A lava dome was built in the crater of Mount St. Helens by intermittent intrusion and extrusion of dacite lava between 1980 and 1986. Spectacular ground deformation was associated with the dome building events and included the development of a system of radial cracks and tangential thrust faults in the surrounding crater floor. These cracks and thrusts, best developed and studied in 1981-1982, formed because the crater fill was displaced upward and radially outward from the feeder conduit, owing to rising magma. Radial cracks formed first and, as some evolved into strike-slip tear faults, influenced the subsequent geometry of thrusting. Once faulting began, deformation was localized near the thrust scarps and their bounding tear faults. The magnitude of displacements systematically increased before extrusions, whereas the azimuth and inclination of displacements remained relatively constant. The thrust-fault scarps were bulbous in profile, lobate in plan, and steepened during continued fault movement. The hanging walls of each thrust were increasingly disrupted as cumulative fault slip increased. The crater fill was unconsolidated to weakly consolidated near the surface and influenced the morphology of the thrust-fault scarps. Similar structures have been produced by active thrust faults in other areas with unconsolidated alluvium at the surface, and in laboratory sandbox experiments.
The Ordos Basin of north-central China is well known for vast energy resources. This nonmarine interior basin developed on the North China-Korean platform following the Late Triassic Indochina orogeny and, for a time, contained a large freshwater lake prior to being uplifted into its present form at the close of the Mesozoic. Lower to Middle Jurassic coal occurs in the fluviolacustrine Yan'an Formation along the southern margin of the basin in the Huanglong coalfield. In the northeast part of the field, the formation ranges from 0 to 180 m in thickness and is divided into five fining-upward members, each representing a regressive-transgressive lacustrine cycle. Low-sulfur, high-volatile bituminous coal is complexly distributed in the lowest member of the Yan'an Formation. Deposition of this member was influenced by two tectonic events that controlled coal occurrence. First, regional uplifts were produced by the Late Triassic Indochina orogeny and left as highlands on the pre-Yan'an, Triassic land surface; in the lowest member, coal beds thin toward and pinch out against these highlands. Second, syndepositional tectonism of the Jurassic through Cretaceous Yanshan orogeny created a series of northeast-trending folds that were topographically expressed as evolving highs and lows. Swamps and resulting peat accumulation preferentially occupied the subsiding paleodepressions. Because of the tectonic influence on peat accumulation, coal beds thin and merge toward anticlines and thicken and split toward synclines. In addition, coal quality is documented to be less variable along a northeast trend than along a northwest trend.
One-hundred and ninety free-field accelerograms recorded on deep soil (> 10 m deep) were used to study the near-source scaling characteristics of peak horizontal acceleration for 91 earthquakes (2.5 ≦ ML ≦ 5.0) located primarily in California. Of the six attenuation relationships developed in this study, the one considered most reliable is given by the expression.
The Koyukuk-Chandalar mining district of the Brooks Range mineral belt in north-central Alaska contains numerous placer gold deposits but few known lode gold sources. Gold grains, collected from 46 placer localities and 6 lode gold sites in the district, were analyzed for Ag and 37 trace elements utilizing direct current-arc optical emission spectroscopy. When possible, several measurements were made on each sample and averaged. Gold content was calculated by the summation of the 38 elements determined and subtracting from 100. The objectives of our study were to characterize the deposits by defining the type and number of distinct geochemical characteristics for the Au, to determine relationships of Au in placer deposits to possible lode sources (placer and lode), to identify possible primary sources of placer gold, and to study processes of placer formation. Interpretation of results emphasize that the Au grains are almost invariably ternary (Au-Ag-Cu) alloys. The average Cu content is 0.040% and the average Ag content and fineness [(Au/Au+Ag)×1,000] are 10.5% and 893 parts per thousand, respectively, for the 46 placer localities.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(89)90001-0","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Mosier, E.L., Cathrall, J.B., Antweiler, J., and Tripp, R.B., 1989, Geochemistry of placer gold, Koyukuk-Chandalar mining district, Alaska: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 31, no. 2, p. 97-115, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(89)90001-0.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"115","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224032,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a170be4b0c8380cd5536c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mosier, E. L.","contributorId":71537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mosier","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cathrall, J. B.","contributorId":29400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cathrall","given":"J.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Antweiler, J.C.","contributorId":35722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Antweiler","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tripp, R. B.","contributorId":88707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tripp","given":"R.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015341,"text":"70015341 - 1989 - Evidence for an Early Archean component in the Middle to Late Archean gneisses of the Wind River Range, west-central Wyoming: conventional and ion microprobe U-Pb data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:55","indexId":"70015341","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for an Early Archean component in the Middle to Late Archean gneisses of the Wind River Range, west-central Wyoming: conventional and ion microprobe U-Pb data","docAbstract":"Gneissic rocks that are basement to the Late Archean granites comprising much of the Wind River Range, west-central Wyoming, have been dated by the zircon U-Pb method using both conventional and ion microprobe techniques. A foliated hornblende granite gneiss member from the southern border of the Bridger batholith is 2670??13 Ma. Zircons from a granulite just north of the Bridger batholith are equant and faceted, a typical morphology for zircon grown under high grade metamorphic conditions. This granulite, which may be related to a second phase of migmatization in the area, is 2698??8 Ma. South of the Bridger batholith, zircons from a granulite (charnockite), which is related to an earlier phase of migmatization in the Range, yield a discordia with intercept ages of about 2.3 and 3.3 Ga. However, ion microprobe analyses of single zircon grains indicate that this rock contains several populations of zircon, ranging in age from 2.67 to about 3.8 Ga. Based on zircon morphology and regional geologic relationships, we interpret the data as indicating an age of ???3.2 Ga for the first granulite metamorphism and migmatization. Older, possibly xenocrystic zircons give ages of ???3.35, 3.65 and ???3.8 Ga. Younger zircons grew at 2.7 and 2.85 Ga in response to events, including the second granulite metamorphism at 2.7 Ga, that culminated in the intrusion of the Bridger batholith and migmatization at 2.67 Ga. These data support the field and petrographic evidence for two granulite events and provide some temporal constraints for the formation of continental crust in the Early and Middle Archean in the Wyoming Province. ?? 1989 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00375306","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Aleinikoff, J.N., Williams, I., Compston, W., Stuckless, J., and Worl, R.G., 1989, Evidence for an Early Archean component in the Middle to Late Archean gneisses of the Wind River Range, west-central Wyoming: conventional and ion microprobe U-Pb data: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 101, no. 2, p. 198-206, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00375306.","startPage":"198","endPage":"206","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205441,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375306"},{"id":224087,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d34e4b0c8380cd52e96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aleinikoff, J. N. 0000-0003-3494-6841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":75132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, I.S.","contributorId":20094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"I.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Compston, W.","contributorId":36691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Compston","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stuckless, J. S.","contributorId":6060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Worl, R. G.","contributorId":13984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worl","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70015347,"text":"70015347 - 1989 - Geologic framework of the offshore region adjacent to Delaware","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-11T11:08:39.667976","indexId":"70015347","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic framework of the offshore region adjacent to Delaware","docAbstract":"The set of hypotheses calling for bar formation at the break point was tested with field data. During two different experiments, waves were measured across the surf zone coincident with the development of a nearshore bar. We use a criterion, based on the wave height to depth ratio, to determine the offshore limit of the inner surf zone. During the first experiment, the bar became better developed and migrated offshore while remaining well within the inner surf zone. During the second experiment, the surf zone was narrower and we cannot rule out the possibility of break point processes contributing to bar development. We conclude that bars are not necessarily coupled with the break point and can become better developed and migrate offshore while being in the inner surf zone landward from initial wave breaking in the outer surf zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0378-3839(89)90009-4","usgsCitation":"Sallenger, A.H., and Howd, P.A., 1989, Nearshore bars and the break-point hypothesis: Coastal Engineering, v. 12, no. 4, p. 301-313, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3839(89)90009-4.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"313","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224102,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6410e4b0c8380cd72867","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sallenger, A. H. Jr.","contributorId":8818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sallenger","given":"A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howd, Peter A. phowd@usgs.gov","contributorId":4105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howd","given":"Peter","email":"phowd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":371197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015686,"text":"70015686 - 1989 - Spatial and temporal variability in South San Francisco Bay (USA). II. Temporal changes in salinity, suspended sediments, and phytoplankton biomass and productivity over tidal time scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-05T17:40:19.323209","indexId":"70015686","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal variability in South San Francisco Bay (USA). II. Temporal changes in salinity, suspended sediments, and phytoplankton biomass and productivity over tidal time scales","docAbstract":"Short-term variability of a conservative quantity (salinity) and two nonconservative quantities (chlorophyll a, suspended particulate matter) was measured across a sampling grid in the South San Francisco Bay estuary. Surface measurements were made every 2 h at each of 29 (or 38) sites, on four different dates representing a range of tidal current regimes over the neap-spring cycle. From the distribution of phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a) and turbidity (SPM), we also estimated daily productivity and its variability at each site over the four tide cycles. As a general rule, both chlorophyll a and SPM concentrations varied about 50% from their tidal-means. However derived daily productivity varied less (about 15% from the mean) over a tidal cycle. Both chlorophyll a and SPM varied periodically with tidal stage (increasing on ebbing currents), suggesting that the short-term variability results simply from the tidal advection of spatial gradients. Calculation of the advective flux (current speed times spatial gradient) was used to test this hypothesis. For surface salinity, most (70–80%) of the observed intratidal variability was correlated with the tidal flux, both in the deep channel and over the lateral shoals. However the short-term variability of SPM concentration was only weakly correlated with the advective flux, indicating that local sources of SPM (resuspension) are important. Hourly changes in chlorophyll a were highly correlated with the advective flux in the deep channel (implying that phytoplankton biomass is conservative over short time scales there); however, chlorophyll a variability was only weakly correlated with the advective flux over the shoals, implying that local sources/sinks are important there. Hence, the magnitude and mechanisms of intratidal variability differ among constituents and among bathymetric regimes in this estuary.
We describe shipboard and small boat techniques used by the US Fish and Wildlife Service in Alaska to survey marine birds at sea. The basis is a 10-min, 300-m-wide, strip transect taken from a platform moving at a constant speed in a constant direction. Special routines, such as instantaneous counts of traveling birds, are explained to help reduce biases caused by factors such as varying flight patterns, ship-following and avoidance, and patchy distributions. Data recording and coding techniques and formats, based on those developed for the National Oceanic Data Center, are described.
Many Tertiary coals contain abundant fossilized remains of angiosperms, which commonly dominated the ancient peat-swamp environments; modern analogs of such swamps can be found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Comparisons of angiospermous wood from Australian brown coal with similar wood buried in modern peat swamps of Indonesia have provided some new insights into coalification reactions. These comparisons were made by using solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques and pyrolsis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (py-gc-ms). These two modern techniques are especially suited for detailed structural evaluation of the complex macromolecules in coal.
The earliest transformation (peatification) of organic matter in angiospermous wood is the degradation and removal of cellulosic components and the concomitant selective preservation of lignin-derived components. The angiospermous lignin that becomes enriched in wood as a result of cellulose degradation also is modified by coalification reactions; this modification, however, does not involve degradation and removal of the lignin. Rather, the early coalification process transforms the lignin phenols (guiacyl and syringyl) to eventually yield the aromatic structures typically found in brown coal. One such transformation, which is determined from NMR data, involves the cleavage of aryl-ether bonds that link guaiacyl and syringyl units in lignin, and this transformation leads to the formation of free lignin phenols. Another transformation, which is also determined from the NMR data, involves the loss of methoxyl groups, probably via demethylation, to produce catechol-like structures. Coincident with ether-cleavage and demethylation, the aromatic rings derived from lignin phenols become more carbon-substituted and cross linked, as determined by dipolar-dephasing NMR studies. This cross linking is probably responsible for preventing the lignin phenols, which are freed from the lignin macromolecule by ether cleavage, from being removed from the coal by dissolution. Pyrolysis data suggest that the syringyl units are altered more readily than are guaiacyl units, and this difference in resistance leads to an enrichment of the guaiacyl units in fossil angiospermous woods.
Many of the coalification reactions noted above occur to some degree in all angiospermous fossil wood examined; however, some significant differences are observed in the degree of coalification of the fossil wood samples from the same burial depth in the brown coal. These differences indicate that the depth and duration of burial are probably not entirely responsible for the variations in degree of coalification. Different rates of degradation in peat may have contributed to the variations in the apparent degree of coalification; some woods may have been altered more rapidly at the peat stage than others.
Although preliminary, this systematic study of botanically related wood in peat and coal results in a more detailed differentiation of coalification reactions than have previous investigations. The combined use of solid-state 13C NMR and py-gc-ms has facilitated this detailed insight into the coalification of angiospermous wood.
Three fragments of charcoal taken from different parts of the lowermost bed containing Aurignacian artifacts at El Castillo Cave yielded AMS dates of 37·7 (± 1·8) ka bp, 38·5 (± 1·8) ka bp, and 40·0 (± 2·1) ka bp (average 38·7 ± 1·9 ka bp). These dates are almost identical to new AMS dates from l'Arbreda cave in Catalunya on the same cultural horizon (average 38·5 ± 1·0 ka bp) and are significantly older than the earliest dates for Aurignacian industries in the Aquitaine and in other parts of Central and Western Europe.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0305-4403(89)90023-X","issn":"03054403","usgsCitation":"Valdes, V., and Bischoff, J.L., 1989, Accelerator 14C dates for early upper paleolithic (basal Aurignacian) at El Castillo Cave (Spain): Journal of Archaeological Science, v. 16, no. 6, p. 577-584, https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(89)90023-X.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"577","endPage":"584","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224420,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e668e4b0c8380cd473d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Valdes, V.C.","contributorId":66854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valdes","given":"V.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bischoff, J. L.","contributorId":28969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70189291,"text":"70189291 - 1989 - Performance and utility of satellite telemetry during field studies of free-ranging polar bears in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-06T11:03:20","indexId":"70189291","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"chapter":"7","title":"Performance and utility of satellite telemetry during field studies of free-ranging polar bears in Alaska","docAbstract":"Satellite telemetry technology has been used during field studies of polar bears in Alaska since 1985. A total of 109 Platform Transmitter Terminals (PTT) have been deployed on free-ranging female polar bears that seasonally inhabit waters adjacent to the Alaskan coast. The PTTs transmitted locational and sensor data to TIROS-N polar-orbiting satellites during a duty cycle of 12 hours on/60 hours off in 1985, 1986, and 1987. Expected battery life was 13.8 months, and collars were normally removed and replaced with new or refurbished PTTs at 11-13 month intervals. Duty cycles were altered to 7-8 hours on/64-65 hours off in 1988 to prolong expected battery life to 19-21 months. Sensor data transmitted included PTT internal temperature, short term activity counts recorded at 60 second intervals, and long term activity counts for the preceding 24 or 72-hour period. Early failures of PTTs to fix location (less than 75% of expected battery life) were as high as 53% during 198501986. Subsequent improvements in battery design, including better shock insulation, improved electronic, and an improved battery system have reduced early failures to 27% in 1987-1988. The harsh environment and the degree of abuse observed in recovered collars indicate that an unavoidable failure rate of 8-10% is inherent within 60 days after deployment on polar bears. A total of 18,000 locations and 201,000 sensor messages were received from female polar bears between May 1985 and June 1988. Polar bears that were marked in Alaskan waters have been located as far south as 60°N 168°W, and as far east as 70°N 127°W in the Beaufort Sea. Polar bears in the Beaufort Sea are shared with Canada, while polar bears in the Chukchi and Bering seas are shared with the Soviet Union. The international ranges of the two hypothesized populations have been documented. Satellite telemetry has detailed the large movement patterns of polar bear over these vast areas that were previously not available using other techniques.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biotelemetry X: Proceedings of the 10th international symposium on biotelemetry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"10th International Symposium on Biotelemetry","conferenceDate":"July 31 - August 6, 1988","conferenceLocation":"Fayetteville, AR","language":"English","publisher":"University of Arkansas Press","publisherLocation":"Fayetteville, AK","isbn":"1-55728-082-7","usgsCitation":"Garner, G.W., Amstrup, S.C., Douglas, D., and Gardner, C.L., 1989, Performance and utility of satellite telemetry during field studies of free-ranging polar bears in Alaska, in Biotelemetry X: Proceedings of the 10th international symposium on biotelemetry, Fayetteville, AR, July 31 - August 6, 1988, p. 66-76.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"66","endPage":"76","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343491,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Soviet Union, United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Beaufort Sea, Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59634098e4b0d1f9f059d812","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Amlaner, Charles J. Jr.","contributorId":111465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amlaner","given":"Charles","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703973,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Garner, Gerald W.","contributorId":149918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garner","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":703969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":703970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gardner, Craig L.","contributorId":65259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gardner","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70142174,"text":"70142174 - 1989 - Image processing techniques for digital orthophotoquad production","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:27:47","indexId":"70142174","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Image processing techniques for digital orthophotoquad production","docAbstract":"Orthophotographs have long been recognized for their value as supplements or alternatives to standard maps. Recent trends towards digital cartography have resulted in efforts by the US Geological Survey to develop a digital orthophotoquad production system. Digital image files were created by scanning color infrared photographs on a microdensitometer. Rectification techniques were applied to remove tile and relief displacement, thereby creating digital orthophotos. Image mosaicking software was then used to join the rectified images, producing digital orthophotos in quadrangle format.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Hood, J.J., Ladner, L.J., and Champion, R.A., 1989, Image processing techniques for digital orthophotoquad production: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 55, no. 9, p. 1323-1329.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1323","endPage":"1329","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298223,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54f597cbe4b02419550d2f49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hood, Joy J. jhood@usgs.gov","contributorId":5510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hood","given":"Joy","email":"jhood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":541671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ladner, L. J.","contributorId":69016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ladner","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Champion, Richard A. rchampio@usgs.gov","contributorId":2537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"Richard","email":"rchampio@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":541673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70140597,"text":"70140597 - 1989 - Terrain, vegetation, and landscape evolution of the R4D research site, Brooks Range Foothills, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-10T15:09:08","indexId":"70140597","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3869,"text":"Holarctic Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Terrain, vegetation, and landscape evolution of the R4D research site, Brooks Range Foothills, Alaska","docAbstract":"Maps of the vegetation and terrain of a 22 km2 area centered on the Department of Energy (DOE) R4D (Response, Resistance, Resilience to and Recovery from Disturbance in Arctic Ecosystems) study site in the Southern Foothills Physiographic Province of Alaska were made using integrated geobotanical mapping procedures and a geographic-information system. Typical land forms and surface f orms include hillslope water tracks, Sagavanirktok-age till deposits, nonsorted stone stripes, and colluvial-basin deposits. Thirty-two plant communities are described; the dominant vegetation (51% of the mapped area) is moist tussock-sedge, dwarf-shrub tundra dominated by Eriophorum vaginatum or Carex bigelowii. Much of the spatial variation in the mapped geobotanical characters reflects different-aged glaciated surfaces. Shannon-Wienerin dices indicate that the more mature landscapes, represented by retransported hillslope deposits and basin colluvium, are less heterogeneous than newer landscapes such as surficial till deposits and floodplains. A typical toposequence on a mid-Pleistocene-age surface is discussed with respect to evolution of the landscape. Thick Sphagnum moss layers occur on lower hillslopes, and the patterns of moss-layer development, heat flux, active layer thickness, and ground-ice are seen as keys to developing thermokarst-susceptibility maps.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nordic Society Oikos","usgsCitation":"Walker, D., Binnian, E.F., Evans, B.M., Lederer, N., Nordstrand, E., and Webber, P., 1989, Terrain, vegetation, and landscape evolution of the R4D research site, Brooks Range Foothills, Alaska: Holarctic Ecology, v. 12, no. 3, p. 238-261.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"238","endPage":"261","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297881,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":336825,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3682732"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Brooks Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159.345703125,\n 66.79190947341796\n ],\n [\n -140.712890625,\n 66.79190947341796\n ],\n [\n -140.712890625,\n 69.51914693717981\n ],\n [\n -159.345703125,\n 69.51914693717981\n ],\n [\n -159.345703125,\n 66.79190947341796\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c68e4b08de9379b37a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, D.A.","contributorId":82484,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walker","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Binnian, Emily F.","contributorId":34090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binnian","given":"Emily","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, B. M.","contributorId":107872,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Evans","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lederer, N.D.","contributorId":139151,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lederer","given":"N.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nordstrand, E.A.","contributorId":139152,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nordstrand","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Webber, P.J.","contributorId":25351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webber","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70015414,"text":"70015414 - 1989 - Artificial recharge of groundwater and its role in water management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-26T16:03:58.911106","indexId":"70015414","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1378,"text":"Desalination","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Artificial recharge of groundwater and its role in water management","docAbstract":"This paper summarizes and discusses the various aspects and methods of artificial recharge with particular emphasis on its uses and potential role in water management in the Arabian Gulf region.
Artificial recharge occurs when man's activities cause more water to enter an aquifer, either under pumping or non-pumping conditions, than otherwise would enter the aquifer. Use of artificial recharge can be a practical means of dealing with problems of overdraft of groundwater.
Methods of artificial recharge may be grouped under two broad types: (a) water spreading techniques, and (b) well-injection techniques. Successful use of artificial recharge requires a thorough knowledge of the physical and chemical characteristics of the aquifier system, and extensive onsite experimentation and tailoring of the artificial-recharge technique to fit the local or areal conditions.
In general, water spreading techniques are less expensive than well injection and large quantities of water can be handled. Water spreading can also result in significant improvement in quality of recharge waters during infiltration and movement through the unsaturated zone and the receiving aquifer. In comparison, well-injection techniques are often used for emplacement of fresh recharge water into saline aquifer zones to form a manageable lens of fresher water, which may later be partially withdrawn for use or continue to be maintained as a barrier against salt-water encroachment.
A major advantage in use of groundwater is its availability, on demand to wells, from a natural storage reservoir that is relatively safe from pollution and from damage by sabotage or other hostile action. However, fresh groundwater occurs only in limited quantities in most of the Arabian Gulf region; also, it is heavily overdrafted in many areas, and receives very little natural recharge. Good use could be made of artificial recharge by well injection in replenishing and managing aquifers in strategic locations if sources of freshwater could be made available for the artificial-recharge operations.
A series of samples taken from the cross section of a 3-m-diameter fossilized gymnospermous log (Araucariaceae) in the Yallourn Seam of the Australian brown coals was examined by solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance to delineate chemical changes related to the combined processes of peatification and coalification. The results show that cellulosic materials were degraded and lost on the periphery of the log, however, the degree of such degradation in the central core is substantially less. The lignin is uniformly altered by coalification reactions to a macromolecular substance displaying decreased aryl ether linkages but significantly greater amounts of carbon linkages compared to modern lignin. Changes in the methoxyl carbon contents of lignin in cross section reveal demethylation reactions, but these do not appear to be related to degree of carbon linking. Both the degredation of cellulosic materials and demethylation of lignin appear to be early diagenetic processes occurring during peatification independently of the coalification reactions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(89)90040-5","usgsCitation":"Bates, A.L., and Hatcher, P.G., 1989, Solid-state 13C NMR studies of a large fossil gymnosperm from the Yallourn Open Cut, Latrobe Valley, Australia: Organic Geochemistry, v. 14, no. 6, p. 609-617, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(89)90040-5.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"609","endPage":"617","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223930,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Australia","otherGeospatial":"Latrobe Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 146.35800040207124,\n -41.17652071282228\n ],\n [\n 146.35800040207124,\n -41.27583612701346\n ],\n [\n 146.57857131173444,\n -41.27583612701346\n ],\n [\n 146.57857131173444,\n -41.17652071282228\n ],\n [\n 146.35800040207124,\n -41.17652071282228\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b923be4b08c986b319d90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bates, Anne L. 0000-0002-4875-4675 abates@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4875-4675","contributorId":2789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bates","given":"Anne","email":"abates@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":370661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatcher, Patrick G.","contributorId":93625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015333,"text":"70015333 - 1989 - The Uranium-trend dating method: Principles and application for southern California marine terrace deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-25T16:31:32","indexId":"70015333","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3217,"text":"Quaternary International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Uranium-trend dating method: Principles and application for southern California marine terrace deposits","docAbstract":"Uranium-trend dating is an open-system method for age estimation of Quaternary sediments, using disequilibrium in the 238U234U230Th decay series. The technique has been applied to alluvium, colluvium, loess, till, and marine sediments. In this study we tested the U-trend dating method on calcareous marine terrace deposits from the Palos Verdes Hills and San Nicolas Island, California. Independent age estimates indicate that terraces in these areas range from ???80 ka to greater than 1.0 Ma. Two low terraces on San Nicolas Island yielded U-trend plots that have a clustered array of points and the ages of these deposits are indeterminate or highly suspect. Middle Pleistocene terraces and one early Pleistocene terrace on San Nicolas Island and all terraces on the Palos Verdes Hills gave reasonably linear U-trend plots and estimated ages that are stratigraphically consistent and in agreement with independent age estimates. We conclude that many marine terrace deposits are suitable for U-trend dating, but U-trend plots must be carefully evaluated and U-trend ages should be consistent with independent geologic control. ?? 1989.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/1040-6182(89)90006-2","issn":"10406182","usgsCitation":"Muhs, D., Rosholt, J., and Bush, C.A., 1989, The Uranium-trend dating method: Principles and application for southern California marine terrace deposits: Quaternary International, v. 1, no. C, p. 19-34, https://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(89)90006-2.","startPage":"19","endPage":"34","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":270042,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(89)90006-2"},{"id":223931,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"C","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba96fe4b08c986b322281","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muhs, D.R. 0000-0001-7449-251X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":61460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosholt, J.N.","contributorId":37749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosholt","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bush, C. A.","contributorId":43344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70184724,"text":"70184724 - 1989 - Impacts of petroleum development in the Arctic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-10T16:57:39","indexId":"70184724","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impacts of petroleum development in the Arctic","docAbstract":"In their article “Cumulative impacts of oil fields on northern Alaskan landscapes.” D. A. Walter et al. (1) document some direct and indirect impacts of petroleum development in the Arctic on selected portions of the Prudhoe Bay Oil field. While most of the kinds of impacts they discuss are valid points to consider in designing an arctic oil field, the magnitude of what they describe is not representative of the Prudhoe Bay field, in general, or of newer oil fields, such as Kuparuk to the west of Prudhoe. It is even less applicable in areas of higher topographic relief, such as the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR).
Any development will cause an impact to the land. In the Arctic, as noted by Walker et al., gravel roads and pads have been built that are thick enough to support facilities while the thermal integrity of the underlying permafrost is maintained. Decision-makers must evaluate whether or not the gains of development are worth the impacts incurred. Accurate assessment of both direct and indirect impacts is essential.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.245.4919.764","usgsCitation":"S.B., R., 1989, Impacts of petroleum development in the Arctic: Science, v. 245, no. 4919, p. 764-765, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.245.4919.764.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"764","endPage":"765","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337402,"rank":2,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70184739","text":"Walter et al. 1987 (Cumulative impacts of oil fields on northern Alaskan landscapes)"},{"id":337401,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic National Wildlife Refuge","volume":"245","issue":"4919","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c951e4b0f37a93ee9b8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"S.B., Robertson","contributorId":188411,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"S.B.","given":"Robertson","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015680,"text":"70015680 - 1989 - Introduction to the hydrogeochemical investigations within the International Stripa Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T16:43:47.659437","indexId":"70015680","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Introduction to the hydrogeochemical investigations within the International Stripa Project","docAbstract":"The International Stripa Project (1980-1990) has sponsored hydrogeochemical investigations at several subsurface drillholes in the granitic portion of an abandoned iron ore mine, central Sweden. The purpose has been to advance our understanding of geochemical processes in crystalline bedrock that may affect the safety assessment of high-level radioactive waste repositories. More than a dozen investigators have collected close to a thousand water and gas samples for chemical and isotopic analyses to develop concepts for the behavior of solutes in a granitic repository environment. The Stripa granite is highly radioactive and has provided an exceptional opportunity to study the behavior of natural radionuclides, especially subsurface production. Extensive microfracturing, low permeability with isolated fracture zones of high permeability, unusual water chemistry, and a typical granitic mineral assemblage with thin veins and fracture coatings of calcite, chlorite, seriate, epidote and quartz characterize the site. Preliminary groundwater flow modeling indicates that the mine has perturbed the flow environment to a depth of about 3 km and may have induced deep groundwaters to flow into the mine. ?? 1989.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(89)90293-7","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Nordstrom, D.K., Olsson, T., Carlsson, L., and Fritz, P., 1989, Introduction to the hydrogeochemical investigations within the International Stripa Project: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, no. 8, p. 1717-1726, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(89)90293-7.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1717","endPage":"1726","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223783,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3dfce4b0c8380cd639f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olsson, T.","contributorId":102636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsson","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carlsson, L.","contributorId":28376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlsson","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fritz, P.","contributorId":83673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritz","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70187621,"text":"70187621 - 1989 - Populations, productivity, and feeding habits of seabirds at Cape Thompson, Alaska: Final report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-11T09:56:55","indexId":"70187621","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Populations, productivity, and feeding habits of seabirds at Cape Thompson, Alaska: Final report","docAbstract":"Investigations of seabird population sizes and breeding biology were conducted at Cape Thompson from 1959 to 1961 during pre-development studies associated with the Atomic through 1982, the Alaskan Program (OCSEAP) supported determine whether changes Energy Commission’s “Project Chariot.” From 1976 Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment efforts to recensus seabirds at Cape Thompson and had occurred since the 1959-61 period. Prior to the present study, it had been 6 years since the last efforts to census seabird colonies in this area.
We established a field camp at the and occupied it continuously until 31 were selected for cliff nesting species comprising the Cape Thompson complex, mouth of Ikijaktusak Creek on 2 July August 1988. Permanent study plots in four of the five discrete colonies and regular observations were made throughout the study to document attendance patterns, breeding phenology, and success of murres and kittiwakes. Periodic collections of adults offshore were used to determine the food habits of study species. Shore-based work was supplemented with offshore studies of seabird foraging from the USFWS vessel Eagle-Tiglax, 24-31 August (Fig. 2).
Correlation analysis revealed negative trends in murre attendance at all Cape Thompson colonies between 1960 and 1982 or 1988, significantly so for 3 of the 5 colonies. Based on apparent changes in species composition within the colonies, Common Murres declined at a more rapid rate than Thick-billed Murres between 1960 and 1988. Combining information from all colonies, it appears that murre populations have been relatively stable since about 1979. In contrast to murres, the kittiwake population showed no significant trends between 1960 and 1982 or between 1960 and 1988. All fluctuations in kittiwake numbers documented between years were within the variability expected within years. Breeding productivity of murres was about average during 1988 (0.47 young/pair), whereas the productivity of kittiwakes was very poor (0.15 young/pair).
Murres and kittiwakes fed mostly on arctic cod and sand lance distributed widely but in low concentrations (e.g., 0.1-10 g/m3) UP to 1.20 km north and northwest of Cape Thompson. In the total area surveyed (225 km2), only two major feeding aggregations were observed where fish school densities exceeded 15 g/ins. Forage fish densities were higher in shallow Alaska Coastal Current waters than offshore in Bering Sea waters, and piscivorous seabirds like murres and kittiwakes fed mostly in coastal waters. Reduced numbers of fish in murre and kittiwake stomachs in August and low breeding success of kittiwakes suggested that forage fish densities observed around Cape Thompson in late August were sufficient to sustain murres but were insufficient for, or inaccessible to, kittiwakes.
The breeding failure of Black-legged Kittiwakes at Cape Thompson in 1988 was part throughout causes of kittiwakes of a pervasive syndrome of failure in this species observed the Bering/Chukchi seas and Gulf of Alaska in recent years. The recurrent widespread breeding failure need to be identified if are to have a role in area-wide population monitoring during the period of Alaskan OCS development by the oil and gas industry.
The system of land-based plots established in 1988 is recommended for future population monitoring of cliff-nesting birds at Cape Thompson. Based on the coefficients of variation among counts observed in this study, it is estimated that 10 replicate counts per year would detect an 8% change in numbers of Thick-billed Murres between years and a 12% change in Common Murres, with 75% certainty of statistical significance at the 0.05 level. Similarly, a 9% annual change in the population of Black-legged Kittiwakes should be detectable at the 0.05 significance level given samples of 10 replicate counts of the land-based plots.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","usgsCitation":"Fadely, B.S., Piatt, J.F., Hatch, S.A., and Roseneau, D.G., 1989, Populations, productivity, and feeding habits of seabirds at Cape Thompson, Alaska: Final report, xxi, 429 p.","productDescription":"xxi, 429 p.","numberOfPages":"449","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341098,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341097,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.boem.gov/ESPIS/0/923.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cape Thompson","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -166.1894989013672,\n 68.02299414412997\n ],\n [\n -165.4863739013672,\n 68.02299414412997\n ],\n [\n -165.4863739013672,\n 68.24929413342046\n ],\n [\n -166.1894989013672,\n 68.24929413342046\n ],\n [\n -166.1894989013672,\n 68.02299414412997\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"591577f9e4b01a342e691459","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fadely, Brian S.","contributorId":184042,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fadely","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":694792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":694793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roseneau, David G.","contributorId":73394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roseneau","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":694794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}