Components of the hydrologic budget for a northern Wisconsin seepage lake were analyzed by applying correlation and regression techniques to monthly data. Analyses for the 1981–83 water years revealed a statistically significant, direct relationship between storage change and precipitation-evaporation balance. Ground-water outflow was negatively correlated with ground-water inflow, and this relationship was influenced by similar relationships for both hydraulic gradients and cross-sectional areas in outflow versus inflow regions of the lake. Neither ground-water outflow nor inflow was significantly related to precipitation, evaporation, storage change, or lake stage; this may reflect a lag in response time of the ground-water system compared to the lake. The results (1) emphasize the complexity of factors that influence ground-water interactions with seepage lakes and (2) suggest the importance of completing detailed hydrologic studies of these systems before mechanistic models, such as those developed to predict effects of acid deposition, are applied.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01056199","usgsCitation":"Wentz, D.A., and Rose, W., 1989, Interrelationships among hydrologic-budget components of a northern Wisconsin seepage lake and implications for acid-deposition modeling: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 18, no. 1-2, p. 147-155, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01056199.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"155","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223032,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Vilas County","otherGeospatial":"Vandercook Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.69120679416645,\n 45.9894661436733\n ],\n [\n -89.69120679416645,\n 45.97500382959842\n ],\n [\n -89.67867191017365,\n 45.97500382959842\n ],\n [\n -89.67867191017365,\n 45.9894661436733\n ],\n [\n -89.69120679416645,\n 45.9894661436733\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3da4e4b0c8380cd63709","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wentz, Dennis A. dawentz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wentz","given":"Dennis","email":"dawentz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":372033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rose, William J. wjrose@usgs.gov","contributorId":2182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"William J.","email":"wjrose@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":372032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175235,"text":"70175235 - 1989 - Climate variability in an estuary: Effects of riverflow on San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T11:15:10","indexId":"70175235","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Climate variability in an estuary: Effects of riverflow on San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"A simple conceptual model of estuarine variability in the context of climate forcing has been formulated using up to 65 years of estimated mean-monthly delta flow, the cumulative freshwater flow to San Francisco Bay from the Sacramento-San Joaquin River, and salinity observations near the mouth, head, mid-estuary, and coastal ocean. Variations in delta flow, the principal source of variability in the bay, originate from anomalous changes in northern and central California streamflow, much of which is linked to anomalous winter sea level pressure (“CPA”) in the eastern Pacific. In years when CPA is strongly negative, precipitation in the watershed is heavy, delta flow is high, and the bay's salinity is low; similarly, when CPA is strongly positive, precipitation is light, delta flow is low, and the bay's salinity is high. Thus the pattern of temporal variability in atmospheric pressure anomalies is reflected in the streamflow, then in delta flow, then in estuarine variability.
\nEstuarine salinity can be characterized by river to ocean patterns in annual cycles of salinity in relation to delta flow. Salinity (total dissolved solids) data from the relatively pristine mountain streams of the Sierra Nevada show that for a given flow, one observes higher salinities during the rise in winter flow than on the decline. Salinity at locations throughout San Francisco Bay estuary are also higher during the rise in winter flow than the decline (because it takes a finite time for salinity to fully respond to changes in freshwater flow). In the coastal ocean, however, the annual pattern of sea surface salinity is reversed: lower salinities during the rise in winter flow than on the decline due to effects associated with spring upwelling. Delta flow in spring masks these effects of coastal upwelling on estuarine salinity, including near the mouth of the estuary and, in fact, explains in a statistical sense 86 percent of the variance in salinity at the mouth of the estuary. Some of the variations in residual salinity in the bay not explained by delta flow appear to correlate with variability in coastal ocean properties. Interestingly CPA correlates also with anomalous sea surface salinity in the coastal ocean adjacent to the bay, especially in spring (albeit through a different mechanism than streamflow). For instance, when the atmospheric pressure anomaly as indicated for streamflow is high, the coastal ocean upper-layer Ekman transport is probably in the offshore direction resultingin higher sea surface salinities along the coast (with a phase lag). This circulation corresponds, in direction, to density driven estuarine circulation. In contrast a low atmospheric pressure regime leads to an onshore surface transport, and therefore opposes estuarine circulation.
\nThe influence of variations in delta flow on estuarine/phytoplankton/biochemical dynamics can be illustrated with numerical simulation models. For example, when riverflow is high the resulting low estuarine water residence time limits phytoplankton biomass and the observed effects of phytoplankton productivity on estuarine biochemistry are minimal. When riverflow is low but suspended sediment concentrations are high, light becomes a more important factor limiting phytoplankton biomass than residence time and effects of phytoplankton productivity on estuarine biochemistry are also minimal. When both riverflow and suspended sediment concentrations are low, phytoplankton biomass increases and phytoplankton productivity emerges as a major control on estuarine biochemistry: phytoplankton activity draws down and maintains very low ambient concentrations of dissolved silica and partial pressures of carbon dioxide (shifting pH to higher values). However, after an extended period of very low delta flow the major controls on estuarine biochemistry appear to change, possibly because benthic exchange processes (both sources and sinks) strengthen as salinity rises and benthic filter-feeding invertebrates migrate upstream with increasing salinity.
\nThe transports of solutes, sediments, nutrients, and other tracers are fundamental to the interactive physical, chemical, and biological processes in estuaries. The characteristic time scales for most estuarine biological and chemical processes are on the order of several tidal cycles or longer. To address the long-term transport mechanism meaningfully, the formulation of an inter-tidal conservation equation is the main subject of this paper. The commonly used inter-tidal conservation equation takes the form of a convection-dispersion equation in which the convection is represented by the Eulerian residual current, and the dispersion terms are due to the introduction of a Fickian hypothesis, unfortunately, the physical significance of this equation is not clear, and the introduction of a Fickian hypothesis is at best an ad hoc approximation. Some recent research results on the Lagrangian residual current suggest that the long-term transport problem is more closely related to the Lagrangian residual current than to the Eulerian residual current. With the aid of additional insight of residual current, the inter-tidal transport equation has been reformulated in this paper using a small perturbation method for a weakly nonlinear tidal system. When tidal flows can be represented by an M2 system, the new intertidal transport equation also takes the form of a convective-dispersion equation without the introduction of a Fickian hypothesis. The convective velocity turns out to be the first order Lagrangian residual current (the sum of the Eulerian residual current and the Stokes’ drift), and the correlation terms take the form of convection with the Stokes’ drift as the convective velocity. The remaining dispersion terms are perturbations of lower order solution to higher order solutions due to shear effect and turbulent mixing.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estuarine circulation","language":"English","publisher":"Humana Press","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4612-4562-9_7","usgsCitation":"Cheng, R.T., Feng, S., and Pangen, X., 1989, On inter-tidal transport equation, chap. of Estuarine circulation, p. 133-156, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4562-9_7.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"156","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324977,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5780cebde4b0811616822392","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cheng, Ralph T.","contributorId":69134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feng, Shizuo","contributorId":156286,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Feng","given":"Shizuo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pangen, Xi","contributorId":156287,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pangen","given":"Xi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70186930,"text":"70186930 - 1989 - A modular water shed modeling and data management system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T14:29:00","indexId":"70186930","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A modular water shed modeling and data management system","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"United States/People's Republic of China flood forecasting sympo sium/workshop proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ","usgsCitation":"Leavesley, G., and Stannard, L., 1989, A modular water shed modeling and data management system, in United States/People's Republic of China flood forecasting sympo sium/workshop proceedings, p. 71-95.","productDescription":"25 p. ","startPage":"71","endPage":"95","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339742,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f1e0cfe4b08144348b7ea7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stannard, L.G.","contributorId":16891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70178170,"text":"70178170 - 1989 - Classification of lung cancer patients and controls by chromatography of modified nucleosides in serum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-04T12:47:32","indexId":"70178170","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5223,"text":"Cancer Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Classification of lung cancer patients and controls by chromatography of modified nucleosides in serum","docAbstract":"A wide spectrum of modified nucleosides has been quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography in serum of 49 male lung cancer patients, 35 patients with other cancers, and 48 patients hospitalized for nonneoplastic diseases. Data for 29 modified nucleoside peaks were normalized to an internal standard and analyzed by discriminant analysis and stepwise discriminant analysis. A model based on peaks selected by a stepwise discriminant procedure correctly classified 79% of the cancer and 75% of the noncancer subjects. It also demonstrated 84% sensitivity and 79% specificity when comparing lung cancer to noncancer subjects, and 80% sensitivity and 55% specificity in comparing lung cancer to other cancers. The nucleoside peaks having the greatest influence on the models varied dependent on the subgroups compared, confirming the importance of quantifying a wide array of nucleosides. These data support and expand previous studies which reported the utility of measuring modified nucleoside levels in serum and show that precise measurement of an array of 29 modified nucleosides in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV scanning with subsequent data modeling may provide a clinically useful approach to patient classification in diagnosis and subsequent therapeutic monitoring.
","language":"English","publisher":"AACR Publications","usgsCitation":"McEntire, J.E., Kuo, K.C., Smith, M.E., Stalling, D.L., Richens, J.W., Zumwalt, R.W., Gehrke, C.W., and Papermaster, B.W., 1989, Classification of lung cancer patients and controls by chromatography of modified nucleosides in serum: Cancer Research, v. 49, no. 4, p. 1057-1062.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1057","endPage":"1062","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330763,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":330762,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/49/4/1057.short"}],"volume":"49","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"581d9e2ee4b0dee4cc90cc03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McEntire, John E.","contributorId":176690,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McEntire","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kuo, Kenneth C.","contributorId":176691,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kuo","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Mark E.","contributorId":75584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stalling, David L.","contributorId":176670,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stalling","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Richens, Jack W. Jr.","contributorId":176692,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Richens","given":"Jack","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zumwalt, Robert W.","contributorId":176693,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zumwalt","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gehrke, Charles W.","contributorId":176694,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gehrke","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Papermaster, Ben W.","contributorId":176695,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Papermaster","given":"Ben","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70187697,"text":"70187697 - 1989 - Ethylene glycol (antifreeze) poisoning in a free-ranging polar bear","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T18:19:25","indexId":"70187697","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3690,"text":"Veterinary and Human Toxicology","printIssn":"0145-6296","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ethylene glycol (antifreeze) poisoning in a free-ranging polar bear","docAbstract":"The bright, fluorescent pink-colored remains of a polar bear were found on an Alaskan island with the gravel and snow adjacent to the bear colored bright purple. Traces of fox urine and feces found nearby were also pink. The punk and purple colors were due to rhodamine B, and ethylene glycol (EG) was present in the soil under the carcass. Evidence is given to suggest the bear consumed a mixture of rhodamine B and EG commonly used to mark roads and runways during snow and ice periods. Such wildlife losses could be prevented by substituting propylene glycol for the EG in such mixtures.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kansas State University","issn":"01456296","usgsCitation":"Amstrup, S.C., Gardner, C.L., Myers, K.C., and Oehme, F.W., 1989, Ethylene glycol (antifreeze) poisoning in a free-ranging polar bear: Veterinary and Human Toxicology, v. 31, no. 4, p. 317-319.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"319","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341302,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Leavitt Island","volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"591abe3be4b0a7fdb43c8c0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":695154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, Craig L.","contributorId":65259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gardner","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Myers, Kevin C.","contributorId":13143,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Myers","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oehme, Frederick W.","contributorId":25648,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oehme","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":12661,"text":"Kansas State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":695157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015985,"text":"70015985 - 1989 - Criteria for a sediment data set","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:46","indexId":"70015985","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Criteria for a sediment data set","docAbstract":"The transport of sediment through a hydrologic system or basin is an extremely complex phenomenon. Many factors affect this movement. Criteria are established for an 'ultimate' or complete sediment data set, and guidelines are given for the collection of alluvial data. The paper describes what parameters need to be measured and stored to obtain a complete sediment and hydraulic data set that could be used to compute sediment transport using any prominently known sediment-transport equation. The criteria address only the collection of data for noncohesive sediment.","conferenceTitle":"Sediment Transport Modeling: Proceedings of the International Symposium","conferenceDate":"14 August 1989 through 18 August 1989","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, LA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872627187","usgsCitation":"Glysson, D.G., 1989, Criteria for a sediment data set, Sediment Transport Modeling: Proceedings of the International Symposium, New Orleans, LA, USA, 14 August 1989 through 18 August 1989, p. 675-680.","startPage":"675","endPage":"680","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222880,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcb1e4b0c8380cd4e3ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glysson, Douglas G.","contributorId":25296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glysson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016116,"text":"70016116 - 1989 - Revised paleomagnetic pole for the Sonoma Volcanics, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-13T12:27:13.408676","indexId":"70016116","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Revised paleomagnetic pole for the Sonoma Volcanics, California","docAbstract":"Paleomagnetic sampling of the Miocene and Pliocene Sonoma Volcanics, northern California, was undertaken to supplement an earlier collection. Data from 25 cooling units yield positive fold and reversal tests, and a paleomagnetic pole located at 80.2°N., 069.2°E., with α95 = 6.8°. This paleopole is significantly displaced (9.6° ± 5.3° of latitude) to the farside of the geographic pole. A highly elliptical distribution of the data in both direction and VGP space indicates that incomplete averaging of geomagnetic secular variation is a more likely explanation for this anomaly than is northward translation of the volcanic field.
We have determined remanent magnetization directions of the lower Miocene Peach Springs Tuff at 41 localities in western Arizona and southeastern California. An unusual northeast and shallow magnetization direction confirms the proposed geologic correlation of isolated outcrops of the tuff from the Colorado Plateau to Barstow, California, a distance of 350 km. The Peach Springs Tuff was apparently emplaced as a single cooling unit about 18 or 19 Ma and is now exposed in 4 tectonic provinces west of the Plateau, including the Transition Zone, Basin and Range, Colorado River extensional corridor, and central Mojave Desert strike-slip zone. As such, the tuff is an ideal stratigraphic and structural marker for paleomagnetic assessment of regional variations in tectonic rotations about vertical axes. From 4 sites on the stable Colorado Plateau, we have determined a reference direction of remanent magnetization (I = 36.4°, D = 33.0°, α95 = 3.4°) that we interpret as a representation of the ambient magnetic field at the time of eruption. A steeper direction of magnetization (I = 54.8°, D = 22.5°, α95 = 2.3°) was observed at Kingman where the tuff is more than 100 m thick, and similar directions were determined at 7 other thick exposures of the Peach Springs Tuff. The steeper component is presumably a later-stage magnetization acquired after prolonged cooling of the ignimbrite. When compared to the Plateau reference direction, tilt-corrected directions from 3 of 6 sites in the central Mojave strike-slip zone show localized rotations up to 13° in the vicinity of strike-slip faults. The other three sites show no significant rotations with respect to the Colorado Plateau. Both clockwise and counterclockwise rotations were measured, and no systematic regional pattern is evident. Our results do not support kinematic models which require consistent rotation of large regions to accommodate the cumulative displacement of major post-middle Miocene strike-slip faults in the central Mojave Desert. Most of our sites in the Transition Zone and Basin and Range province have had no significant rotation, although small counterclockwise rotation in the McCullough and New York Mountains may be related to sinistral shear along en echelon faults southwest of the Lake Mead shear zone. The larger rotations occur in the Colorado River extensional corridor, where 8 of 14 sites show rotations ranging from 37° clockwise to 51° counterclockwise. These rotations occur in allochthonous tilt blocks which have been transported northeastward above the Chemehuevi-Whipple Mountains detachment fault. Upper-plate blocks within 1 km of the exposed detachment unexpectedly show no significant rotation. From this relation, we infer that rotations are accommodated along numerous low-angle faults at higher structural levels above the detachment surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<0846:PATROT>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wells, R., and Hillhouse, J.W., 1989, Paleomagnetism and tectonic rotation of the lower Miocene Peach Springs Tuff: Colorado Plateau, Arizona, to Barstow, California: GSA Bulletin, v. 101, no. 6, p. 846-863, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<0846:PATROT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"846","endPage":"863","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354865,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Plateau","volume":"101","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c112c66e4b034bf6a82274f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, Ray E. 0000-0002-7796-0160 rwells@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-0160","contributorId":2692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"Ray E.","email":"rwells@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":737522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hillhouse, John W. 0000-0002-1371-4622 jhillhouse@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1371-4622","contributorId":2618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hillhouse","given":"John","email":"jhillhouse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":737523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70168714,"text":"70168714 - 1989 - Earthquakes; May-June, July-August, September-October 1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-25T16:22:17","indexId":"70168714","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes; May-June, July-August, September-October 1989","docAbstract":"The first great earthquake (8.0 or above) to occur since 1986 struck in this period in the Macquarie Island region, a very sparsely populated area.
\nIn the United States a strong earthquake hit Hawaii on June 26 injuring five people and causing considerable damage.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1989, Earthquakes; May-June, July-August, September-October 1989: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 21, no. 4, p. 155-165.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"165","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318387,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56d033dee4b015c306ee0ece","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70197504,"text":"70197504 - 1989 - Mechanisms of Cenozoic tectonic rotation, Pacific Northwest Convergent Margin, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-07T16:40:21","indexId":"70197504","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Mechanisms of Cenozoic tectonic rotation, Pacific Northwest Convergent Margin, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Large clockwise rotations (15–80°) are characteristic of Cenozoic volcanic and sedimentary rocks along the convergent margin of the northwestern United States. Abundant paleomagnetic data from 62–12 m.y. old rocks in forearc, arc, and backarc regions show that rotation increases with age and with proximity to the coast. Paleomagnetic and structural studies both support dextral shear as a significant contributor to tectonic rotation in the Pacific Northwest, with an added contribution from Basin-Range extension. Paleomagnetism of individual Miocene (15-12 Ma) flows of the Columbia River Basalt Group show a well-defined, progressive increase in rotation across the forearc region toward the trench which is most readily explained by shear. This progressive increase in rotation toward the coast is also seen in Oligocene and Eocene rocks, although with steeper gradients, indicating that shear rotation has been important throughout Cenozoic time. The dextral shear may be accommodated by abundant, small-scale strike-slip faults which are acting as Riedel shears. Coast Range faults, usually with well-developed subhorizontal slickensides, occur throughout the stratigraphie section and are most abundant in the oldest rocks. Displacements are small to moderate (102–103 m), and both dextral and sinistral faults are common. Fault trends are variable, with N20°–45°W faults showing dextral slip and N60°W-S70°W faults showing sinistral slip. The driving force for dextral shear presumably results from coupling of the overlying plate with the subducting Farallon plate, which has been moving northeast throughout most of Cenozoic time. The increase in rotation from north to south along the coast probably represents the contribution of extension in the Basin- Range region to the rotations in Oregon.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Paleomagnetic rotations and continental deformation. NATO ASI Series (C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences)","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-94-009-0869-7_19","usgsCitation":"Wells, R., 1989, Mechanisms of Cenozoic tectonic rotation, Pacific Northwest Convergent Margin, U.S.A., chap. of Paleomagnetic rotations and continental deformation. NATO ASI Series (C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences), v. 254, p. 313-325, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0869-7_19.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"313","endPage":"325","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354845,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"254","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c112c66e4b034bf6a822751","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, Ray E. 0000-0002-7796-0160 rwells@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-0160","contributorId":2692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"Ray E.","email":"rwells@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":737486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70168715,"text":"70168715 - 1989 - Earthquakes, September-October 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-25T16:33:44","indexId":"70168715","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes, September-October 1988","docAbstract":"There were no major earthquakes (7.0-7.9) during this reporting period. Earthquake-related deaths were reported from Czechoslovakia and injuries were reported from Algeria and Greece.
\nIn the United States a sharp earthquake occurred in eastern Kentucky, causing some minro damage.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1989, Earthquakes, September-October 1988: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 21, no. 2, p. 85-88.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"88","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318388,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56d033dbe4b015c306ee0ec4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70168713,"text":"70168713 - 1989 - Earthquakes, March-April 1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-25T16:16:59","indexId":"70168713","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes, March-April 1989","docAbstract":"The first major earthquake (7.0-7.9) of the year hit Mexico on April 25, killing three people and causing some damage. Earthquake-related deaths were also reported from Malawi, China, and New Britain.
\nIn the United States minor damage was reported from both central and southern California and from Puerto Rico.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1989, Earthquakes, March-April 1989: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 21, no. 3, p. 128-131.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"128","endPage":"131","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318386,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56d033d4e4b015c306ee0ea3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30241,"text":"wri884224 - 1989 - Ground-water contamination at an inactive coal and oil gasification plant site, Gas Works Park, Seattle, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-11T19:51:41.319353","indexId":"wri884224","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4224","title":"Ground-water contamination at an inactive coal and oil gasification plant site, Gas Works Park, Seattle, Washington","docAbstract":"Gas Works Park, in Seattle, Washington, is located on the site of a coal and oil gasification plant that ceased operation in 1956. During operation, many types of wastes, including coal, tar, and oil, accumulated on site. The park soil is presently (1986) contaminated with compounds such as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, trace metals, and cyanide. Analyses of water samples from a network of observation wells in the park indicate that these compounds are also present in the groundwater. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds were identified in groundwater samples in concentrations as large as 200 mg/L. Concentrations of organic compounds were largest where groundwater was in contact with a nonaqueous phase liquid in the soil. Concentrations in groundwater were much smaller where no nonaqueous phase liquid was present, even if the groundwater was in contact with contaminated soils. This condition is attributed to weathering processes at the site, such as dissolution, volatilization, and biodegradation. Soluble, volatile, low-molecular-weight organic compounds are preferentially dissolved from the nonaqueous phase liquid into the groundwater. Where no nonaqueous phase liquid is present, only stained soils containing relatively insoluble, high-molecular-weight compounds remain; therefore, contaminant concentrations in the groundwater are much smaller. Concentrations of organic contaminants in the soils may still remain large. Values of specific conductance were as large as 5,280 microsiemens/cm, well above a background of 242 microsiemens/cm, suggesting large concentrations of minerals in the groundwater. Trace metal concentrations, however , were generally < 0.010 mg/L, and below limits of US EPA drinking water standards. Cyanide was present in groundwater samples from throughout the park, ranging in concentration from 0.01 to 8.6 mg/L.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884224","usgsCitation":"Turney, G.L., and Goerlitz, D., 1989, Ground-water contamination at an inactive coal and oil gasification plant site, Gas Works Park, Seattle, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4224, iv, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884224.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415595,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47120.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":59018,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4224/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123550,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4224/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Seattle","otherGeospatial":"Gas Works Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.3387400465412,\n 47.64726213325696\n ],\n [\n -122.3387400465412,\n 47.64411681110258\n ],\n [\n -122.33190186800769,\n 47.64411681110258\n ],\n [\n -122.33190186800769,\n 47.64726213325696\n ],\n [\n -122.3387400465412,\n 47.64726213325696\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699a06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turney, G. L.","contributorId":95070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turney","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goerlitz, D.F.","contributorId":8445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goerlitz","given":"D.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70168531,"text":"70168531 - 1989 - NEIC; the National Earthquake Information Center","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-13T16:46:31","indexId":"70168531","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"NEIC; the National Earthquake Information Center","docAbstract":"Mexico was hit by one of the most devastating earthquakes in its history on September 19, 1985 at 7:18 a.m. MDT time. this earthquake, which was centered about 380 kilometers west-southwest of Mexico City, had a surface-wave magnitude of 8.1. In less than a minute, seismic waves from this earthquake had traveled to Mexico City. At this early hour, people were beginning to get ready for the day's work. Without warning, buildings in some sections of the city began to shake violently. A few minutes later, 412 buildings had collapsed and another 3,124 were badly damaged (figure 1). Most communication systems linking Mexico City to the rest of the world were damaged or rendered inoperable.
\nAt least 9,500 people were killed, 30,000 were injured and 100,000 were left homeless by this earthquake. According to some unconfirmed reports, the death toll from this earthquake may have been as high as 35,000. this earthquake is estimated to have seriously affected an area of 825,000 square kilometers, caused between 3 and 4 billion dollars in damage, and been felt by 20 million people.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Masse, R., and Needham, R., 1989, NEIC; the National Earthquake Information Center: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 21, no. 1, p. 4-45.","productDescription":"42 p.","startPage":"4","endPage":"45","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318134,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.393310546875,\n 16.615137799987075\n ],\n [\n -98.72314453125,\n 19.621892180319374\n ],\n [\n -100.469970703125,\n 20.653346148076064\n ],\n [\n -104.183349609375,\n 18.93746442964186\n ],\n [\n -103.55712890625,\n 18.208480196039883\n ],\n [\n -102.3486328125,\n 17.8742034396575\n ],\n [\n -101.568603515625,\n 17.54977183258917\n ],\n [\n -101.18408203124999,\n 17.088291217955465\n ],\n [\n -100.426025390625,\n 16.783505561927786\n ],\n [\n -99.393310546875,\n 16.615137799987075\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c6f942e4b0946c65240741","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masse, R.P.","contributorId":87182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masse","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Needham, R.E.","contributorId":73613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Needham","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70168813,"text":"70168813 - 1989 - Answers from deep inside the Earth; Continental Scientific Drilling at Cajon Pass, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-03T15:41:55","indexId":"70168813","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Answers from deep inside the Earth; Continental Scientific Drilling at Cajon Pass, California","docAbstract":"Drilling of a 12,000-foot-deep scientific well has been completed at Cajon Pass in southern California to measure crustal properties, to determine crustal structure, and to better understanding the generation of earthquakes along the San Andreas fault. A joint effort of the National Science Foundation (NFS) and the U.S Geological Survey (USGS), the well was begun in November 1986, and is one of the first projects to be undertaken in the new national Continental Scientific Drilling Program. This program aims to enchance our knowledge of the compostiion, sturcture, dynamics, and evolution of the continental crust and of how these factors affect the origin and distribution of mineral and energy resources and natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Russ, D.P., 1989, Answers from deep inside the Earth; Continental Scientific Drilling at Cajon Pass, California: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 21, no. 2, p. 79-84.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"84","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318543,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Cajon Pass","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.49259948730469,\n 34.30884540434678\n ],\n [\n -117.44934082031249,\n 34.31309912363629\n ],\n [\n -117.42256164550783,\n 34.241040412926225\n ],\n [\n -117.39749908447264,\n 34.22344190246092\n ],\n [\n -117.41363525390625,\n 34.210382566613696\n ],\n [\n -117.46582031249999,\n 34.24501376107695\n ],\n [\n -117.48092651367186,\n 34.2594865145062\n ],\n [\n -117.49259948730469,\n 34.30600947175969\n ],\n [\n -117.49259948730469,\n 34.30884540434678\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56d96e3be4b015c306f76448","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Russ, D. P.","contributorId":38538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russ","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1013737,"text":"1013737 - 1989 - Developments in the control of bacterial kidney disease of salmonid fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-08T01:34:44.864928","indexId":"1013737","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1396,"text":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Developments in the control of bacterial kidney disease of salmonid fishes","docAbstract":"Bacterial kidney disease of salmonid fishes, caused by Renibactenum salrnoninarum, was first reported more than 50 yr ago; nevertheless, large gaps persist in our knowledge of the infection - particularly in methods for its control. In the 1950's, principal control measures consisted of prophylactic or therapeutic feeding of sulfonamides, which were later supplanted by the antibiotic erythromycin. Chemotherapy has effected some reduction of mortality, but benefits are typically transient and mortality usually resumes after the drug is withdrawn. Some studies have indicated that diet composition affects the prevalence and severity of the disease. Although tests of chemotherapeutants and diet modification have continued, research emphasis has shifted partly toward prevention of the disease by breaking the infection cycle. It is now generally accepted that R. salrnoninarum can be transmitted both vertically and horizontally. Experimental evidence indicates that immersion of newly fertilized eggs in iodophor or erythromycin does not prevent vertical transmission. However, the injection of female salmon with erythromycin before they spawn shows promise as a practical means of interrupting vertical transmission. The results of attempts to prevent infection of juvenile salmonids by vaccination against bacterial kidney disease have been disappointing, thus underscoring a basic need for a better understanding of protective mechanisms in salmonids. The recent development of more sensitive and quantitative detection methods should aid in evaluating the efficacy of current and future control strategies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/DAO006201","usgsCitation":"Elliott, D., Pascho, R., and Bullock, G.L., 1989, Developments in the control of bacterial kidney disease of salmonid fishes: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 6, no. 3, p. 201-215, https://doi.org/10.3354/DAO006201.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"215","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489783,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/dao006201","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":129383,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dd3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, D.G.","contributorId":58226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pascho, R.J.","contributorId":65796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pascho","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bullock, G. L.","contributorId":69498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullock","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70182155,"text":"70182155 - 1989 - Extra-pair copulation in the greater white-fronted goose","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-17T09:53:19","indexId":"70182155","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extra-pair copulation in the greater white-fronted goose","docAbstract":"Controlled experiments and quantitative field studies with both captive and wild waterfowl (Family Anatidae) have demonstrated that extra-pair copulations (EPCs, both forced and unforced) may be a viable alternative reproductive strategy for males (Mineau and Cooke 1979; Burns et al. 1980; Cheng et al. 1982, 1983; Afron 1985; Evarts and Williams 1987). In a review of EPCs in waterfowl, McKinney et al. (1983) stressed the need for additional information on the extent of such behavior in seemingly monogamous species of birds. Such information would increase our understanding of the extent of mixed reproductive strategies as formally hypothesized by Trivers (1972). Extra-pair copulations have been reported for only three of 22 (14%) species of geese and swans (Tribe Anserini), but are known to occur in 37 of 122 (30%) of the remaining species of waterfowl (McKinney et al. 1983, 1984; Welsh 1988). Socioecological differences between Anserini and most other anatids may provide insight into the evolution of extra-pair copulatory behavior, as male Anserini (unlike most other Anatidae) provide extensive parental care and maintain long-term pair bonds (Owen 1980, p. 76). Cuckolded male Anserini thus stand to lose more in the form of reproductive investment than other male anatids, which may invest less in a given clutch and generally have short-term pair bonds.
I describe here an observation of extra-pair copulation in wild Greater White-fronted Geese (Anser albifrons frontalis). The observation is significant not only because it augments our meager documentation of this behavior within the Anserini, but it is the first observation of such behavior in a noncolonial goose (Mineau and Cooke 1979, McKinney et al. 1983). The occurrence of EPC behavior in a dispersal-nesting goose is important, as proximity to potential mates has been hypothesized as a factor possibly selecting for EPC behavior in geese (McKinney et al. 1983) and other species of monogamous birds (Gladstone 1979, but see Westneat 1987).
","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/1368086","usgsCitation":"Ely, C.R., 1989, Extra-pair copulation in the greater white-fronted goose: The Condor, v. 91, no. 4, p. 990-991, https://doi.org/10.2307/1368086.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"990","endPage":"991","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503116,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/condor/vol91/iss4/34","text":"External Repository"},{"id":335801,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta","volume":"91","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a819bae4b025c46429aff2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ely, Craig R. 0000-0003-4262-0892 cely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4262-0892","contributorId":3214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"Craig","email":"cely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185834,"text":"70185834 - 1989 - Solubility of jarosite solid solutions precipitated from acid mine waters, Iron Mountain, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-17T16:40:10","indexId":"70185834","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5350,"text":"Science Geological Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Solubility of jarosite solid solutions precipitated from acid mine waters, Iron Mountain, California","docAbstract":"Because of the common occurrence of 15 to 25 mole percent hydronium substitution on the alkali site in jarosites, it is necessary to consider the hydronium content of jarosites in any attempt at rigorous evaluation of jarosite solubility or of the saturation state of natural waters with respect to jarosite. A Gibbs free energy of 3293.5±2.1 kJ mol-1 is recommended for a jarosite solid solution of composition K.77Na.03(H3O).20Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6. Solubility determinations for a wider range of natural and synthetic jarosite solid solutions will be necessary to quantify the binary and ternary mixing parameters in the (K-Na-H3O) system. In the absence of such studies, molar volume data for endmember minerals indicate that the K-H3O substitution in jarosite is probably closer to ideal mixing than either the Na-K or Na-H3O substitution.
Two right-lateral slip events, about 3 weeks apart in November 1987, broke the surface discontinuously along probably similar, nearly 20 km lengths of the northern Imperial fault. The first displacement, at about the beginning of November, was accompanied by a surface tilt representing deep vertical motion or distributed strain. This movement may have been part of a more regional event that also involved the southern San Andreas fault, although the evidence there is questionable. The later surface offset was triggered, probably by the second main shock of the 24 November earthquakes located in the Superstition Hills, about 37 km northwest of the Imperial fault. The maximum observed displacement was less than 4 cm on both occasions; for the triggered movement the maximum slip occurred on a branch strand near the northern extremity of the fault.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0790020466","usgsCitation":"Sharp, R.V., 1989, Pre-earthquake displacement and triggered displacement on the Imperial fault associated with the Superstition Hills earthquake of 24 November 1987: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 79, no. 2, p. 466-479, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0790020466.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"466","endPage":"479","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224276,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.23912276809841,\n 33.3067485063319\n ],\n [\n -116.23912276809841,\n 32.513557919801\n ],\n [\n -115.01964034622337,\n 32.513557919801\n ],\n [\n -115.01964034622337,\n 33.3067485063319\n ],\n [\n -116.23912276809841,\n 33.3067485063319\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"79","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a80d9e4b0c8380cd7b228","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sharp, R. V.","contributorId":33692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharp","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015448,"text":"70015448 - 1989 - Characterization of coal-derived hydrocarbons and source-rock potential of coal beds, San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-23T01:02:51.44729","indexId":"70015448","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of coal-derived hydrocarbons and source-rock potential of coal beds, San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Coal beds are considered to be a major source of nonassociated gas in the Rocky Mountain basins of the United States. In the San Juan basin of northwestern New Mexico and southwestern Colorado, significant quantities of natural gas are being produced from coal beds of the Upper Cretaceous Fruitland Formation and from adjacent sandstone reservoirs. Analysis of gas samples from the various gas-producing intervals provided a means of determining their origin and of evaluating coal beds as source rocks.
The rank of coal beds in the Fruitland Formation in the central part of the San Juan basin, where major gas production occurs, increases to the northeast and ranges from high-volatile B bituminous coal to medium-volatile bituminous coal (Rm values range from 0.70 to 1.45%). On the basis of chemical, isotopic and coal-rank data, the gases are interpreted to be thermogenic. Gases from the coal beds show little isotopic variation (δ13C1 values range −43.6 to −40.5 ppt), are chemically dry (C1/C1–5 values are > 0.99), and contain significant amounts of CO2 (as much as 6%). These gases are interpreted to have resulted from devolatilization of the humic-type bituminous coal that is composed mainly of vitrinite. The primary products of this process are CH4, CO2 and H2O.
The coal-generated, methane-rich gas is usually contained in the coal beds of the Fruitland Formation, and has not been expelled and has not migrated into the adjacent sandstone reservoirs. In addition, the coal-bed reservoirs produce a distinctive bicarbonate-type connate water and have higher reservoir pressures than adjacent sandstones. The combination of these factors indicates that coal beds are a closed reservoir system created by the gases, waters, and associated pressures in the micropore coal structure.
In contrast, gases produced from overlying sandstones in the Fruitland Formation and underlying Pictured Cliffs Sandstone have a wider range of isotopic values (δ13C1 values range from −43.5 to −38.5 ppt), are chemically wetter (C1/C1–5 values range from 0.85 to 0.95), and contain less CO2 (< 2%). These gases are interpreted to have been derived from type III kerogen dispersed in marine shales of the underlying Lewis Shale and nonmarine shales of the Fruitland Formation.
In the underlying Upper Cretaceous Dakota Sandstone and Tocito Sandstone Lentil of the Mancos Shale, another gas type is produced. This gas is associated with oil at intermediate stages of thermal maturity and is isotopically lighter and chemically wetter at the intermediate stage of thermal maturity as compared with gases derived from dispersed type III kerogen and coal; this gas type is interpreted to have been generated from type II kerogen.
Organic matter contained in coal beds and carbonaceous shales of the Fruitland Formation has hydrogen indexes from Rock-Eval pyrolysis between 100 and 350, and atomic H:C ratios between 0.8 and 1.2. Oxygen indexes and atomic O:C values are less than 24 and 0.3, respectively. Extractable hydrocarbon yields are as high as 7,000 ppm. These values indicate that the coal beds and carbonaceous shales have good potential for the generation of liquid hydrocarbons. Voids in the coal filled with a fluorescent material that is probably bitumen is evidence that liquid hydrocarbon generation has taken place. Preliminary oil-source rock correlations based on gas chromatography and stable carbon isotope ratios of C15+ hydrocarbons indicate that the coals and (or) carbonaceous shales in the Fruitland Formation may be the source of minor amounts of condensate produced from the coal beds at relatively low levelsof thermal maturity (Rm=0.7).
A rank series consisting of twelve vitrinite concentrates and companion whole-coal samples from mined coal beds in the eastern United States, England, and Australia were analyzed for C, H, N, O, ash, and 47 trace and minor elements by standard elemental, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and direct-current-arc spectrographic (DCAS) techniques. The reflectance of vitrinite, atomic H:C and O:C, and ash-free carbon data were used to determine ranks that range from high-volatile C bituminous coal to meta-anthracite. A van Krevelen (atomic H:C vs. O:C) diagram of the vitrinite concentrates shows a smooth curve having its lowest point at H:C = 0.18 and O:C = 0.01. This improves the van Krevelen diagram by the addition of our vitrinite concentrate from meta-anthracite from the Narragansett basin of New England.
Boron content (400–450 ppm) in two Illinois basin vitrinite concentrates was about an order of magnitude higher than B contents in other concentrates analyzed. We attribute this to marine origin or hydrothermal activity. The alkaline-earth elements Ca, Mg and Ba (DCAS) have higher concentrations in our vitrinite concentrates from bituminous coals of the Appalachian basin, than they do in vitrinite concentrates from the marine-roofed bituminous coals of the Illinois basin; therefore, a nonmarine origin for these alkaline-earth elements is postulated for the Appalachian basin coals. An ion-exchange mechanism due to high concentrations of these elements as ions in diagenetic water, but probably not recent ground water, may be responsible for the relatively high values of these elements in Appalachian concentrates. Higher concentrations of Ni and Cr in one of the English vitrinite concentrates and of Zr in the Australian concentrate probably indicate organic association and detrital influence, respectively.
Peat has been studied in several geologic settings: (1) glaciated terrain in cold temperate Maine and Minnesota, U.S.A.; (2) an island in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Maine, where sea level is rising; (3) the warm temperate U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains, where sea level has changed often; and (4) the tropical coast of Sarawak, Malaysia, and the tropical delta of the Batang Hari River, Sumatra, Indonesia. Most of these deposits are domed (ombrotrophic or partly ombrotrophic) bogs in which peat accumulation continued above the surface of the surrounding soil. However, the bogs of the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains are comparatively not as domed, and many have almost level surfaces.
In some bogs, aquatic or semi-aquatic plant materials accumulated, replaced water in the depressions, and formed a surface on which marsh or swamp vegetation could subsequently live, die, and accumulate. In others, the plant materials accumulated initially on level silt or sand surfaces supporting marshes or swamps. As the peat dome formed, plants growing on it changed from luxuriant ones near the base of the dome, where nutrients were brought into the bog by surface and ground water, to stunted ones at the top of the dome, where the raised bogs are fed by nutrient-poor precipitation.
The physical and chemical changes that take place in the sequence of environments from the pond stage of deposit development, through the grassy marsh stage, through the forested swamp stage, and finally through the heath dome stage can be measured in terms of acidity and ash, volatile matter, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen contents, as well as in the kind and distribution of trace elements. The organic and inorganic contents of the deposits relate to geomorphology, and geomorphology relates to their settings. As models of coal formation, some domed peat deposits may help in solving problems of distribution and character of ancient coal beds. But clearly not all peat deposits are precursors of coal. Most Holocene peat deposits are subject to destruction by erosion, fire and decomposition through microbial and chemical oxidation before burial. The best environments for coal precursors have biomass accumulation, a continuously rising water table within the mass, and minimum influx of clay and silt until preservation by burial. The most suitable settings for future economic coal deposits are domed bogs that accumulate thick, widespread peat having low ash and low sulfur contents.
The ombrotrophic peat deposits of tropical Sarawak and Sumatra are thick and extensive, contain low-ash and low-sulfur peat, and have high heating values. They are considered to be the best tropical coal analogs because of their extent and chances of preservation; the base of the peat is below adjacent river levels, and chemical and structural conditions are favorable for accumulation.