Kilauea Iki lava lake, formed in 1959, is a large pond of picritic basalt (average MgO content = 15.34% by weight), which has cooled and crystallized as a small, self-roofed magma chamber. Repeated drilling of the upper crust of the lake, down to its molten core, and more recent (1981) drilling, through the thermal maximum and part way through the lower crust, have made it possible to monitor the differentiation processes in the lake in detail.
Differentiation processes recognized as active in the lake include rather inefficient settling of the larger (2-10 mm) olivine phenocrysts, formation of segregation veins, and formation of diapir-like vertical olivine-rich bodies, all processes which occur in one or more of the other Kilauean lava lakes as well. In addition, most of the central part of Kilauea Iki has been affected by diapiric melt transfer. In this process, relatively low-density liquid, present at 1145-1160 °C, rose from within the loose crystal mush at the base of the lens of melt and intruded the equivalent thermal horizon at the top of the lens of melt, passing through the hotter but denser melt in the core of the lake without mixing. The source volume from which the low-density liquid was extracted is depleted in TiO2 and other incompatible elements and enriched in FeO and CaO. The upper part of the lake shows the opposite effects. The crystalline assemblage present was olivine + augite + minor plagioclase. The crystallinity of both the source and receiving layers was low enough that no obvious textural imprint was left by the transfer process; the principal evidence for its occurrence is the chemical zonation of the lake seen in core from depths of 13 to 80 m.
Diapiric melt transfer was active from 1960 to 1971 and has affected most of the central part of the lake from 13 m to at least 80 m. The process ran simultaneously with the other three main differentia tion processes but started and stopped independently of the others. Calculations suggest that between 21 and 42 wt % liquid has been extracted from the depleted zone at 56-78 m in the center of the lake, making this a very efficient process of chemical differentiation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<0578:DTOMIK>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Helz, R., Kirschenbaum, H., and Marinenko, J., 1989, Diapiric transfer of melt in Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii: A quick, efficient process of igneous differentiation: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 101, no. 4, p. 578-594, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<0578:DTOMIK>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"578","endPage":"594","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224210,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.43470359416597,\n 19.49550358984382\n ],\n [\n -155.43470359416597,\n 19.308980297966755\n ],\n [\n -155.08314109416602,\n 19.308980297966755\n ],\n [\n -155.08314109416602,\n 19.49550358984382\n ],\n [\n -155.43470359416597,\n 19.49550358984382\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"101","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00a9e4b0c8380cd4f84a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helz, Rosalind Tuthill 0000-0003-1550-0684","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1550-0684","contributorId":16806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helz","given":"Rosalind Tuthill","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":371202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirschenbaum, H.","contributorId":33063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirschenbaum","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marinenko, J.W.","contributorId":75558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marinenko","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015547,"text":"70015547 - 1989 - Rocky Mountain Tertiary coal-basin models and their applicability to some world basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-23T01:00:25.767513","indexId":"70015547","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rocky Mountain Tertiary coal-basin models and their applicability to some world basins","docAbstract":"Tertiary intermontane basins in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States contain large amounts of coal resources. The first major type of Tertiary coal basin is closed and lake-dominated, either mud-rich (e.g., North Park Basin, Colorado) or mud plus carbonate (e.g., Medicine Lodge Basin, Montana), which are both infilled by deltas. The second major type of Tertiary coal basin is open and characterized by a preponderance of sediments that were deposited by flow-through fluvial systems (e.g., Raton Basin, Colorado and New Mexico, and Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana).
The setting for the formation of these coals varies with the type of basin sedimentation, paleotectonism, and paleoclimate. The mud-rich lake-dominated closed basin (transpressional paleotectonism and warm, humid paleoclimate), where infilled by sandy “Gilbert-type” deltas, contains thick coals (low ash and low sulfur) formed in swamps of the prograding fluvial systems. The mud- and carbonate-rich lake-dominated closed basin is infilled by carbonate precipitates plus coarse-grained fan deltas and fine-grained deltas. Here, thin coals (high ash and high sulfur) formed in swamps of the fine-grained deltas. The coarse-clastic, open basins (compressional paleotectonism and warm, paratropical paleoclimate) associated with flow-through fluvial systems contain moderately to anomalously thick coals (high to low ash and low sulfur) formed in swamps developed in intermittently abandoned portions of the fluvial systems.
These coal development patterns from the Tertiary Rocky Mountain basins, although occurring in completely different paleotectonic settings, are similar to that found in the Tertiary, Cretaceous, and Permian intermontane coal basins in China, New Zealand, and India.
The set of hypotheses calling for bar formation at the break point was tested with field data. During two different experiments, waves were measured across the surf zone coincident with the development of a nearshore bar. We use a criterion, based on the wave height to depth ratio, to determine the offshore limit of the inner surf zone. During the first experiment, the bar became better developed and migrated offshore while remaining well within the inner surf zone. During the second experiment, the surf zone was narrower and we cannot rule out the possibility of break point processes contributing to bar development. We conclude that bars are not necessarily coupled with the break point and can become better developed and migrate offshore while being in the inner surf zone landward from initial wave breaking in the outer surf zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0378-3839(89)90009-4","usgsCitation":"Sallenger, A.H., and Howd, P.A., 1989, Nearshore bars and the break-point hypothesis: Coastal Engineering, v. 12, no. 4, p. 301-313, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3839(89)90009-4.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"313","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224102,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6410e4b0c8380cd72867","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sallenger, A. H. Jr.","contributorId":8818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sallenger","given":"A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howd, Peter A. phowd@usgs.gov","contributorId":4105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howd","given":"Peter","email":"phowd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":371197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015544,"text":"70015544 - 1989 - Predictors of the peak width for networks with exponential links","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:57","indexId":"70015544","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3479,"text":"Stochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predictors of the peak width for networks with exponential links","docAbstract":"We investigate optimal predictors of the peak (S) and distance to peak (T) of the width function of drainage networks under the assumption that the networks are topologically random with independent and exponentially distributed link lengths. Analytical results are derived using the fact that, under these assumptions, the width function is a homogeneous Markov birth-death process. In particular, exact expressions are derived for the asymptotic conditional expectations of S and T given network magnitude N and given mainstream length H. In addition, a simulation study is performed to examine various predictors of S and T, including N, H, and basin morphometric properties; non-asymptotic conditional expectations and variances are estimated. The best single predictor of S is N, of T is H, and of the scaled peak (S divided by the area under the width function) is H. Finally, expressions tested on a set of drainage basins from the state of Wyoming perform reasonably well in predicting S and T despite probable violations of the original assumptions. ?? 1989 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Stochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01543424","issn":"09311955","usgsCitation":"Troutman, B., and Karlinger, M., 1989, Predictors of the peak width for networks with exponential links: Stochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics, v. 3, no. 1, p. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01543424.","startPage":"1","endPage":"16","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224101,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205444,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543424"}],"volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8209e4b0c8380cd7b877","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Troutman, B.M.","contributorId":73638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troutman","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karlinger, M.R.","contributorId":95039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlinger","given":"M.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015543,"text":"70015543 - 1989 - A high-density remote reference magnetic variation profile in the Pacific northwest of North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-13T13:16:11","indexId":"70015543","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A high-density remote reference magnetic variation profile in the Pacific northwest of North America","docAbstract":"During the summer of 1985, as part of the EMSLAB Project, Brown University conducted a detailed magnetic variation study of the Oregon Coast Range and Cascades volcanic system along an E-W profile in central Oregon. Comprised of a sequence of 75 remote reference magnetic variation (MV) stations spaced 3-4 km apart, the profile stretched for 225 km from Newport, on the Oregon coast, across the Coast Range, the Willamette Valley, and the High Cascades to a point ??? 50 km east of Santiam Pass. At all of the MV stations, data were collected for short periods (16-100 s), and at 17 of these stations data were also obtained at longer periods (100-1600 s). Data were monitored with a three-component ring core fluxgate magnetometer (Nanotesla), and were recorded with a microcomputer (DEC PDP 11/73) based data acquisition system. A 2-D generalized inversion of the magnetic transfer coefficients over the period range of 16-1600 s indicates four distinct conductors. First, we see the coast effect caused by a large sedimentary wedge offshore. Second, we see the effect of currents flowing in the conductive sediments of the Willamette Valley. Our inversion suggests that the Willamette Valley consists of two electrically distinct features, due perhaps to a horst-like structure imprinted on the valley sediments. Next we note an electric current system centered beneath the High Cascades. This latter feature may be associated with a sediment-filled graben beneath Santiam Pass as suggested by some of the gravity and MT results reported to date. Finally, we detect the presence of a deep conductor at mid-crustal depths which laterally extends westward from beneath the Basin and Range Province, and terminates beneath the western Cascades. One view of this last result is that it appears that modern Basin and Range structure is being imprinted on pre-existing Cascade structure. ?? 1989.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0031-9201(89)90016-2","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Hermance, J., Lusi, S., Slocum, W., Neumann, G., and Green, A., 1989, A high-density remote reference magnetic variation profile in the Pacific northwest of North America: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 53, no. 3-4, p. 305-319, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(89)90016-2.","startPage":"305","endPage":"319","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267325,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(89)90016-2"},{"id":224100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e41ee4b0c8380cd4640c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hermance, J.F.","contributorId":59565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hermance","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lusi, S.","contributorId":37903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lusi","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Slocum, W.","contributorId":53096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slocum","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Neumann, G.A.","contributorId":11767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neumann","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Green, A.W. Jr.","contributorId":101007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"A.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70015539,"text":"70015539 - 1989 - Use of on-site high performance liquid chromatography to evaluate the magnitude and extent of organic contaminants in aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-05T18:28:28","indexId":"70015539","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1863,"text":"Ground Water Monitoring Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of on-site high performance liquid chromatography to evaluate the magnitude and extent of organic contaminants in aquifers","docAbstract":"Appraisal of ground water contaminated by organic substances raises problems of difficult sample collection and timely chemical analysis. High-performance liquid chromatography was evaluated for on-site determination of specific organic contaminants in ground water samples and was used at three study sites. Organic solutes were determined directly in water samples, with little or no preparation, and usually in less than an hour after collection. This information improved sampling efficiency and was useful in screening for subsequent laboratory analysis. On two occasions, on-site analysis revealed that samples were undergoing rapid change, with major solutes being upgraded and alteration products being formed. In addition to sample stability, this technique proved valuable for monitoring other sampling factors such as compositional changes with respect to pumping, filtration, and cross contamination. -Authors","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.1989.tb01146.x","issn":"02771926","usgsCitation":"Goerlitz, D., and Franks, B., 1989, Use of on-site high performance liquid chromatography to evaluate the magnitude and extent of organic contaminants in aquifers: Ground Water Monitoring Review, v. 9, no. 2, p. 122-129, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1989.tb01146.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"122","endPage":"129","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf50e4b08c986b329aa8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goerlitz, D.F.","contributorId":8445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goerlitz","given":"D.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Franks, B.J.","contributorId":107739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franks","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015538,"text":"70015538 - 1989 - Oxygen isotope exchange kinetics of mineral pairs in closed and open systems: Applications to problems of hydrothermal alteration of igneous rocks and Precambrian iron formations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T20:49:08","indexId":"70015538","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxygen isotope exchange kinetics of mineral pairs in closed and open systems: Applications to problems of hydrothermal alteration of igneous rocks and Precambrian iron formations","docAbstract":"The systematics of stable-isotope exchange between minerals and fluids are examined in the context of modal mineralogical variations and mass-balance considerations, both in closed and in open systems. On mineral-pair ??18O plots, samples from terranes that have exchanged with large amounts of fluid typically map out steep positively-sloped non-equilibrium arrays. Analytical models are derived to explain these effects; these models allow for different exchange rates between the various minerals and the external fluids, as well as different fluid fluxes. The steep arrays are adequately modelled by calculated isochron lines that involve the whole family of possible exchange trajectories. These isochrons have initially-steep near-vertical positive slopes that rotate toward a 45?? equilibrium slope as the exchange process proceeds to completion. The actual data-point array is thus analogous to the hand of an \"isotopic clock\" that measures the duration of the hydrothermal episode. The dimensionless ratio of the volumetric fluid flux to the kinetic rate parameter ( u k) determines the shape of each individual exchange trajectory. In a fluid-buffered system ( u k ??? 1), the solutions to the equations: (1) are independent of the mole fractions of the solid phases; (2) correspond to Taylor's open-system water/rock equation; and (3) yield straight-line isochrons that have slopes that approach 1 f, where f is the fraction reacted of the more sluggishly exchanging mineral. The isochrons for this simple exchange model are closely congruent with the isochrons calculated for all of the more complex models, thereby simplifying the application of theory to actual hydrothermal systems in nature. In all of the models an order of magnitude of time (in units of kt) separates steep non-equilibrium arrays (e.g., slope ??? 10) from arrays approaching an equilibrium slope of unity on a ??-?? diagram. Because we know the approximate lifetimes of many hydrothermal systems from geologic and heat-balance constraints, we can utilize the 18O 16O data on natural mineral assemblages to calculate the kinetic rate constants (k's) and the effective diffusion constants (D's) for mineral-H2O exchange: these calculated values (kqtz ??? 10-14, kfeld ??? 10-13-10-12) agree with experimental determinations of such constants. In nature, once the driving force or energy source for the external infiltrating fluid phase is removed, the disequilibrium mineral-pair arrays will either: (1) remain \"frozen\" in their existing state, if the temperatures are low enough, or (2) re-equilibrate along specific closed-system exchange vectors determined solely by the temperature path and the mineral modal proportions. Thus, modal mineralogical information is a particularly important parameter in both the open- and closed-system scenarios, and should in general always be reported in stable-isotopic studies of mineral assemblages. These concepts are applied to an analysis of 18O 16O systematics of gabbros (Plagioclase-clinopyroxene and plagioclase-amphibole pairs), granitic plutons (quartz-feldspar pairs), and Precambrian siliceous iron formations (quartz-magnetite pairs). In all these examples, striking regularities are observed on ??-?? and ??-?? plots, but we point out that ??-?? plots have many advantages over their equivalent ??-?? diagrams, as the latter are more susceptible to misinterpretation. Using the equations developed in this study, these regularities can be interpreted to give semiquantitative information on the exchange histories of these rocks subsequent to their formation. In particular, we present a new interpretation indicating that Precambrian cherty iron formations have in general undergone a complex fluid exchange history in which the iron oxide (magnetite precursor?) has exchanged much faster with low-temperature (< 400??C) fluids than has the relatively inert quartz. ?? 1989.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(89)90019-3","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Gregory, R.T., Criss, R., and Taylor, H., 1989, Oxygen isotope exchange kinetics of mineral pairs in closed and open systems: Applications to problems of hydrothermal alteration of igneous rocks and Precambrian iron formations: Chemical Geology, v. 75, no. 1-2, p. 1-42, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(89)90019-3.","startPage":"1","endPage":"42","numberOfPages":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266087,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(89)90019-3"},{"id":223992,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7294e4b0c8380cd76ba7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gregory, R. T.","contributorId":101394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gregory","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Criss, R.E.","contributorId":10075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Criss","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, H.P. Jr.","contributorId":78479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"H.P.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015709,"text":"70015709 - 1989 - Seismic reflection images of the crust of the northern part of the Chugach terrane, Alaska: Results of a survey for the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T21:38:45.709102","indexId":"70015709","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic reflection images of the crust of the northern part of the Chugach terrane, Alaska: Results of a survey for the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT)","docAbstract":"Deep crustal seismic reflection data show strong reflections from the middle and lower crust of the convergent continental margin near the eastern end of the Aleutian trench. These data were collected across the Border Ranges fault system, a major suture zone that separates the Peninsular and Chugach tectonostratigraphic terranes. The Chugach terrane consists of metamorphosed, strongly deformed flysch, subduction melange as well as blueschist- and greenschist-facies rocks. Even so, highly reflective rocks lie at great depth within or beneath this terrane. The shallow part of the seismic section (0–5 s) reveals only a few reflections, which undulate and interweave, indicating that some of them originate outside of the plane of the seismic section. Other undulating events could reveal early Cenozoic granitic plutons or antiformal stacks of rock imbricated along thrust faults. In contrast to this shallow reflection pattern, three reflection bands contain most of the events on the middle part of the seismic section (5–12 s or 12–34 km). We interpret divergent reflections within the uppermost band (5–5.5 s) as gently north dipping thrust faults, and subparallel reflections truncated at the boundaries of the upper and middle bands may image a metamorphic foliation or thrust faults. If the truncated reflections represent thrust faults, then the reflection geometry suggests that subparallel roof and floor thrust faults bound imbricated rocks, forming duplex structures. The upper and middle bands are separated by an area on the seismic section that reveals few reflections. This area correlates approximately in depth with a high velocity (7.5 km/s) layer evident in refraction models. The poorly reflective, high velocity unit might be volcanic rocks like those exposed in the structurally lowest part of the Chugach terrane. If so, then the bottom of the poorly reflective rocks indicates the base of the Chugach terrane. Rocks that cause the upper and middle reflection bands and the intervening, poorly reflective volcanic rocks may form a midcrustal shear zone that is about 10 km thick. The deepest band of subparallel reflections (30–35 km) correlates closely in depth with the top of the Wadati-Benioff zone associated with the underthrusting Pacific plate. The reflections probably stem from the decollement that separates lithospheric plates within the subduction zone. This reflection band increases abruptly in thickness, possibly indicating local underplating of subducted sediment. No events from the oceanic Moho have been recognized. Neither the Border Ranges fault system, the suture between the Chugach and Peninsular terranes, nor deep crustal layers of the Peninsular terrane are evident in these seismic reflection data.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB04p04424","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Fisher, M.A., Brocher, T., Nokleberg, W., Plafker, G., and Smith, G., 1989, Seismic reflection images of the crust of the northern part of the Chugach terrane, Alaska: Results of a survey for the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT): Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B4, p. 4424-4440, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB04p04424.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"4424","endPage":"4440","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224385,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b42e4b08c986b3176e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, M. A.","contributorId":69972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brocher, T.M. 0000-0002-9740-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":69994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nokleberg, W. J. 0000-0002-1574-8869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":68312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Plafker, George 0000-0003-3972-0390","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3972-0390","contributorId":36603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, G.L.","contributorId":25569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70015536,"text":"70015536 - 1989 - A semiquantitative X-ray diffraction method to determine mineral composition in stream sediments with similar mineralogy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-26T15:24:04.842335","indexId":"70015536","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1569,"text":"Environmental Technology Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A semiquantitative X-ray diffraction method to determine mineral composition in stream sediments with similar mineralogy","docAbstract":"A semiquantitative X‐ray diffraction procedure has been developed that can be used to acquire reproducible mineralogic data from geographically unrelated stream‐sediment samples having similar mineralogy. Weight percentages for quartz, total‐feldspar, and total‐clay can be determined by direct comparison of intensities with standard‐mineral mixtures of known weight percent. Matrix effects and mass‐absorption differences are circumvented by taking the ratio of peak‐intensity, in counts per second, for quartz relative to that of other minerals being quantified. Mineral percentages generally are reproducible to within 10 percent.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/09593338909384803","usgsCitation":"Webster, D.M., 1989, A semiquantitative X-ray diffraction method to determine mineral composition in stream sediments with similar mineralogy: Environmental Technology Letters, v. 10, no. 9, p. 833-844, https://doi.org/10.1080/09593338909384803.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"833","endPage":"844","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223887,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e585e4b0c8380cd46db4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Webster, Daniel M. webster@usgs.gov","contributorId":3529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webster","given":"Daniel","email":"webster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":371175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015535,"text":"70015535 - 1989 - High-resolution seismic-reflection interpretations of some sediment deposits, Antarctic continental margin: Focus on the western Ross Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-04T11:13:38.93447","indexId":"70015535","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-resolution seismic-reflection interpretations of some sediment deposits, Antarctic continental margin: Focus on the western Ross Sea","docAbstract":"Heat capacities of K2Mg2(SO4)3 (langbeinite) and CaSO4 (anhydrite) were measured from approximately 8 to 1000 K by combined adiabatic shield calorimetry (8-365 K) and differential scanning calorimetry (350-1000 K). Heat capacities were also measured on natural crystals of gypsum (CaSO4 · 2H2O) between 8.1 and 323.5 K. The molar entropies at 298.15 K, Smo(298.15 K), are 378.8 ± 0.6, 107.4 ± 0.2 and 193.8 ± 0.3 J K−1 mol−1 for langbeinite, anhydrite and gypsum, respectively. The heat capacity in J K−1 mol−1 of langbeinite can be represented by the equation Cp,mo(K2Mg2(SO4)3T) = 535.9 + 0.11011T-1.0200 × 106/T2-4.909 × 10−5T2 -4040.2/T0.5 between 300 and 1000 K with an average deviation of ± 0.4%. For anhydrite the heat capacity between 300 and 1000 K is given by Cp,mo(CaSO4,T) = 372.8 - 0.1574 T +1.695 × 106/T2 + 7.993 × 10−5T2 - 4330.8/T0.5 with an average deviation of ±0.4%.
\nCombining our heat-capacity and entropy data with the solution calorimetric results of Kelley et al. (U.S. Bur. Mines Tech. Paper, 625, 1941) yields an equilibrium temperature for the reaction gypsum → anhydrite + 2 water of 314.7 K (41.5 ° C).
\nOur observations are in agreement with the conclusions of Speer and Salje (Phys. Chem. Miner., 13 (1986) 17); we see no evidence in our heat capacity measurements for the transformation of cubic langbeinite (P213) to a low temperature orthorhombic (P212121) form as is seen in the isostructural Co, Zn, Ca, Mn and Cd langbeinites.
\nAlthough Bond (Bell Sys. Tech. J., 22 (1943) 145) reported that langbeinite was piezoelectric at room temperature, we found no evidence in our Cpo measurements for a Curie temperature above which langbeinite would no longer be piezoelectric.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-6031(89)87010-8","issn":"00406031","usgsCitation":"Robie, R.A., Russell-Robinson, S., and Hemingway, B., 1989, Heat capacities and entropies from 8 to 1000 K of langbeinite (K2Mg2(SO4)3), anhydrite (CaSO4) and of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O): Thermochimica Acta, v. 139, p. 67-81, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(89)87010-8.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"81","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223885,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"139","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2fe7e4b0c8380cd5d1c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robie, Richard A.","contributorId":92235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robie","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Russell-Robinson, Susan srussell@usgs.gov","contributorId":2139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell-Robinson","given":"Susan","email":"srussell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":371172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hemingway, Bruce S.","contributorId":13689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemingway","given":"Bruce S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015533,"text":"70015533 - 1989 - Marine origin of pyritic sulfur in the Lower Bakerstown coal bed, Castleman coal field, Maryland (U.S.A.)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-23T01:01:37.968351","indexId":"70015533","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Marine origin of pyritic sulfur in the Lower Bakerstown coal bed, Castleman coal field, Maryland (U.S.A.)","docAbstract":"The amount, kind, distribution, and genesis of pyrite in the Lower Bakerstown coal bed in a 150 × 15 m area of the Bettinger mine, Castleman coal field, Maryland, were studied by various analytical techniques. The mined coal, which had a nonmarine roof rock, contained 1.4–2.8 wt.% total sulfur, generally much lower than the high-sulfur coal (> 3.0 wt.% total S) to the north, which is associated with marine roof rocks. Small-scale systematic and nonsystematic variations in total sulfur and pyrite distribution were found in the mined area. In the column sample, most of the pyrite was found in the upper 9 cm of the 69-cm-thick mined coal and occurred mainly as a pyrite lens containing cell fillings in seed-fern tissue (coal ball). As-bearing pyrite was detected by laser microprobe techniques in the cell walls of this tissue but not elsewhere in the column sample. This may indicate that the As was derived from decomposition of organic matter in the cell walls. The sulfur isotopic composition and distribution of pyrite in the coal are consistent with introduction of marine sulfate shortly after peat deposition, followed by bacterial reduction and pyrite precipitation. Epigenetic cleat pyrite in the coal is isotopically heavy, implying that later aqueous sulfate was 34S-enriched.
Optimal filtering techniques have been used successfully in various areas in science and engineering. They are based on statistical properties of the signal and the noise, and stochastic approximation theory. In addition to filtering, optimal filters can also be used for smoothing, prediction, and system identification. This paper introduces some applications of optimal filtering techniques to earthquake engineering by using the so-called ARMAX models. Three applications are presented: (a) spectral modelling of ground accelerations, (b) site amplification (i.e., the relationship between two records obtained at different sites during an earthquake), and (c) source scaling (i.e., the relationship between two records obtained at a site during two different earthquakes). A numerical example for each application is presented by using recorded ground motions. The results show that the optimal filtering techniques provide elegant solutions to above problems, and can be a useful tool in earthquake engineering.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0267-7261(89)80015-6","issn":"02617277","usgsCitation":"Safak, E., 1989, Optimal-adaptive filters for modelling spectral shape, site amplification, and source scaling: Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, v. 8, no. 2, p. 75-95, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(89)80015-6.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223666,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6eeee4b0c8380cd7588c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Safak, Erdal","contributorId":73984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Safak","given":"Erdal","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015518,"text":"70015518 - 1989 - Remarkable isotopic and trace element trends in potassic through sodic Cretaceous plutons of the Yukon-Koyukuk Basin, Alaska, and the nature of the lithosphere beneath the Koyukuk terrane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T10:45:45","indexId":"70015518","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remarkable isotopic and trace element trends in potassic through sodic Cretaceous plutons of the Yukon-Koyukuk Basin, Alaska, and the nature of the lithosphere beneath the Koyukuk terrane","docAbstract":"During the period from 110 to 80 m.y. ago, a 450-km-long magmatic belt was active along the northern margin of Yukon-Koyukuk basin and on eastern Seward Peninsula. The plutons intruded Upper Jurassic(?) and Lower Cretaceous volcanic arc rocks and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks in Yukon-Koyukuk basin and Proterozoic and lower Paleozoic continental rocks in Seward Peninsula. Within Yukon-Koyukuk basin, the plutons vary in composition from calc-alkalic plutons on the east to potassic and ultrapotassic alkalic plutons on the west. Plutons within Yukon-Koyukuk basin were analyzed for trace element and isotopic compositions in order to discern their origin and the nature of the underling lithosphere. Farthest to the east, the calc-alkalic rocks of Indian Mountain pluton are largely tonalite and sodic granodiorite, and have low Rb (average 82 ppm), high Sr (>600 ppm), high chondrite-normalized (cn) Ce/Yb (16–37), low δ18O (+6.5 to +7.1), low initial 87Sr/86Sr (SIR) (0.704), and high initial 143Nd/144Nd (NIR) (0.5126). These rocks resemble those modelled elsewhere as partial melts and subsequent fractionates of basaltic or gabbroic metaigneous rocks, and may be products of melting in the deeper parts of the Late Jurassic(?) and Early Cretaceous volcanic arc. Farthest to the west, the two ultrapotassic bodies of Selawik and Inland Lake are high in Cs (up to 93 ppm), Rb (up to 997 ppm), Sr, Ba, Th, and light rare earth elements, have high (Ce/Yb)cn (30, 27), moderate to low δ18O (+8.4, +6.9), high SIR (0.712, 0.710), and moderate NIR (0.5121–0.5122). These rocks resemble rocks of Australia and elsewhere that were modelled as melts of continental mantle that had been previously enriched in large cations. This mantle may be Paleozoic or older. The farthest west alkalic pluton of Selawik Hills is largely monzonite, quartz monzonite, and granite; has moderate Rb (average 284 ppm), high Sr (>600 ppm), high (Ce/Yb)cn (15–25), moderate δ18O (+8.3 to +8.6), high SIR (0.708–0.712), and moderate NIR (0.5121–0.5122). These rocks may be the product of interaction of magma derived from old continental mantle and magma derived from old continental crust. Plutons between eastern and western extremes show completely gradational variations in the concentration of K and Rb and in the isotopic compositions of Sr, Nd, and O. These plutons probably originated either by melting in a mixed source composed of a Paleozoic or older continental section (mantle + crust) overlain by Mesozoic mafic arc rocks, or by mixing of ultrapotassic to potassic magmas from continental sources (mantle + crust), and tonalitic magmas from arc sources. We infer from these results that the northwest portion of Yukon-Koyukuk basin is underlain by a substantial continental basement of Paleozoic or greater age. This basement probably thins out to the east. There is no geochemical evidence for continental basement east of about longitude 157°, or along a belt of at least 50 km width flanking Ruby Geanticline as far to the southwest as about longitude 161°. These areas are probably underlain by oceanic and Mesozoic arc rocks.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB11p15957","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Arth, J.G., Criss, R.E., Zmuda, C.C., Foley, N.K., Patton, W.W., and Miller, T.P., 1989, Remarkable isotopic and trace element trends in potassic through sodic Cretaceous plutons of the Yukon-Koyukuk Basin, Alaska, and the nature of the lithosphere beneath the Koyukuk terrane: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B11, p. 15957-15968, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB11p15957.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"15957","endPage":"15968","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498891,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/jb094ib11p15957","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":223605,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -163,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -163,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -152,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -152,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -163,\n 64\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa6c6e4b0c8380cd85042","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arth, Joseph G.","contributorId":104546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arth","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Criss, Robert E.","contributorId":39447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Criss","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zmuda, Clara C.","contributorId":91991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zmuda","given":"Clara","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foley, Nora K. 0000-0003-0124-3509 nfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-3509","contributorId":4010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Nora","email":"nfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":371134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Patton, W. W. Jr.","contributorId":11231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Miller, T. P.","contributorId":49345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70015516,"text":"70015516 - 1989 - Geohydrology of the Laura fresh-water lens, Majuro atoll: A hydrogeochemical approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-27T13:05:20.579681","indexId":"70015516","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geohydrology of the Laura fresh-water lens, Majuro atoll: A hydrogeochemical approach","docAbstract":"In small limestone islands, the depositional history and subsequent chemical interactions between ground water and the aquifer host rock play critical roles in the occurrence, movement, and chemical quality of ground water. The hydrogeochemistry of the Laura fresh-water lens, Majuro atoll, Marshall Islands, is an example of these relations.
Laura is underlain by two principal hydrologic units. The upper unit is a back-reef-marginal-lagoonal deposit which formed during the Holocene interglacial stage. It is composed of moderately permeable carbonate sediments. The lower hydrologic unit consists of highly permeable limestone that was subaerially exposed, most likely during a Pleistocene glacial lowstand. Similar stratification is found at Bikini and Enewetak atolls.
The upper hydrologic unit contains a calcium bicarbonate-rich fresh-water lens, in which a potable fresh-water nucleus as much as 14 m thick occurs on the lagoon side of the island. Storage in the fresh-water nucleus ranged from 1.70 x 106 to 2.08 x 106 m3 during 1984-1985. Ground-water occurrence and flow are governed by an asymmetric distribution of lithofacies about the longitudinal axis of the island and an abrupt increase in permeability at the contact between the upper and lower hydrologic units. The highly permeable lower hydrologic unit contains sea water and truncates the fresh-water-sea-water mixing zone.
The fresh-water lens and associated fresh-water-sea-water mixing zone are the site of continuously occurring diagenetic reactions that significantly affect the porosity and permeability of the aquifer. Non-equilibrium dissolution-precipitation reactions, coupled with variations in CO2 input, control the chemical evolution of Laura ground water. At the present rate of chemical weathering, 465 m3 of sediment are being dissolved and transported to the sea by ground water each year. This dissolution results in an annual increase in porosity of 0.01%.
The primary factors controlling the occurrence and flow of ground water in the leeward reef islet of Laura are (1) the depositional history of the upper hydrologic unit, which has resulted in a greater accumulation of low-permeability (fine-grained) sediments beneath the lagoon side of the island and a high- to low-permeability (coarse-to fine-grained sediment) gradation between the ocean and lagoon; and (2) the diagenetic history of the lower hydrologic unit, which has resulted in a highly permeable basement.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<1066:GOTLFW>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Anthony, S.S., Peterson, F., MacKenzie, F., and Hamlin, S.N., 1989, Geohydrology of the Laura fresh-water lens, Majuro atoll: A hydrogeochemical approach: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 101, no. 8, p. 1066-1075, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<1066:GOTLFW>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1066","endPage":"1075","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224426,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1827e4b0c8380cd556b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anthony, S. S.","contributorId":89173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, F.L.","contributorId":14123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"MacKenzie, F.T.","contributorId":25681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKenzie","given":"F.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hamlin, S. N.","contributorId":46560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamlin","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015515,"text":"70015515 - 1989 - Transport of microspheres and indigenous bacteria through a sandy aquifer: Results of natural- and forced-gradient tracer experiments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-12T11:07:47","indexId":"70015515","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport of microspheres and indigenous bacteria through a sandy aquifer: Results of natural- and forced-gradient tracer experiments","docAbstract":"Transport of indigenous bacteria through sandy aquifer sediments was investigated in forced- and natural-gradient tracer teste. A diverse population of bacteria was collected and concentrated from groundwater at the site, stained with a DNA-specific fluorochrome, and injected back into the aquifer. Included with the injectate were a conservative tracer (Br- or Cl-) and bacteria-sized (0.2-1.3-??m) microspheres having carboxylated, carbonyl, or neutral surfaces. Transport of stained bacteria and all types and size classes of microspheres was evident. In the natural-gradient test, both surface characteristics and size of microspheres affected attenuation. Surface characteristics had the greatest effect upon retardation. Peak break-through of DAPI-stained bacteria (forced-gradient experiment) occurred well in advance of bromide at the more distal sampler. Transport behavior of bacteria was substantially different from that of carboxylated microspheres of comparable size.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00178a005","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Harvey, R., George, L., Smith, R.L., and LeBlanc, D., 1989, Transport of microspheres and indigenous bacteria through a sandy aquifer: Results of natural- and forced-gradient tracer experiments: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 23, no. 1, p. 51-56, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00178a005.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"56","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224425,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb752e4b08c986b3271c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, R.W. 0000-0002-2791-8503","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":11757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"George, L.H.","contributorId":97256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, R. L.","contributorId":93904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"LeBlanc, D.R.","contributorId":87141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015514,"text":"70015514 - 1989 - Active faulting and deformation of the Coalinga anticline as interpreted from three-dimensional velocity structure and seismicity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T21:42:57.576656","indexId":"70015514","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Active faulting and deformation of the Coalinga anticline as interpreted from three-dimensional velocity structure and seismicity","docAbstract":"This work gives a clear picture of the geometry of aftershock seismicity in a large thrust earthquake. Interpretation of hypocenters and fault plane solutions, from the 1983 Coalinga, Coast Range California, earthquake sequence, in combination with the three-dimensional velocity structure shows that the active faulting beneath the fold primarily consists of a set of southwest dipping thrusts uplifting blocks of higher-velocity material. Above the main listric blind thrust there is a conjugate fault, steeply northeast dipping, that provides the western limit of the aftershocks within the Coalinga Anticline and that corresponds in location and spatial extent with the adjacent Pleasant Valley syncline. The character of the seismicity varies with the degree of previous deformation on each section of the anticline. Where the previous uplift was largest, the shallow seismicity shows secondary faulting on either side of the fold with orientations that correspond to the preexisting geologic structure. Diffuse seismicity characterizes the area with the least previous deformation. The mainshock rupture terminated where the fold trend was no longer uniform but had competing north and west trending features. The upward extent of the mainshock rupture ended at the approximate boundary between Franciscan and Great Valley Sequence rocks. Above that depth the main thrust appears to splay into a steeper segment and a near-horizontal segment. Thus the extent of rupture area is limited by the area of uniform structural orientation and by the variation in the type of material. With the three-dimensional velocity model each individual hypocenter moved slightly (0–2 km) in accord with the details of the surrounding velocity structure, so that secondary features in the seismicity pattern are more detailed than with a local one-dimensional model and station corrections. The overall character of the fault plane solutions was not altered by the three-dimensional model, but the more accurate ray paths did result in distinct changes. In particular, the mainshock has a fault plane dipping 30° southwest instead of the 23° obtained with the one-dimensional model.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB11p15565","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Eberhart-Phillips, D., 1989, Active faulting and deformation of the Coalinga anticline as interpreted from three-dimensional velocity structure and seismicity: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B11, p. 15565-15586, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB11p15565.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"15565","endPage":"15586","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224424,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6aae4b0c8380cd4758a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eberhart-Phillips, D.","contributorId":80428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberhart-Phillips","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015513,"text":"70015513 - 1989 - Spectral analysis and filtering techniques in digital spatial data processing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:27:08","indexId":"70015513","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spectral analysis and filtering techniques in digital spatial data processing","docAbstract":"A filter toolbox has been developed at the EROS Data Center, US Geological Survey, for retrieving or removing specified frequency information from two-dimensional digital spatial data. This filter toolbox provides capabilities to compute the power spectrum of a given data and to design various filters in the frequency domain. Three types of filters are available in the toolbox: point filter, line filter, and area filter. Both the point and line filters employ Gaussian-type notch filters, and the area filter includes the capabilities to perform high-pass, band-pass, low-pass, and wedge filtering techniques. These filters are applied for analyzing satellite multispectral scanner data, airborne visible and infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS) data, gravity data, and the digital elevation models (DEM) data. -from Author","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Pan, J., 1989, Spectral analysis and filtering techniques in digital spatial data processing: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 55, no. 7, p. 1203-1207.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1203","endPage":"1207","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224375,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9534e4b08c986b31adcb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pan, Jeng-Jong","contributorId":35877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pan","given":"Jeng-Jong","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015512,"text":"70015512 - 1989 - Geochemical variations in a core of hydrogeologic units near Freehold, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T23:10:51.047567","indexId":"70015512","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical variations in a core of hydrogeologic units near Freehold, New Jersey","docAbstract":"Solutes were determined for 26 pore-water samples extracted from Tertiary and Cretaceous core material from a 1,320-foot-deep test borehole at Freehold, New Jersey. The cored materials are sediments that form a multilayered aquifer system of seven aquifers and eight confining units in the New Jersey Coastal Plain. The sediments are of marine origin in the upper 650 feet of the core and primarily nonmarine below 650 feet. Total concentrations of silica and major anions (SO4-2 and Cl-) and cations (Ca+2, Mg+2, total Fe, Mn+2, Na+, and K+) in the pore-water samples varied with depth. Three core intervals are defined by water- chemistry variations, the environment of deposition (marine or nonmarine), and the degree of alteration (weathered or unweathered) of the units. Calcium, magnesium, sulfate, and total-ion concentrations were greater in the midcore (unweathered marine) interval than in the upper (weathered marine) and lower (fluviodeltaicsilicate) intervals of the core. Generally, pore-water chemical types in confining units were distinct from those found in aquifers–particularly in the midcore interval. In this interval, observed variations in pore-water chemistry in part reflect carbonate dissolution and cation exchange reactions common in Coastal Plain sediments. However, high concentrations of sulfate in unweathered marine sediments indicate novel processes may be important factors influencing pore-water chemistry in confining units.
The Re-Os, Rb-Sr, and O isotopic compositions of mafic and ultramafic amphibolites, gold ores, and granitic gneisses of the circa 2700 Ma Kolar schist belt reveal at least two episodes of post-magmatic alteration that affected these systems. The Re-Os isotopic systematics of many of the rocks of the belt indicate that Os was introduced to the area via fluids that carried very radiogenic Os (
In contrast to this late Archean or early Proterozoic alteration, samples of several komatiitic amphibolites have very 187Os-depleted compositions, indicating that open-system behavior also occurred at a much later time. This alteration may have been caused by surficial weathering or the interaction of the rocks with fluids bearing unradiogenic Os.
Results suggest that the Re-Os system may have only limited utility for geochronologic applications in regions for which post-crystallization noble metal mineralization is evident (e.g., gold ores). In such regions, however, the system may have an important application in assessing the timing and the ultimate sources of noble metal additions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(89)90176-2","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Walker, R., Shirey, S., Hanson, G.N., Rajamani, V., and Horan, M., 1989, Re-Os, Rb-Sr, and O isotopic systematics of the Archean Kolar schist belt, Karnataka, India: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, no. 11, p. 3005-3013, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(89)90176-2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"3005","endPage":"3013","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479926,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(89)90176-2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":224316,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a956ce4b0c8380cd819dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, R.J.","contributorId":105859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shirey, S.B.","contributorId":69712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shirey","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hanson, G. N.","contributorId":81152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rajamani, V.","contributorId":71703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rajamani","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Horan, M.F.","contributorId":75282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horan","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70015506,"text":"70015506 - 1989 - State of stress and modern deformation of the northern Basin and Range Province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T21:44:52.296119","indexId":"70015506","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"State of stress and modern deformation of the northern Basin and Range Province","docAbstract":"Constraints on the current stress regime of the actively extending northern Basin and Range province are provided by deformation data (focal mechanisms and fault slip studies), hydraulic fracturing in situ stress measurements, borehole elongation (“breakouts”) analyses, and alignment of young volcanic vents. The integrated data indicate significant variations both in principal stress orientations and magnitudes. An approximately E-W least principal stress direction appears to characterize both the eastern and western margins of the Basin and Range province, whereas in the active interior parts of the province extension occurs in response to a least principal stress oriented NW to N60°W. The contrast in stress orientations between the province boundaries and in the interior suggests that along the margins the least principal stress direction may be locally controlled by the generally northerly trending profound lithospheric discontinuities associated with these margins. Active deformation along the southeastern and western province margins is characterized by a combination of strike-slip and normal faulting. Focal mechanisms along northeastern province margin (Wasatch front) and in central Nevada indicate a combination of normal and oblique-normal faulting. Temporal, regional, and depth-dependent variations in the relative magnitudes of the vertical and maximum horizontal stresses can explain much of the observed variations in deformation styles. However, some depth variation in faulting style inferred from focal mechanisms may be apparent and simply a function of the attitude of fault planes being reactivated. Evidence for significant temporal variation (or multiple cycles of variation) in relative stress magnitude comes from the Sierran front-Basin and Range boundary region where recent earthquakes are predominantly strike slip, whereas the profound relative vertical relief across the Sierra frontal fault zone in the last 9–10 m.y. implies a normal faulting stress regime. Using the best data on stress orientation, relative stress magnitudes are constrained from slip vectors of major earthquakes and young fault displacements. Analysis of well-constrained slip vectors in the Owens Valley, California, area indicate that large temporal variations in the magnitude of the approximately N-S oriented maximum horizontal stress are required to explain dominantly dip-slip and strike-slip offsets on subparallel faults. Similar faulting relations are observed throughout much of the boundary zone between the Basin and Range-Sierra Nevada (including the Walker Lane belt). Along the eastern province margin in the Wasatch front area in Utah, available data suggest that the maximum and minimum horizontal stresses may be approximately equal at depths of <4–5 km. Earthquake focal mechanisms in this area suggest more variability in relative magnitude of the two horizontal stresses with depth. Furthermore, superimposed sets of young fault striae along a segment of the Wasatch fault also indicate temporal variations of relative stress magnitudes. Sources of regional and temporal variations in the stress field may be linked to variable shear tractions applied to the base of the brittle crust related to intrusion, thermally induced flow, and the influence of the San Andreas plate boundary. Although difficult to date accurately, the fault slip data suggest that the temporal variations in relative magnitudes stress may occur on the time scale of both a single major earthquake cycle (1000–5000 years) and multiple earthquake cycles (10,000+ years).
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB06p07105","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Zoback, M., 1989, State of stress and modern deformation of the northern Basin and Range Province: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B6, p. 7105-7128, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB06p07105.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"7105","endPage":"7128","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224261,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b96cfe4b08c986b31b710","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zoback, M.L.","contributorId":12982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015505,"text":"70015505 - 1989 - Implementation of a hydrodynamic model for the upper Potomac Estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:55","indexId":"70015505","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Implementation of a hydrodynamic model for the upper Potomac Estuary","docAbstract":"A vertically integrated, two-dimensional hydrodynamic/transport model has been implemented for the upper extent of the Potomac Estuary between Indian Head and Morgantown, Md. The model computes water-surface elevations, flow velocities, and time-varying constituent concentrations by numerically integrating finite-difference forms of the equations of mass and momentum conservation in conjunction with transport equations for heat, salt, and dissolved constituents. Previous, preliminary calibration efforts have been extended and validity of the model implementation improved. Field-measured and model-computed water levels compare within ?? 2 cm and maximum computed flood and ebb flow discharges are within 3% of measured values. Indications are that further improvements can be effected.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1989 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"14 August 1989 through 18 August 1989","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, LA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872627195","usgsCitation":"Schaffranek, R.W., and Baltzer, R.A., 1989, Implementation of a hydrodynamic model for the upper Potomac Estuary, Proceedings of the 1989 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, New Orleans, LA, USA, 14 August 1989 through 18 August 1989, p. 484-492.","startPage":"484","endPage":"492","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224260,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a390ce4b0c8380cd617a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaffranek, Raymond W.","contributorId":86314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaffranek","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baltzer, Robert A.","contributorId":34269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baltzer","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}