, we observed the creation and destruction of the ephemeral structures as the landslide enlarged. Displacement of a few centimeters to about a decimeter was sufficient to produce scattered tension cracks and fault segments. Sets of compound cracks with associated folds and thrusts were produced by displacements of up to 1 m, and 1 to 2 m of displacement was required to produce a throughgoing strike-slip fault. The type of first-formed structure above an upward-propagating strike-slip fault is apparently controlled by the rheology of the material. Brittle material such as dry topsoil or the compact surface of a gravel road produces echelon tension cracks and sets of tension cracks and compressional structures, wherein the cracks and compressional structures are normal to each other and 45?? to the strike-slip fault at depth. First-formed structures in more ductile material such as moist cohesive soil are fault segments. In very ductile material such as soft clay and very wet soil in swampy areas, the first-formed structure is a throughgoing strike-slip fault.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0013-7952(89)90031-8","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Fleming, R.W., and Johnson, A., 1989, Structures associated with strike-slip faults that bound landslide elements: Engineering Geology, v. 27, no. 1-4, p. 39-114, https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(89)90031-8.","productDescription":"76 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"114","numberOfPages":"76","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222883,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9c7fe4b08c986b31d413","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleming, R. W.","contributorId":89110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, A. M.","contributorId":48903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"A. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016032,"text":"70016032 - 1989 - Geochemical evidence for Paleozoic oil in Lower Cretaceous O Sandstone, northern Denver basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-19T15:28:20.119654","indexId":"70016032","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical evidence for Paleozoic oil in Lower Cretaceous O Sandstone, northern Denver basin","docAbstract":"Organic geochemical properties of the oil produced from the Lower Cretaceous O sandstone on the eastern flank of the Denver basin indicate that this oil has been derived from a different source rock than other Cretaceous oils in the basin. O sandstone oil is characterized by low pristane/phytane ratio, high isoprenoid/n-alkane ratios, high asphaltene content, high sulfur content, and slight predominance of even-carbon numbered n-alkanes in the C25+ fraction. These features are evidence of a Paleozoic source and indicate a carbonate rock is the likely source. Preliminary source rock evaluation and correlation data suggest that calcareous black shales and marls of Middle Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian) age are the source of the O sandstone oil. This is the first rep rted occurrence of oil from Paleozoic source rocks in a Cretaceous reservoir in the Denver basin.
Two important implications for further exploration are evident if vertical migration from Paleozoic source rocks has occurred. First, Paleozoic rocks of Middle Pennsylvanian age or younger are potential exploration objectives where reservoirs and suitable trapping mechanisms are present. Second, future exploration for oil in the O sandstone and upper Paleozoic rocks should consider stratigraphic relationships between possible source and reservoir rocks and possible migration conduits.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/44B4A2C6-170A-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Clayton, J., 1989, Geochemical evidence for Paleozoic oil in Lower Cretaceous O Sandstone, northern Denver basin: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 73, no. 8, p. 977-988, https://doi.org/10.1306/44B4A2C6-170A-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"977","endPage":"988","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222884,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"northern Denver basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.7729022490935,\n 40.98779431670064\n ],\n [\n -104.7729022490935,\n 39.79304038553329\n ],\n [\n -102.14951374164394,\n 39.79304038553329\n ],\n [\n -102.14951374164394,\n 40.98779431670064\n ],\n [\n -104.7729022490935,\n 40.98779431670064\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"73","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a162be4b0c8380cd55086","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clayton, J.L.","contributorId":76767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clayton","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016036,"text":"70016036 - 1989 - Quantitative dye-tracing of karst ground-water flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:46","indexId":"70016036","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Quantitative dye-tracing of karst ground-water flow","docAbstract":"Analysis of the results of repeat quantitative dye traces between a sinkhole and a spring used for public water supply were used to describe predictive relations between discharge, mean travel time, apparent ground-water flow velocity and solute transport characteristics. Normalized peak concentration, mean travel time, and standard deviation of travel times were used to produce a dimensionless, composite type curve that was used to produce a dimensionless, composite type curve that was used to simulate solute transport characteristics for selected discharges. Using this curve and previously developed statistical relations, a water manager can estimate the arrival time, peak concentration, and persistence of a soluble contaminant at a supply spring or well based on discharge and the quantity of spilled contaminant.","conferenceTitle":"Environmental Engineering: Proceedings of the 1989 Specialty Conference","conferenceDate":"10 July 1989 through 12 July 1989","conferenceLocation":"Austin, TX, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"087262711X","usgsCitation":"Smoot, J., Mull, D.S., and Liebermann, T., 1989, Quantitative dye-tracing of karst ground-water flow, Environmental Engineering: Proceedings of the 1989 Specialty Conference, Austin, TX, USA, 10 July 1989 through 12 July 1989, p. 677-684.","startPage":"677","endPage":"684","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222937,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9213e4b0c8380cd80634","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smoot, James","contributorId":12971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smoot","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mull, Donald S.","contributorId":86491,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mull","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liebermann, Timothy","contributorId":55963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liebermann","given":"Timothy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016038,"text":"70016038 - 1989 - The structure of subtidal currents within and around Lydonia Canyon: Evidence for enhanced cross-shelf fluctuations over the mouth of the canyon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T16:32:53.350969","indexId":"70016038","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9107,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The structure of subtidal currents within and around Lydonia Canyon: Evidence for enhanced cross-shelf fluctuations over the mouth of the canyon","docAbstract":"Between October 1980 and April 1981, currents were measured within Lydonia Canyon and on the adjacent shelf and slope. The amplitude of the subtidal currents over the shelf and slope ranged between 10 and 30 cm s−1, but within the canyon, they were typically smaller than 5 cm s−1. The subtidal currents had well-defined spatial structures over the shelf and the slope and in the middle and outer portions of the canyon. The along-isobath flow over the shelf and slope was unaltered by the canyon. Currents within the canyon and just above it were driven up and down the canyon by the cross-shelf pressure gradient in geostrophic equilibrium with the along-shelf flow. The measurements suggest that the Coriolis force on the cross-canyon flow, turbulent Reynolds stresses, and acceleration of the along-canyon flow balanced the imposed pressure gradient for flow near the rim of Lydonia Canyon. The Coriolis force was not important in the deeper portions of the canyon, where baroclinic adjustments of the density field began to be an important factor in the momentum balance. A simple model indicates that the magnitude of the horizontal turbulent viscosity coefficient for subtidal flow in this narrow canyon is 106 to 107 cm2 s−1. The mixing indicated by the large amplitude of the viscosity coefficient was probably caused by the strong tidal currents present within Lydonia Canyon. On the shelf, along-isobath currents were locally driven by the large-scale component of the wind field; along-shelf currents were equally correlated with local winds and with winds from sites 700 km northeast of Lydonia Canyon. Wind stress was not correlated with currents over the slope in water deeper than 450 m or with currents within the canyon.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JC094iC06p08091","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Noble, M., and Butman, B., 1989, The structure of subtidal currents within and around Lydonia Canyon: Evidence for enhanced cross-shelf fluctuations over the mouth of the canyon: Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans, v. 94, no. C6, p. 8091-8110, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC094iC06p08091.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"8091","endPage":"8110","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222986,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"C6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb09be4b08c986b324f77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Noble, M.","contributorId":15340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Butman, B.","contributorId":85580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016039,"text":"70016039 - 1989 - Multiobjective sampling design for parameter estimation and model discrimination in groundwater solute transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T12:47:57","indexId":"70016039","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiobjective sampling design for parameter estimation and model discrimination in groundwater solute transport","docAbstract":"Sampling design for site characterization studies of solute transport in porous media is formulated as a multiobjective problem. Optimal design of a sampling network is a sequential process in which the next phase of sampling is designed on the basis of all available physical knowledge of the system. Three objectives are considered: model discrimination, parameter estimation, and cost minimization. For the first two objectives, physically based measures of the value of information obtained from a set of observations are specified. In model discrimination, value of information of an observation point is measured in terms of the difference in solute concentration predicted by hypothesized models of transport. Points of greatest difference in predictions can contribute the most information to the discriminatory power of a sampling design. Sensitivity of solute concentration to a change in a parameter contributes information on the relative variance of a parameter estimate. Inclusion of points in a sampling design with high sensitivities to parameters tends to reduce variance in parameter estimates. Cost minimization accounts for both the capital cost of well installation and the operating costs of collection and analysis of field samples. Sensitivities, discrimination information, and well installation and sampling costs are used to form coefficients in the multiobjective problem in which the decision variables are binary (zero/one), each corresponding to the selection of an observation point in time and space. The solution to the multiobjective problem is a noninferior set of designs. To gain insight into effective design strategies, a one-dimensional solute transport problem is hypothesized. Then, an approximation of the noninferior set is found by enumerating 120 designs and evaluating objective functions for each of the designs. Trade-offs between pairs of objectives are demonstrated among the models. The value of an objective function for a given design is shown to correspond to the ability of a design to actually meet an objective.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR025i010p02245","usgsCitation":"Knopman, D.S., and Voss, C.I., 1989, Multiobjective sampling design for parameter estimation and model discrimination in groundwater solute transport: Water Resources Research, v. 25, no. 10, p. 2245-2258, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR025i010p02245.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2245","endPage":"2258","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222987,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6035e4b0c8380cd71386","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knopman, Debra S.","contributorId":51472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knopman","given":"Debra","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":372405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016044,"text":"70016044 - 1989 - NEIC - the National Earthquake Information Center","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-17T21:43:10","indexId":"70016044","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"NEIC - the National Earthquake Information Center","docAbstract":"The National Earthquake Information Center of the US Geological Survey has three main missions. First, the NEIC determines as rapidly and as accurately as possible, the location and size of all destructive earthquakes that occur worldwide. Second, the NEIC collects and provides to scientists and to the public an extensive seismic database that serves as a solid foundation for scientific research. Third, the NEIC pursues an active research program to improve its ability to locate earthquakes and to understand the earthquake mechanism. These efforts are all aimed at mitigating the risks of earthquakes to mankind. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Masse, R., and Needham, R., 1989, NEIC - the National Earthquake Information Center: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 21, no. 1, p. 4-44.","startPage":"4","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"41","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223041,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a613ee4b0c8380cd71885","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masse, R.P.","contributorId":87182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masse","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Needham, R.E.","contributorId":73613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Needham","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016051,"text":"70016051 - 1989 - Thermal infrared (2.5-13.5 μm) spectroscopic remote sensing of igneous rock types on particulate planetary surfaces","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-02T10:31:38","indexId":"70016051","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal infrared (2.5-13.5 μm) spectroscopic remote sensing of igneous rock types on particulate planetary surfaces","docAbstract":"Fundamental molecular vibration bands are significantly diminished by scattering. Thus such bands in spectra of fine particulate regoliths (i.e., dominated by <5-μm particles), or regoliths displaying a similar scale of porosity, are difficult to use for mineralogical or rock type identification. Consequently, other spectral features have been sought that may be more useful in spectroscopic remote sensing of composition. We find that mineralogical information is retained in overtones and combination tones of the fundamental molecular vibrations in the 3.0- to 7.0-μm region, but that relatively few minerals have a sufficiently distinctive band structure to be unambiguously identified with currently available techniques. More significantly, identification of general rock type, as defined by the SCFM chemical index (SCFM = SiO2/SiO2 + CaO + FeO + MgO), is possible using spectral features associated with the principal Christiansen frequency and with a region of relative transparency between the Si-O stretching and bending bands. However, environmental factors may affect the appearance and wavelengths of these features. Finally, prominent absorption bands may result from the presence of relatively small amounts of water, hydroxyl or carbonate, because absorption bands exhibited by these materials in the 2.7- to 4.0-μm region, where silicate spectra are otherwise featureless, increase strongly in spectral contrast with decreasing particle size. Such materials are thus detectable in very small amounts in a particulate regolith composed predominantly of silicate minerals.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB07p09192","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Salisbury, J.W., and Walter, L.S., 1989, Thermal infrared (2.5-13.5 μm) spectroscopic remote sensing of igneous rock types on particulate planetary surfaces: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 94, no. B7, p. 9192-9202, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB07p09192.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"9192","endPage":"9202","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223192,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb228e4b08c986b32562d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Salisbury, John W.","contributorId":96420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salisbury","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walter, Louis S.","contributorId":97927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016052,"text":"70016052 - 1989 - On the similarity of theories of anelastic and scattering attenuation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-27T00:37:33.280479","indexId":"70016052","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the similarity of theories of anelastic and scattering attenuation","docAbstract":"We point out basic parallels between theories of anelastic and scattering attenuation. We consider approximations to scattering effects presented by O'Doherty and Anstey (1971), Sato (1982), and Wu (1982). We use the linear theory of anelasticity. We note that the frequency dependence of Q can be related to a distribution of scales of physical properties of the medium. The frequency dependence of anelastic Q is related to the distribution of relaxation times in exactly the same manner as the frequency dependence of scattering Q is related to the distribution of scatterer sizes. Thus, the well-known difficulty of separating scattering from intrinsic attenuation is seen from this point of view as a consequence of the fact that certain observables can be interpreted by identical equations resulting from either of two credible physical theories describing fundamentally different processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0790041287","usgsCitation":"Wennerberg, L., and Frankel, A.D., 1989, On the similarity of theories of anelastic and scattering attenuation: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 79, no. 4, p. 1287-1293, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0790041287.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1287","endPage":"1293","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":422169,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/79/4/1287/102447/On-the-similarity-of-theories-of-anelastic-and"},{"id":223193,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6dfae4b0c8380cd7541f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wennerberg, Leif","contributorId":96008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wennerberg","given":"Leif","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frankel, Arthur D. 0000-0001-9119-6106 afrankel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9119-6106","contributorId":1363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"Arthur","email":"afrankel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":372430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016053,"text":"70016053 - 1989 - Survey of three-dimensional numerical estuarine models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:40","indexId":"70016053","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Survey of three-dimensional numerical estuarine models","docAbstract":"This paper surveys the existing 3-D estuarine hydrodynamic and solute transport models by a review of the commonly used assumptions and approximations, and by an examination of the methods of solution. The model formulations, methods of solution, and known applications are surveyed and summarized in tables. In conclusion, the authors present their modeling philosophy and suggest future research needs.","conferenceTitle":"Estuarine and Coastal Modeling - Proceedings of the Conference","conferenceDate":"15 November 1989 through 17 November 1989","conferenceLocation":"Newport, RI, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA, United States","isbn":"0872627586","usgsCitation":"Cheng, R.T., and Smith, P.E., 1989, Survey of three-dimensional numerical estuarine models, Estuarine and Coastal Modeling - Proceedings of the Conference, Newport, RI, USA, 15 November 1989 through 17 November 1989, p. 1-15.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223194,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba29ce4b08c986b31f81b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cheng, Ralph T.","contributorId":69134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Peter E.","contributorId":50609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016063,"text":"70016063 - 1989 - Regional Jurassic geologic framework of Alabama coastal waters area and adjacent Federal waters area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-03T10:56:02.710547","indexId":"70016063","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional Jurassic geologic framework of Alabama coastal waters area and adjacent Federal waters area","docAbstract":"Prior to the formation of the Red Sea the northeastern Afro/Arabian continent had low relief and was largely below sea level from the Late Cretaceous to the early Oligocene. The events leading to the formation of the Red Sea followed the sequence (1) alkaline volcanism and rifting beginning about 30–32 Ma affecting a narrow linear zone in the continent, (2) rotational block faulting and detachment faulting, well underway by 25 Ma, (3) gabbro and diorite magmatism, andesite to rhyolite volcanism, and fine-grained nonmarine sedimentation in the rift between 20 and 25 Ma, (4) fine-grained marine sedimentation in the rift as the early shelves started to subside in the middle Miocene, and (5) uplift of the adjacent continents (about 3 km) and subsidence of the shelves (about 4 km) between 13.8 and 5 Ma. The youth of the uplift is suggested by 44 fission track dates on apatites from rocks of the Proterozoic Arabian Shield that range in age from 13.8 to 568 Ma. The youngest of these ages, coupled with the present high relief along the Arabian escarpment and published heat flow measurements, indicate that 2.5–4 km uplift has occurred in the last 13.8 m.y. The sequence volcanism/rifting followed by uplift leads to our adoption of a passive mantle model for rift origin. Models that require uplift to create the rift are rejected, because of the late uplift. We advocate a model of lithospheric extension caused by two-dimensional plate stress over those requiring tractional drag at the base of the lithosphere caused by vigorous flow in the asthenosphere. It is acknowledged that traction models could explain the observed data, but they imply a rigid, static lithosphere and seem to require a link between the direction of flow in the asthenosphere and plate motions. Neither requirement is necessary in the extension model. The rift starts with mechanical extension in a narrow zone of lithosphere between 25–32 Ma in our model. The thinned lithosphere is replaced by upwelling asthenosphere and by rocks from the adjacent deep continental lithosphere which flow into the rift. Ductile flow of the deep continental lithosphere is accelerated by partial melting as rocks flow upward toward the rift axis. Once partially melted, rocks formerly part of the continental lithosphere join the upwelling asthenosphere, resulting in a rapid erosion of the lithospheric mantle beneath the continent near the rift edge. The resulting density decrease explains the uplift. We think that the Red Sea began as a consequence of changing plate geometries resulting from the collision of India and Eurasia. After the collision, the segment of the Owens fracture zone north of the Carlsberg Ridge became locked, forcing the northeast corner of Afro/Arabia to rotate with the Indian plate away from the rest of Africa.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB02p01683","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Bohannon, R.G., Naeser, C.W., Schmidt, D.L., and Zimmermann, R., 1989, The timing of uplift, volcanism, and rifting peripheral to the Red Sea: A case for passive rifting?: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B2, p. 1683-1701, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB02p01683.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1683","endPage":"1701","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223074,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb103e4b08c986b3251c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohannon, R. G.","contributorId":61808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohannon","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Naeser, C. W.","contributorId":17582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"C.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmidt, D. L.","contributorId":23934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zimmermann, R.A.","contributorId":106265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmermann","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015792,"text":"70015792 - 1989 - Inverting measurements of surface slip on the Superstition Hills fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-27T11:19:52.392666","indexId":"70015792","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inverting measurements of surface slip on the Superstition Hills fault","docAbstract":"We derive and test a set of inversions of surface-slip measurements based on the empirical relation u(t) = uf/(1 + T/t)c proposed by Sharp and Saxton (1989) to estimate the final slip uf, the power-law exponent c, and the power-law duration T. At short times, Sharp's relation behaves like the simple power law, u(t) ∼ u1tc, where u1 is the initial slip, that is, the slip at 1 day after the earthquake. At long times, the slip approaches the final slip asymptotically. The inversions are designed in part to exploit the accuracy of measurements of differential slip; that is, measurements of surface slip which are made relative to a set of nails or stakes emplaced after the earthquake. We apply the inversions to slip measurements made at 53 sites along the Superstition Hills fault for the 11 months following the M = 6.2 and 6.6 earthquakes of 24 November 1987. In general, estimates of the initial slip and the power law exponent are well resolved, while estimates of the power-law durations and the final slip are less well resolved because the durations of the surface slip measurements are often less than the derived power-law durations. The slip on the three fault strands is a relatively smooth function of position; the initial slip and final slip are well correlated. The time dependence of surface slip at the 53 sites is roughly similar along the entire fault, where the power-law exponents are distributed as c = 0.14 ± 0.04 and the power-law durations range from 100 < T < 1000 days.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0790020411","usgsCitation":"Boatwright, J., Budding, K., and Sharp, R.V., 1989, Inverting measurements of surface slip on the Superstition Hills fault: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 79, no. 2, p. 411-423, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0790020411.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"411","endPage":"423","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223073,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Superstition Hills fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.38495296678282,\n 33.6537574236756\n ],\n [\n -116.38495296678282,\n 32.7043768352229\n ],\n [\n -114.8853191777201,\n 32.7043768352229\n ],\n [\n -114.8853191777201,\n 33.6537574236756\n ],\n [\n -116.38495296678282,\n 33.6537574236756\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"79","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e63e4b0c8380cd63d33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boatwright, J.","contributorId":87297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boatwright","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Budding, K. E.","contributorId":104932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budding","given":"K. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sharp, R. V.","contributorId":33692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharp","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016087,"text":"70016087 - 1989 - High-precision UPb ages of metamorphic rutile: Application to the cooling history of high-grade terranes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-09T15:32:27.318251","indexId":"70016087","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-precision UPb ages of metamorphic rutile: Application to the cooling history of high-grade terranes","docAbstract":"Metamorphic rutiles occurring in granulite and upper amphibolite facies metapelitic rocks of the Archean Pikwitonei granulite domain (Manitoba) and the Proterozoic Adirondack terrane (New York) give concordant and near concordant U![\"single](\"https://sdfestaticassets-us-east-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/55/entities/sbnd.gif\")
Pb ages. The Pb concentrations in rutile range from 2.85 to 168 ppm, U concentrations range from 10.9 to 390 ppm and the measured 206Pb/204Pb ratios range from 182 to 22,100 corresponding to 238U/204Pb ratios of 398–75,100. The proportions of radiogenic208Pb are very low, ranging from 0.0 to 6.9% of total radiogenic Pb.
The habits of the rutile crystals range from stubby to acicular, the physical properties vary from opaque/black to transparent/reddish-brown. Separate batches of black and reddish-brown rutile grains from the same samples have similar U and Pb concentrations, Pb-isotope ratios, and yield the same U/Pb ages within analytical uncertainty. No correlation of U concentration and 206Pb/204Pb ratios with morphology or color of the rutiles was observed among the samples analyzed.
Most rutiles yield concordant UPb ages which are reproducible within analytical uncertainty, i.e. generally ±2 Ma. The UPb ages for prograde rutile are younger than the time of peak metamorphism given by UPb ages for garnet and zircon, and also younger than UPb ages for sphene and monazite, and 40Ar/39Ar and KAr ages for hornblende but older than 40Ar/39Ar and KAr ages for biotite from the same area. This suggests that the rutile ages reflect cooling below closure temperatures.
Within a single hand-specimen, and thus for an identical thermal history, larger rutile grains give older ages than do smaller grains. This suggests that volume diffusion is the most probable mechanism responsible for the ages being younger than the time of peak metamorphism. It also suggests that the dimensions for such diffusion are directly related to the dimensions of the rutile crystal and not to the dimensions of sub-grain domains, as is the case for Ar diffusion in hornblende and feldspar. The concordant UPb ages as well as the similar ages over a large area suggest that rutile has a well-defined temperature of closure. At a cooling rate of about 0.5–1°C/Ma the closure temperature for UPb diffusion in rutile is about 420°C for grains with a radius of 0.009–0.021 cm, and about 380°C for grains with a radius of 0.007–0.009 cm.
UPb rutile ages obtained on different grain sizes indicate a cooling rate of about 0.5°C/Ma for the Pikwitonei granulite domain at 2460-2300 Ma. UPb ages for rutile thus provide high-precision ages for evaluating the cooling history of high-grade terranes and can be critical to the quantitative development of thermal models for crustal evolution.
We report here on the use of solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to contrast the average chemical composition of modern degraded gymnosperm woods with fossil gymnosperm woods from Australian brown coals (Miocene). We first established the quantitative nature of the NMR techniques for these samples so that the conventional solid-state 13C NMR spectra and the dipolar dephasing NMR spectra could be used with a high degree of reliability to depict average chemical compositions. The NMR results provide some valuable insights about the early coalification of xylem tissue from gymnosperms. Though the cellulosic components of wood are degraded to varying degrees during peatification and ensuing coalification, it is unlikely that they play a major role in the formation of aromatic structures in coalified woods. The NMR data show that gynmosperm lignin, the primary aromatic contribution to the coal, is altered in part by demethylation of guaiacyl-units to catechol-like structures. The dipolar dephasing NMR data indicate that the lignin also becomes more cross-linked or condensed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(89)90068-5","usgsCitation":"Hatcher, P.G., Lerch, H.E., Bates, A.L., and Verheyen, T., 1989, Solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of coalified gymnosperm xylem tissue from Australian brown coals: Organic Geochemistry, v. 14, no. 2, p. 145-155, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(89)90068-5.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"145","endPage":"155","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223093,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b923de4b08c986b319d9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatcher, Patrick G.","contributorId":93625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lerch, Harry E. tlerch@usgs.gov","contributorId":600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lerch","given":"Harry","email":"tlerch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":372562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bates, Anne L. 0000-0002-4875-4675 abates@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4875-4675","contributorId":2789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bates","given":"Anne","email":"abates@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":372560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Verheyen, T.V.","contributorId":95614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verheyen","given":"T.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016105,"text":"70016105 - 1989 - Adaptive modeling, identification, and control of dynamic structural systems. I. Theory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-22T14:37:43.370995","indexId":"70016105","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2252,"text":"Journal of Engineering Mechanics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adaptive modeling, identification, and control of dynamic structural systems. I. Theory","docAbstract":"A concise review of the fheory of adaptive modeling, identification, and control of dynamic structural systems based on discrete‐time recordings is presented. Adaptive methods have four major advantages over the classical methods: (1) Removal of the noise from the signal is done over the whole frequency band; (2) time‐varying characteristics of systems can be tracked; (3) systems with unknown characteristics can be controlled; and (4) a small segment of the data is needed during the computations. Included in the paper are the discrete‐time representation of single‐input single‐output (SISO) systems, models for SISO systems with noise, the concept of stochastic approximation, recursive prediction error method (RPEM) for system identification, and the adaptive control. Guidelines for model selection and model validation and the computational aspects of the method are also discussed in the paper. The present paper is the first of two companion papers. The theory given in the paper is limited to that which is necessary to follow the examples for applications in structural dynamics presented in the second paper.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1989)115:11(2386)","issn":"07339399","usgsCitation":"Safak, E., 1989, Adaptive modeling, identification, and control of dynamic structural systems. I. Theory: Journal of Engineering Mechanics, v. 115, no. 11, p. 2386-2405, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1989)115:11(2386).","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"2386","endPage":"2405","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223094,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6e5e4b0c8380cd476f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Safak, Erdal","contributorId":73984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Safak","given":"Erdal","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016106,"text":"70016106 - 1989 - Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: global seismicity, 1984-1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-13T13:18:22","indexId":"70016106","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: global seismicity, 1984-1987","docAbstract":"Moment-tensor solutions, estimated using optimal filter theory, are listed for 426 moderate- to large-sized earthquakes occurring from 1984 to 1987. ?? 1989.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0031-9201(89)90114-3","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Sipkin, S., and Needham, R., 1989, Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: global seismicity, 1984-1987: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 57, no. 3-4, p. 233-259, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(89)90114-3.","startPage":"233","endPage":"259","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267327,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(89)90114-3"},{"id":223095,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5d44e4b0c8380cd70287","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sipkin, S.A.","contributorId":9399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sipkin","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Needham, R.E.","contributorId":73613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Needham","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016115,"text":"70016115 - 1989 - Contribution of metapelitic sediments to the composition, heat production, and seismic velocity of the lower crust of southern New Mexico, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-09T15:30:07.791601","indexId":"70016115","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contribution of metapelitic sediments to the composition, heat production, and seismic velocity of the lower crust of southern New Mexico, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Granulite xenoliths erupted at Kilbourne Hole maar were recently extracted from the lower crust of southern New Mexico. Garnet- and sillimanite-bearing quartzofeldspathic xenoliths had pelitic protoliths and were probably emplaced in the lower crust by tectonic underplating at a lower Proterozoic subduction zone. Thus the Kilbourne Hole metapelitic xenoliths illustrate the potential role of tectonosedimentary processes at convergent margins in determining the ultimate composition of the crust. Average P-wave velocities for metapelitic xenoliths from Kilbourne Hole are ∼ 7 km/s at 6 kbar, like those of mafic metagabbros and anorthosites. However, in contrast to mafic lithologies, the major element composition of the representative pelitic paragneiss (RPP) described in this paper is relatively siliceous and like that of average upper crust. Except for depletions of U and Cs, the trace element characteristics of the RPP are like those of pelitic sediments and are 3–10 times higher than those typically estimated for the lower crust. The heat production of the RPP is high (1.0 μW/m3) as are those of many granulite- and amphibolite-grade metapelites. In general, portions of the lower crust in which sediments are present may be high in light ion lithophile and rare earth element abundances, heat production, δ18O, and87Sr/86Sr. Moreover, the high Pb contents and unradiogenic Pb isotope signatures of metapelites provide an important reservoir for unradiogenic Pb in the earth as a whole.
Paleomagnetic sampling of the Miocene and Pliocene Sonoma Volcanics, northern California, was undertaken to supplement an earlier collection. Data from 25 cooling units yield positive fold and reversal tests, and a paleomagnetic pole located at 80.2°N., 069.2°E., with α95 = 6.8°. This paleopole is significantly displaced (9.6° ± 5.3° of latitude) to the farside of the geographic pole. A highly elliptical distribution of the data in both direction and VGP space indicates that incomplete averaging of geomagnetic secular variation is a more likely explanation for this anomaly than is northward translation of the volcanic field.
Previous workers have pioneered statistical techniques to study the spatial distribution of aftershocks with respect to the focal mechanism of the main shock. Application of these techniques to deep focus earthquakes failed to show clustering of aftershocks near the nodal planes of the main shocks. To better understand the behavior of these statistics, this study applies them to the aftershocks of six large shallow focus earthquakes in California (August 6, 1979, Coyote Lake; May 2, 1983, Coalinga; April 24, 1984, Morgan Hill; August 4, 1985, Kettleman Hills; July 8, 1986, North Palm Springs; and October 1, 1987, Whittier Narrows). The large number of aftershocks accurately located by dense local networks allows us to treat these aftershock sequences individually instead of combining them, as was done for the deep earthquakes. The results for individual sequences show significant clustering about the closest nodal plane and the strike direction for five of the sequences and about the presumed fault plane for all six sequences. This implies that the previously developed method does work properly. Nonrandom behavior was also found about the slip directions, the P axis, the T axis, and the B axis, but this is probably caused by the lack of independence between these axes and the previously mentioned features of the focal mechanisms. Given that the method does work and that deep aftershocks were not shown to cluster about the main shock nodal planes, the shallow focus data were used to simulate the deep focus study. The goal is to determine if there are artificial factors that make clustering in the deep focus data unobservable. To more closely mimic the work on deep earthquakes, the largest aftershocks from each of the six sequences were combined and studied with respect to their respective main shock focal mechanisms. This reduced the significance of the clustering about the focal mechanism parameters, but not below 95% confidence. Gaussian noise was then added to the aftershock hypocenters in order to determine if the larger hypocentral and focal mechanism errors in the deep focus data could account for the previous negative result. The conclusion is that the following reasons are sufficient to explain the lack of clustering about the main shock nodal planes for the deep focus aftershocks: the need to combine aftershocks from several sequences, the size of the hypocentral location and focal mechanism errors, and the alignment of distant aftershocks with the Wadati-Benioff zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB05p05615","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Michael, A., 1989, Spatial patterns of aftershocks of shallow focus earthquakes in California and implications for deep focus earthquakes: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B5, p. 5615-5626, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB05p05615.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"5615","endPage":"5626","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223841,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9499e4b08c986b31ab9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michael, A.J. 0000-0002-2403-5019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2403-5019","contributorId":52192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015787,"text":"70015787 - 1989 - Zinc movement in sewage-sludge-treated soils as influenced by soil properties, irrigation water quality, and soil moisture level","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-19T16:38:31","indexId":"70015787","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3419,"text":"Soil Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Zinc movement in sewage-sludge-treated soils as influenced by soil properties, irrigation water quality, and soil moisture level","docAbstract":"A soil column study was conducted to assess the movement of Zn in sewage-sludge-amended soils. Varables investigated were soil properties, irrigation water quality, and soil moisture level. Bulk samples of the surface layer of six soil series were packed into columns, 10.2 cm in diameter and 110 cm in length. An anaerobically digested municipal sewage sludge was incorporated into the top 20 cm of each column at a rate of 300 mg ha-1. The columns were maintained at moisture levels of saturation and unsaturation and were leached with two waters of different quality. At the termination of leaching, the columns were cut open and the soil was sectioned and analyzed. Zinc movement was evaluated by mass balance accounting and correlation and regression analysis. Zinc movement in the unsaturated columns ranged from 3 to 30 cm, with a mean of 10 cm. The difference in irrigation water quality did not have an effect on Zn movement. Most of the Zn applied to the unsaturated columns remained in the sludge-amended soil layer (96.1 to 99.6%, with a mean of 98.1%). The major portion of Zn leached from the sludge-amended soil layer accumulated in the 0- to 3-cm depth (35.7 to 100%, with a mean of 73.6%). The mean final soil pH values decreased in the order: saturated columns = sludge-amended soil layer > untreated soils > unsaturated columns. Total Zn leached from the sludge-amended soil layer was correlated negatively at P = 0.001 with final pH (r = -0.85). Depth of Zn movement was correlated negatively at P = 0.001 with final pH (r = -0.91). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the final pH accounted for 72% of the variation in the total amounts of Zn leached from the sludge-amended soil layer of the unsaturated columns and accounted for 82% of the variation in the depth of Zn movement among the unsaturated columns. A significant correlation was not found between Zn and organic carbon in soil solutions, but a negative correlation significant at P = 0.001 was found between pH and Zn (r = -0.61).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Soil Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wolters-Kluwer","issn":"0038075X","usgsCitation":"Welch, J., and Lund, L., 1989, Zinc movement in sewage-sludge-treated soils as influenced by soil properties, irrigation water quality, and soil moisture level: Soil Science, v. 147, no. 3, p. 208-214.","startPage":"208","endPage":"214","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266020,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://journals.lww.com/soilsci/Abstract/1989/03000/Zinc_Movement_in_Sewage_Sludge_Treated_Soils_As.7.aspx"}],"volume":"147","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd276e4b08c986b32f81a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Welch, J.E.","contributorId":47090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lund, L.J.","contributorId":81644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lund","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016117,"text":"70016117 - 1989 - A close-range photogrammetric technique for mapping neotectonic features in trenches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-03T00:36:03.69484","indexId":"70016117","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1115,"text":"Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A close-range photogrammetric technique for mapping neotectonic features in trenches","docAbstract":"Close-range photogrammetric techniques and newly available computerized plotting equipment were used to map exploratory trench walls that expose Quaternary faults in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Small-scale structural, lithologic, and stratigraphic features can be rapidly mapped by the photogrammetric method. This method is more accurate and significantly more rapid than conventional trench-mapping methods, and the analytical plotter is capable of producing cartographic definition of high resolution when detailed trench maps are necessary.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association of Engineering Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gseegeosci.xxvi.4.521","usgsCitation":"Fairer, G., Whitney, J., and Coe, J.A., 1989, A close-range photogrammetric technique for mapping neotectonic features in trenches: Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists, v. 26, no. 4, p. 521-530, https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.xxvi.4.521.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"521","endPage":"530","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223301,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e345e4b0c8380cd45f1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fairer, G. M.","contributorId":99532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairer","given":"G. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whitney, J.W.","contributorId":27437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coe, J. A.","contributorId":8867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coe","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016118,"text":"70016118 - 1989 - Turbidity-current channels in Queen Inlet, Glacier Bay, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T17:48:59.459634","indexId":"70016118","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Turbidity-current channels in Queen Inlet, Glacier Bay, Alaska","docAbstract":"Queen Inlet is unique among Glacier Bay fjords because it alone has a branching channel system incised in the Holocene sediment fill of the fjord floor. Bathymetry and seismic-reflection profiles show that four channels begin on, or at the base of, the delta front of this marine-outwash fjord. By midpoint of the fjord, these channels have merged into one main channel that extends the length of the fjord. The main channel cuts deeply into the scarp that separates this hanging tributary from the West Arm of Glacier Bay. The Queen Inlet channel ends on the main fjord floor as several small distributaries that form part of a lobate-fan deposit. Sand from the channel and lobate fan, in contrast to fjord-floor mud, plus steep truncated channel walls indicate that turbidity currents created this apparently active channel system. Queen Inlet and other known channel-containing fjords are marine-outwash fjords; the tidewater glacial fjords do not have steep delta fronts on which slides are generated and may not have a sufficient reservoir of potentially unstable coarse sediment to generate channel-cutting turbidity currents. Presence or absence of channels, as revealed in the ancient rock record, may be one criterion for interpreting types of fjords.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e89-065","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Carlson, P., Powell, R., and Rearic, D., 1989, Turbidity-current channels in Queen Inlet, Glacier Bay, Alaska: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 26, no. 4, p. 807-820, https://doi.org/10.1139/e89-065.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"807","endPage":"820","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223302,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Glacier Bay, Queen Inlet","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -136.5909810759445,\n 58.910056645097825\n ],\n [\n -136.60645837565497,\n 58.88475479639544\n ],\n [\n -136.60247409458077,\n 58.84011604803868\n ],\n [\n -136.5958336261239,\n 58.8396579164407\n ],\n [\n -136.58388078290156,\n 58.83782532946705\n ],\n [\n -136.578125710239,\n 58.83278521546376\n ],\n [\n -136.5697144501937,\n 58.833472546905085\n ],\n [\n -136.5621885859425,\n 58.83095226497093\n ],\n [\n -136.55776160697138,\n 58.82682777189811\n ],\n [\n -136.55112113851447,\n 58.82453617477498\n ],\n [\n -136.54802225323462,\n 58.819035723563104\n ],\n [\n -136.5342986184237,\n 58.81399287664098\n ],\n [\n -136.51747609833308,\n 58.80436358687021\n ],\n [\n -136.50950753618474,\n 58.797483886015954\n ],\n [\n -136.4594826738099,\n 58.8263694645932\n ],\n [\n -136.46568044436964,\n 58.82866094052412\n ],\n [\n -136.47763328759197,\n 58.835076267253896\n ],\n [\n -136.48515915184316,\n 58.83874163507059\n ],\n [\n -136.4904715266086,\n 58.843093755761146\n ],\n [\n -136.4904715266086,\n 58.84790335835433\n ],\n [\n -136.49445580768256,\n 58.853399229307\n ],\n [\n -136.50419516141932,\n 58.86072570057232\n ],\n [\n -136.50596595300794,\n 58.86438835483261\n ],\n [\n -136.50552325511077,\n 58.868050621546615\n ],\n [\n -136.5006707049314,\n 58.873232166278854\n ],\n [\n -136.50376959021128,\n 58.88513007505341\n ],\n [\n -136.5108527565651,\n 58.89107749492152\n ],\n [\n -136.51616513133075,\n 58.89519434024595\n ],\n [\n -136.51395164184498,\n 58.89953936738178\n ],\n [\n -136.5241336934789,\n 58.91188541013912\n ],\n [\n -136.52811797455306,\n 58.92057072218634\n ],\n [\n -136.52369099558172,\n 58.928339939806136\n ],\n [\n -136.52590448506749,\n 58.938163211823905\n ],\n [\n -136.52590448506749,\n 58.95186543166105\n ],\n [\n -136.52103480819903,\n 58.95460522265182\n ],\n [\n -136.51262354815373,\n 58.95460522265182\n ],\n [\n -136.506425777594,\n 58.95460522265182\n ],\n [\n -136.4958010280629,\n 58.955518437952094\n ],\n [\n -136.49004595540035,\n 58.96601867599492\n ],\n [\n -136.48517627853207,\n 58.97993797358788\n ],\n [\n -136.47809311217804,\n 58.985184773987214\n ],\n [\n -136.47632232058962,\n 58.992939450069684\n ],\n [\n -136.4727807374126,\n 58.99499186619727\n ],\n [\n -136.46127059208743,\n 58.99385165011776\n ],\n [\n -136.4475469572765,\n 58.99658810528038\n ],\n [\n -136.45994249839595,\n 59.00707583560447\n ],\n [\n -136.4904886532975,\n 59.01345810718678\n ],\n [\n -136.5294460682443,\n 59.00844356487613\n ],\n [\n -136.53830002618676,\n 59.002060363224416\n ],\n [\n -136.5334303493185,\n 58.9956759777227\n ],\n [\n -136.5223629018905,\n 58.9917991660287\n ],\n [\n -136.52147750609618,\n 58.98267553436227\n ],\n [\n -136.53033146403862,\n 58.97491854718328\n ],\n [\n -136.54981017151215,\n 58.97469037406398\n ],\n [\n -136.5697315768826,\n 58.96738803652832\n ],\n [\n -136.57415855585393,\n 58.960084151745946\n ],\n [\n -136.57681474323664,\n 58.94958210624628\n ],\n [\n -136.5781428369279,\n 58.94592847119233\n ],\n [\n -136.5781428369279,\n 58.93907686245282\n ],\n [\n -136.57592934744235,\n 58.934279926790055\n ],\n [\n -136.575043951648,\n 58.928339939806136\n ],\n [\n -136.57991362851652,\n 58.915771214442515\n ],\n [\n -136.5909810759445,\n 58.910056645097825\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb8f1e4b08c986b327b31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlson, P.R.","contributorId":97055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, R.D.","contributorId":74015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rearic, D.M.","contributorId":65463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rearic","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}