The scarcity of both extension and compression features on the Moon strongly constrains the history of the lunar radius—to variations of less than ±1 km over the past 3.8 Gyr. This limit has traditionally been interpreted as requiring a delicate balance between thermal contraction of the near‐surface and expansion of a substantial cold interior region. Recent theories of lunar origin (e.g., giant impact), in contrast, favor a “hot” initial state. We propose that a reconciliation may be possible by taking account of the volume change ΔV/V|d due to differentiation. We calculate STP densities based on simplified normative mineralogies for a suite of estimates of the bulk lunar composition, of primary lunar basalt, and of the residuum left when the maximum amount of the latter is extracted from the former. Typically ΔV/V|d ≃ 2 to 5%—an expansion equivalent to heating by ∼103K. Provided the timing of differentiation is correct, one might offset the cooling of a magma ocean as much as 630 km deep by differentiation of the remainder of the Moon (which need not start much below the solidus temperature). A large but not impossible amount of gabbroic melt production is implied: ∼100 times the volume of mare basalts known to have been extruded. We do not address the detailed genetic relationship of this melt to the basalts observed on the lunar surface but point out that it need not have reached the surface directly or even have entered the crust in order for the expansion to have occurred. To assess the timing of melt formation, we investigate a simple conductive lunar thermal model which takes account of both ΔV/V|d and thermal contraction. Our initial state is characterized by a central temperature Tc and a depth Z0 above which the material (derived from the magma ocean) is already at the solidus and is not suceptible to volume changes upon further differentiation. We find a range of models satisfying the limits on radius increase and decrease. The hottest has Tc = 1210 K, Z0 = 400 km; without ΔV/V|d, we would need a larger or colder (or both) core, e.g., Tc ≲ 700 K for Z0 = 200–400 km, in agreement with previous investigators. Our modeling thus lends credence to the idea that the Moon could have been initially ≳50% molten (with the remainder relatively close to the solidus) and yet experienced little volume change over the last 3.8 Gyr.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB09p12133","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Kirk, R.L., and Stevenson, D.J., 1989, The competition between thermal contraction and differentiation in the stress history of the Moon: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B9, p. 12133-12144, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB09p12133.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"12133","endPage":"12144","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480532,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140331-134907528","text":"External Repository"},{"id":223939,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"94","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa46e4b08c986b3227a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":371061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stevenson, David J.","contributorId":211426,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stevenson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014997,"text":"70014997 - 1989 - Transformation of dilative and contractive landslide debris into debris flows-An example from Marin County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-16T13:47:58.865984","indexId":"70014997","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transformation of dilative and contractive landslide debris into debris flows-An example from Marin County, California","docAbstract":"The severe rainstorm of January 3, 4 and 5, 1982, in the San Francisco Bay area, California, produced numerous landslides, many of which transformed into damaging debris flows. The process of transformation was studied in detail at one site where only part of a landslide mobilized into several episodes of debris flow. The focus of our investigation was to learn whether the landslide debris dilated or contracted during the transformation from slide to flow.
The landslide debris consisted of sandy colluvium that was separable into three soil horizons that occupied the axis of a small topographic swale. Failure involved the entire thickness of colluvium; however, over parts of the landslide, the soil A-horizon failed separately from the remainder of the colluvium.
Undisturbed samples were taken for density measurements from outside the landslide, from the failure zone and overlying material from the part of the landslide that did not mobilize into debris flows, and from the debris-flow deposits. The soil A-horizon was contractive and mobilized to flows in a process analogous to liquefaction of loose, granular soils during earthquakes. The soil B- and C-horizons were dilative and underwent 2 to 5% volumetric expansion during landslide movement that permitted mobilization of debris-flow episodes.
Several criteria can be used in the field to differentiate between contractive and dilative behavior including lag time between landsliding and mobilization of flow, episodic mobilization of flows, and partial or complete transformation of the landslide.
Geochemical data for samples of overburden from three mines in the Powder River Basin indicate a statistically significant (0.01 confidence level) positive correlation (r = 0.74) between Se and organic C. Results of factor analysis with varimax rotation on the major and trace element data from the rock samples indicate large (>50) varimax loadings for Se in two of the three factors. In Factor 1, the association of Se with constituents common to detrital grains indicates that water transporting the detrital particles into the Powder River Basin also carried dissolved Se. The large (>50) varimax loadings of Se and organic C in Factor 2 probably are due to the organic affinities characteristic of Se.
Dissolved Se concentrations in water samples collected at one coal mine are directly related to the dissolved organic C concentrations. Hydrophilic acid concentrations in the water samples from the mine ranged from 35 to 43% of the total dissolved organic C, and hydrophobic acid concentrations ranged from 40 to 49% of the total dissolved organic C. The largest dissolved organic C concentrations in water from the same mine (34–302 mg/l), coupled with the large proportion of acidic components, may saturate adsorption sites on geothite and similar minerals that comprise the aquifer material, thus decreasing the extent of selenite (SeO32−) adsorption as a sink for Se as the redox state of ground water decreases.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(89)90067-X","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Naftz, D.L., and Rice, J., 1989, Geochemical processes controlling selenium in ground water after mining, Powder River Basin, Wyoming, U.S.A.: Applied Geochemistry, v. 4, no. 6, p. 565-575, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(89)90067-X.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"565","endPage":"575","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223603,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.47190543824975,\n 45.01883494747517\n ],\n [\n -107.47190543824975,\n 41.6986083689649\n ],\n [\n -104.13348307176983,\n 41.6986083689649\n ],\n [\n -104.13348307176983,\n 45.01883494747517\n ],\n [\n -107.47190543824975,\n 45.01883494747517\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a168de4b0c8380cd551ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naftz, D. L.","contributorId":40624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, J. A.","contributorId":101217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"J.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015516,"text":"70015516 - 1989 - Geohydrology of the Laura fresh-water lens, Majuro atoll: A hydrogeochemical approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-27T13:05:20.579681","indexId":"70015516","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geohydrology of the Laura fresh-water lens, Majuro atoll: A hydrogeochemical approach","docAbstract":"In small limestone islands, the depositional history and subsequent chemical interactions between ground water and the aquifer host rock play critical roles in the occurrence, movement, and chemical quality of ground water. The hydrogeochemistry of the Laura fresh-water lens, Majuro atoll, Marshall Islands, is an example of these relations.
Laura is underlain by two principal hydrologic units. The upper unit is a back-reef-marginal-lagoonal deposit which formed during the Holocene interglacial stage. It is composed of moderately permeable carbonate sediments. The lower hydrologic unit consists of highly permeable limestone that was subaerially exposed, most likely during a Pleistocene glacial lowstand. Similar stratification is found at Bikini and Enewetak atolls.
The upper hydrologic unit contains a calcium bicarbonate-rich fresh-water lens, in which a potable fresh-water nucleus as much as 14 m thick occurs on the lagoon side of the island. Storage in the fresh-water nucleus ranged from 1.70 x 106 to 2.08 x 106 m3 during 1984-1985. Ground-water occurrence and flow are governed by an asymmetric distribution of lithofacies about the longitudinal axis of the island and an abrupt increase in permeability at the contact between the upper and lower hydrologic units. The highly permeable lower hydrologic unit contains sea water and truncates the fresh-water-sea-water mixing zone.
The fresh-water lens and associated fresh-water-sea-water mixing zone are the site of continuously occurring diagenetic reactions that significantly affect the porosity and permeability of the aquifer. Non-equilibrium dissolution-precipitation reactions, coupled with variations in CO2 input, control the chemical evolution of Laura ground water. At the present rate of chemical weathering, 465 m3 of sediment are being dissolved and transported to the sea by ground water each year. This dissolution results in an annual increase in porosity of 0.01%.
The primary factors controlling the occurrence and flow of ground water in the leeward reef islet of Laura are (1) the depositional history of the upper hydrologic unit, which has resulted in a greater accumulation of low-permeability (fine-grained) sediments beneath the lagoon side of the island and a high- to low-permeability (coarse-to fine-grained sediment) gradation between the ocean and lagoon; and (2) the diagenetic history of the lower hydrologic unit, which has resulted in a highly permeable basement.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<1066:GOTLFW>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Anthony, S.S., Peterson, F., MacKenzie, F., and Hamlin, S.N., 1989, Geohydrology of the Laura fresh-water lens, Majuro atoll: A hydrogeochemical approach: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 101, no. 8, p. 1066-1075, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<1066:GOTLFW>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1066","endPage":"1075","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224426,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1827e4b0c8380cd556b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anthony, S. S.","contributorId":89173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, F.L.","contributorId":14123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"MacKenzie, F.T.","contributorId":25681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKenzie","given":"F.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hamlin, S. N.","contributorId":46560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamlin","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015612,"text":"70015612 - 1989 - Comparison of geoelectrical/tectonic models for suture zones in the western U.S.A. and eastern Europe: are black shales a possible source of high conductivities?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-13T13:17:28","indexId":"70015612","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of geoelectrical/tectonic models for suture zones in the western U.S.A. and eastern Europe: are black shales a possible source of high conductivities?","docAbstract":"Large-scale geoelectrical anomalies have been mapped with geomagnetic depth sounding (GDS) and magnetotelluric (MT) surveys in the Carpathian Mountains region. These anomalies are associated with the zone of closure between stable Europe and a complex of microplates in front of the converging African plate. The zone of closure, or suture zone, is largely occupied by an extensive deformed flysch belt. The models derived to fit the observed geoelectrical data are useful in the study of other suture zones, and Carpathian structures have been compared with areas currently being studied in the western Cordillera of the U.S.A. Models derived for a smaller-scale suture zone mapped in western Washington State have features that are similar to the Carpathian models. The geoelectrical models for both the Carpathian and Washington anomalies require dipping conductive slabs of 1-5 ?? m material that extends to depths > 20 km. In both instances there is evidence that these materials may merge with lower crustal-mantle conductors along the down-dip margins of the slab. The main conductive units are interpreted to be sedimentary rocks that have been partially subducted due to collisional processes. Heat flow is low in both regions and it is difficult to explain fully the deep conduction mechanisms; however, evidence suggests that the conduction at depth may include electronic conduction in sulfide mineral or carbon films as well as ionic conduction in fluids or partial melt. ?? 1989.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0031-9201(89)90007-1","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Stanley, W.D., 1989, Comparison of geoelectrical/tectonic models for suture zones in the western U.S.A. and eastern Europe: are black shales a possible source of high conductivities?: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 53, no. 3-4, p. 228-238, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(89)90007-1.","startPage":"228","endPage":"238","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267326,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(89)90007-1"},{"id":224431,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f866e4b0c8380cd4d098","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanley, W. D.","contributorId":86756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015627,"text":"70015627 - 1989 - Surface faulting: A preliminary view","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-29T14:52:34.658721","indexId":"70015627","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface faulting: A preliminary view","docAbstract":"This description of surface faulting near Spitak, Armenia, is based on a field inspection made December 22-26, 1988. The surface rupture west of Spitak, displacement of the ground surface, pre-earthquake surface expressions of the fault, and photolineaments in landsat images are described and surface faulting is compared to aftershocks. It is concluded that the 2 meters of maximum surface displacement fits well within the range of reliably measured maximum surface offsets for historic reverse and oblique-reverse faulting events throughout the world. By contrast, the presently known length of surface rupture near Spitak, between 8 and 13 km, is shorter than any other reverse or oblique-reverse event of magnitude greater than 6.0. This may be a reason to suppose that additional surface rupture might remain unmapped.","language":"English","publisher":"Earthquake Engineering Research Institute","doi":"10.1193/1.1585232","usgsCitation":"Sharp, R.V., 1989, Surface faulting: A preliminary view: Earthquake Spectra, v. 5, no. 1_suppl, p. 13-22, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585232.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"22","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223779,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1_suppl","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9fabe4b08c986b31e77f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sharp, R. V.","contributorId":33692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharp","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015615,"text":"70015615 - 1989 - Simulation of calcite dissolution and porosity changes in saltwater mixing zones in coastal aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-12T11:17:53","indexId":"70015615","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of calcite dissolution and porosity changes in saltwater mixing zones in coastal aquifers","docAbstract":"Thermodynamic models of aqueous solutions have indicated that the mixing of seawater and calcite-saturated fresh groundwater can produce a water that is undersaturated with respect to calcite. Mixing of such waters in coastal carbonate aquifers could lead to significant amounts of limestone dissolution. The potential for such dissolution in coastal saltwater mixing zones is analyzed by coupling the results from a reaction simulation model (PHREEQE) with a variable density groundwater flow and solute transport model. Idealized cross sections of coastal carbonate aquifers are simulated to estimate the potential for calcite dissolution under a variety of hydrologic and geochemical conditions. Results show that limestone dissolution in mixing zones is strongly dependent on groundwater flux and nearly independent of the dissolution kinetics of calcite. The amount of dissolution varies within a mixing zone, depending on the properties, physical dimensions, and boundary conditions of the aquifer system. Nearly all of the dissolution occurs in the fresher side of the mixing zone, with the maximum dissolution occurring in water that is fresher than that predicted solely by geochemical reaction models. The greatest porosity and permeability development occur at the toe and at the top of the mixing zone. If permeability increases as porosity increases, asymmetry in the dissolution causes the mixing zone to migrate landward over time. Dissolution rates indicated by the model show that this mechanism can produce significant increases in porosity and permeability over time spans on the order of tens of thousands of years. Given the comparatively long span of geologic time, this process may be largely responsible for porosity and permeability development observed in those carbonate rocks through which a freshwater-saltwater mixing zone had at one time migrated.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR025i004p00655","usgsCitation":"Sanford, W.E., and Konikow, L.F., 1989, Simulation of calcite dissolution and porosity changes in saltwater mixing zones in coastal aquifers: Water Resources Research, v. 25, no. 4, p. 655-667, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR025i004p00655.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"655","endPage":"667","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224434,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9015e4b08c986b3192f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanford, Ward E. 0000-0002-6624-0280 wsanford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-0280","contributorId":2268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"Ward","email":"wsanford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":371373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":371372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70177022,"text":"70177022 - 1989 - A multiple testing approach for hazard evaluation of complex mixtures in the aquatic environment: the use of diesel oil as a model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-14T13:48:43","indexId":"70177022","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A multiple testing approach for hazard evaluation of complex mixtures in the aquatic environment: the use of diesel oil as a model","docAbstract":"Traditional single species toxicity tests and multiple component laboratory-scaled microcosm assays were combined to assess the toxicological hazard of diesel oil, a model complex mixture, to a model aquatic environment. The immediate impact of diesel oil dosed on a freshwater community was studied in a model pond microcosm over 14 days: a 7-day dosage and a 7-day recovery period. A multicomponent laboratory microcosm was designed to monitor the biological effects of diesel oil (1·0 mg litre−1) on four components: water, sediment (soil + microbiota), plants (aquatic macrophytes and algae), and animals (zooplanktonic and zoobenthic invertebrates). To determine the sensitivity of each part of the community to diesel oil contamination and how this model community recovered when the oil dissipated, limnological, toxicological, and microbiological variables were considered. Our model revealed these significant occurrences during the spill period: first, a community production and respiration perturbation, characterized in the water column by a decrease in dissolved oxygen and redox potential and a concomitant increase in alkalinity and conductivity; second, marked changes in microbiota of sediments that included bacterial heterotrophic dominance and a high heterotrophic index (0·6), increased bacterial productivity, and the marked increases in numbers of saprophytic bacteria (10 x) and bacterial oil degraders (1000 x); and third, column water acutely toxic (100% mortality) to two model taxa: Selenastrum capricornutum and Daphnia magna. Following the simulated clean-up procedure to remove the oil slick, the recovery period of this freshwater microcosm was characterized by a return to control values. This experimental design emphasized monitoring toxicological responses in aquatic microcosm; hence, we proposed the term ‘toxicosm’ to describe this approach to aquatic toxicological hazard evaluation. The toxicosm as a valuable toxicological tool for screening aquatic contaminants was demonstrated using diesel oil as a model complex mixture.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0269-7491(89)90066-3","usgsCitation":"Johnson, B., 1989, A multiple testing approach for hazard evaluation of complex mixtures in the aquatic environment: the use of diesel oil as a model: Environmental Pollution, v. 58, no. 2-3, p. 221-235, https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(89)90066-3.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"235","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329613,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5801eec1e4b0824b2d18c445","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, B. Thomas","contributorId":105101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"B. Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015470,"text":"70015470 - 1989 - Fluid inclusions in the Stripa granite and their possible influence on the groundwater chemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-11T16:17:45.525725","indexId":"70015470","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid inclusions in the Stripa granite and their possible influence on the groundwater chemistry","docAbstract":"Fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite of the Proterozoic Stripa granite, central Sweden, demonstrate that the rock and its fracture fillings have a complex evolutionary history. The majority of inclusions indicate formation during a hydrothermal stage following emplacement of the Stripa pluton. Total salinities of quartz inclusions range from 0–18 eq.wt% NaCl for unfractured rock and from 0–10 eq.wt% for fractured rock. Vein calcites contain up to 25 eq.wt% NaCl but the inclusion size is larger and the population density is lower. Homogenization temperatures are 100–150°C for unfractured rock and 100–250° for fractured rock. Pressure corrections, assuming immediate post-emplacement conditions of 2 kbar, give temperatures about 160°C higher.
Measurements of fluid-inclusion population-densities in quartz range from about 108 inclusions/cm3 in grain quartz to 109 inclusions/cm3 in vein quartz. Residual porosity from inclusion densities has been estimated to be at least 1% which is two orders of magnitude greater than the flow porosity.
Breakage and leaching of fluid inclusions is proposed as an hypothesis for the origin of major solutes (Na-Ca-Cl) in the groundwater. Evidence for the hypothesis is based on (1) mass balance—only a small fraction of the inclusions need to leak to account for salt concentrations in the groundwater, (2) chemical signatures—
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri894016","usgsCitation":"Fendick, R., 1989, Louisiana ground-water map no. 2: Potentiometric surface, 1987, of the Gonzales-New Orleans aquifer in southeastern Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4016, 1 Plate: 27.56 x 25.33 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894016.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 27.56 x 25.33 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":167911,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":414147,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49227.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":82139,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4016/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Gonzales-New Orleans aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.5833,\n 30.333\n ],\n [\n -90.5833,\n 29.6667\n ],\n [\n -89.5,\n 29.6667\n ],\n [\n -89.5,\n 30.333\n ],\n [\n -90.5833,\n 30.333\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a70e4b07f02db641ca4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fendick, Robert B. Jr. rfendick@usgs.gov","contributorId":1313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fendick","given":"Robert B.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rfendick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015987,"text":"70015987 - 1989 - Acceleration spectra for subduction zone earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T16:40:16.09538","indexId":"70015987","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acceleration spectra for subduction zone earthquakes","docAbstract":"We estimate the source spectra of shallow earthquakes from digital recordings of teleseismic P wave groups, that is, P + pP + sP, by making frequency dependent corrections for the attenuation and for the interference of the free surface. The correction for the interference of the free surface assumes that the earthquake radiates energy from a range of depths. We apply this spectral analysis to a set of 12 subduction zone earthquakes which range in size from MS = 6.2 to 8.1, obtaining corrected P wave acceleration spectra on the frequency band from 0.01 to 2.0 Hz. Seismic moment estimates from surface waves and normal modes are used to extend these P wave spectra to the frequency band from 0.001 to 0.01 Hz. The acceleration spectra of moderate subduction zone earthquakes, that is, earthquakes whose seismic moments are less than 1027 dyn cm, exhibit ω-square or Brune-type spectra, while the acceleration spectra of large subduction zone earthquakes, that is, earthquakes whose seismic moments are greater than 1027 dyn cm, exhibit intermediate slopes where ü(ω) ∝ ω5/4 for frequencies from 0.005 to 0.05 Hz. For this set of earthquakes, spectral shape appears to be a discontinuous function of seismic moment. Using reasonable assumptions for the phase characteristics, we transform the spectral shape observed for large earthquakes into the time domain to fit Ekström's (1987) moment rate functions for the MS = 8.1 Michoacan earthquake of September 19, 1985, and the MS = 7.6 Michoacan aftershock of September 21, 1985.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB11p15541","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Boatwright, J., and Choy, G.L., 1989, Acceleration spectra for subduction zone earthquakes: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B11, p. 15541-15553, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB11p15541.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"15541","endPage":"15553","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222932,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e668e4b0c8380cd473d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boatwright, J.","contributorId":87297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boatwright","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Choy, G. L. 0000-0002-0217-5555","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0217-5555","contributorId":78322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choy","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016115,"text":"70016115 - 1989 - Contribution of metapelitic sediments to the composition, heat production, and seismic velocity of the lower crust of southern New Mexico, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-09T15:30:07.791601","indexId":"70016115","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contribution of metapelitic sediments to the composition, heat production, and seismic velocity of the lower crust of southern New Mexico, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Granulite xenoliths erupted at Kilbourne Hole maar were recently extracted from the lower crust of southern New Mexico. Garnet- and sillimanite-bearing quartzofeldspathic xenoliths had pelitic protoliths and were probably emplaced in the lower crust by tectonic underplating at a lower Proterozoic subduction zone. Thus the Kilbourne Hole metapelitic xenoliths illustrate the potential role of tectonosedimentary processes at convergent margins in determining the ultimate composition of the crust. Average P-wave velocities for metapelitic xenoliths from Kilbourne Hole are ∼ 7 km/s at 6 kbar, like those of mafic metagabbros and anorthosites. However, in contrast to mafic lithologies, the major element composition of the representative pelitic paragneiss (RPP) described in this paper is relatively siliceous and like that of average upper crust. Except for depletions of U and Cs, the trace element characteristics of the RPP are like those of pelitic sediments and are 3–10 times higher than those typically estimated for the lower crust. The heat production of the RPP is high (1.0 μW/m3) as are those of many granulite- and amphibolite-grade metapelites. In general, portions of the lower crust in which sediments are present may be high in light ion lithophile and rare earth element abundances, heat production, δ18O, and87Sr/86Sr. Moreover, the high Pb contents and unradiogenic Pb isotope signatures of metapelites provide an important reservoir for unradiogenic Pb in the earth as a whole.
Long-range side scan (GLORIA) sonographs and seismic reflection data acquired during a survey of the western U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone in 1984, coupled with information from Deep Sea Drilling Project sites, provide new insights into the growth and evolution of the Delgada Fan. Construction of the fan commenced in the latest Miocene (∼6 Ma) following the filling of the Neogene Point Arena Basin. The fan presently covers more than 50×103 km2 of the Pacific plate and contains approximately 15×103 km3 of predominantly terrigenous detritus. The large size of the fan is incompatible with the small present-day supply of sediment to the canyon system. The GLORIA data show the Delgada Fan to be a hybrid-type fan, exhibiting characteristics of both elongate and radial fans. The morphology and volume of the fan, along with evidence for a decline in accumulation rates on the lower fan during the Quaternary period, suggest that the fan experienced an early growth phase (latest Miocene and Pliocene) characterized by relatively rapid progradation of elongate fan lobes followed by a period (Quaternary) of slower growth that has featured a shift of depocenters to sites closer to the canyons and a transition to distributary channels bordered by less prominent levees and overbank deposits. We examine the growth of Delgada Fan in relation to the Neogene evolution of the North American-Pacific plate boundary using a series of paleogeographic reconstructions based on recently published time displacement histories of the Mendocino triple junction (MTJ), the San Andreas fault (SAF), and the Pacific plate, upon which the fan rests. The time displacement curves for the SAF and the MTJ suggest that the MTJ and Mendocino Fracture Zone overtook and passed Point Arena Basin at about 10 Ma when the basin lay immediately southwest of the present San Francisco Bay area. We suggest that the MTJ joined the SAF at approximately that time and location, thus making the SAF the master fault in the transform system. This interpretation is compatible with evidence from seismic reflection profiles over the fan, which demonstrate that the fan and the canyon system and therefore Point Arena Basin have moved as a unit since the inception of fan growth (∼6–7 Ma). Point Arena Basin lay southwest of the San Francisco area at 10–12 Ma, and the passage of the MTJ caused the disruption of the forearc shelf and slope and the development of local uplifted and subsiding blocks. In particular, uplift of the “bay block” immediately east of the SAF may have provided the source area for the late Miocene sediments that filled Point Arena Basin and set the stage for the growth of Delgada Canyon and Fan system. The growth rate of the fan has decreased, and the style of deposition has changed as the system was tectonically transported to its present location adjacent to the small youthful drainages of the King Range.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB03p03139","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Drake, D., Cacchione, D., Gardner, J., McCulloch, D.S., and Masson, D., 1989, Morphology and growth history of Delgada Fan: Implications for the Neogene evolution of Point Arena Basin and the Mendocino Triple Junction: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B3, p. 3139-3158, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB03p03139.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"3139","endPage":"3158","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223331,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5e4de4b0c8380cd70947","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drake, D.E.","contributorId":48150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gardner, J.V.","contributorId":76705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"J.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McCulloch, D. S.","contributorId":78315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCulloch","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Masson, D.","contributorId":59564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masson","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70015513,"text":"70015513 - 1989 - Spectral analysis and filtering techniques in digital spatial data processing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:27:08","indexId":"70015513","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spectral analysis and filtering techniques in digital spatial data processing","docAbstract":"A filter toolbox has been developed at the EROS Data Center, US Geological Survey, for retrieving or removing specified frequency information from two-dimensional digital spatial data. This filter toolbox provides capabilities to compute the power spectrum of a given data and to design various filters in the frequency domain. Three types of filters are available in the toolbox: point filter, line filter, and area filter. Both the point and line filters employ Gaussian-type notch filters, and the area filter includes the capabilities to perform high-pass, band-pass, low-pass, and wedge filtering techniques. These filters are applied for analyzing satellite multispectral scanner data, airborne visible and infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS) data, gravity data, and the digital elevation models (DEM) data. -from Author","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Pan, J., 1989, Spectral analysis and filtering techniques in digital spatial data processing: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 55, no. 7, p. 1203-1207.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1203","endPage":"1207","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224375,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9534e4b08c986b31adcb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pan, Jeng-Jong","contributorId":35877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pan","given":"Jeng-Jong","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015468,"text":"70015468 - 1989 - Availability of a library of infrared (2.1-25.0 μm) mineral spectra","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-02T09:26:02","indexId":"70015468","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Availability of a library of infrared (2.1-25.0 μm) mineral spectra","docAbstract":"All previously published libraries of infrared mineral spectra are in the form of transmittance. Reflectance spectra are, however, more useful for remote sensing and some potential laboratory applications, such as the use of an infrared microscope for mineral identification on polished sections. This note points out that construction of a new library of infrared (2.1-25.0 μm) mineral spectra is in progress. Both transmittance and reflectance measurements of a selection of 63 different, well-characteized minerals have been published to date. These data are available in both hard copy and digital form.
","language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Salisbury, J.W., Walter, L.S., and Vergo, N., 1989, Availability of a library of infrared (2.1-25.0 μm) mineral spectra: American Mineralogist, v. 74, no. 7-8, p. 938-939.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"938","endPage":"939","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223665,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":300957,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.minsocam.org/msa/collectors_corner/amtoc/toc1989.htm"}],"volume":"74","issue":"7-8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ef0de4b0c8380cd4a0ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Salisbury, John W.","contributorId":96420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salisbury","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walter, Louis S.","contributorId":97927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vergo, Norma","contributorId":18394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vergo","given":"Norma","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016044,"text":"70016044 - 1989 - NEIC - the National Earthquake Information Center","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-17T21:43:10","indexId":"70016044","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"NEIC - the National Earthquake Information Center","docAbstract":"The National Earthquake Information Center of the US Geological Survey has three main missions. First, the NEIC determines as rapidly and as accurately as possible, the location and size of all destructive earthquakes that occur worldwide. Second, the NEIC collects and provides to scientists and to the public an extensive seismic database that serves as a solid foundation for scientific research. Third, the NEIC pursues an active research program to improve its ability to locate earthquakes and to understand the earthquake mechanism. These efforts are all aimed at mitigating the risks of earthquakes to mankind. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Masse, R., and Needham, R., 1989, NEIC - the National Earthquake Information Center: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 21, no. 1, p. 4-44.","startPage":"4","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"41","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223041,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a613ee4b0c8380cd71885","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masse, R.P.","contributorId":87182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masse","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Needham, R.E.","contributorId":73613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Needham","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015977,"text":"70015977 - 1989 - Dinoflagellate species and organic facies evidence of marine transgression and regression in the atlantic coastal plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-11T11:04:50","indexId":"70015977","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dinoflagellate species and organic facies evidence of marine transgression and regression in the atlantic coastal plain","docAbstract":"Palynological evidence is used to date and interpret depositional environments of sediments of Campanian, Maestrichtian and early Danian ages cored in three wells from South Carolina and Georgia. The evidence is usefil for distinguishing environments which lithofacies evidence indicates a range from nonmarine to coastal to inner neritic shallow shelf. Numerous dinoflagellate species and an organic facies defined abundant amoprphous debris (amorphous debris facies) distinguish shallow shelf sediments deposited during marine transgression. The nearshore amorphous debris facies of late Campanian age consists of heterogenous assemblages dominated by Palaeohystrichophora infusorioides Deflandre or Hystrichosphaerina varians (May). The farther offshore amorphous debris facies of late early Maestrichtian to late Maestrichtian age consists of heterogenous assemblages dominated by Glaphyrocysta retiintexta (Cookson) and/or Areoligera medusettiformis (Wetzel). The larger number of dinoflagellate species in the offshore facies represents the maximum transgression detected in the investigated interval. A multiple occurrence datum defined by the combination of first appearance, klast appearances and sole occurrence of dinoflagellate species at the base of each interval distinguished by the amorphous debris facies provides the first evidence of marine transgression. Relatively small organic residues consisting of intertinite and few or no palynomorphs define the inertinite facies in nonmarine deltaic and in coastal (lagoonal, tidal flat, interdistributary bary) sediments. Dinocyt{star, open}s are absent in the nonmarine sediments and are represented by few species and few specimens in the coastal inertinite faceis. A third organic facies (vascular tissue facies) is defined by the abundance of land plant tissue. Sporomorph species, including those of the Normapolles pollen group and of pteridophyte spores, comprise a large proportion of the total palynomorph flora in the inertinite and vascular tissue facies. The vascular tissue facies occurs in the proximal prodelta and nearshore shallow shelf lithofacies of early Maestrichtian age. Baed in the sequence of organuic facies, dinoflagellate species abundance, and lithofacies in the investigated wells, the nonmarine and coastal inertinite facies was first deposited and was followed during the late Campanian by a marine trangression when the nearshore amorphous debris facies was deposited. This was followed in the early Maestrichtian by the influx of terrigenous organic matter (vascular tissue facies) in response to deltaic progradation on the shallow shelf. A marine regression occurred towards the close of the early Maestrichtian, emplacing the coastal inertinite facies. The major marine transgression occurred near the end of the early Maestrichtian, developing a farther offshore amorphous debris facies on an expanded continental shelf which persisted through the late Maestrichtian. The inertinite facies returned during marine regression in the approximate position of the Maestrichtian/Danian boudnary. ?? 1989.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(89)90018-7","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Habib, D., and Miller, J.A., 1989, Dinoflagellate species and organic facies evidence of marine transgression and regression in the atlantic coastal plain: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 74, no. 1-2, p. 23-47, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(89)90018-7.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"47","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222773,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a01a3e4b0c8380cd4fca8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Habib, D.","contributorId":63172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Habib","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, J. A.","contributorId":77101,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016119,"text":"70016119 - 1989 - Data-collection program for Pamlico River Estuary model calibration and validation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:47","indexId":"70016119","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Data-collection program for Pamlico River Estuary model calibration and validation","docAbstract":"An investigation is being conducted to collect and interpret continuous records relating to the flow characteristics of the Pamlico River Estuary, North Carolina, and to calibrate and validate a numerical model of estuarine hydrodynamics. The study reach is 50 kilometers long and ranges in width from 330 meters at the upstream boundary to 6.4 kilometers at the downstream end. Water levels are recorded at 6 locations along the estuary; daily water-level range is typically greater at the head of the estuary than at the mouth, most likely due to upstream narrowing of the channel. Water-quality data are recorded at 14 locations. These data indicate that saline waters with low dissolved oxygen concentrations move upstream along the bottom of the estuary. Point velocities were monitored for 3 weeks at 7 locations; vertical profiles of horizontal velocity were made at the boundaries of the study reach for about 32 hours. Local tributary inflows and wind speed and direction are also being determined.","conferenceTitle":"Estuarine and Coastal Modeling - Proceedings of the Conference","conferenceDate":"15 November 1989 through 17 November 1989","conferenceLocation":"Newport, RI, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA, United States","isbn":"0872627586","usgsCitation":"Bales, J.D., 1989, Data-collection program for Pamlico River Estuary model calibration and validation, Estuarine and Coastal Modeling - Proceedings of the Conference, Newport, RI, USA, 15 November 1989 through 17 November 1989, p. 492-501.","startPage":"492","endPage":"501","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223349,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fdd1e4b0c8380cd4e961","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bales, Jerad D. 0000-0001-8398-6984 jdbales@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8398-6984","contributorId":683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bales","given":"Jerad","email":"jdbales@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":372598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016008,"text":"70016008 - 1989 - Speciation and equilibrium relations of soluble aluminum in a headwater stream at base flow and during rain events","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T12:48:48","indexId":"70016008","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Speciation and equilibrium relations of soluble aluminum in a headwater stream at base flow and during rain events","docAbstract":"In a small watershed in the Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, the short-term dynamics of soluble aluminum in stream water sampled during rain events differed significantly from stream water sampled during base flow conditions. Three fractions of dissolved aluminum were measured. The inorganic monomeric fraction made up approximately two thirds of the total reactive aluminum at base flow, followed by the acid-soluble and organic monomeric fractions, respectively. Equilibrium modeling showed that hydroxide complexes were the most abundant form of inorganic monomeric aluminum followed by fluoride, free aluminum ion, and sulfate. The activity of inorganic monomeric aluminum at base flow appears to be in equilibrium with an Al(OH)3 phase with solubility intermediate between microcrystalline gibbsite and natural gibbsite. During two rain events, the concentration of all three aluminum fractions increased significantly. Available chemical evidence indicates that acidic soil water was the primary source of dissolved aluminum. As flow increased, the Al(OH)3 saturation index in the stream water increased significantly. The primary cause of the transient increase in the Al(OH)3 saturation index appears to have been the neutralization of excess H+ added by soil water through reaction with stream water HCO3− at a more rapid rate than excess inorganic monomeric aluminum could be removed from solution by hydroxide mineral precipitation. A soil water/stream water mixing model was developed based on measured changes of stream water alkalinity, silica concentration, and charge imbalance during the rain events. Model results indicate that a small amount of soil water (3–11%) was present in the stream at peak stage.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR025i007p01653","usgsCitation":"Burns, D.A., 1989, Speciation and equilibrium relations of soluble aluminum in a headwater stream at base flow and during rain events: Water Resources Research, v. 25, no. 7, p. 1653-1665, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR025i007p01653.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1653","endPage":"1665","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223293,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Shenandoah National Park","volume":"25","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94e7e4b08c986b31acac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":29450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015543,"text":"70015543 - 1989 - A high-density remote reference magnetic variation profile in the Pacific northwest of North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-13T13:16:11","indexId":"70015543","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A high-density remote reference magnetic variation profile in the Pacific northwest of North America","docAbstract":"During the summer of 1985, as part of the EMSLAB Project, Brown University conducted a detailed magnetic variation study of the Oregon Coast Range and Cascades volcanic system along an E-W profile in central Oregon. Comprised of a sequence of 75 remote reference magnetic variation (MV) stations spaced 3-4 km apart, the profile stretched for 225 km from Newport, on the Oregon coast, across the Coast Range, the Willamette Valley, and the High Cascades to a point ??? 50 km east of Santiam Pass. At all of the MV stations, data were collected for short periods (16-100 s), and at 17 of these stations data were also obtained at longer periods (100-1600 s). Data were monitored with a three-component ring core fluxgate magnetometer (Nanotesla), and were recorded with a microcomputer (DEC PDP 11/73) based data acquisition system. A 2-D generalized inversion of the magnetic transfer coefficients over the period range of 16-1600 s indicates four distinct conductors. First, we see the coast effect caused by a large sedimentary wedge offshore. Second, we see the effect of currents flowing in the conductive sediments of the Willamette Valley. Our inversion suggests that the Willamette Valley consists of two electrically distinct features, due perhaps to a horst-like structure imprinted on the valley sediments. Next we note an electric current system centered beneath the High Cascades. This latter feature may be associated with a sediment-filled graben beneath Santiam Pass as suggested by some of the gravity and MT results reported to date. Finally, we detect the presence of a deep conductor at mid-crustal depths which laterally extends westward from beneath the Basin and Range Province, and terminates beneath the western Cascades. One view of this last result is that it appears that modern Basin and Range structure is being imprinted on pre-existing Cascade structure. ?? 1989.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0031-9201(89)90016-2","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Hermance, J., Lusi, S., Slocum, W., Neumann, G., and Green, A., 1989, A high-density remote reference magnetic variation profile in the Pacific northwest of North America: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 53, no. 3-4, p. 305-319, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(89)90016-2.","startPage":"305","endPage":"319","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267325,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(89)90016-2"},{"id":224100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e41ee4b0c8380cd4640c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hermance, J.F.","contributorId":59565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hermance","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lusi, S.","contributorId":37903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lusi","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Slocum, W.","contributorId":53096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slocum","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Neumann, G.A.","contributorId":11767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neumann","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Green, A.W. Jr.","contributorId":101007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"A.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}