{"pageNumber":"418","pageRowStart":"10425","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10441,"records":[{"id":1340,"text":"wsp660 - 1934 - Artesian water in Somervell County, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T10:08:31","indexId":"wsp660","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1934","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"660","title":"Artesian water in Somervell County, Texas","docAbstract":"

Somervell County is part of the Grand Prairie region of north-central Texas. An excellent supply of artesian water is available from the Trinity reservoir at no great depth. The first flowing well in Somervell County was drilled in 1880, and the first flowing well in Glen Rose, the county seat, was drilled in 1881. Since 1880 more than 500 wells have been constructed, probably more than half of them prior to 1900. Many of these early wells have been abandoned, either because the well hole caved in as a result of the absence or deterioration of casing or because the wells ceased to yield water by natural flow. The artesian water has always been used chiefly for domestic supply and for watering stock. Only a comparatively small area of farm land is now irrigated. The quantity used to supply the needs of tourist camps and outdoor swimming pools forms a relatively large percentage of the total amount withdrawn from the artesian reservoir in Somervell County. The artesian water is contained chiefly in the permeable sandstone beds--the basal sands for the Trinity group. Some shallow wells of small capacity are supplied by water in the crevices and solution channels in limestone that apparently is near the base of the Glen Rose formation and probably derives its water by leakage from the underlying Trinity reservoir. The wells encounter from one to three aquifers, the number depending upon their depth and location. At and around Glen Rose, the area in which most of the flowing wells are concentrated, the first aquifer is the creviced portion of the limestone, which is encountered at about 50 feet but does not everywhere yield water. The second and third aquifers, both of which are part of the 'basal sands' of the Trinity group, are much more uniform and persistent; the second is encountered at Glen Rose at depths of 100 to 135 feet, and the third at depths of about 275 to 330 feet. The artesian reservoir is supplied by water that falls as rain or snow upon the outcrop of the 'basal sands' on the higher lands west and north of Somervell County. These permeable beds dip eastward and southeastward beneath the county and are covered by the less permeable beds of the overlying Glen Rose formation. As the water that reaches the zone of saturation percolates down the dip of the beds it is confined under artesian pressure, and wells that penetrate these beds at lower altitudes yield water by natural flow. Originally the artesian pressure was sufficient to raise the water in tightly cased wells in the northwestern part of Somervell County to a maximum altitude of about 750 feet above sea level, but at Glen Rose the original artesian head was probably not more than 710 feet. From the information avail- able it would appear that the original head of the water in the upper aquifers was not nearly as great as that of the lower aquifer. The head has declined generally throughout the county. At Glen Rose in June 1930 the artesian head of the water from the deepest aquifer of the Trinity reservoir was about 639 feet above sea level, and the head of the water from the upper aquifers was about 15 feet less. The decline in head still continues, but at a very much slower rate than formerly. With the decline in head the size of the area of artesian flow has decreased, though in recent years the shrinkage has been comparatively little. The draft from the artesian reservoir in Somervell County during the summer is estimated at about 1,000,000 gallons a day, distributed as follows: Domestic use, 150,000 gallons; stock use, 60,000 gallons; recreation pools, 250,000 gallons; irrigation, 180,000 gallons; and waste, not including underground leakage, 360,000 gallons. In winter the daily draft is probably about 370,000 gallons less than in summer. The 360,000 gallons a day permitted to flow from wells without being used for any beneficial purposes is an unnecessary drain upon the artesian reservoir. The head of many of the flowing wells in Glen R

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp660","usgsCitation":"Fiedler, A.G., 1934, Artesian water in Somervell County, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 660, iv, 86 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp660.","productDescription":"iv, 86 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":137427,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0660/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26404,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0660/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672c4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fiedler, Albert George","contributorId":62192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fiedler","given":"Albert","email":"","middleInitial":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221679,"text":"70221679 - 1934 - The transmission of pressure in artesian aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-28T16:37:27.430459","indexId":"70221679","displayToPublicDate":"1934-06-01T11:34:13","publicationYear":"1934","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The transmission of pressure in artesian aquifers","docAbstract":"

The water in artesian aquifers is confined under pressure. Under ideal conditions in a perfectly rigid artesian reservoir a change of pressure in one part of the reservoir should produce a corresponding change of pressure in all other parts of the reservoir. Theoretically, the transmission of pressure should take place rapidly and without any movement of water other than the small amount resulting from the compressibility of water. However, observations under natural conditions show that the transmission of pressure is not always rapid and that the rate of transmission appears to be determined in great part by the distance traversed and the magnitude of the change of pressure. There are many reasons for believing that artesian aquifers and their confining beds are not perfectly rigid but that they are elastic and capable of compression and dilation (O. E. Meinzer, Compressibility and elasticity of artesian aquifers, Econ. Geol., v. 23, pp. 263–291, 1928). This appears to be the cause of the lack of rapidity of transmission of pressure in artesian aquifers. 

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR015i002p00409","usgsCitation":"Leggette, R., and Taylor, G., 1934, The transmission of pressure in artesian aquifers: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 15, no. 2, p. 409-413, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR015i002p00409.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"409","endPage":"413","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386804,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leggette, R.M.","contributorId":87525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leggette","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, G.H.","contributorId":85158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70221666,"text":"70221666 - 1934 - Status of study of the frequency and magnitude of floods by the Mississippi Valley Committee of the Public Works Administration in collaboration with the United States Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-28T13:56:42.315237","indexId":"70221666","displayToPublicDate":"1934-06-01T08:53:41","publicationYear":"1934","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Status of study of the frequency and magnitude of floods by the Mississippi Valley Committee of the Public Works Administration in collaboration with the United States Geological Survey","docAbstract":"

Active work under the recently authorized project relating to floods and their frequencies began in March, and such progress as may be reported at this time is largely that of organization and preliminary planning.

One of the outstanding and impressive features of the organization is the provision for cooperative effort, whereby the mature judgment and possibly diverse viewpoints of various committees and consultants may be utilized to the fullest advantage. This arrangement should provide the necessary safeguard against adoption of immature individual views or favorite methods of analysis, to the exclusion of others of equal or greater merit. On the other hand, it is conceivable that too much of the limited time might be consumed in preliminary discussions of basic principles, methods of analysis, and formulas dealing with either magnitude or frequency of floods, if unanimity of opinion among several professional groups must precede the main work under the project authorized. In effect, such a procedure would require a practical and workable solution before the basic data had become available. To avoid such delays, a definite line of procedure has beer, proposed for consideration.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR015i002p00420","usgsCitation":"Jarvis, C.S., 1934, Status of study of the frequency and magnitude of floods by the Mississippi Valley Committee of the Public Works Administration in collaboration with the United States Geological Survey: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 15, no. 2, p. 420-421, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR015i002p00420.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"420","endPage":"421","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386791,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jarvis, Clarence S.","contributorId":75509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarvis","given":"Clarence","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221660,"text":"70221660 - 1934 - Zoning of ore deposits in and adjoining the Leadville District, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-27T15:43:26.203","indexId":"70221660","displayToPublicDate":"1934-05-01T10:38:26","publicationYear":"1934","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Zoning of ore deposits in and adjoining the Leadville District, Colorado","docAbstract":"

The ore deposits in the heart of the Leadville district, Colorado, are divisible, as shown by Emmons, Irving, and Loughlin,2 into two main classes on the basis of mineral composition: \"contact-metamorphic\" silicates accompanied by iron oxides, which adjoin an obscure igneous stock, and mixed sulphides accompanied by manganosiderite and quartz gangue, which cut the \"contact-metamorphic\" deposits and form a broad zone extending for 2 1/2 miles to the west and for shorter distances in other directions. A detailed consideration of the mineralogy of the mixed sulphide ore deposits clearly shows that they in turn are divisible into groups, referred to as hotter and intermediate mesothermal deposits. These groups, however, because of complications in structural control, are not ideally arranged from the standpoint of zoning.Emmons, Irving, and Loughlin noted that barite was a conspicuous gangue mineral in certain outlying deposits on the west slope of the Mosquito Range. The junior author during 1928-1931 had an opportunity to study the outlying deposits over an area of twenty square miles, which includes mines near the heads of Iowa Gulch and Empire Gulch, and the Weston Pass district (Fig. 1), and found that these baritic deposits form a somewhat distinct outer zone in which the primary ore consists of galena and light-colored zinc blende, with small amounts of silver and practically no gold, in a gangue of barite, jasperoid, and crystalline quartz. There is also recognized a still more remote though poorly defined zone in which the same sulphides are present but jasperoid is less conspicuous and barite is practically absent, whereas dolomite is the characteristic gangue mineral. The deposits in these two outer zones are fissure-fillings and comparatively small replacement bodies. They contrast strongly with the sulphide deposits in the heart of the Leadville district and are assigned to the outer mesothermal and epithermal zones. As they have not been described before, general features of these deposits are given in some detail, followed by their relations to the deposits within the Leadville district. Analogies are also drawn with similar deposits in other districts.In the preparation of this paper the authors have been impressed with the confusion that may result from too simple a conception of zoning. For a proper conception of Leadville, the geologist must have sufficient regard for structural conditions, must make due allowance for successive stages of mineral deposition within a small block of ground or even within a single ore shoot, and must also allow for the reactions between minerals formed at an early stage and solutions introduced during a late stage. The effects of such complications in the Leadville district might give the impression that certain minerals found in one of the inner zones were formed at relatively high temperatures, but close study of paragenesis indicates late deposition at relatively low temperatures. Again, as already stated, there is sufficient inconsistency in the distribution of certain varieties of deposits to give a confused impression of zonal arrangement unless the influence of structure on the circulation of ore-forming solutions is appreciated. The field facts give a far more complex picture than might be anticipated from a simple statement of the theory of zoning. 

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.29.3.215","usgsCitation":"Loughlin, G.F., and Behre, C.H., 1934, Zoning of ore deposits in and adjoining the Leadville District, Colorado: Economic Geology, v. 29, no. 3, p. 215-254, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.29.3.215.","productDescription":"40 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"254","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386782,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Leadville","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.3421630859375,\n 39.23331686919235\n ],\n [\n -106.24191284179688,\n 39.23331686919235\n ],\n [\n -106.24191284179688,\n 39.279041894366785\n ],\n [\n -106.3421630859375,\n 39.279041894366785\n ],\n [\n -106.3421630859375,\n 39.23331686919235\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1934-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loughlin, G. F.","contributorId":8428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loughlin","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Behre, C. H. Jr.","contributorId":68366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behre","given":"C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70221743,"text":"70221743 - 1933 - Deep‐well salinity‐exploration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-30T16:05:47.249003","indexId":"70221743","displayToPublicDate":"1933-06-01T11:00:20","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deep‐well salinity‐exploration","docAbstract":"

One of the outstanding accomplishments of recent years in connection with the study of the geologic source of groundwater and the quality of water yielded by different formations has been the development of methods and equipment for the exploration of wells. The description and use of the deep‐well current‐meter on well‐exploration work in Hawaii and New Mexico has already appeared in published literature (John McCombs and A. G. Fiedler, Methods of exploring and repairing leaky artesian wells, U.S. Geol. Sur. Water‐Supply Paper 596, pp. 1–32, 1928) on hydrology but recent developments in the application of electrical conductivity‐measurements for determining the salinity of water in wells have not heretofore been presented. In addition to being of considerable scientific importance in connection with problems of ground‐water hydrology, the practical value of locating the place at which salt water is entering a well and contaminating a potable water‐supply is great. Such information may be the means of preventing the loss of large investments in industries, irrigation‐projects, and cities that are dependent upon well‐water supplies that may at some time become contaminated by salty or other highly mineralized water. 

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR014i001p00478","usgsCitation":"Fiedler, A., 1933, Deep‐well salinity‐exploration: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 14, no. 1, p. 478-480, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR014i001p00478.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"478","endPage":"480","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386902,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada, Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.984375,\n 31.42866311735861\n ],\n [\n -103.22753906249999,\n 31.42866311735861\n ],\n [\n -103.22753906249999,\n 37.09023980307208\n ],\n [\n -108.984375,\n 37.09023980307208\n ],\n [\n -108.984375,\n 31.42866311735861\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -161.54296875,\n 18.396230138028827\n ],\n [\n -151.875,\n 18.396230138028827\n ],\n [\n -151.875,\n 23.483400654325642\n ],\n [\n -161.54296875,\n 23.483400654325642\n ],\n [\n -161.54296875,\n 18.396230138028827\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fiedler, A.G.","contributorId":11272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fiedler","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70220433,"text":"70220433 - 1933 - Fluctuations of water‐surface in observation‐wells and at stream gaging‐stations in the Mokelumne Area, California, during the earthquake of December 20, 1932","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-13T13:04:33.295378","indexId":"70220433","displayToPublicDate":"1933-05-13T07:55:11","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluctuations of water‐surface in observation‐wells and at stream gaging‐stations in the Mokelumne Area, California, during the earthquake of December 20, 1932","docAbstract":"

On December 20, 1932, much of the western United States felt a pronounced earthquake‐shock which caused noticeable fluctuations of the water‐surface in several observation‐wells and at two stream gaging‐stations in the Mokelumne Area, central California. These effects of the earthquake are reported briefly in this paper.

According to Dr. Byerly (personal communication, February 9, 1933), in charge of the seismograph‐station of the University of California at Berkeley, the earthquake‐ vibrations at that place began at 10h 11m 00s p.m., Pacific Standard Time, December 20, 1932, and continued three hours on the records of his most sensitive instruments. He reports further that the maximum double amplitude of the Earth‐motion at Berkeley was of the order of two mm and that the north‐south and east‐west components of the amplitude were approximately equal. In the Mokelumne Area, which centers about the City of Lodi, 57 miles north 70° east from the seismograph‐station at Berkeley, the pronounced initial Earth‐shock caused chandeliers to sway, upset some bric‐a‐brac, and in at least one building opened a few cracks in the interior plastering. At Stockton, 15 miles south of Lodi, the glass of at least one display‐window in a shop was cracked.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR014i001p00471","usgsCitation":"Piper, A., 1933, Fluctuations of water‐surface in observation‐wells and at stream gaging‐stations in the Mokelumne Area, California, during the earthquake of December 20, 1932: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 14, no. 1, p. 471-475, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR014i001p00471.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"471","endPage":"475","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385604,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mokelumne Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.48431396484375,\n 38.31041334882078\n ],\n [\n -119.7015380859375,\n 38.31041334882078\n ],\n [\n -119.7015380859375,\n 38.72730457751627\n ],\n [\n -120.48431396484375,\n 38.72730457751627\n ],\n [\n -120.48431396484375,\n 38.31041334882078\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, Arthur M.","contributorId":65060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piper","given":"Arthur M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000176,"text":"1000176 - 1933 - Methods for the investigation of the statistics of the commercial fisheries of the Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-04T11:39:14","indexId":"1000176","displayToPublicDate":"1933-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methods for the investigation of the statistics of the commercial fisheries of the Great Lakes","docAbstract":"

During the summer and fall of 1939 four experiments were conducted at the Patuxent Research Refuge, Bowie, Maryland, to determine the protein requirements of bobwhite chicks. A total of 816 chicks were used to compare six levels of protein, namely, 22,24,26, 28, 30, and 32 per cent.....From the three standpoints of survival, rate of growth, and efficiency of feed utilization for the first ten weeks of life, the 28 per cent level of protein gave the best results. During the ninth and tenth weeks, the highest efficiency of feed utilization was obtained on the 22 per cent level. The results indicate that after the birds have reached about twothirds of their mature weight, the difference in efficiency between a diet containing 28 per cent of protein and one containing 22 per cent may be small enough to justify, in the interest of economy, the use of a diet containing the lower percentage of protein.

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Alaska, the largest outlying possession of the United States, is that great land mass forming the northwestern extremity of the North American continent, whose western point is within 60 miles of the Asiatic coast (PI. II). About one-quarter of this area lies within the Arctic Circle, and from the standpoint of geographic position must be regarded as an arctic province; but the southern seaboard, exposed to the warm winds and waters of the Pacific, gives to the entire southern portion of the territory\" a comparatively warm climate. It is not generally realized that the range of climate in Alaska is greater than that between Florida and Maine. At the southernmost point of the Pacific coast the mean annual temperature is not far from that of the city of Washington, the winters being warmer and characterized by less snowfall; the Yukon Valley on the other hand has a winter climate similar to that of northern Montana and Dakota; while in the extreme northern part of the territory the meteorologic conditions are invariably arctic.

\n

Though as yet only sparsely settled, Alaska's vast area and great resources make it one of the most important possessions of the United States and promise its rapid development. During the years 1890 to 1900 the population increased from 32,052* to 63,592. The mineral output, which in 1890 was valued at less than $800,000, exceeded $9,000,000 in 1904, and the fisheries show a corresponding growth. This rapid development has attracted public attention and led to urgent demand for explorations, surveys, and other investigations. So actively has this work been pushed, both by public and private enterprise, that exact knowledge of the geography, geology, and mineral resources of the interior has made greater strides within the last eight years than during the preceding thirty-one years since the acquisition of Alaska. The facts regarding the geography and geology, scattered as they are through the many books and reports of this period, are not always readily accessible, and the time seems ripe to present them in a summarized form.

\n

The topography of Alaska is varied and complex (see PI. I), and it is not easy to present briefly even the salient features. The limited number of pages here devoted to the subject precludes the possibility of detailed treatment, even if the facts were available. Much of the description has been taken from the results attained by other investigators, the writer being personally familiar with only a part of this large province. A list of the publications consulted is appended.

\n

The larger geographic features of Alaska are now fairly well known, though the detailed surveys which are demanded by the development of many localities have hardly been begun. Preliminary surveys have been completed of all but three 8 of the larger rivers. The most important mountain ranges have been at least outlined (fig. 3). Only three large areas remain almost entirely unmapped: One in southwestern Alaska, between Cook Inlet and the lower Kuskokwim, and the others in northern Alaska, embracing the Arctic watershed east and west of the Colville River. Nearly all the surveys of the interior, however, have been of a preliminary and exploratory character, and to meet the requirements of exact geography must be followed by more detailed mensuration.

\n

Though the coast line has been fairly well known for more than half a century, knowledge of the interior has been gained chiefly within the last two decades. This has not yet found its way into text-books and has too often been entirely ignored by cartographers. If facts are presented which may seem elementary, it is because even well-informed people have been known to harbor misconceptions in regard to the orographic features, climate, and general character of Alaska. Those who read of the perils and privations of winter travel and explorations are apt to picture a region of ice and snow; others, again, who have personal knowledge of the tourist route of southeastern Alaska, regard the whole district as one of rugged mountains and glaciers. In point of fact, glaciers are now nearly limited to the ranges bordering the Pacific and to the two slopes of the Alaska range; and even during the greatest development of glaciers but a small portion of Alaska was under ice (see map, PI. XXII).

\n

As a treatise on geography would hardly be complete without some discussion of the climate, meteorologic data have been compiled by Mr. Cleveland Abbe, jr., but the discussion of this does not pretend to be more than a cursory treatment of the subject.

\n

The scope of the paper seems to require also a brief summary of the development of geographic knowledge of Alaska. This subject, with its many ramifications, is of fascinating interest and offers a magnificent field for the trained historian. If the accompanying sketch of discovery and exploration awakens any measure of popular interest the writer will feel amply rewarded for having attacked a theme which hardly falls within the scope of his investigations.

\n

When this compilation was begun it was intended to be chiefly a description of the topography of Alaska, as illustrated by the accompanying map (PI. XXXIV, in pocket), which was compiled under the direction of the late R. U. Goode. In the course of the work there accumulated much geologic as well as geographic material which seemed worthy of inclusion in the report. As no comprehensive statement of the geology of Alaska has been made since the modern epoch of investigation was begun, an attempt will be made to give a summary of all results achieved. Since the writer has obtained much of his knowledge of the facts from the work of others, he disclaims any pretense of making an entirely original contribution to geologic science. He feels, however, that a personal familiarity with a considerable part of the province, gained during seven consecutive seasons of field work, will justify Mm in presenting conclusions which may in some cases be at variance with those in the reports on which he must draw for his facts.

\n

Throughout this report attempt will be made to credit borrowed material to the source from which it is drawn. Where such matter has been obtained entirely from published reports there is no difficulty in so doing; but as regards investigators of the Geological Survey, with whom the writer has collaborated both in field and in office, the case is somewhat different, for it is not always possible to know whether this or that theory originated with the writer or with one of his colleagues. It will, then, perhaps suffice to state that this report could not have been prepared without the explorations and researches of the geologists, F. C. Schrader, Walter C. Mendenhall, Arthur J. Collier, J. E. Spurr, and Arthur C. Spencer; and the surveys of the topographers, T. G. Gerdine, D. C. Witherspoon, D. L. Reaburn, W. J. Peters, and E. C. Barnard. Each of these men, in the course of from two to six years of field work, has made important contributions to the knowledge of the geography and geology of Alaska, and not all of these results have yet been put in print. In the last season (1903) L. M. Prindle, C. W. Wright, Arthur Hollick, G. C. Martin, F. L. Hess, and Fred H. Moffit have carried on geologic work in Alaska, and the writer has made use of their work now in course of publication. He has also been fortunate in having access to the manuscript reports of Walter C. Mendenhall and F. C. Schrader on the Copper River basin, to which references will be made. The matter here presented should be credited in a measure to all of these investigators, but for many of the theories advanced the writer alone is responsible.

\n

As this manuscript goes to press there has been opportunity to incorporate some of the results of the field work of 1904. As far as possible these have been embodied in the text, but in some instances it has been found advisable to add them only as footnotes. During the past summer F. E. and C. W. Wright extended the geologic reconnaissance in southeastern Alaska. In southwestern Alaska G. C. Martin and T. W. Stanton have determined the general Mesozoic section, while F. H. Moffit has made a reconnaissance of the northern part of the Kenai Peninsula. A. J. Collier has mapped the geology of the Cape Lisburne region, and L. M. Prindle and F. L. Hess have made contributions to the knowledge of the metamorphic terranes of the Yukon-Tanana district.

\n

It is the writer's purpose to describe in nontechnical language the larger geographic features and discuss their relation as far as the data available will permit. In the treatment of the geology, however, less effort will be made to make the matter acceptable to the lay reader. It is hoped, however, that a brief summary of the salient features of the geologic history' may be not without interest to the general public. If this paper serves in some measure to dispel the popular fallacies regarding Alaska and to disseminate more accurate knowledge of its geographic and geologic features, the purpose of its publication will be accomplished.

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H.","contributorId":45681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abbe, Cleveland Jr.","contributorId":25039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbe","given":"Cleveland","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goode, R.U.","contributorId":50951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goode","given":"R.U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":32886,"text":"pp52 - 1906 - Geology and underground waters of the Arkansas Valley in eastern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-25T14:37:34","indexId":"pp52","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1906","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"52","title":"Geology and underground waters of the Arkansas Valley in eastern Colorado","docAbstract":"

In the valley of Arkansas River in southeastern Colorado there is an area of considerable extent in which artesian flows are available. During the last ten years numerous wells have been sunk to develop this important resource and, in most cases in the lower lands, abundant water supplies have been obtained. The principal water-bearing bed is the \"Dakota\" formation, which consists of two sheets of porous sandstone separated by a small body of clay and overlain in the greater portion of the area by a mass of impervious shales. The sandstones receive their waters from, rainfall and from the sinking of streams along the foothills of the Rocky Mountains and on some of the higher slopes south of the Arkansas Valley. In the passage of this sandstone underground, the waters which it contains are held down by the overlying shales, but, as some of the sandstone outcrops are at relatively low levels to the east only a moderate head or pressure is sustained. On account of this low head, artesian flows are available only in the lower lands, and one of the principal objects of this investigation has been the determination of the area in which flows are to be expected. The \"Dakota\" sandstone and associated formations do not lie level, or even slope regularly to the east, but are flexed into low arches and shallow troughs of considerable complexity of configuration. Accordingly, in investigating this source of water supply, it has been necessary to ascertain the structure and distribution of the various formations in order to indicate the variations in depth to the water-bearing stratum. The principal results of these investigations are set forth: (1) In the geologic map (Pl. VI), which shows the distribution of the formations on the surface; (2) in the map, Pl. XXV, which shows the depth to the water-bearing horizon, the area in which flows are expected, the head of the underground waters, and other features, and (3) in the cross sections (Pls. VII and XXIII), which show the principal underground features. The investigation has been in progress for several years and is an extension of the preliminary examination of the region by G. K. Gilbert in 1894 and 1895.

For the western portion of the area the maps and texts of the Pueblo, Elmoro, Walsenburg, Spanish Peaks, and Pikes Peak folios have been utilized as far as practicable. For the central and eastern portions the larger features of the geology have been specially mapped, and considerable detailed mapping has been done in the region south and southeast of Canyon and Colorado Springs. In the field work I have been assisted by Mr. C. A. Fisher, who has examined in detail the Nepesta quadrangle and contributed numerous other data. Dr. W. S. Tangier Smith and Messrs. C. E. Sicbenthal and W. T. Lee have made observations in certain areas. Much valuable information respecting wells has been furnished by Mr. William Archer, of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Company, and Mr. C. H. McVay, well driller at Rocky Ford.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp52","usgsCitation":"Darton, N.H., 1906, Geology and underground waters of the Arkansas Valley in eastern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 52, Report: iv, 90 p.; 2 Plates: 33.18 x 27.43 inches and 32.29 x 27.27 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp52.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 90 p.; 2 Plates: 33.18 x 27.43 inches and 32.29 x 27.27 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":340321,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0052/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119704,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0052/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":340322,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0052/plate-25.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":60809,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0052/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.41 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Arkansas Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.5,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -102,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -102,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -105.5,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -105.5,\n 39.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db6841c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Darton, N. H.","contributorId":71523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darton","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":209348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39525,"text":"pp22 - 1904 - Forest conditions in the San Francisco Mountains Forest Reserve, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-15T13:06:55","indexId":"pp22","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1904","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"22","title":"Forest conditions in the San Francisco Mountains Forest Reserve, Arizona","docAbstract":"

On April 12, 1902, President Roosevelt issued a proclamation \"for the purpose of consolidating into one reserve the lands heretofore embraced in the San Francisco Mountains Forest Reserves and of including therein the other adjacent lands within Francisco Mountains Forest Reserve, and is described by metes and bound as follows:

\n

''Beginning at the northwest corner of township twenty-two (22) north, range one (1) east, Gila and Salt River meridian, Arizona; thence southerly along the said meridian, allowing for the proper offset on the fifth (5th) standard parallel north, to the southwest corner of Township nineteen (19) south, range one (1) east; thence easterly along the surveyed and unsurveyed township line to the point for the northwest corner of township eighteen (18) north, range four (4) east; thence southerly along the unsurveyed range line to its intersection with the fourth (4th) standard' parallel north; thence easterly along said parallel to the point for the northwest corner of township sixteen (16) north, range five (5) east; thence southerly to the point for the southwest corner of said township; then easterly to the point for the northwest corne1· of township fifteen (15) north, range six (6) east; thence southerly to the point for the southwest corner of section eighteen (18), said township; thence easterly along the unsurveyed section line to the point for the northwest corner of section nineteen (19), township fifteen (15) north, range seven (7) east; thence southerly to the southwest corner of said section; thence easterly along the unsurveyed section lines to the southwest corner of section nineteen (19), township fifteen (15) north, range nine (9) east; thence northerly to the northwest corner of said section; thence easterly along the section line to the southeast corner of section thirteen (13), said township; thence northerly to the northeast corner of section twelve (12), said township; thence easterly along the section lines to the southeast corner of section one (1), township fifteen (15) north, range eleven (11) east; thence northerly along the range line to its intersection with the fourth (4th) standard parallel north; thence westerly along said parallel to the southeast corner of township seventeen (17) north, range eleven (11) east; thence northerly along the surveyed and unsurveyed range line to the point for the northeast corner of township eighteen (18) north, range eleven (11) east; thence westerly to the southeast corner of township nineteen (19) north, range ten (10) east; thence northerly along the range line to its intersection with the fifth (5th) standard parallel north; thence westerly along said parallel to the point for the southeast corner of township twenty-one (21) north, range nine (9) east; thence northerly along the unsurveyed range line, allowing for the proper offset on the sixth (6th) standard parallel north, to the point for the northeast cornet· of township twenty-five (25) north, range nine (9) east; thence westerly along the surveyed and unsurveyed township line to the point for the northwest corner of township twenty-five (25) north, range three (3) east; thence southerly along the surveyed and unsurveyed range line, allowing for the proper offset on the sixth (6th) standard parallel north, to the northeast corner of township twenty-two (22) north, range two (2) east; thence westerly along the township line to the northwest corner of township twenty-two (22) north, range one (1) east, to the place of beginning.\" 

","language":"English","publisher":"Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp22","usgsCitation":"Leiberg, J.B., Rixon, T.F., Dodwell, A., and Plummer, F.G., 1904, Forest conditions in the San Francisco Mountains Forest Reserve, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 22, 95 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp22.","productDescription":"95 p.","numberOfPages":"104","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123269,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0022/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67131,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0022/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de35c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leiberg, J. B.","contributorId":14034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leiberg","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":221570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rixon, T. F.","contributorId":107358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rixon","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":221572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dodwell, Arthur","contributorId":9315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodwell","given":"Arthur","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":221569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Plummer, F. G.","contributorId":96749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":221571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":32874,"text":"pp23 - 1904 - Forest conditions in the Black Mesa Forest Reserve, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-10T19:30:18.097178","indexId":"pp23","displayToPublicDate":"1904-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1904","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"23","title":"Forest conditions in the Black Mesa Forest Reserve, Arizona","docAbstract":"

The Black Mesa Forest Reserve, in Arizona, was created by proclamation of President McKinley dated August 17, 1898. The following are its boundaries; \"Beginning at a point on the boundary line between Arizona and New Mexico where it is intersected by the north line of township seven (7) north, range thirty-one (31) east, Gila and Salt River meridian, Arizona; thence westerly along the township line to the southeast corner of township eight (8) north, range twenty-seven (27) east; thence northerly to the northeast corner of said township; thence westerly along the second (2nd) standard parallel north to the southeast corner of township nine (9) north, range twenty-six (26) east; thence northerly to the northeast corner of said township; thence westerly along the township line to the southeast corner of township ten (10) north, range twenty-two (22) east; thence northerly to the northeast corner of said township; thence westerly along the township line to the southeast corner of township eleven (11) north, range nineteen (19) east; thence northerly.along the range line to its point of intersection with the forty miles limit of the grant to the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad Company; thence westerly following the forty miles limit of said grant to its intersection with the range line between ranges five (5) and six (6) east, in township fifteen (15) north; thence southerly to the southwest corner of said township; thence easterly along the township line to the northwest corner of township fourteen (14) north, range seven (7) east; thence southerly along the range line to the southwest corner of township thirteen (13) north, range seven (7) east; thence easterly along the third (3rd) standard parallel north to the northwest corner of township twelve (12) north, range eight (8) east; thence southerly to the south- west corner of said township; thence easterly along the township line to the north- west corner of township eleven (11) north, range twelve (12) east; thence southerly to the southwest corner of said township; thence easterly to the northwest corner of the White Mountain Indian Reservation; thence in a general easterly, southeasterly, and southerly direction along the northern and eastern boundaries of said reservation to its intersection with the Gila and Salt River base line; thence easterly along said base line to its intersection with the boundary line between Arizona and New Mexico; thence northerly along said boundary line to the point where it intersects the north line of township seven (7) north, range thirty-one (31) east, the place of beginning.\" 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp23","usgsCitation":"Plummer, F.G., Rixon, T.F., and Dodwell, A., 1904, Forest conditions in the Black Mesa Forest Reserve, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 23, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp23.","productDescription":"62 p.","numberOfPages":"73","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119141,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0023/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":415527,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4220.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":60801,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0023/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Black Mesa Forest Reserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.7467,\n 33.3928\n ],\n [\n -110.0519,\n 33.3928\n ],\n [\n -110.0519,\n 34.7083\n ],\n [\n -111.7467,\n 34.7083\n ],\n [\n -111.7467,\n 33.3928\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae4c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plummer, F. G.","contributorId":96749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":209322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rixon, T. F.","contributorId":107358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rixon","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":209321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dodwell, Arthur","contributorId":9315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodwell","given":"Arthur","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":209320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2102,"text":"wsp79 - 1903 - Normal and polluted waters in northeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:35:07","indexId":"wsp79","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1903","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79","title":"Normal and polluted waters in northeastern United States","docAbstract":"

In order to properly determine the water resources of a country, and to define the limitations of use which apply to various rivers, it becomes necessary to know the character of the water in' each case. Water is a source of wealth by reason of the uses to which it may be put, and these are dependent to a large extent upon the nature of the water. It follows, then, that for each branch of water utilization there is established a standard to which water must reasonably conform, in order that it may properly fulfill the requirements of the particular case.

By reason of their physical features and their artificial development, different rivers may possess characteristics which make them very different in their form or kind of utility. Sewage pollution may destroy every resource of one river, yet may not sensibly affect the value of another. One stream may be highly useful as a source of power; another may be best utilized primarily as a commercial highway; still another may serve as a source of water supply. There are waters which are more valuable as a disposal area for manufacturing refuse than they would be if maintained unpolluted as fishing grounds or ice fields. Therefore a thorough hydrographic investigation should serve to indicate the peculiar uses to which a stream is best applicable, and by it we should be able to determine the normal resource in each case and the damage done by unwise or unlawful procedure. Of especial importance is the fact that the utilization of a river in one State may be so damaging to its purity that the people of another State through which the same river flows may be totally deprived of its use, and, under present conditions, with little if any opportunity for redress.

Let us glance briefly at the characteristics that are demanded of waters required for different uses.

","language":"English","publisher":"Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp79","usgsCitation":"Leighton, M.O., 1903, Normal and polluted waters in northeastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 79, 192 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp79.","productDescription":"192 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":269999,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":333371,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0079/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8604","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leighton, Marshall O.","contributorId":49335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leighton","given":"Marshall","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70240956,"text":"70240956 - null - Detecting sulfamethoxazole and carbamazepine in groundwater: Is ELISA a reliable screening tool?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-02T15:59:52.993168","indexId":"70240956","displayToPublicDate":"2017-12-01T09:56:22","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detecting sulfamethoxazole and carbamazepine in groundwater: Is ELISA a reliable screening tool?","docAbstract":"

In recent years, numerous studies have reported the prevalence of organic micropollutants in natural waters. There is an increasing interest in assessing the occurrence and transport of these contaminants in groundwater because a large number of people in the United States rely on groundwater for their drinking water. However, commonly used mass-spectrometry-based analytical methods are expensive and time-consuming. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method offers an inexpensive analytical alternative that provides semi-quantitative results in a relatively quick timeframe. We investigated the use of ELISA for two commonly detected micropollutants, sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and carbamazepine (CBZ), in groundwater collected as part of two different studies, one in Minnesota and the other in Iowa. The ELISA results were compared with two mass-spectrometry-based methods: (1) direct aqueous injection-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC) and (2) online solid-phase extraction with liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (SPE LC). Differences in SMX and CBZ observations between ELISA and both HPLC and SPE LC were analyzed using the Paired Prentice-Wilcoxon test. Estimates of bias and limits of agreement between paired observations also were calculated. The SMX determinations by ELISA yielded results that were 30 and 14% greater than HPLC and SPE LC, respectively. The CBZ determinations by ELISA yielded results that were 25 and 9% greater than HPLC and SPE LC, respectively. The ELISA determinations were in presence-absence agreement with HPLC for 83% of samples for SMX and CBZ; and with SPE LC for 76 and 80% of samples for SMX and CBZ, respectively. Results indicate that ELISA for SMX and CBZ is a reliable and cost effective screening-tool alternative to more commonly used mass spectrometry-based analytical methods.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.065","usgsCitation":"Krall, A.L., Elliott, S.M., Erickson, M., and Adams, B.A., Detecting sulfamethoxazole and carbamazepine in groundwater: Is ELISA a reliable screening tool?: Environmental Pollution, v. 234, p. 420-428, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.065.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"420","endPage":"428","ipdsId":"IP-088677","costCenters":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":413619,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"234","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krall, Aliesha L. 0000-0003-2521-5043 adiekoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2521-5043","contributorId":176545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krall","given":"Aliesha","email":"adiekoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":865481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elliott, Sarah M. 0000-0002-1414-3024 selliott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1414-3024","contributorId":1472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Sarah","email":"selliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":865482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Erickson, Melinda L. 0000-0002-1117-2866 merickso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1117-2866","contributorId":3671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erickson","given":"Melinda L.","email":"merickso@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":865483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Adams, Byron A.","contributorId":206805,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adams","given":"Byron","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13330,"text":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":865484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207209,"text":"70207209 - null - PIERRE PERRAULT: THE MAN AND HIS CONTRIBUTION TO MODERN HYDROLOGY","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-12T09:50:36","indexId":"70207209","displayToPublicDate":"1974-08-31T09:48:13","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2126,"text":"JAWRA","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":" PIERRE PERRAULT: THE MAN AND HIS CONTRIBUTION TO MODERN HYDROLOGY","docAbstract":"

ABSTRACT: Pierre Perrault, member of a bourgeois provincial family whose roots were in the Touraine region of France, grew up in Paris. One of six illustrious Brothers, all characterized by brilliance and diversity, he was educated as a lawyer but turned to finance and rose to a high position under King Louis XIV. Owing to political naivete and financial imprudence, he fell into disgrace and went bankrupt. He then became an amateur scientist and wrote a book on the origin of springs. This book broke almost wholly with the traditional authoritarianism of 2, 000 years'standing, and set hydrology on the modern path of observation and direct experiment, He developed the concept of the hydrological cycle, correctly accounting for the disposition of rainfall by evaporation, transpiration, ground‐water recharge and runoff. Some of his ideas about specific processes were erroneous, but where he was wrong his errors were logically based. Much of his contribution to the foundation of scientific hydrology has been overlooked or distorted by historians and hydrologists alike. Copyright © 1974, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley Blackwell ","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb05623.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Nace, R.L., PIERRE PERRAULT: THE MAN AND HIS CONTRIBUTION TO MODERN HYDROLOGY: JAWRA, v. 10, no. 4, p. 633-647, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb05623.x.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"633","endPage":"647","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370202,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nace, R. L.","contributorId":11332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nace","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70206352,"text":"70206352 - null - The problem of the Chelmsford, Massachusetts, Granite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-30T17:56:49","indexId":"70206352","displayToPublicDate":"1937-07-01T17:48:36","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The problem of the Chelmsford, Massachusetts, Granite","docAbstract":"

The Chelmsford granite is quarried in and around Oak Hill, about six miles west of Lowell, Massachusetts. The granite‐area is about eight miles long and one to three miles wide, and its longer dimension has a northeast bearing which is parallel with the regional axis of foliation in the country rock. The writer favors a hypothesis that much of the granite represents granitization of biotite schist under hydro‐magmatic invasion, and under stress that was insufficient to deform or distort the preexisting country rock‐structures to any marked degree. Banding of the granite is due chiefly, to variable amounts of biotite. The bands are thin and remarkably uniform. The banding, attitudes of schist inclusions, and distribution of the entire mass con form to the regional structural elements. Lit‐par‐lit injection‐bands are not clearly discernible although many of the light‐colored bands are doubtless of such origin. The absence of flow‐schlieren is noted. Petrographic evidence shows a remarkable amount of metasomatic fabric. Undoubted primary granitic texture is practically wanting. There is a high degree of orientation of biotite, muscovite, and groups of small mosaic quartz‐grains. The contacts of inclusions with adjacent granite‐bands are very irregular and interpenetrative, and granitic material also penetrates intricately along schistosity planes within the inclusions. Large irregular feldspar porphyroblasts and strings of such grains are distributed through the inclusions, generally with decreasing concentration toward the centers. Pegmatite and quartz veins, some of which carry much tourmaline, are abundant in some of the quarries. Crystallization zoning of feldspars is very rare. Feldspars are of three generations: (1) Early polysynthetically twinned porphyroblasts and irregular groundmass grains of oligoclase or albite‐oligoclase; (2) microcline and orthoclase, chiefly as porphyroblasts, and in part replacing the earlier plagioclase; and (3) albite and albite‐oligoclase, untwinned and mottled, as individual crystals, streaks, patches, and porphyroblasts, replacing microcline, quartz, and mica. Incomplete twinning, corrosion‐contacts, optical anomalies, inclusions of minerals, pseudo‐perthitic and myrmekitlc grains are among the diagnostic petrographic features that contribute to the theory of replacement.

","language":"English ","publisher":"Elsevier ","doi":"10.1029/TR018i001p00260","issn":" 00028606","usgsCitation":"Currier, L., The problem of the Chelmsford, Massachusetts, Granite: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 18, no. 1, p. 260-261, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR018i001p00260.","productDescription":"2 pg. 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