A catastrophic terminal Triassic extinction event among terrestrial vertebrates is not supported by available evidence. The current model for such an extinction is based on at least eight weak or untenable assumptions: (1) a terminal Triassic extinction-inducing asteroid impact occurred, (2) a terminal Triassic synchronous mass extinction of terrestrial vertebrates occurred, (3) a concurrent terminal Triassic marine extinction occurred, (4) all terrestrial vertebrate families have similar diversities and ecologies, (5) changes in familial diversity can be gauged accurately from the known fossil record, (6) extinction of families can be compared through time without normalizing for changes in familial diversity through time, (7) extinction rates can be compared without normalizing for differing lengths of geologic stages, and (8) catastrophic mass extinctions do not select for small size. These assumptions have resulted in unsupportable and (or) erroneous conclusions. Carboniferous through Early Jurassic terrestrial vertebrate families mostly have evolution and extinction patterns unlike the vertebrate evolution and extinction patterns during the terminal Cretaceous event. Only the Serpukhovian (mid Carboniferous) extinction event shows strong analogy to the terminal Cretaceous event. Available data suggest no terminal Triassic extinction anomaly, but rather a prolonged and nearly steady decline in the global terrestrial vertebrate extinction rate throughout the Triassic and earliest Jurassic.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(92)90111-H","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Weems, R., 1992, The \"terminal Triassic catastrophic extinction event\" in perspective: A review of carboniferous through Early Jurassic terrestrial vertebrate extinction patterns: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 94, no. 1-4, p. 1-29, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(92)90111-H.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224475,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba610e4b08c986b320e78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weems, R.E.","contributorId":44920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weems","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017237,"text":"70017237 - 1992 - Pliocene and Pleistocene geologic and climatic evolution in the San Luis Valley of south-central Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-04T16:52:22.542368","indexId":"70017237","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pliocene and Pleistocene geologic and climatic evolution in the San Luis Valley of south-central Colorado","docAbstract":"Sediments of the Alamosa Formation spanning the upper part of the Gauss and most of the Matuyama Chrons were recovered by coring in the high (2300 m) San Luis Valley of south-central Colorado. The study site is located at the northern end of the Rio Grande rift. Lithologic changes in the core sediments provide evidence of events leading to integration of the San Luis drainage basin into the Rio Grande. The section, which includes the Huckleberry Ridge Ash (2.02 Ma) and spans the entire Matuyama Chron, contains pollen, and invertebrate and vertebrate fossils. Stable isotope analyses of inorganic and biogenic carbonate taken over most of the core indicate substantially warmer temperatures than occur today in the San Luis Valley. At the end of the Olduvai Subchron, summer precipitation decreased, summer pan evaporation increased, and temperatures increased slightly compared to the earlier climate represented in the core. By the end of the Jaramillo Subchron, however, cold/wet and warm/dry cycles become evident and continue into the cold/wet regime associated with the deep-sea oxygen-isotope Stage 22 glaciation previously determined from outcrops at the same locality. Correspondence between the Hansen Bluff climatic record and the deep-sea oxygen-isotope record (oxygen-isotope stages from about 110-18) is apparent, indicating that climate at Hansen Bluff was responding to global climatic changes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(92)90113-J","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Rogers, K., Larson, E., Smith, G., Katzman, D., Smith, G., Cerling, T., Wang, Y., Baker, R.G., Lohmann, K., Repenning, C., Patterson, P., and Mackie, G., 1992, Pliocene and Pleistocene geologic and climatic evolution in the San Luis Valley of south-central Colorado: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 94, no. 1-4, p. 55-86, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(92)90113-J.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"55","endPage":"86","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":490171,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(92)90113-j","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":224784,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"San Luis Valley of south-central Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.48002044079,\n 38.33816410596603\n ],\n [\n -106.48002044079,\n 36.96436704868522\n ],\n [\n -105.51406287576243,\n 36.96436704868522\n ],\n [\n -105.51406287576243,\n 38.33816410596603\n ],\n [\n -106.48002044079,\n 38.33816410596603\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c61e4b0c8380cd7995e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rogers, K.L.","contributorId":93634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larson, E.E.","contributorId":100508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, G.","contributorId":52918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Katzman, D.","contributorId":34660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katzman","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, G.R.","contributorId":97038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cerling, T.","contributorId":49525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cerling","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wang, Y.","contributorId":64213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Baker, R. G.","contributorId":96326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lohmann, K.C.","contributorId":20472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lohmann","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Repenning, C.A.","contributorId":56700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repenning","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Patterson, P.","contributorId":105861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patterson","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Mackie, G.","contributorId":99304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mackie","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70017156,"text":"70017156 - 1992 - Lake-size variations in the Lahontan and Bonneville basins between 13,000 and 9000 14C yr B.P","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-04T23:21:53.543217","indexId":"70017156","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lake-size variations in the Lahontan and Bonneville basins between 13,000 and 9000 14C yr B.P","docAbstract":"Recessions of Lakes Lahontan and Bonneville that commenced ∼13,500 14C yr B.P. were interrupted at ⪖11,500 14C yr B.P. in the Lahontan basin and ∼12,200 14C yr B.P. in the Bonneville basin by relatively large perturbations in lake level that persisted for ∼ 2000 years. Minor glacial readvances in the Sierra Nevada and White Mountains of California-Nevada occurred during the latter half of this interval (between 11,000 and 9700 14C yr B.P.). The hydrologic response of Lakes Lahontan and Bonneville and the mountain glacial advances were concurrent with the Allerød/Younger Dryas climatic intervals recorded in vegetational and glacial records of western and central Europe.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(92)90162-X","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Benson, L., Currey, D., Lao, Y., and Hostetler, S., 1992, Lake-size variations in the Lahontan and Bonneville basins between 13,000 and 9000 14C yr B.P: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 95, no. 1-2, p. 19-32, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(92)90162-X.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224918,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada, Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.04169356359088,\n 41.927221221290296\n ],\n [\n -120.24126133487317,\n 39.19834295254176\n ],\n [\n -118.40684947870642,\n 37.60663583667902\n ],\n [\n -114.80897112633983,\n 35.539763811049966\n ],\n [\n -113.65870325675273,\n 36.813088908400566\n ],\n [\n -109.08190736391086,\n 36.89068522722455\n ],\n [\n -109.28914669396218,\n 41.18261282005031\n ],\n [\n -111.00943729645506,\n 40.93305547263543\n ],\n [\n -111.35833692558185,\n 41.93213402280034\n ],\n [\n -120.04169356359088,\n 41.927221221290296\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"95","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4174e4b0c8380cd6553d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, L.","contributorId":56793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Currey, D.","contributorId":47527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Currey","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lao, Y.","contributorId":58019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lao","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hostetler, S. 0000-0003-2272-8302","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":30336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017080,"text":"70017080 - 1992 - Chronologic evidence for multiple periods of loess deposition during the Late Pleistocene in the Missouri and Mississippi River Valley, United States: Implications for the activity of the Laurentide ice sheet","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-04T23:28:07.937883","indexId":"70017080","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chronologic evidence for multiple periods of loess deposition during the Late Pleistocene in the Missouri and Mississippi River Valley, United States: Implications for the activity of the Laurentide ice sheet","docAbstract":"The loess stratigraphy of the mid-continental U.S. is an important proxy record for the activity of the Laurentide Ice Sheet in North America. One of the most outstanding problems is deciphering the age of loess deposits in this area during the late Pleistocene. Radiocarbon dating of snails and thermoluminescence dating of the fine-silt fraction (4–11 μm) from loess at the Loveland Loess type section, Loveland, Iowa and a recent excavation at the Pleasant Grove School section. Madison County, Illinois provide new chronologic control on loess deposition in the Mississippi/Missouri River Valley chronology indicates that the Loveland Loess is Illinoian in age (135±20 ka) but is not correlative with the Teneriffe Silt which is dated to 77 ± 8 ka. Concordant radiocarbon and thermoluminescence age estimates demonstrate that the Roxana Silt and a correlative loess in Iowa, the Pisgah Formation, is probably 40-30 ka old. These age estimates in conjunction with previous results indicate that there were four periods of loess deposition during the last 150 ka at 25-12 ka, 45-30 ka, 85-70 ka and at ca. 135 ± 20 ka.
This chronology of loess deposition supports the presence of both a late Illinoian and early Wisconsinan loess and associated soils. Thus, there may be more than one soil in the loess stratigraphy of the mid-continental U.S. with morphologies similar to the Sangamon Soil. The last three periods of loess deposition may be correlative with periods of elevated dust concentrations recorded in the Dye 3 ice core from southern Greenland. This is particularly significant because both areas possibly had the same source for eolian particles. Reconstructions of atmospheric circulation for glacial periods show a southerly deflected jet stream that could have transported dust from the mid-continental USA to southern Greenland. Lastly, the inferred record of loess deposition is parallel to a chronology for deglaciation of the Laurentide Ice Sheet deciphered from chronologic and stratigraphic studies of raised glacial and marine sediments in the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada. These chronologies indicate that the Laurentide Ice Sheet was quite dynamic during the late Pleistocene, advancing and retreating across North America at least four times during the last 150 ka.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(92)90184-7","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Forman, S., Bettis, E., Kemmis, T., and Miller, B., 1992, Chronologic evidence for multiple periods of loess deposition during the Late Pleistocene in the Missouri and Mississippi River Valley, United States: Implications for the activity of the Laurentide ice sheet: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 93, no. 1-2, p. 71-83, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(92)90184-7.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"83","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225151,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Missouri and Mississippi River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.2309693554616,\n 43.44198796395645\n ],\n [\n -91.9517701176503,\n 43.44198796395645\n ],\n [\n -90.94343047532716,\n 36.884252525509\n ],\n [\n -91.9517701176503,\n 30.510588832231633\n ],\n [\n -90.90804713803813,\n 30.265466346442025\n ],\n [\n -89.19809030425643,\n 37.1477186250719\n ],\n [\n -90.53151019297856,\n 40.07275820263603\n ],\n [\n -90.2309693554616,\n 43.44198796395645\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"93","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5f2e4b0c8380cd4c4e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Forman, S.L.","contributorId":38597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forman","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bettis, E. Arthur III","contributorId":72822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bettis","given":"E. Arthur","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kemmis, T.J.","contributorId":78881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemmis","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, B.B.","contributorId":48321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017014,"text":"70017014 - 1992 - Setting and occurrence of Late Paleozoic radiolarians in the Sylvester allochthon, part of a proto-Pacific ocean floor terrane in the Canadian Cordillera","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-05T16:09:29.732074","indexId":"70017014","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Setting and occurrence of Late Paleozoic radiolarians in the Sylvester allochthon, part of a proto-Pacific ocean floor terrane in the Canadian Cordillera","docAbstract":"Late Paleozoic radiolarians have been used to establish th allochthon of the Slide Mountain terrane in British Columbia, and have thereby greatly clarified the geology and tectonic history of the terrane. As the Sylvester radiolarian fauna is limited, age assignments were based on a few distinctive and diagnostic robust forms. Radiolarians occur in cherts from a wide variety of different oceanic sequences that are structurally juxtaposed within the Sylvester allochthon. Like others in a suite of correlative terranes that lie along the length of the Cordillera, the Sylvester allochthon and the radiolarian bearing cherts in it derive from the telescoping together of slices from what was, in the late Paleozoic, a large area of the proto-Pacific ocean.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(92)90063-B","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Harms, T., and Murchey, B., 1992, Setting and occurrence of Late Paleozoic radiolarians in the Sylvester allochthon, part of a proto-Pacific ocean floor terrane in the Canadian Cordillera: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 96, no. 1-2, p. 127-139, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(92)90063-B.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"139","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224717,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Canadian Cordillera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -169.02579435724618,\n 61.30927770431501\n ],\n [\n -180.861365986406,\n 49.8657408528454\n ],\n [\n -141.281114578368,\n 58.410990590614304\n ],\n [\n -127.6641472532248,\n 47.59304416869779\n ],\n [\n -125.42058367688256,\n 38.83362922424901\n ],\n [\n -119.28408417215414,\n 33.02361241587215\n ],\n [\n -112.21736551400838,\n 31.857680433250366\n ],\n [\n -117.3420664268979,\n 52.28312248081755\n ],\n [\n -147.52803662029422,\n 72.62820289668235\n ],\n [\n -168.8996311783408,\n 69.78520377429864\n ],\n [\n -169.02579435724618,\n 61.30927770431501\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"96","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d70e4b08c986b3183e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harms, T.A.","contributorId":18454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harms","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murchey, B.L.","contributorId":93074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murchey","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017241,"text":"70017241 - 1992 - A-type granite and the Red Sea opening","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-18T16:05:25.991562","indexId":"70017241","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A-type granite and the Red Sea opening","docAbstract":"Miocene-Oligocene A-type granite intrudes the eastern side of the Red Sea margin within the zone of extension from Jiddah, Saudi Arabia south to Yemen. The intrusions developed in the early stages of continental extension as Arabia began to move slowly away from Africa (around 30–20 Ma). Within the narrow zone of extension silicic magmas formed dikes, sills, small plutons and extrusive equivalents. In the Jabal Tirf area of Saudi Arabia these rocks occur in an elongate zone consisting of late Precambrian basement to the east, which is gradually invaded by mafic dikes. The number of dikes increases westward until an igneous complex is produced parallel to the present Red Sea axis. The Jabal Tirf igneous complex consists of diabase and rhyolite-granophyre sills (20–24 Ma). Although these are intrusine intrusive rocks their textures indicate shallow depths of intrusion (< 1 km). To the south, in the Yemen, contemporaneous with alkali basaltic eruptions (26–30 Ma) and later silicic eruptions, small plutons, dikes, and stocks of alkali granite invaded thick (1500 m) volcanic series, at various levels and times. Erosion within the uplifted margin of Yemen suggests that the maximum depth of intrusion was less than 1–2 km. Granophyric intrusions (20–30 Ma) within mafic dike swarms similar to the Jabal Tirf complex are present along the western edge of the Yemen volcanic plateau, marking a north-south zone of continental extension.
The alkali granites of Yemen consist primarily of perthitic feldspar and quartz with some minor alkali amphiboles and acmite. These granites represent water-poor, hypersolvus magmas generated from parent alkali basalt magmas. The granophyric, two-feldspar granites associated with the mafic dike swarms and layered gabbros formed by fractional crystallization from tholeiitic basalt parent developed in the early stages of extension. Initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of these rocks and their bulk chemistry indicate that production of peralkaline and metaluminous granitic magmas involved both fractiónation and partial melting as they ascended through the late Precambrian crust of the Arabian plate.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(92)90267-A","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Coleman, R.G., DeBari, S., and Peterman, Z., 1992, A-type granite and the Red Sea opening: Tectonophysics, v. 204, no. 1-2, p. 27-40, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(92)90267-A.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"40","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224877,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia, Yemen","otherGeospatial":"Red Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 39.15782377278987,\n 21.607126844266944\n ],\n [\n 42.70305801152713,\n 17.44972155682862\n ],\n [\n 43.392020322298606,\n 13.249091717093819\n ],\n [\n 44.54746237053652,\n 12.838661127014703\n ],\n [\n 44.87321323862834,\n 18.030391726103872\n ],\n [\n 41.92126546060109,\n 22.378867899726544\n ],\n [\n 39.15782377278987,\n 21.607126844266944\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"204","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e623e4b0c8380cd471a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coleman, Robert G.","contributorId":88022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeBari, Susan","contributorId":194299,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DeBari","given":"Susan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peterman, Zell E. 0000-0002-5694-8082 peterman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5694-8082","contributorId":620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Zell E.","email":"peterman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":375865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017152,"text":"70017152 - 1992 - The international seismological observing period in Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-18T16:16:03.308355","indexId":"70017152","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The international seismological observing period in Africa","docAbstract":"The International Seismological Observing Period (ISOP) is a specific time interval designated for enhanced international cooperation in the collection and dissemination of observatory measurements from the global seismographic network. The primary purpose of the ISOP is to strengthen the international infrastructure that supports current seismological practice and increase the cooperation among nations that operate seismological observatories. Measurements, reported by the existing global network and compiled by agencies such as the International Seismological Centre (ISC), are providing new information about earthquakes and the structure of the Earth of fundamental importance to the Earth sciences. However, these data represent but a small fraction of the information contained in the seismograms.
One of the goals of the ISOP is to collect improved sets of data. In particular, the measurement and reporting of later-arriving phases, during a fixed ISOP period, from earthquakes selected for detailed observation by the cooperating stations will be encouraged. The use of advanced, digital instrumentation provides an unprecedented opportunity for enhancing the methods of seismogram interpretation and seismic parameter extraction, by the implementation of digital processing methods at seismic observatories worldwide. It must be ensured that this new information will be available to the entire seismological community. It is believed that this purpose is best served with an ISOP that promotes increased on-site processing at digital stations in Africa and elsewhere.
Improvements in seismology require truly international cooperation and the educational aspects of seismological practice form one of the goals of the ISOP. Thus, workshops will be needed in Africa to train analysts in ISOP procedures and to introduce them to modern techniques and applications of the data. Participants will, thus, benefit from theoretical results and practical experience that are of direct relevance to their own work.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(92)90003-O","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Engdahl, E., and Bergman, E.A., 1992, The international seismological observing period in Africa: Tectonophysics, v. 209, no. 1-4, p. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(92)90003-O.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224824,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Africa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -21.269243513212928,\n 21.629023140964563\n ],\n [\n -15.167869817211624,\n 6.047652342902126\n ],\n [\n 10.19978649907489,\n -2.746334833670261\n ],\n [\n 12.225086253822965,\n -12.18857857450611\n ],\n [\n 10.662147318453663,\n -18.110505609129447\n ],\n [\n 17.474657478207064,\n -37.99971611404459\n ],\n [\n 37.57972189587048,\n -30.197970837465895\n ],\n [\n 42.53654002921123,\n -5.439224473771755\n ],\n [\n 53.69111795626192,\n 12.170534253418275\n ],\n [\n 45.74780754825497,\n 13.327288082003067\n ],\n [\n 41.231419751679404,\n 19.60071725418828\n ],\n [\n 31.931245619434065,\n 33.98142444696498\n ],\n [\n 10.455721685400356,\n 37.32533638278354\n ],\n [\n -5.658780383818609,\n 37.013820722847385\n ],\n [\n -21.269243513212928,\n 21.629023140964563\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"209","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad57e4b08c986b323b57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Engdahl, E.R.","contributorId":22906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engdahl","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bergman, Eric A. 0000-0002-7069-8286","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7069-8286","contributorId":84513,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bergman","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016978,"text":"70016978 - 1992 - Geology of the d'Entrecasteaux-New Hebrides arc collision zone: Results from a deep submersible survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-18T16:46:36.797166","indexId":"70016978","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology of the d'Entrecasteaux-New Hebrides arc collision zone: Results from a deep submersible survey","docAbstract":"The margins of Gondwana are generally considered to be the major sites of oolitic ironstone production during the Ordovician, and appear to be linked with global eustatic sea-level rise. Occurrences of oolitic ironstones within the North American craton are less well documented, but provide important supplementary data. The low latitude of Laurasia contrasted with Gondwana allows useful comparisons of climatic and temporal patterns of Ordovician ironstone formation.
Middle Ordovician ironstones occur in siliciclastic sequences in the American mid-continent and appear to become progressively younger as the epicontinental sea advanced from the southwest across a predominantly carbonate terrain. In northeastern Kansas, the regional distribution pattern of primary, syndiagenetic goethite iron oolites within the St. Peter Sandstone indicate deposition peripheral to a north-northeast-trending chain of islands underlain by predominantly granitic rocks, located along an ancestral Nemaha uplift. Detailed compositional mapping in the subsurface was made possible by the distinctive petrophysical properties of the goethite zone and the extensive regional control of wireline-logged exploration wells. Petrographic data from ironstone core- and drill-cuttings both validate log analysis and give insights on possible modes of genesis. We propose that eustatic changes in sea level were the primary factor governing the formation and observed distribution patterns of the oolite bed(s). The relationship of the observed occurrence patterns to major rift-related faults of the Central North American Rift system suggests that synsedimentary tectonism also influenced this process. The most likely source of iron appears to be by derivation from intensive, humid weathering of granite exposed extensively on the ancestral Nemaha uplift archipelago.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(92)90084-5","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Berendsen, P., Doveton, J., and Speczik, S., 1992, Distribution and characteristics of a Middle Ordovician oolitic ironstone in northeastern Kansas based on petrographic and petrophysical properties: A Laurasian ironstone case study: Sedimentary Geology, v. 76, no. 3-4, p. 207-219, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(92)90084-5.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"207","endPage":"219","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225107,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","otherGeospatial":"northeastern Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.90920132775732,\n 40.019063558804106\n ],\n [\n -97.90920132775732,\n 38.04099838968003\n ],\n [\n -94.5535895185104,\n 38.04099838968003\n ],\n [\n -94.5535895185104,\n 40.019063558804106\n ],\n [\n -97.90920132775732,\n 40.019063558804106\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"76","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a027ee4b0c8380cd50085","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berendsen, P.","contributorId":68037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berendsen","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doveton, J.H.","contributorId":30237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doveton","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Speczik, S.","contributorId":13492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Speczik","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017070,"text":"70017070 - 1992 - Charnockites and granites of the western Adirondacks, New York, USA: A differentiated A-type suite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-26T16:05:20.625574","indexId":"70017070","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3112,"text":"Precambrian Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Charnockites and granites of the western Adirondacks, New York, USA: A differentiated A-type suite","docAbstract":"Granitic rocks in the west-central Adirondack Highlands of New York State include both relatively homogeneous charnockitic and hornblende granitic gneisses (CG), that occur in thick stratiform bodies and elliptical domes, and heterogeneous leucogneisses (LG), that commonly are interlayered with metasedimentary rocks. Major- and trace-element geochemical analyses were obtained for 115 samples, including both types of granitoids. Data for CG fail to show the presence of more than one distinct group based on composition. Most of the variance within the CG sample population is consistent with magmatic differentiation combined with incomplete separation of early crystals of alkali feldspar, plagioclase, and pyroxenes or amphibole from the residual liquid. Ti, Fe, Mg, Ca, P, Sr, Ba, and Zr decrease with increasing silica, while Rb and K increase. Within CG, the distinction between charnockitic (orthopyroxene-bearing) and granitic gneisses is correlated with bulk chemistry. The charnockites are consistently more mafic than the hornblende granitic gneisses, although forming a continuum with them. The leucogneisses, while generally more felsic than the charnockites and granitic gneisses, are otherwise geochemically similar to them. The data are consistent with the LG suite being an evolved extrusive equivalent of the intrusive CG suite.
Both CG and LG suites are metaluminous to mildly peraluminous and display an A-type geochemical signature, enriched in Fe, K, Ce, Y, Nb, Zr, and Ga and depleted in Ca, Mg, and Sr relative to I- and S-type granites. Rare earth element patterns show moderate LREE enrichment and a negative Eu anomaly throughout the suite. The geochemical data suggest an origin by partial melting of biotite- and plagioclase-rich crustal rocks. Emplacement occurred in an anorogenic or post-collisional tectonic setting, probably at relatively shallow depths. Deformation and granulite-facies metamorphism with some partial melting followed during the Ottawan phase of the Grenville Orogeny, yielding the present migmatitic granitic and charnockitic gneisses.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0301-9268(92)90092-3","issn":"03019268","usgsCitation":"Whitney, P., 1992, Charnockites and granites of the western Adirondacks, New York, USA: A differentiated A-type suite: Precambrian Research, v. 57, no. 1-2, p. 1-19, https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(92)90092-3.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224960,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"western Adirondacks","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.3444346849542,\n 44.25450535926828\n ],\n [\n -76.68150298069823,\n 43.11492967543458\n ],\n [\n -73.30922757499911,\n 43.11492967543458\n ],\n [\n -73.32301858873224,\n 44.99911340708431\n ],\n [\n -74.94383593925178,\n 45.01402411441677\n ],\n [\n -76.3444346849542,\n 44.25450535926828\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f505e4b0c8380cd4c051","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitney, P.R.","contributorId":46671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017221,"text":"70017221 - 1992 - The nature of Archean terrane boundaries: An example from the northern Wyoming Province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-26T15:49:41.505183","indexId":"70017221","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3112,"text":"Precambrian Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The nature of Archean terrane boundaries: An example from the northern Wyoming Province","docAbstract":"The Archean northern Wyoming Province can be subdivided into two geologically distinct terranes, the Beartooth-Bighorn magmatic terrane (BBMT) and the Montana metasedimentary terrane (MMT). The BBMT is characterized by voluminous Late Archean (2.90-2.74 Ga) magmatic rocks (primarily tonalite, trondhjemite, and granite); metasedimentary rocks are preserved only as small, rare enclaves in this magmatic terrane. The magmatic rocks typically have geochemical and isotopic signatures that suggest petrogenesis in a continental magmatic arc environment. The MMT, as exposed in the northern Gallatin and Madison Ranges, is dominated by Middle Archean trondhjemitic gneisses (3.2-3.0 Ga); metasedimentary rocks, however, are significantly more abundant than in the BBMT. Each terrane has experienced a separate and distinct geologic history since at least 3.6 Ga ago based on differences in metamorphic and structural styles, composition of magmatic and metasupracrustal rocks, and isotopic ages; consequently, these may be described as discrete terranes in the Cordilleran sense. Nonetheless, highly radiogenic and distinctive Pb-Pb isotopic signatures in rocks of all ages in both terranes indicate that the two terranes share a significant aspect of their history. This suggests that these two Early to Middle Archean crustal blocks, that initially evolved as part of a larger crustal province, experienced different geologic histories from at least 3.6 Ga until their juxtaposition in the Late Archean (between 2.75 to 2.55 Ga ago). Consequently, the boundary between the BBMT and MMT appears to separate terranes that are not likely to be exotic in the sense of their Phanerozoic counterparts. Other Archean provinces do appear to contain crustal blocks with different isotopic signatures (e.g. West Greenland, India, South Africa). The use of the term exotic, therefore, must be cautious in situations where geographic indicators such as paleontologic and/or paleomagnetic data are not available. In these cases, isotopic signatures are one of the most useful features for assessing overall genetic relations amongst geologically distinct terranes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0301-9268(92)90020-O","issn":"03019268","usgsCitation":"Mogk, D., Mueller, P., and Wooden, J.L., 1992, The nature of Archean terrane boundaries: An example from the northern Wyoming Province: Precambrian Research, v. 55, no. 1-4, p. 155-168, https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(92)90020-O.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"168","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225209,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.55529310473639,\n 46.02443624860163\n ],\n [\n -113.55529310473639,\n 42.71679616981024\n ],\n [\n -108.80938447644624,\n 42.71679616981024\n ],\n [\n -108.80938447644624,\n 46.02443624860163\n ],\n [\n -113.55529310473639,\n 46.02443624860163\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"55","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae02e4b08c986b323eb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mogk, D.W.","contributorId":61575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mogk","given":"D.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, P.A.","contributorId":86117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016969,"text":"70016969 - 1992 - Speculations on the origin of the North American Midcontinent rift","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-18T16:58:49.217349","indexId":"70016969","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Speculations on the origin of the North American Midcontinent rift","docAbstract":"The Midcontinent rift is an example of lithospheric extension and flood basalt volcanism induced when a new mantle plume arrived near the base of the lithosphere. Very large volumes of basaltic magma were generated and partly erupted before substantial lithospheric extension began. Volcanism continued, along with extension and deep rift subsidence, for the ensuing 15 m.y. Much of the basaltic magma, including some of the earliest flows, was formed by partial melting of isotopically primitive asthenosphere contained in the plume head. The intense but relatively short duration of rifting and magmatism is a result of the dissipation of thermal and mechanical energy in the plume head. As the plume head spread beneath the lithosphere, it stretched the overlying lithosphere radially away from the Lake Superior region, the triple junction of the rift system, and partially melted to form the great volume of basalt and related intrusive rocks of the region.
The plume arrived beneath a continent that was under compression as a result of the ongoing Grenville orogeny that affected a large region east of the rift. That compression prevented full continental separation and eventually returned the region to compressional tectonics as the energy of the plume head waned.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(92)90251-Z","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Cannon, W., and Hinze, W.J., 1992, Speculations on the origin of the North American Midcontinent rift: Tectonophysics, v. 213, no. 1-2, p. 49-55, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(92)90251-Z.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"55","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224669,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Midcontinental rift","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.69307921660436,\n 61.34674053153964\n ],\n [\n -96.69307921660436,\n 46.683040226328956\n ],\n [\n -75.62323893875504,\n 46.683040226328956\n ],\n [\n -75.62323893875504,\n 61.34674053153964\n ],\n [\n -96.69307921660436,\n 61.34674053153964\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"213","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b95b7e4b08c986b31b09a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cannon, W.F. 0000-0002-2699-8118","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2699-8118","contributorId":70382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"W.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hinze, W. J.","contributorId":52607,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hinze","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016970,"text":"70016970 - 1992 - The Midcontinent rift in the Lake Superior region with emphasis on its geodynamic evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-18T16:52:44.180089","indexId":"70016970","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Midcontinent rift in the Lake Superior region with emphasis on its geodynamic evolution","docAbstract":"The Midcontinent rift is a Middle Proterozoic continental rift which records about 15 m.y. of extension, subsidence, and voluminous volcanism in the period 1109–1094 Ma in the central part of North America. During that time the crust was nearly totally separated and as much as 25 km of subaerial basalts accumulated in a deep central depression. Following extension and volcanism, a longer period of subsidence resulted in development of a post-rift sedimentary basin in which as much a 8 km of fluvial and lacustrine clastic rocks were deposited. Partial inversion of the central depression occurred about 30–50 m.y. after extension to produce the current configuration of a central horst, composed mostly of thick volcanic accumulations, between shallower flanking basins.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(92)90250-A","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Cannon, W., 1992, The Midcontinent rift in the Lake Superior region with emphasis on its geodynamic evolution: Tectonophysics, v. 213, no. 1-2, p. 41-48, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(92)90250-A.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"48","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224670,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Superior","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.81071176109748,\n 47.40952436363972\n ],\n [\n -92.18163302599311,\n 46.40634377363952\n ],\n [\n -88.82492554623708,\n 46.50878253536429\n ],\n [\n -84.14596128670087,\n 46.50119553601803\n ],\n [\n -84.55730185756191,\n 47.9485280334344\n ],\n [\n -85.88043899307928,\n 48.89838239934579\n ],\n [\n -88.43536603623971,\n 49.15245965733078\n ],\n [\n -91.81071176109748,\n 47.40952436363972\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"213","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba7ede4b08c986b3218c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cannon, W.F. 0000-0002-2699-8118","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2699-8118","contributorId":70382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"W.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017139,"text":"70017139 - 1992 - Earthquake nucleation on faults with rate-and state-dependent strength","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-18T16:24:50.693633","indexId":"70017139","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake nucleation on faults with rate-and state-dependent strength","docAbstract":"Faults with rate- and state-dependent constitutive properties reproduce a range of observed fault slip phenomena including spontaneous nucleation of slip instabilities at stresses above some critical stress level and recovery of strength following slip instability. Calculations with a plane-strain fault model with spatially varying properties demonstrate that accelerating slip precedes instability and becomes localized to a fault patch. The dimensions of the fault patch follow scaling relations for the minimum critical length for unstable fault slip. The critical length is a function of normal stress, loading conditions and constitutive parameters which include Dc, the characteristic slip distance. If slip starts on a patch that exceeds the critical size, the length of the rapidly accelerating zone tends to shrink to the characteristic size as the time of instability approaches. Solutions have been obtained for a uniform, fixed-patch model that are in good agreement with results from the plane-strain model. Over a wide range of conditions, above the steady-state stress, the logarithm of the time to instability linearly decreases as the initial stress increases. Because nucleation patch length and premonitory displacement are proportional to Dc, the moment of premonitory slip scales by D3c. The scaling of Dc is currently an open question. Unless Dc for earthquake faults is significantly greater than that observed on laboratory faults, premonitory strain arising from the nucleation process for earthquakes may by too small to detect using current observation methods. Excluding the possibility that Dc in the nucleation zone controls the magnitude of the subsequent earthquake, then the source dimensions of the smallest earthquakes in a region provide an upper limit for the size of the nucleation patch.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(92)90055-B","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Dieterich, J., 1992, Earthquake nucleation on faults with rate-and state-dependent strength: Tectonophysics, v. 211, no. 1-4, p. 115-134, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(92)90055-B.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"134","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":494453,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1258260","text":"External Repository"},{"id":224632,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"211","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a04fae4b0c8380cd50bce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dieterich, James H.","contributorId":81489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dieterich","given":"James H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017140,"text":"70017140 - 1992 - The change in orientation of subsidiary shears near faults containing pore fluid under high pressure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-18T16:19:55.009679","indexId":"70017140","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The change in orientation of subsidiary shears near faults containing pore fluid under high pressure","docAbstract":"The mechanical effects of a fault containing near-lithostatic fluid pressure in which fluid pressure decreases monotonically from the core of the fault zone to the adjacent country rock is considered. This fluid pressure distribution has mechanical implications for the orientation of subsidiary shears around a fault. Analysis shows that the maximum principal stress is oriented at a high angle to the fault in the country rock where the pore pressure is hydrostatic, and rotates to 45° to the fault within the fault zone where the pore pressure is much higher. This analysis suggests that on the San Andreas fault, where heat flow constraints require that the coefficient of friction for slip on the fault be less than 0.1, the pore fluid pressure on the main fault is 85% of the lithostatic pressure. The observed geometry of the subsidiary shears in the creeping section of the San Andreas are broadly consistent with this model, with differences that may be due to the heterogeneous nature of the fault.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(92)90066-F","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Byerlee, J., 1992, The change in orientation of subsidiary shears near faults containing pore fluid under high pressure: Tectonophysics, v. 211, no. 1-4, p. 295-303, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(92)90066-F.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"295","endPage":"303","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224633,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"211","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa15e4b08c986b322701","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Byerlee, J.","contributorId":105838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerlee","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017272,"text":"70017272 - 1992 - Beach-ridge development and lake-level variation in southern Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-22T16:12:44.670388","indexId":"70017272","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Beach-ridge development and lake-level variation in southern Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"The most accurate source of information on lake-level fluctuations in the Great Lakes is the historical record from lake-level gauges. Although it can be semiquantitatively extended back into the late 1700's, the historical record is too short to recognize long-term patterns of lake-level behavior. To extend the historical record, information must be obtained from the Great Lakes geologic record. Such information includes the elevation and age of geomorphic features and stratigraphic sequences.
One of the longest geologic records of late Holocene lake-level variation is preserved in a beach-ridge complex along the southern shore of Lake Michigan called the Toleston Beach. This strandplain contains over 150 beach ridges that arc across northwestern Indiana and fan out into northeastern Illinois. Each ridge was formed during the fall from a high lake level, and the elevation of the foreshore deposits in each ridge provides information on the upper physical limit of lake level over the past 4000 years. Three scales of quasi-periodic lake-level variation were determined by radiocarbon-dating basal peats of wetlands between the ridges and by measuring the elevation of foreshore (swash) deposits within ridges. These three scales are: (1) a short-term and small-scale fluctuation of 25 to 35 years with a range of about 0.5 to 0.6 m; (2) an intermediate-term and meso-scale fluctuation of 140 to 160 years and a range of about 0.8 to 0.9 m; and (3) a long-term and large-scale fluctuation of 500 to 600 years and a range of 1.8 to 3.7 m. The short-term and intermediate-term fluctuations are reflected in the historical record.
An increase in the rate of shoreline progradation from east to west across Indiana's shoreline causes differential preservation of the lake-level fluctuations. That is, groups of four to six ridges in the western part of the strandplain that formed in response to the small-scale fluctuations combine eastward into single ridges and groups of ridges representing the meso-scale fluctuations. The large-scale fluctuations produced the most dramatic response in the western part of the Toleston Beach. Here, following each high stand, individual spits prograded southward off of a bedrock headland. The successive spit extensions created several small lakes landward of the spits and started the 20 km eastward stream-mouth deflection of the Grand Calumet River across Indiana's western lakeshore.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(92)90048-V","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Thompson, T., 1992, Beach-ridge development and lake-level variation in southern Lake Michigan: Sedimentary Geology, v. 80, no. 3-4, p. 305-318, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(92)90048-V.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"318","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224539,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana","otherGeospatial":"southern Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.7770599367265,\n 41.975677013046834\n ],\n [\n -87.7770599367265,\n 41.56719135170678\n ],\n [\n -86.98171551883281,\n 41.56719135170678\n ],\n [\n -86.98171551883281,\n 41.975677013046834\n ],\n [\n -87.7770599367265,\n 41.975677013046834\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f032e4b0c8380cd4a646","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, T.A.","contributorId":73226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017003,"text":"70017003 - 1992 - Two-temperature method for measuring emissivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-17T15:15:34.307746","indexId":"70017003","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Two-temperature method for measuring emissivity","docAbstract":"Spectral emissivity can be uniquely determined from radiance measurements if the object can be observed at two different temperatures. The advantage of this approach is that the spectral emissivity is determined without a priori assumptions about spectral shape. Because the different temperatures are obtained by observing the scene at two times in the diurnal cycle (optimally after midday and midnight), the method assumes that emissivity is temporally invariant. This is valid for rocks and dry soils, not well established for vegetation, and not true when changes in soil moisture occur between the measurements. Accurate image registration and satisfactory signal:noise are critical factors that limit extensive use of this method.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0034-4257(92)90095-2","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Watson, K., 1992, Two-temperature method for measuring emissivity: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 42, no. 2, p. 117-121, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(92)90095-2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"121","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224523,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Rodeo Creek NE Quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.36749999999999,40.8675 ], [ -116.36749999999999,41 ], [ -116.25,41 ], [ -116.25,40.8675 ], [ -116.36749999999999,40.8675 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"42","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9a3e4b08c986b327cea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watson, K.","contributorId":39123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017051,"text":"70017051 - 1992 - Spectral ratio method for measuring emissivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-17T15:09:13.402053","indexId":"70017051","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spectral ratio method for measuring emissivity","docAbstract":"The spectral ratio method is based on the concept that although the spectral radiances are very sensitive to small changes in temperature the ratios are not. Only an approximate estimate of temperature is required thus, for example, we can determine the emissivity ratio to an accuracy of 1% with a temperature estimate that is only accurate to 12.5 K. Selecting the maximum value of the channel brightness temperatures is an unbiased estimate. Laboratory and field spectral data are easily converted into spectral ratio plots. The ratio method is limited by system signal:noise and spectral band-width. The images can appear quite noisy because ratios enhance high frequencies and may require spatial filtering. Atmospheric effects tend to rescale the ratios and require using an atmospheric model or a calibration site.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0034-4257(92)90094-Z","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Watson, K., 1992, Spectral ratio method for measuring emissivity: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 42, no. 2, p. 113-116, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(92)90094-Z.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"113","endPage":"116","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224575,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Canon City","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.30366633636247,\n 38.49553696901344\n ],\n [\n -105.30366633636247,\n 38.32553935644603\n ],\n [\n -105.12960814836953,\n 38.32553935644603\n ],\n [\n -105.12960814836953,\n 38.49553696901344\n ],\n [\n -105.30366633636247,\n 38.49553696901344\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9542e4b08c986b31ae32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watson, K.","contributorId":39123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017128,"text":"70017128 - 1992 - Relationships between sliding behavior and internal geometry of laboratory fault zones and some creeping and locked strike-slip faults of California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-18T16:34:03.068839","indexId":"70017128","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationships between sliding behavior and internal geometry of laboratory fault zones and some creeping and locked strike-slip faults of California","docAbstract":"In order to relate fault geometries to sliding behavior, maps of recently active breaks within the Hayward fault of central California, which is characterized by fault creep, have been examined and compared to maps of the San Andreas fault. The patterns of recent breaks of the Hayward fault are consistent with those found within the creeping section of the San Andreas, and they appear to have plausible physical explanations in the findings of laboratory experiments. The distinguishing geometric features of the examined locked and creeping faults are: (1) P-type second-order traces predominate over R(Riedel)-type traces in creeping sections; and (2) R-type second-order traces make smaller angles to the local fault strike in creeping sections than they do in locked sections. Two different maps of the Hayward fault gave similar results, supporting the inference that the patterns identified are basic characteristics of the fault rather than artifacts of a particular mapping procedure.
P shears predominate over R shears under laboratory conditions that allow dilation within the fault zone. In our own experiments, P-shear development was favored by the generation of excess pore-fluid pressures. We propose that creep in California faults also is the result of fluid overpressures that are maintained in a low-permeability gouge zone and that significantly lower effective stresses, thus helping to stabilize slip and producing high values of the ratio P/R. Small R-trace angles may also be an indicator of low effective stresses, but the evidence for this is not conclusive because other factors can also affect the size of the angles.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(92)90067-G","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Moore, D., and Byerlee, J., 1992, Relationships between sliding behavior and internal geometry of laboratory fault zones and some creeping and locked strike-slip faults of California: Tectonophysics, v. 211, no. 1-4, p. 305-316, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(92)90067-G.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"316","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225204,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.3322930795606,\n 38.24499551782549\n ],\n [\n -120.31253211193564,\n 34.117315016896626\n ],\n [\n -118.50466425437554,\n 34.099525789396395\n ],\n [\n -121.79626445306945,\n 38.26210414595528\n ],\n [\n -123.3322930795606,\n 38.24499551782549\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"211","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa653e4b0c8380cd84dc8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Diane E. 0000-0002-8641-1075","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8641-1075","contributorId":106496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Diane E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Byerlee, J.","contributorId":105838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerlee","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31534,"text":"ofr92302 - 1992 - An evaluation of installation methods for STS-1 seismometers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-17T10:48:48","indexId":"ofr92302","displayToPublicDate":"2002-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-302","title":"An evaluation of installation methods for STS-1 seismometers","docAbstract":"This report documents the results of a series of experiments conducted by the authors at the Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory (ASl) during the spring and summer of 1991; the object of these experiments was to obtain and document quantitative performance comparisons of three methods of installing STS-1 seismometers.
Historically, ASL has installed STS-1 sensors by cementing their thick glass base plates to the concrete floor of the vault (see Peterson and Tilgner, 1985, p 44 and Figure 31, p 51 for the details of this installation technique). This installation technique proved to be fairly satisfactory for the China Digital Seismic Network and for several sets of STS-1 sensors installed in other locations since that time. However, the cementing operation is rather labor intensive and the concrete requires a lengthy (about 1 week) curing time during which the sensor installed on it is noisy. In addition it is difficult to assure that all air bubbles have been removed from the interface between the cement and the glass base plate. If air bubbles are present beneath the plate, horizontal sensors can be unacceptably noisy. Moving a sensor installed in this manner requires the purchase of a new glass base plate because the old plate normally can not be removed without breakage.
Therefore, this study was undertaken with the aim of developing an improved method of installing STS-1's. The goals were to develop a method which requires less field site labor during the installation and assures a higher quality installation when finished. In addition, the improved installation technique should promote portability.
Two alternate installation techniques were evaluated in this study. One method replaces the cement between the base plate and the vault floor with sand. This method has been used in the French Geoscope program and in several IRIS/IDA installations made by the University of California at San Diego (UCSD) and possibly others. It is easily implemented in the field and is quite cheap. The other method utilizes a so called warpless housing designed by E. Wielandt and implemented at ASL. This housing is quite similar to the case design of the STS-2 sensor system. It is designed to minimize the effects of atmospheric pressure variations on the sealed housing.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr92302","usgsCitation":"Holcomb, L.G., and Hutt, C.R., 1992, An evaluation of installation methods for STS-1 seismometers: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-302, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92302.","productDescription":"37 p.","costCenters":[{"id":122,"text":"Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":9723,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0302/ofr92-302.pdf","size":"1819","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160892,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0302/coverthb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686522","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holcomb, L. Gary","contributorId":26308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holcomb","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hutt, Charles R. 0000-0001-9033-9195 bhutt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9033-9195","contributorId":1622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutt","given":"Charles","email":"bhutt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":206327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186440,"text":"70186440 - 1992 - Change-in-ratio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-01T09:13:19","indexId":"70186440","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Change-in-ratio","docAbstract":"Change-in-ratio (CIR) methods are used to estimate parameters for ecological populations subject to differential removals from population subclasses. Subclasses can be defined according to criteria such as sex, age, or size of individuals. Removals are generally in the form of closely monitored sport or commercial harvests. Estimation is based on observed changes in subclass proportions caused by the removals.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Encyclopedia of Environmetrics, volume 1","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/9780470057339.vac015m.pub2","isbn":"9780470057339","usgsCitation":"Udevitz, M.S., 1992, Change-in-ratio, chap. of Encyclopedia of Environmetrics, volume 1, p. 322-324, https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470057339.vac015m.pub2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"322","endPage":"324","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339152,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-01-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e4b0b3e4b09da67999779d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"El-Shaarawi, Abdel H.","contributorId":114059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"El-Shaarawi","given":"Abdel","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688466,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piegorsch, Walter W.","contributorId":112670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piegorsch","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688467,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Udevitz, Mark S. 0000-0003-4659-138X mudevitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-138X","contributorId":3189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Udevitz","given":"Mark","email":"mudevitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19869,"text":"ofr92164 - 1992 - Report on the U.S. Geological Survey's evaluation program for standard reference samples distributed in April 1992 :T-119 (trace constituents), M-122 (major constituents), N-34 (nutrients), N-35 (nutrients), Hg-14 (mercury)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:39","indexId":"ofr92164","displayToPublicDate":"2000-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-164","title":"Report on the U.S. Geological Survey's evaluation program for standard reference samples distributed in April 1992 :T-119 (trace constituents), M-122 (major constituents), N-34 (nutrients), N-35 (nutrients), Hg-14 (mercury)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr92164","usgsCitation":"Long, H., and Farrar, J., 1992, Report on the U.S. Geological Survey's evaluation program for standard reference samples distributed in April 1992 :T-119 (trace constituents), M-122 (major constituents), N-34 (nutrients), N-35 (nutrients), Hg-14 (mercury): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-164, iii, 100 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92164.","productDescription":"iii, 100 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152349,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0164/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49379,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0164/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a59e4b07f02db62f65d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, H.K.","contributorId":50547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"H.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farrar, J.W.","contributorId":26715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrar","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32229,"text":"ofr92474 - 1992 - Fact sheet: glaciers on Mount Rainier","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:25","indexId":"ofr92474","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-474","title":"Fact sheet: glaciers on Mount Rainier","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr92474","usgsCitation":"Driedger, C.L., 1992, Fact sheet: glaciers on Mount Rainier: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-474, Unpaginated; maps, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92474.","productDescription":"Unpaginated; maps","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163123,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3192,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Rainier/Publications/OFR92-474/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f88e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Driedger, Carolyn L. 0000-0002-4011-4112 driedger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4011-4112","contributorId":537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driedger","given":"Carolyn","email":"driedger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":208029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70104183,"text":"70104183 - 1992 - Geology of Keweenawan Supergroup Rocks near the Porcupine Mountains, Ontonagon and Gogebic Counties, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T11:12:58","indexId":"70104183","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T13:54:05","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Geology of Keweenawan Supergroup Rocks near the Porcupine Mountains, Ontonagon and Gogebic Counties, Michigan","docAbstract":"This field trip examines the geology of rocks of the Keweenawan Supergroup (1 .1 Ga) and related intrusive rocks of the Midcontinent rift system (MRS) in the western part of the northern peninsula of Michigan. The combination of stops includes all formations of the Keweenawan Supergroup in this region. Examination of all described localities requires more than a single day and participants are encouraged to use this guidebook on their own to supplement the localities that will be visited on our one-day trip. Because of uncertainties of weather, road conditions, and remaining snow pack in early May in this region of very heavy snowfall, the stops that we will visitwill not be known until the date of the trip. Stops are numbered in stratigraphic order, from oldest to youngest, not in the order in which they will be visited.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Institute on Lake Superior Geology, proceedings of the 38th annual meeting","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Institute on Lake Superior Geology","usgsCitation":"Cannon, W.F., Nicholson, S.W., Hedgman, C.A., Woodruff, L.G., and Schul, K.J., 1992, Geology of Keweenawan Supergroup Rocks near the Porcupine Mountains, Ontonagon and Gogebic Counties, Michigan, in Institute on Lake Superior Geology, proceedings of the 38th annual meeting, 30 p.","productDescription":"30 p.","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287058,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Gogebic County;Ontonagon County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -90.42,41.7 ], [ -90.42,48.2 ], [ -82.41,48.2 ], [ -82.41,41.7 ], [ -90.42,41.7 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5371ed72e4b0844954788421","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cannon, William F. 0000-0002-2699-8118 wcannon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2699-8118","contributorId":1883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"William","email":"wcannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nicholson, Suzanne W. 0000-0002-9365-1894 swnich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9365-1894","contributorId":880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"Suzanne","email":"swnich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":493618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hedgman, Cheryl A.","contributorId":91022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedgman","given":"Cheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Woodruff, Laurel G. 0000-0002-2514-9923 woodruff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2514-9923","contributorId":2224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodruff","given":"Laurel","email":"woodruff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schul, Klaus J.","contributorId":77051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schul","given":"Klaus","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70168427,"text":"70168427 - 1992 - Control of avian influenza: Philosophy and perspectives on behalf of migratory birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T12:16:45.371914","indexId":"70168427","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":948,"text":"Avian Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Control of avian influenza: Philosophy and perspectives on behalf of migratory birds","docAbstract":"Aquatic birds are considered the primary reservoir for influenza A viruses (Nettles et al., 1987). However, there is little concern about avian influenza among conservation agencies responsible for the welfare of those species. IN contrast, the poultry industry has great concern about avian influenza and view aquatic birds as a source for infection of poultry flocks. In some instances, differences in these perspectives created conflict between conservation agencies and the poultry industry. I speak on behalf of migratory birds, but philosophy and perspectives offered are intended to be helpful to the poultry industry in their efforts to combat avian influenza.
","conferenceTitle":"Third International Symposium on Avian Influenza","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Avian Pathologists","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., 1992, Control of avian influenza: Philosophy and perspectives on behalf of migratory birds: Avian Diseases, v. 47, p. 393-399.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"393","endPage":"399","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":317989,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":317988,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3298710"}],"volume":"47","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56bf104ee4b06458514b68e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friend, Milton 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":31332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"Milton","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":620056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}