Measurements on fluid inclusions in hydrothermal dolomite cements place constraints on sulfide precipitation mechanisms and on the thermal-hydrologic processes which formed the Viburnum Trend Mississippi Valley-type lead district. Homogenization temperatures and freezing point depressions were determined for fluid inclusions in Bonneterre Dolomite-hosted dolomite cements in mine samples, as well as drill core from up to 13 km outside of the district. A well-defined cathodoluminescent zonation distinguishes dolomite growth zones in the Vi-burnurn Trend as older or younger than main-stage mineralization (octahedral galena) and facilitates correlation with other dolomites outside the Viburnum Trend.Homogenization temperatures and salinities in samples from mines are not systematically different from those of samples outside of the district. Medians of homogenization temperature distributions differ by not more than 25 degrees C, so that a temperature gradient, if present, should not have exceeded approximately 25 degrees C within the study area. These observations are interpreted to indicate that the Viburnum Trend was not strongly thermally anomalous with respect to surrounding country rock and that fluid flow occurred on a broad scale through not only the Lamotte Sandstone but through the overlying Cambrian carbonates as well.The absence of a significant, recognizable decrease in temperature either vertically within the section or east-west across the district, coupled with the minor amount of silica in the district, argues against cooling as a primary cause of sulfide precipitation. Fluids whose primary aquifer was the Lamotte Sandstone, predominantly a quartz arenite, should have been in equilibrium with quartz. Quartz in the Viburnum Trend occurs as a minor, drusy, vug-lining phase, but the district lacks the intense silicification found in other Mississippi Valley-type districts such as Tri-State (Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri). Quartz solubility is strongly temperature dependent and, under equilibrium conditions, a decrease of 10 degrees C or more should have precipitated at least as many moles of silica as galena (assuming a galena solubility of between 1 and 10 ppm). Clearly this is not the case, as galena is far more abundant than quartz in the Viburnum Trend.Ice final-melting temperatures (T m ) in fluid inclusions generally range from -14 degrees to -27 degrees C for primary dolomite-hosted inclusions. Using these T m values and cation ratios for the inclusion fluids, absolute concentrations for the individual cations and chloride were calculated using the thermochemical model of Spencer et al. (1990). The corresponding high but variable salinities, 3.9 to 5.9 chloride molality, are evidence for the presence of more than one distinct fluid during mineralization.In a reduced sulfur mineralization model with Pb carried as chloride complexes, dilution is also a possible sulfide precipitation mechanism. The difference in Pb solubility (for an equal quantity of reduced sulfur) in the extremes of the chloride concentration range, 3.9 vs. 5.9 molal, reaches 1 ppm only for pH values below approximately 4.5. Accepting 1 ppm as a minimum metal concentration for a viable ore-forming fluid, dilution only appears capable of precipitating sulfides in a fluid with pH near the lower limit of values considered geologically reasonable or attainable.Dolomite cements hosting warm (approximately 105 degrees -125 degrees C) saline fluid inclusions are ubiquitous in the porous dolomitic facies of the Bonneterre Dolomite. Based on stratigraphic reconstructions, however, it is unlikely that the Bonneterre was buried deeper than 1.5 km. The distribution of warm inclusions beyond the Viburnum Trend district implies that fluid migration was regional in scale. Fluid inclusion temperatures inconsistent with typical basement heat-flow-controlled geothermal gradients (25 degrees -35 degrees C/km) may be explained by long-distance migration of warm, basin-derived brines. Elevated temperatures observed in fluid inclusions at shallow stratigraphic depths are consistent with a gravity flow hydrologic system characterized by rapid flow rates and the capacity for advective heat transport.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.84.7.1948","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Rowan, E., and Leach, D.L., 1989, Constraints from fluid inclusions on sulfide precipitation mechanisms and ore fluid migration in the Viburnum Trend lead district, Missouri: Economic Geology, v. 84, no. 7, p. 1948-1965, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.84.7.1948.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1948","endPage":"1965","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224360,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa09e4b0c8380cd4d8bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowan, E. L. 0000-0001-5753-6189","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5753-6189","contributorId":34921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"E. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leach, D. L.","contributorId":18758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015187,"text":"70015187 - 1989 - Arsenic in ground-water under oxidizing conditions, south-west United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-28T12:17:19.81378","indexId":"70015187","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1538,"text":"Environmental Geochemistry and Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Arsenic in ground-water under oxidizing conditions, south-west United States","docAbstract":"Concentrations of dissolved arsenic in ground-water in alluvial basins of Arizona commonly exceed 50 μg L−1 and reach values as large as 1,300 μg L−1. Arsenic speciation analyses show that arsenic occurs in the fully oxidized state of plus 5 (As+5), most likely in the form of HAsO4∼2, under existing oxidizing and pH conditions. Arsenic in source areas presumably is oxidized to soluble As before transport into the basin or, if after transport, before burial. Probable sources of arsenic are the sulphide and arsenide deposits in the mineralized areas of the mountains surrounding the basins. Arsenic content of alluvial material ranged from 2 to 88 ppm. Occurrence and removal of arsenic in ground-water are related to the pH and the redox condition of the ground-water, the oxidation state of arsenic, and sorption or exchange. Within basins, dissolved arsenic correlates (P<0.01) with dissolved molybdenum, selenium, vanadium, and fluoride and with pH, suggesting sorption of negative ions. The sorption hypothesis is further supported by enrichment of teachable arsenic in the basin-fill sediments by about tenfold relative to the crustal abundance and by as much as a thousandfold relative to concentrations found in ground-water. Silicate hydrolysis reactions, as defined within the alluvial basins, under closed conditions cause increases in pH basinward and would promote desorption. Within the region, large concentrations of arsenic are commonly associated with the central parts of basins whose chemistries evolve under closed conditions. Arsenic does not correlate with dissolved iron (r = 0.09) but may be partly controlled by iron in the solid phase. High solid-phase arsenic contents were found in red clay beds. Large concentrations of arsenic also were found in water associated with red clay beds. Basins that contain the larger concentrations are bounded primarily by basalt and andesite, suggesting that the iron content as well as the arsenic content of the basin fill may play a role in the occurrence of arsenic in ground-water. Under oxidizing conditions in Arizona, arsenic in ground-water appears to be controlled in part by sorption or desorption of HAsO4∼2 on active ferric oxyhydroxide surfaces.
The hydrologic response to development of three of the most heavily pumped sedimentary aquifer systems in the United States is similar in some aspects and different in others. In the semiarid West, an unconfined sand aquifer and a confined sand and clay aquifer system have been subjected to withdrawals that are far greater than predevelopment recharge rates. As a result, the aquifers have large losses of ground water from storage. In the humid East, pumpage from a carbonate aquifer system has resulted in induced recharge and diversion of natural discharge with insignificant loss from storage. However, the following responses to development are common in all three aquifer systems: (1) ground-water circulation has increased,
(2) rates of recharge have increased—mostly due to recirculation of pumped ground water, or infiltration of imported surface water used for irrigation in the semiarid West,
(3) locations of recharge areas have changed, and (4) natural discharge has decreased.
Regional water-level declines associated with ground- water development are inevitably accompanied by some combination of elastic compaction of aquifer material, inelastic compaction of fine-grained sediments and land subsidence, dewatering of aquifer material near pumping centers, and induced formation of sinkholes. The degree to which these changes occur is dependent on: (1) rates of pumping in relation to available recharge, and (2) lithology, specifically the proportion of sand, gravel, silt, clay, and carbonate rock that comprise the aquifer system.
East of the eastern American continental divide and south of fat 42.5°N, moderate to large historic earthquakes correlate strongly with times of high and low solid-earth tides. This effect is most pronounced when solar declination lies between 17°N and 17°S. Significant correlations also exist between major earthquakes, time of day, lunar declinations, and lunar phase.
Previous workers have pioneered statistical techniques to study the spatial distribution of aftershocks with respect to the focal mechanism of the main shock. Application of these techniques to deep focus earthquakes failed to show clustering of aftershocks near the nodal planes of the main shocks. To better understand the behavior of these statistics, this study applies them to the aftershocks of six large shallow focus earthquakes in California (August 6, 1979, Coyote Lake; May 2, 1983, Coalinga; April 24, 1984, Morgan Hill; August 4, 1985, Kettleman Hills; July 8, 1986, North Palm Springs; and October 1, 1987, Whittier Narrows). The large number of aftershocks accurately located by dense local networks allows us to treat these aftershock sequences individually instead of combining them, as was done for the deep earthquakes. The results for individual sequences show significant clustering about the closest nodal plane and the strike direction for five of the sequences and about the presumed fault plane for all six sequences. This implies that the previously developed method does work properly. Nonrandom behavior was also found about the slip directions, the P axis, the T axis, and the B axis, but this is probably caused by the lack of independence between these axes and the previously mentioned features of the focal mechanisms. Given that the method does work and that deep aftershocks were not shown to cluster about the main shock nodal planes, the shallow focus data were used to simulate the deep focus study. The goal is to determine if there are artificial factors that make clustering in the deep focus data unobservable. To more closely mimic the work on deep earthquakes, the largest aftershocks from each of the six sequences were combined and studied with respect to their respective main shock focal mechanisms. This reduced the significance of the clustering about the focal mechanism parameters, but not below 95% confidence. Gaussian noise was then added to the aftershock hypocenters in order to determine if the larger hypocentral and focal mechanism errors in the deep focus data could account for the previous negative result. The conclusion is that the following reasons are sufficient to explain the lack of clustering about the main shock nodal planes for the deep focus aftershocks: the need to combine aftershocks from several sequences, the size of the hypocentral location and focal mechanism errors, and the alignment of distant aftershocks with the Wadati-Benioff zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB05p05615","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Michael, A., 1989, Spatial patterns of aftershocks of shallow focus earthquakes in California and implications for deep focus earthquakes: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B5, p. 5615-5626, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB05p05615.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"5615","endPage":"5626","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223841,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9499e4b08c986b31ab9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michael, A.J. 0000-0002-2403-5019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2403-5019","contributorId":52192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015655,"text":"70015655 - 1989 - Modern sedimentary environments in a large tidal estuary, Delaware Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-03T11:09:08.760419","indexId":"70015655","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modern sedimentary environments in a large tidal estuary, Delaware Bay","docAbstract":"Queen Inlet is unique among Glacier Bay fjords because it alone has a branching channel system incised in the Holocene sediment fill of the fjord floor. Bathymetry and seismic-reflection profiles show that four channels begin on, or at the base of, the delta front of this marine-outwash fjord. By midpoint of the fjord, these channels have merged into one main channel that extends the length of the fjord. The main channel cuts deeply into the scarp that separates this hanging tributary from the West Arm of Glacier Bay. The Queen Inlet channel ends on the main fjord floor as several small distributaries that form part of a lobate-fan deposit. Sand from the channel and lobate fan, in contrast to fjord-floor mud, plus steep truncated channel walls indicate that turbidity currents created this apparently active channel system. Queen Inlet and other known channel-containing fjords are marine-outwash fjords; the tidewater glacial fjords do not have steep delta fronts on which slides are generated and may not have a sufficient reservoir of potentially unstable coarse sediment to generate channel-cutting turbidity currents. Presence or absence of channels, as revealed in the ancient rock record, may be one criterion for interpreting types of fjords.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e89-065","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Carlson, P., Powell, R., and Rearic, D., 1989, Turbidity-current channels in Queen Inlet, Glacier Bay, Alaska: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 26, no. 4, p. 807-820, https://doi.org/10.1139/e89-065.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"807","endPage":"820","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223302,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Glacier Bay, Queen Inlet","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -136.5909810759445,\n 58.910056645097825\n ],\n [\n -136.60645837565497,\n 58.88475479639544\n ],\n [\n -136.60247409458077,\n 58.84011604803868\n ],\n [\n -136.5958336261239,\n 58.8396579164407\n ],\n [\n -136.58388078290156,\n 58.83782532946705\n ],\n [\n -136.578125710239,\n 58.83278521546376\n ],\n [\n -136.5697144501937,\n 58.833472546905085\n ],\n [\n -136.5621885859425,\n 58.83095226497093\n ],\n [\n -136.55776160697138,\n 58.82682777189811\n ],\n [\n -136.55112113851447,\n 58.82453617477498\n ],\n [\n -136.54802225323462,\n 58.819035723563104\n ],\n [\n -136.5342986184237,\n 58.81399287664098\n ],\n [\n -136.51747609833308,\n 58.80436358687021\n ],\n [\n -136.50950753618474,\n 58.797483886015954\n ],\n [\n -136.4594826738099,\n 58.8263694645932\n ],\n [\n -136.46568044436964,\n 58.82866094052412\n ],\n [\n -136.47763328759197,\n 58.835076267253896\n ],\n [\n -136.48515915184316,\n 58.83874163507059\n ],\n [\n -136.4904715266086,\n 58.843093755761146\n ],\n [\n -136.4904715266086,\n 58.84790335835433\n ],\n [\n -136.49445580768256,\n 58.853399229307\n ],\n [\n -136.50419516141932,\n 58.86072570057232\n ],\n [\n -136.50596595300794,\n 58.86438835483261\n ],\n [\n -136.50552325511077,\n 58.868050621546615\n ],\n [\n -136.5006707049314,\n 58.873232166278854\n ],\n [\n -136.50376959021128,\n 58.88513007505341\n ],\n [\n -136.5108527565651,\n 58.89107749492152\n ],\n [\n -136.51616513133075,\n 58.89519434024595\n ],\n [\n -136.51395164184498,\n 58.89953936738178\n ],\n [\n -136.5241336934789,\n 58.91188541013912\n ],\n [\n -136.52811797455306,\n 58.92057072218634\n ],\n [\n -136.52369099558172,\n 58.928339939806136\n ],\n [\n -136.52590448506749,\n 58.938163211823905\n ],\n [\n -136.52590448506749,\n 58.95186543166105\n ],\n [\n -136.52103480819903,\n 58.95460522265182\n ],\n [\n -136.51262354815373,\n 58.95460522265182\n ],\n [\n -136.506425777594,\n 58.95460522265182\n ],\n [\n -136.4958010280629,\n 58.955518437952094\n ],\n [\n -136.49004595540035,\n 58.96601867599492\n ],\n [\n -136.48517627853207,\n 58.97993797358788\n ],\n [\n -136.47809311217804,\n 58.985184773987214\n ],\n [\n -136.47632232058962,\n 58.992939450069684\n ],\n [\n -136.4727807374126,\n 58.99499186619727\n ],\n [\n -136.46127059208743,\n 58.99385165011776\n ],\n [\n -136.4475469572765,\n 58.99658810528038\n ],\n [\n -136.45994249839595,\n 59.00707583560447\n ],\n [\n -136.4904886532975,\n 59.01345810718678\n ],\n [\n -136.5294460682443,\n 59.00844356487613\n ],\n [\n -136.53830002618676,\n 59.002060363224416\n ],\n [\n -136.5334303493185,\n 58.9956759777227\n ],\n [\n -136.5223629018905,\n 58.9917991660287\n ],\n [\n -136.52147750609618,\n 58.98267553436227\n ],\n [\n -136.53033146403862,\n 58.97491854718328\n ],\n [\n -136.54981017151215,\n 58.97469037406398\n ],\n [\n -136.5697315768826,\n 58.96738803652832\n ],\n [\n -136.57415855585393,\n 58.960084151745946\n ],\n [\n -136.57681474323664,\n 58.94958210624628\n ],\n [\n -136.5781428369279,\n 58.94592847119233\n ],\n [\n -136.5781428369279,\n 58.93907686245282\n ],\n [\n -136.57592934744235,\n 58.934279926790055\n ],\n [\n -136.575043951648,\n 58.928339939806136\n ],\n [\n -136.57991362851652,\n 58.915771214442515\n ],\n [\n -136.5909810759445,\n 58.910056645097825\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb8f1e4b08c986b327b31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlson, P.R.","contributorId":97055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, R.D.","contributorId":74015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rearic, D.M.","contributorId":65463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rearic","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016117,"text":"70016117 - 1989 - A close-range photogrammetric technique for mapping neotectonic features in trenches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-03T00:36:03.69484","indexId":"70016117","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1115,"text":"Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A close-range photogrammetric technique for mapping neotectonic features in trenches","docAbstract":"Close-range photogrammetric techniques and newly available computerized plotting equipment were used to map exploratory trench walls that expose Quaternary faults in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Small-scale structural, lithologic, and stratigraphic features can be rapidly mapped by the photogrammetric method. This method is more accurate and significantly more rapid than conventional trench-mapping methods, and the analytical plotter is capable of producing cartographic definition of high resolution when detailed trench maps are necessary.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association of Engineering Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gseegeosci.xxvi.4.521","usgsCitation":"Fairer, G., Whitney, J., and Coe, J.A., 1989, A close-range photogrammetric technique for mapping neotectonic features in trenches: Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists, v. 26, no. 4, p. 521-530, https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.xxvi.4.521.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"521","endPage":"530","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223301,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e345e4b0c8380cd45f1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fairer, G. M.","contributorId":99532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairer","given":"G. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whitney, J.W.","contributorId":27437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coe, J. A.","contributorId":8867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coe","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016116,"text":"70016116 - 1989 - Revised paleomagnetic pole for the Sonoma Volcanics, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-13T12:27:13.408676","indexId":"70016116","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Revised paleomagnetic pole for the Sonoma Volcanics, California","docAbstract":"Paleomagnetic sampling of the Miocene and Pliocene Sonoma Volcanics, northern California, was undertaken to supplement an earlier collection. Data from 25 cooling units yield positive fold and reversal tests, and a paleomagnetic pole located at 80.2°N., 069.2°E., with α95 = 6.8°. This paleopole is significantly displaced (9.6° ± 5.3° of latitude) to the farside of the geographic pole. A highly elliptical distribution of the data in both direction and VGP space indicates that incomplete averaging of geomagnetic secular variation is a more likely explanation for this anomaly than is northward translation of the volcanic field.
Granulite xenoliths erupted at Kilbourne Hole maar were recently extracted from the lower crust of southern New Mexico. Garnet- and sillimanite-bearing quartzofeldspathic xenoliths had pelitic protoliths and were probably emplaced in the lower crust by tectonic underplating at a lower Proterozoic subduction zone. Thus the Kilbourne Hole metapelitic xenoliths illustrate the potential role of tectonosedimentary processes at convergent margins in determining the ultimate composition of the crust. Average P-wave velocities for metapelitic xenoliths from Kilbourne Hole are ∼ 7 km/s at 6 kbar, like those of mafic metagabbros and anorthosites. However, in contrast to mafic lithologies, the major element composition of the representative pelitic paragneiss (RPP) described in this paper is relatively siliceous and like that of average upper crust. Except for depletions of U and Cs, the trace element characteristics of the RPP are like those of pelitic sediments and are 3–10 times higher than those typically estimated for the lower crust. The heat production of the RPP is high (1.0 μW/m3) as are those of many granulite- and amphibolite-grade metapelites. In general, portions of the lower crust in which sediments are present may be high in light ion lithophile and rare earth element abundances, heat production, δ18O, and87Sr/86Sr. Moreover, the high Pb contents and unradiogenic Pb isotope signatures of metapelites provide an important reservoir for unradiogenic Pb in the earth as a whole.
The Silent Canyon volcanic center consists of a buried Miocene peralkaline caldera complex and outlying peralkaline lava domes. Its location has been corroborated by geophysical data and more than 50 drill holes. Two widespread ash flow sheets, the Tub Spring and overlying Grouse Canyon members of the Miocene Belted Range Tuff, were erupted from the caldera complex and have volumes of 60–100 km3 and 200 km3, respectively. Eruption of the ash flows was preceded by widespread extrusion of precaldera comendite domes and was followed by extrusion of postcollapse peralkaline lavas and tuffs within and outside the caldera complex. Lava flows and tuffs were also deposited between the two major ash flow sheets. Rocks of the Silent Canyon center vary significantly in silica content and peralkalinity. The most mafic rocks are precollapse and postcollapse trachytes (65–69% SiO2). Low-silica comendites (69–73% SiO2) were erupted as the mafic upper part of the chemically zoned Grouse Canyon Member and as postcollapse lavas. The lower part of the Grouse Canyon Member and the underlying rhyolite of Split Ridge are moderately peralkaline comendite (PI is molar ratio Na + K/Al is 1.17–1.26). These comendites have major element characteristics and trace element enrichments approaching those of pantellerites. The Tub Spring Member, by contrast, is a weakly peralkaline chemically unzoned silicic comendite (75–76% SiO2) ash flow tuff. Weakly peralkaline silicic comendites (PI 1.0–1.1) are the most abundant precaldera lavas. Postcollapse lavas range from trachyte to silicic comendite; some have anomalous light rare earth element (LREE) enrichments. Silent Canyon rocks follow a common petrologic evolution from trachyte to low-silica comendite; above 73% SiO2, compositions of the moderately peralkaline comendites diverge from those of the weakly peralkaline silicic comendites. These contrasting differentiation paths are shown in the behavior of Fe and other transition metals, Al, Na, K; the trace elements Ba, Zr, Nb; and probably F and Cl. Weakly peralkaline silicic comendites show a LREE/heavy REE crossover in early erupted/late erupted rocks; moderately peralkaline comendites are enriched in all REE. The development of divergent peralkaline magmas, toward both pantelleritic and weakly peralkaline compositions, is unusual in a single volcanic center.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB05p06021","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Sawyer, D., and Sargent, K.A., 1989, Petrologic evolution of divergent peralkaline magmas from the Silent Canyon caldera complex, southwestern Nevada volcanic field: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B5, p. 6021-6040, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB05p06021.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"6021","endPage":"6040","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223337,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7812e4b0c8380cd78619","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sawyer, D.A.","contributorId":107666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sawyer","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sargent, K. A.","contributorId":58630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sargent","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015894,"text":"70015894 - 1989 - Thermal stresses due to cooling of a viscoelastic oceanic lithosphere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T16:53:22.799118","indexId":"70015894","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal stresses due to cooling of a viscoelastic oceanic lithosphere","docAbstract":"Theories based upon thermal contraction of cooling oceanic lithosphere provide a successful basis for correlating seafloor bathymetry and heat flow. The horizontal components of the contraction of the lithosphere as it cools potentially give rise to large thermal stresses. Current methods to calculate these stresses assume that on the time scales of cooling, the lithosphere initially behaves as an inviscid fluid and instantly freezes into an elastic solid at some critical temperature. These instant-freezing methods inaccurately predict transient thermal stresses in rapidly cooling silicate glass plates because of the temperature dependent rheology of the material. The temperature dependent rheology of the lithosphere may affect the transient thermal stress distribution in a similar way, and for this reason we use a thermoviscoelastic model to estimate thermal stresses in young oceanic lithosphere. This theory is formulated here for linear creep processes that have an Arrhenius rate dependence on temperature. Our results show that the stress differences between instant freezing and linear thermoviscoelastic theory are most pronounced at early times (0–20 m.y.) when the instant freezing stresses may be twice as large. The solutions for the two methods asymptotically approach the same solution with time. A comparison with intraplate seismicity shows that both methods underestimate the depth of compressional stresses inferred from the seismicity in a systematic way.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB01p00744","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Denlinger, R., and Savage, W.Z., 1989, Thermal stresses due to cooling of a viscoelastic oceanic lithosphere: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B1, p. 744-752, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB01p00744.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"744","endPage":"752","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222977,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb25de4b08c986b32576a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Denlinger, R.P.","contributorId":49367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, W. Z.","contributorId":106481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016406,"text":"70016406 - 1989 - Heat flow and thermotectonic problems of the central Ventura Basin, southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T16:27:33.155139","indexId":"70016406","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heat flow and thermotectonic problems of the central Ventura Basin, southern California","docAbstract":"The Ventura Basin, southern California, is located near the Big Bend area of the San Andreas fault system, within the Transverse Ranges physiographic province. Continuous equilibrium temperature logs were measured in 12 idle oil wells located within the onshore Ventura Avenue, San Miguelito, Filmore, Oxnard, and West Montalvo fields to an average depth of about 3100 m (10,200 feet). Thermal conductivities were measured on all available samples. Heat flows were calculated with the aid of a thermostratigraphic scheme based on correlative gradient intervals and average thermal conductivity for the appropriate units. Negative curvature of the Ventura Avenue temperature profiles may be explained by an increase in thermal conductivity associated with tectonic compaction of the underlying Pliocene clastic sequence. Temperature profiles at Fillmore are enigmatic but suggest highly unusual geotectonic conditions. Basinwide, heat flow averages about 48 mW/m2, a value which is low relative to most of southern California. As heat flow does not vary systematically to the maximum measured depth of about 4 km, this anomaly is not easily explained in terms of hydrologic effects or recent uplift and erosion. However, a diminution of heat flow is an expectable consequence of the accumulation of cold sediments (up to 12 km) since Eocene time. If 70 mW/m2 is accepted as the background heat flow, then the sedimentation effect is probably sufficient to explain the anomaly.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB01p00681","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"De Rito, R.F., Lachenbruch, A., Moses, T.H., and Munroe, R.J., 1989, Heat flow and thermotectonic problems of the central Ventura Basin, southern California: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B1, p. 681-699, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB01p00681.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"681","endPage":"699","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223264,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2ffbe4b0c8380cd5d291","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"De Rito, R. F.","contributorId":77303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Rito","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lachenbruch, A.H.","contributorId":76737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lachenbruch","given":"A.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moses, T. H. Jr.","contributorId":70385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moses","given":"T.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Munroe, R. J.","contributorId":56215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munroe","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016104,"text":"70016104 - 1989 - Solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of coalified gymnosperm xylem tissue from Australian brown coals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-14T16:32:02.087139","indexId":"70016104","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of coalified gymnosperm xylem tissue from Australian brown coals","docAbstract":"We report here on the use of solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to contrast the average chemical composition of modern degraded gymnosperm woods with fossil gymnosperm woods from Australian brown coals (Miocene). We first established the quantitative nature of the NMR techniques for these samples so that the conventional solid-state 13C NMR spectra and the dipolar dephasing NMR spectra could be used with a high degree of reliability to depict average chemical compositions. The NMR results provide some valuable insights about the early coalification of xylem tissue from gymnosperms. Though the cellulosic components of wood are degraded to varying degrees during peatification and ensuing coalification, it is unlikely that they play a major role in the formation of aromatic structures in coalified woods. The NMR data show that gynmosperm lignin, the primary aromatic contribution to the coal, is altered in part by demethylation of guaiacyl-units to catechol-like structures. The dipolar dephasing NMR data indicate that the lignin also becomes more cross-linked or condensed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(89)90068-5","usgsCitation":"Hatcher, P.G., Lerch, H.E., Bates, A.L., and Verheyen, T., 1989, Solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of coalified gymnosperm xylem tissue from Australian brown coals: Organic Geochemistry, v. 14, no. 2, p. 145-155, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(89)90068-5.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"145","endPage":"155","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223093,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b923de4b08c986b319d9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatcher, Patrick G.","contributorId":93625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lerch, Harry E. tlerch@usgs.gov","contributorId":600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lerch","given":"Harry","email":"tlerch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":372562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bates, Anne L. 0000-0002-4875-4675 abates@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4875-4675","contributorId":2789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bates","given":"Anne","email":"abates@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":372560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Verheyen, T.V.","contributorId":95614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verheyen","given":"T.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016135,"text":"70016135 - 1989 - SO2 from episode 48A eruption, Hawaii: Sulfur dioxide emissions from the episode 48A East Rift Zone eruption of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-17T19:32:35","indexId":"70016135","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"SO2 from episode 48A eruption, Hawaii: Sulfur dioxide emissions from the episode 48A East Rift Zone eruption of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"An SO2 flux of 1170??400 (1??) tonnes per day was measured with a correlation spectrometer (COSPEC) in October and November 1986 from the continuous, nonfountaining, basaltic East Rift Zone eruption (episode 48A) of Kilauea volcano. This flux is 5-27 times less than those of highfountaining episodes, 3-5 times greater than those of contemporaneous summit emissions or interphase Pu'u O'o emissions, and 1.3-2 times the emissions from Pu'u O'o alone during 48A. Calculations based on the SO2 emission rate resulted in a magma supply rate of 0.44 million m3 per day and a 0.042 wt% sulfur loss from the magma upon eruption. Both of these calculated parameters agree with determinations made previously by other methods. ?? 1989 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00301550","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Andres, R., Kyle, P., Stokes, J.B., and Rose, W.I., 1989, SO2 from episode 48A eruption, Hawaii: Sulfur dioxide emissions from the episode 48A East Rift Zone eruption of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 52, no. 2, p. 113-117, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00301550.","startPage":"113","endPage":"117","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205385,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301550"},{"id":223552,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf69e4b0c8380cd8758c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andres, R.J.","contributorId":12204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andres","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kyle, P.R.","contributorId":78476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kyle","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stokes, J. B.","contributorId":19182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stokes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rose, William I. Jr.","contributorId":71556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016132,"text":"70016132 - 1989 - West Virginia Geological Survey's role in siting fluidized bed combustion facilities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:46","indexId":"70016132","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"West Virginia Geological Survey's role in siting fluidized bed combustion facilities","docAbstract":"A project is presented which demonstrates the role of geology in planning and siting a fluidized bed combustion facility. Whenever a project includes natural resource utilization, cooperation between geologists and design engineers will provide an input that could and should save costs, similar to the one stated in our initial premise. Regardless of whether cost reductions stem from a better knowledge of fuel and sorbent availabilities, or a better understanding of the local hydrology, susceptibility to mine-subsidence, or other geologic hazards, the geological survey has a vital role in planning. Input to planning could help the fluidized-bed developer and design-engineer solve some economic questions and stretch the financial resources at their disposal.","conferenceTitle":"1989 International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion: FBC - Technology for Today","conferenceDate":"30 April 1989 through 3 May 1989","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by American Soc of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0791803082","usgsCitation":"Smith, C., King, H.M., Ashton, K.C., Kirstein, D., and McColloch, G., 1989, West Virginia Geological Survey's role in siting fluidized bed combustion facilities, 1989 International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion: FBC - Technology for Today, San Francisco, CA, USA, 30 April 1989 through 3 May 1989, p. 1337-1340.","startPage":"1337","endPage":"1340","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223500,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcff2e4b08c986b32ebbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, C.J.","contributorId":69141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, Hobart M.","contributorId":76826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Hobart","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ashton, K. C.","contributorId":51850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashton","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kirstein, D.S.","contributorId":81255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirstein","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McColloch, G.H.","contributorId":87300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McColloch","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70016027,"text":"70016027 - 1989 - Non-energy resources, Connecticut and Rhode Island coastal waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-03T11:01:47.057678","indexId":"70016027","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Non-energy resources, Connecticut and Rhode Island coastal waters","docAbstract":"Shallow-water podocopic marine Ostracoda from Micronesian lagoons in the Marianas, Caroline, Marshall and Gilbert Islands in the western Pacific were analysed to establish their diversity and zoogeography within Micronesia and the taxonomic affinities with ostracodes from other tropical regions. Sixty-four bottom lagoonal sediment samples from twelve islands and atolls yielded more than seventy species representing over thirty-two ostracode genera.
Q-mode cluster analysis using Jaccard coefficients showed that, with few exceptions, all or most samples from a particular lagoon form distinct subgroups (Jaccard=0.45-0.50). At lower levels, five groups delineate faunal regions within Micronesia: the Gilbert Islands (Onotoa) in the southeast part of the region, the northern Marshall Islands (Enewetak, Rongelap, Bikini), the southestern Marshall Islands (Kwajalein, Jaluit, Majuro, Arno), the Marianas and Caroline Islands (Guam, Truk, Pohnpei) and Pingelap.
Patterns of species diversity show Guam, Truk, Pohnpei, Pingelap, Kwajalein and Onotoa have the highest species richness (S=32-42) and Shannon-Wiener diversity values (H(S)=2.62-3.02) in the study area. Enewetak, Jaluit, Majuro and Arno show lower values (S=23-27, H(S)=2.29-2.70). Of the ostracode species living in Micronesia, 64.3% have Indo-West Pacific affinities, 7.1% are circumtropical, 5.7% have East Pacific-Caribbean affinities, 11.4% are endemic to Micronesia, and 11.4% have unknown affinities.
If the southeast Asian region is a primary species-source, the results show that each Micronesian lagoon is equally likely to be colonized by dispersal from the source region, despite differences in distance from a hypothetical source. However, each lagoon has a distinct ostracode assemblage, probably the result of unique history of random colonization events, local extinctions and environmental disturbances.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/2845084","issn":"03050270","usgsCitation":"Weissleader, L., Gilinsky, N., Ross, R.M., and Cronin, T.M., 1989, Biogeography of marine podocopid Ostracodes in Micronesia: Journal of Biogeography, v. 16, no. 2, p. 103-114, https://doi.org/10.2307/2845084.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"114","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222983,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f15be4b0c8380cd4abfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weissleader, L.S.","contributorId":107432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weissleader","given":"L.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilinsky, N.L.","contributorId":59561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilinsky","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ross, R. M.","contributorId":39311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":372280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016119,"text":"70016119 - 1989 - Data-collection program for Pamlico River Estuary model calibration and validation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:47","indexId":"70016119","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Data-collection program for Pamlico River Estuary model calibration and validation","docAbstract":"An investigation is being conducted to collect and interpret continuous records relating to the flow characteristics of the Pamlico River Estuary, North Carolina, and to calibrate and validate a numerical model of estuarine hydrodynamics. The study reach is 50 kilometers long and ranges in width from 330 meters at the upstream boundary to 6.4 kilometers at the downstream end. Water levels are recorded at 6 locations along the estuary; daily water-level range is typically greater at the head of the estuary than at the mouth, most likely due to upstream narrowing of the channel. Water-quality data are recorded at 14 locations. These data indicate that saline waters with low dissolved oxygen concentrations move upstream along the bottom of the estuary. Point velocities were monitored for 3 weeks at 7 locations; vertical profiles of horizontal velocity were made at the boundaries of the study reach for about 32 hours. Local tributary inflows and wind speed and direction are also being determined.","conferenceTitle":"Estuarine and Coastal Modeling - Proceedings of the Conference","conferenceDate":"15 November 1989 through 17 November 1989","conferenceLocation":"Newport, RI, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA, United States","isbn":"0872627586","usgsCitation":"Bales, J.D., 1989, Data-collection program for Pamlico River Estuary model calibration and validation, Estuarine and Coastal Modeling - Proceedings of the Conference, Newport, RI, USA, 15 November 1989 through 17 November 1989, p. 492-501.","startPage":"492","endPage":"501","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223349,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fdd1e4b0c8380cd4e961","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bales, Jerad D. 0000-0001-8398-6984 jdbales@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8398-6984","contributorId":683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bales","given":"Jerad","email":"jdbales@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":372598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016105,"text":"70016105 - 1989 - Adaptive modeling, identification, and control of dynamic structural systems. I. Theory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-22T14:37:43.370995","indexId":"70016105","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2252,"text":"Journal of Engineering Mechanics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adaptive modeling, identification, and control of dynamic structural systems. I. Theory","docAbstract":"A concise review of the fheory of adaptive modeling, identification, and control of dynamic structural systems based on discrete‐time recordings is presented. Adaptive methods have four major advantages over the classical methods: (1) Removal of the noise from the signal is done over the whole frequency band; (2) time‐varying characteristics of systems can be tracked; (3) systems with unknown characteristics can be controlled; and (4) a small segment of the data is needed during the computations. Included in the paper are the discrete‐time representation of single‐input single‐output (SISO) systems, models for SISO systems with noise, the concept of stochastic approximation, recursive prediction error method (RPEM) for system identification, and the adaptive control. Guidelines for model selection and model validation and the computational aspects of the method are also discussed in the paper. The present paper is the first of two companion papers. The theory given in the paper is limited to that which is necessary to follow the examples for applications in structural dynamics presented in the second paper.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1989)115:11(2386)","issn":"07339399","usgsCitation":"Safak, E., 1989, Adaptive modeling, identification, and control of dynamic structural systems. I. Theory: Journal of Engineering Mechanics, v. 115, no. 11, p. 2386-2405, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1989)115:11(2386).","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"2386","endPage":"2405","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223094,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6e5e4b0c8380cd476f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Safak, Erdal","contributorId":73984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Safak","given":"Erdal","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016102,"text":"70016102 - 1989 - Radiometric calibration of Landsat Thematic Mapper multispectral images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:40","indexId":"70016102","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiometric calibration of Landsat Thematic Mapper multispectral images","docAbstract":"A main problem encountered in radiometric calibration of satellite image data is correcting for atmospheric effects. Without this correction, an image digital number (DN) cannot be converted to a surface reflectance value. In this paper the accuracy of a calibration procedure, which includes a correction for atmospheric scattering, is tested. Two simple methods, a stand-alone and an in situ sky radiance measurement technique, were used to derive the HAZE DN values for each of the six reflectance Thematic Mapper (TM) bands. The DNs of two Landsat TM images of Phoenix, Arizona were converted to surface reflectances. -from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Chavez, P., 1989, Radiometric calibration of Landsat Thematic Mapper multispectral images: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 55, no. 9, p. 1285-1294.","startPage":"1285","endPage":"1294","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223091,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a940be4b0c8380cd81184","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chavez, P.S. Jr.","contributorId":75147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chavez","given":"P.S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016021,"text":"70016021 - 1989 - The use of total lake-surface area as an indicator of climatic change: Examples from the Lahontan basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-26T07:00:30","indexId":"70016021","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of total lake-surface area as an indicator of climatic change: Examples from the Lahontan basin","docAbstract":"Variation in the size of lakes in the Lahontan basin is topographically constrained. River diversion also has played a major role in regulating lake size in Lahontan subbasins. The proper gage of lake response to change in the hydrologic balance is neither lake depth (level) nor lake volume but instead lake-surface area. Normalization of surface area is necessary when comparing surface areas of lakes in basins having different topographies. To a first approximation, normalization can be accomplished by dividing the paleosurface area of a lake by its mean-historical, reconstructed surface area. ?? 1989.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(89)90093-8","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Benson, L.V., and Paillet, F.L., 1989, The use of total lake-surface area as an indicator of climatic change: Examples from the Lahontan basin: Quaternary Research, v. 32, no. 3, p. 262-275, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(89)90093-8.","startPage":"262","endPage":"275","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223493,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266521,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(89)90093-8"}],"volume":"32","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb19de4b08c986b32536d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, L. V.","contributorId":50159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015895,"text":"70015895 - 1989 - Influence of coupling of sorption and photosynthetic processes on trace element cycles in natural waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-17T16:35:01","indexId":"70015895","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of coupling of sorption and photosynthetic processes on trace element cycles in natural waters","docAbstract":"Chemical and biological processes have important roles in the transport and cycling of trace elements in natural waters, but their complex interactions are often not well understood. Trace-element concentrations may, for example, be controlled by adsorption-desorption reactions at mineral surfaces, with the equilibrium strongly influenced by pH. Variations in pH due to photosynthetic activity should result in concentration fluctuations as the adsorption-desorption equilibrium shifts with pH. To investigate these interactions, we have studied the effect of diurnal cycling of pH on dissolved arsenate in a perennial stream contaminated with arsenic. As expected, a diurnal cycle in arsenate concentration was observed, but surprisingly, the arsenate cycle lags several hours behind the pH cycle. Laboratory experiments show that the lag results from a slow approach to sorption equilibrium. Our observations demonstrate that the coupling of photosynthesis and sorption processes may have an important influence on the cycling of many trace elements and emphasize the importance of understanding sorption kinetics in modelling these processes.","language":"English","publisher":"Nature","doi":"10.1038/340052a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Fuller, C.C., and Davis, J., 1989, Influence of coupling of sorption and photosynthetic processes on trace element cycles in natural waters: Nature, v. 340, no. 6228, p. 52-57, https://doi.org/10.1038/340052a0.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"52","endPage":"57","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"340","issue":"6228","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b1de4b0c8380cd62240","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuller, C. C.","contributorId":29858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}