Much geologic and geophysical information that lies encoded within land surface form can be revealed by image processing large files of digitized elevations in fast machines and mapping the results. This convergence of computers, analytic software, data, and output devices has created exciting opportunities for automating the numerical and spatial study of topography. One recent result is the accompanying shaded relief map of the conterminous 48 states.
A shaded relief image of topography mimics a cloud-free monochrome aerial photograph taken at low Sun. Gray tones represent different terrain slopes and azimuths calculated from adjacent elevations stored in a uniform grid, or digital elevation model (DEM). Sun elevation and direction can be varied to generate complementary views of the same area. The synoptic coverage of these computer images is a major advantage; unlike a photograph, image extent is limited only by size of the elevation array. Shaded relief maps also are free of the distortion found in radar images and of the vegetation and cultural features that mask topographic form on Landsat and SPOT images.
The gold deposits at Alleghany, California, are typical of many epigenetic gold-bearing hydrothermal vein systems in metamorphic terranes worldwide. Detailed analyses of alteration halos in serpentinite, mafic amphibolite, and granite wall rocks at Alleghany indicate that widely contrasting deposit types, ranging from fuchsite-carbonate schists to pyrite-albitites, resulted when different wall rocks interacted with the same externally derived CO 2 -rich hydrothermal vein fluid. Patterns of element redistribution within halos and among lithologic units suggest a complex process involving fluid flow along vein fractures and diffusion (+ or - infiltration) normal to the veins. Wall rocks locally controlled both the directions and magnitudes of chemical fluxes across vein walls.Vein fluids at constant temperature and pressure, with relatively constant ratios of mobile species (Na (super +) /K (super +) /H (super +) and CO 2 /H 2 S/H 2 ), caused contrasting (\"divergent\") reactions in proximal alteration zones because the wall rocks controlled the ratios of relatively immobile species (Al/(Cr + Fe + Mg) and Fe/Mg), and the component activities, of hydrothermal mineral solid solutions. Thus, pyrite and albite were stable with respect to the relatively pure siderite and K mica that occur sparingly in proximal granite zones, but they were not stable with respect to the relatively impure siderite and K mica that characterize proximal serpentinite zones. Partly as a result of divergent reactions, altered rocks exhibit contrasting mobile element concentration gradients (e.g., Ca, Ba, Sr, Rb, Na/K, C/S) and imply local sources and sinks, and possibly short residence times, for some of these components along discordant fluid flow paths.Calculated reaction coefficients for H (super +) , H 2 , and H 2 S indicate that different wall rocks at different stages of alteration may have inhibited or promoted gold precipitation. The distribution of gold and its calculated solubility are consistent with its having been precipitated from Au(HS) 2 (super -) complexes in response to pyritization of granite (fluid desulfidation and reduction), and possibly in part, in response to dolomitization and sericitization of serpentinite (fluid acidification?). Strata-bound disseminated orebodies may be expected in a variety of other host rocks with higher than average Fe/Mg ratios, where pyrite was stable with respect to intermediate magnesite-siderite, as in the granite.It is proposed that the CO 2 -rich vein fluids approached partial equilibrium with alteration assemblages in the average, or dominant, rocks along their flow paths. Simpler, but radically different, proximal assemblages were then produced where the fluids encountered chemically extreme rock types. Fluid-rock interaction equilibria can account for much of the diversity in the mineralogy and chemistry of gold deposits in heterogeneous metamorphic terranes, while maintaining a simple genetic classification based on the distinctive chemistry of the hydrothermal fluids. Comparative studies of multicomponent phase equilibria and mass exchanges can provide both rationalizations and predictions of local wall-rock effects on geochemical anomalies and the locations of ore deposits in lithologically heterogeneous terranes. Simultaneous consideration of contrasting high-variance (phase-deficient) assemblages along discordant veins is suggested as a general method for quantifying fluid-intensive variables in metasomatic systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.84.2.291","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Böhlke, J., 1989, Comparison of metasomatic reactions between a common CO2-rich vein fluid and diverse wall rocks: Intensive variables, mass transfers, and Au mineralization at Alleghany, California: Economic Geology, v. 84, no. 2, p. 291-327, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.84.2.291.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"291","endPage":"327","numberOfPages":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223752,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f872e4b0c8380cd4d0f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19219,"text":"ofr87221 - 1989 - Hydrologic data of the Nashua and Souhegan River basins, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-25T21:22:12.813378","indexId":"ofr87221","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-221","title":"Hydrologic data of the Nashua and Souhegan River basins, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr87221","usgsCitation":"Hansen, B.P., Brackley, R., and de Lima, V.A., 1989, Hydrologic data of the Nashua and Souhegan River basins, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-221, Report: vi, 73 p.; 1 Plate: 41.60 x 49.41 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87221.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 73 p.; 1 Plate: 41.60 x 49.41 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420179,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17163.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":48680,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0221/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48679,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0221/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":151355,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0221/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Nashua and Souhegan River basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.458,\n 42.75\n ],\n [\n -72,\n 42.75\n ],\n [\n -72,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -71.458,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -71.458,\n 42.75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db607411","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, B. P.","contributorId":45332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brackley, R. A.","contributorId":16851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brackley","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"de Lima, V. A.","contributorId":11638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"de Lima","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":31093,"text":"ofr8922 - 1989 - Analytical results and sample locality map of stream-sediment and panned-concentrate samples from the El Dorado and Ireteba Peaks Wilderness Study Areas, Clark County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-21T21:03:18.479934","indexId":"ofr8922","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-22","title":"Analytical results and sample locality map of stream-sediment and panned-concentrate samples from the El Dorado and Ireteba Peaks Wilderness Study Areas, Clark County, Nevada","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr8922","usgsCitation":"McHugh, J., Bullock, J., Roemer, T.A., and Nowlan, G., 1989, Analytical results and sample locality map of stream-sediment and panned-concentrate samples from the El Dorado and Ireteba Peaks Wilderness Study Areas, Clark County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-22, Report: 19 p.; 1 Plate: 14.65 x 31.37 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8922.","productDescription":"Report: 19 p.; 1 Plate: 14.65 x 31.37 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414507,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17559.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":59668,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0022/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59667,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0022/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160890,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0022/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Clark County","otherGeospatial":"El Dorado and Ireteba Peaks Wilderness Study Areas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.875,\n 35.884\n ],\n [\n -114.875,\n 35.542\n ],\n [\n -114.75,\n 35.542\n ],\n [\n -114.75,\n 35.884\n ],\n [\n -114.875,\n 35.884\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ebce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McHugh, John B.","contributorId":64651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McHugh","given":"John B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bullock, J. H.","contributorId":57074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullock","given":"J. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roemer, T. A.","contributorId":72784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roemer","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nowlan, G.A.","contributorId":99131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nowlan","given":"G.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70195530,"text":"70195530 - 1989 - Comparative facies formation in selected coal beds of the Powder River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-20T16:22:17","indexId":"70195530","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Comparative facies formation in selected coal beds of the Powder River Basin","docAbstract":"Petrologic studies of thick coal beds [Warwick, 1985; Moore, 1986; Moore and others, 1986; Moore and others, 1987; Warwick and Stanton, in press], which build on sedimentological interpretations [Flores, this volume] of associated units, provide data to interpret and contrast the varieties of peat formation in the Powder River Basin. Detailed analyses of the composition of coal beds lead to more complete interpretations regarding the depositional environment on a regional and local scale. Our efforts in the Powder River Basin [areas A-D in fig. 1 of Flores, this volume] have resulted in a series of site-specific studies that interpret the types of peat formation from the arrangement of different facies which comprise the coal beds and from the spatial form of the coal beds.
Our approach was to use a combination of megascopic criteria for facies sampling, and where only core was available, to analyze many interval samples to discriminate facies by their maceral composition. Coal beds in the Powder River Basin are composed of laterally continuous, compositional subunits of the bed (facies) that can be discerned most easily in weathered highwall exposures, less readily in fresh highwalls, and very poorly in fresh-cut core surfaces. In general, very low ash (
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tertiary and Cretaceous coals in the Rocky Mountains region: Casper, Wyoming to Salt Lake City, Utah June 29-July 8, 1989","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/FT132p0019","isbn":"9780875905846","usgsCitation":"Stanton, R., Moore, T.A., Warwick, P.D., Crowley, S., and Flores, R.M., 1989, Comparative facies formation in selected coal beds of the Powder River Basin, in Tertiary and Cretaceous coals in the Rocky Mountains region: Casper, Wyoming to Salt Lake City, Utah June 29-July 8, 1989, p. 19-21, https://doi.org/10.1029/FT132p0019.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":351838,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Powder River Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff313ce4b0da30c1bfd8d3","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Flores, Romeo M. rflores@usgs.gov","contributorId":71984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flores","given":"Romeo","email":"rflores@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":165,"text":"Central Energy Resources Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":729102,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":729103,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, Timothy A.","contributorId":9378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":729104,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Glass, Gary","contributorId":55831,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Glass","given":"Gary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":729105,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, Archie","contributorId":92647,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Archie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":729113,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nichols, Douglas J.","contributorId":87184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":729114,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wolfe, Jack A.","contributorId":102474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":729115,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Stanton, Ronald W.","contributorId":37386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":729116,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Weaver, Jean","contributorId":28578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"Jean","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":729117,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":9}],"authors":[{"text":"Stanton, R.W.","contributorId":19164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":729130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, Timothy A.","contributorId":9378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":729131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":729132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crowley, S.S.","contributorId":43754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":729133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Flores, Romeo M. rflores@usgs.gov","contributorId":71984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flores","given":"Romeo","email":"rflores@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":165,"text":"Central Energy Resources Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":729134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70015788,"text":"70015788 - 1989 - Spatial patterns of aftershocks of shallow focus earthquakes in California and implications for deep focus earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T21:34:41.248192","indexId":"70015788","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial patterns of aftershocks of shallow focus earthquakes in California and implications for deep focus earthquakes","docAbstract":"Previous workers have pioneered statistical techniques to study the spatial distribution of aftershocks with respect to the focal mechanism of the main shock. Application of these techniques to deep focus earthquakes failed to show clustering of aftershocks near the nodal planes of the main shocks. To better understand the behavior of these statistics, this study applies them to the aftershocks of six large shallow focus earthquakes in California (August 6, 1979, Coyote Lake; May 2, 1983, Coalinga; April 24, 1984, Morgan Hill; August 4, 1985, Kettleman Hills; July 8, 1986, North Palm Springs; and October 1, 1987, Whittier Narrows). The large number of aftershocks accurately located by dense local networks allows us to treat these aftershock sequences individually instead of combining them, as was done for the deep earthquakes. The results for individual sequences show significant clustering about the closest nodal plane and the strike direction for five of the sequences and about the presumed fault plane for all six sequences. This implies that the previously developed method does work properly. Nonrandom behavior was also found about the slip directions, the P axis, the T axis, and the B axis, but this is probably caused by the lack of independence between these axes and the previously mentioned features of the focal mechanisms. Given that the method does work and that deep aftershocks were not shown to cluster about the main shock nodal planes, the shallow focus data were used to simulate the deep focus study. The goal is to determine if there are artificial factors that make clustering in the deep focus data unobservable. To more closely mimic the work on deep earthquakes, the largest aftershocks from each of the six sequences were combined and studied with respect to their respective main shock focal mechanisms. This reduced the significance of the clustering about the focal mechanism parameters, but not below 95% confidence. Gaussian noise was then added to the aftershock hypocenters in order to determine if the larger hypocentral and focal mechanism errors in the deep focus data could account for the previous negative result. The conclusion is that the following reasons are sufficient to explain the lack of clustering about the main shock nodal planes for the deep focus aftershocks: the need to combine aftershocks from several sequences, the size of the hypocentral location and focal mechanism errors, and the alignment of distant aftershocks with the Wadati-Benioff zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB05p05615","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Michael, A., 1989, Spatial patterns of aftershocks of shallow focus earthquakes in California and implications for deep focus earthquakes: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B5, p. 5615-5626, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB05p05615.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"5615","endPage":"5626","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223841,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9499e4b08c986b31ab9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michael, A.J. 0000-0002-2403-5019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2403-5019","contributorId":52192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30652,"text":"wri894084 - 1989 - Flood of April 4-5, 1987, in southeastern New York State, with flood profiles of Schoharie Creek","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-10T18:57:26.942663","indexId":"wri894084","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4084","title":"Flood of April 4-5, 1987, in southeastern New York State, with flood profiles of Schoharie Creek","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri894084","usgsCitation":"Zembrzuski, T.J., and Evans, M.L., 1989, Flood of April 4-5, 1987, in southeastern New York State, with flood profiles of Schoharie Creek: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4084, v, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894084.","productDescription":"v, 41 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121667,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4084/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59425,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4084/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":415523,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47192.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Schoharie Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.4333,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -75.4333,\n 41.2667\n ],\n [\n -73.75,\n 41.2667\n ],\n [\n -73.75,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -75.4333,\n 43\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5eef34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zembrzuski, T. J.","contributorId":38195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zembrzuski","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, M. L.","contributorId":88787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1013737,"text":"1013737 - 1989 - Developments in the control of bacterial kidney disease of salmonid fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-08T01:34:44.864928","indexId":"1013737","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1396,"text":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Developments in the control of bacterial kidney disease of salmonid fishes","docAbstract":"Bacterial kidney disease of salmonid fishes, caused by Renibactenum salrnoninarum, was first reported more than 50 yr ago; nevertheless, large gaps persist in our knowledge of the infection - particularly in methods for its control. In the 1950's, principal control measures consisted of prophylactic or therapeutic feeding of sulfonamides, which were later supplanted by the antibiotic erythromycin. Chemotherapy has effected some reduction of mortality, but benefits are typically transient and mortality usually resumes after the drug is withdrawn. Some studies have indicated that diet composition affects the prevalence and severity of the disease. Although tests of chemotherapeutants and diet modification have continued, research emphasis has shifted partly toward prevention of the disease by breaking the infection cycle. It is now generally accepted that R. salrnoninarum can be transmitted both vertically and horizontally. Experimental evidence indicates that immersion of newly fertilized eggs in iodophor or erythromycin does not prevent vertical transmission. However, the injection of female salmon with erythromycin before they spawn shows promise as a practical means of interrupting vertical transmission. The results of attempts to prevent infection of juvenile salmonids by vaccination against bacterial kidney disease have been disappointing, thus underscoring a basic need for a better understanding of protective mechanisms in salmonids. The recent development of more sensitive and quantitative detection methods should aid in evaluating the efficacy of current and future control strategies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/DAO006201","usgsCitation":"Elliott, D., Pascho, R., and Bullock, G.L., 1989, Developments in the control of bacterial kidney disease of salmonid fishes: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 6, no. 3, p. 201-215, https://doi.org/10.3354/DAO006201.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"215","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489783,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/dao006201","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":129383,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dd3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, D.G.","contributorId":58226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pascho, R.J.","contributorId":65796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pascho","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bullock, G. L.","contributorId":69498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullock","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1003537,"text":"1003537 - 1989 - Disposition of pentachlorophenol in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): Effect of inhibition of metabolism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-03T19:17:35.555869","indexId":"1003537","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":874,"text":"Aquatic Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Disposition of pentachlorophenol in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): Effect of inhibition of metabolism","title":"Disposition of pentachlorophenol in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): Effect of inhibition of metabolism","docAbstract":"The accumulation kinetics of pentachlorophenol (PCP) were investigated in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in the absence and presence of 25 mg/1 salicylamide, an inhibitor of PCP metabolism. After exposure to 5 μg/1 PCP over 1–96 h, the amount of PCP in the whole fish, its concentration in water and the total amount of metabolites (water, whole fish and bile) were measured. Equations for these variables, based on a two compartment pharmacokinetic model, were fitted simultaneously to the data using the computer program NONLIN, which uses an iterative nonlinear least squares technique. Salicylamide decreased the metabolic clearance of PCP, which resulted in an increase in the bioconcentration factor (BCF); this increase was partially offset by a salicylamide-induced decrease in the apparent volume of distribution of PCP. A clearance-volume compartment model permitted partitioning of the BCF in terms of the underlying physiologic and biochemical processes (uptake clearance, metabolic clearance and apparent volume of distribution). With this approach the BCF can be categorized as either dependent (e.g., PCP) or independent of uptake and metabolism (elimination) based on the relative sizes of the clearances for uptake and metabolism. Inhibition of PCP metabolism resulted in a loss of its dependence on uptake and metabolism. The BCF estimated as the apparent volume of distribution may be useful for assessment of the risk associated with exposure and bioaccumulation potential, as elimination is generally quite variable among aquatic species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0166-445X(89)90024-6","usgsCitation":"Stehly, G., and Hayton, W.L., 1989, Disposition of pentachlorophenol in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): Effect of inhibition of metabolism: Aquatic Toxicology, v. 14, no. 2, p. 131-148, https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-445X(89)90024-6.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"148","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198336,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a2c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stehly, G. R.","contributorId":34081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stehly","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hayton, W. L.","contributorId":100325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayton","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70184724,"text":"70184724 - 1989 - Impacts of petroleum development in the Arctic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-10T16:57:39","indexId":"70184724","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impacts of petroleum development in the Arctic","docAbstract":"In their article “Cumulative impacts of oil fields on northern Alaskan landscapes.” D. A. Walter et al. (1) document some direct and indirect impacts of petroleum development in the Arctic on selected portions of the Prudhoe Bay Oil field. While most of the kinds of impacts they discuss are valid points to consider in designing an arctic oil field, the magnitude of what they describe is not representative of the Prudhoe Bay field, in general, or of newer oil fields, such as Kuparuk to the west of Prudhoe. It is even less applicable in areas of higher topographic relief, such as the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR).
Any development will cause an impact to the land. In the Arctic, as noted by Walker et al., gravel roads and pads have been built that are thick enough to support facilities while the thermal integrity of the underlying permafrost is maintained. Decision-makers must evaluate whether or not the gains of development are worth the impacts incurred. Accurate assessment of both direct and indirect impacts is essential.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.245.4919.764","usgsCitation":"S.B., R., 1989, Impacts of petroleum development in the Arctic: Science, v. 245, no. 4919, p. 764-765, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.245.4919.764.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"764","endPage":"765","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337402,"rank":2,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70184739","text":"Walter et al. 1987 (Cumulative impacts of oil fields on northern Alaskan landscapes)"},{"id":337401,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic National Wildlife Refuge","volume":"245","issue":"4919","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c951e4b0f37a93ee9b8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"S.B., Robertson","contributorId":188411,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"S.B.","given":"Robertson","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70182155,"text":"70182155 - 1989 - Extra-pair copulation in the greater white-fronted goose","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-17T09:53:19","indexId":"70182155","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extra-pair copulation in the greater white-fronted goose","docAbstract":"Controlled experiments and quantitative field studies with both captive and wild waterfowl (Family Anatidae) have demonstrated that extra-pair copulations (EPCs, both forced and unforced) may be a viable alternative reproductive strategy for males (Mineau and Cooke 1979; Burns et al. 1980; Cheng et al. 1982, 1983; Afron 1985; Evarts and Williams 1987). In a review of EPCs in waterfowl, McKinney et al. (1983) stressed the need for additional information on the extent of such behavior in seemingly monogamous species of birds. Such information would increase our understanding of the extent of mixed reproductive strategies as formally hypothesized by Trivers (1972). Extra-pair copulations have been reported for only three of 22 (14%) species of geese and swans (Tribe Anserini), but are known to occur in 37 of 122 (30%) of the remaining species of waterfowl (McKinney et al. 1983, 1984; Welsh 1988). Socioecological differences between Anserini and most other anatids may provide insight into the evolution of extra-pair copulatory behavior, as male Anserini (unlike most other Anatidae) provide extensive parental care and maintain long-term pair bonds (Owen 1980, p. 76). Cuckolded male Anserini thus stand to lose more in the form of reproductive investment than other male anatids, which may invest less in a given clutch and generally have short-term pair bonds.
I describe here an observation of extra-pair copulation in wild Greater White-fronted Geese (Anser albifrons frontalis). The observation is significant not only because it augments our meager documentation of this behavior within the Anserini, but it is the first observation of such behavior in a noncolonial goose (Mineau and Cooke 1979, McKinney et al. 1983). The occurrence of EPC behavior in a dispersal-nesting goose is important, as proximity to potential mates has been hypothesized as a factor possibly selecting for EPC behavior in geese (McKinney et al. 1983) and other species of monogamous birds (Gladstone 1979, but see Westneat 1987).
","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/1368086","usgsCitation":"Ely, C.R., 1989, Extra-pair copulation in the greater white-fronted goose: The Condor, v. 91, no. 4, p. 990-991, https://doi.org/10.2307/1368086.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"990","endPage":"991","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503116,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/condor/vol91/iss4/34","text":"External Repository"},{"id":335801,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta","volume":"91","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a819bae4b025c46429aff2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ely, Craig R. 0000-0003-4262-0892 cely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4262-0892","contributorId":3214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"Craig","email":"cely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015871,"text":"70015871 - 1989 - Circular convection during subsurface injection of liquid waste, St. Petersburg, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-12T10:45:57","indexId":"70015871","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Circular convection during subsurface injection of liquid waste, St. Petersburg, Florida","docAbstract":"Injection of liquid waste into a highly transmissive, saltwater-bearing, fractured dolomite underlying the city of St. Petersburg, Florida, provided an opportunity to study density-dependent flow associated with two miscible and density-different liquids. The injection zone was 98 m thick with a radial hydraulic conductivity of 762 m/d and a vertical hydraulic conductivity of 152 m/d. Mean chloride concentrations of the injectant during two tests of 91 and 366 days duration were 180 and 170 mg/L, respectively, whereas chloride concentration of native salt water ranged from 19,000 to 20,000 mg/L. During the 366-day test, chloride concentration in water from a well open to the upper part of the injection zone 223 m from the injection well approximately stabilized at about 4000 mg/L. Relatively constant chloride concentrations in water from this observation well at a level significantly greater than the injectant concentration suggested the hypothesis that circular convection with saltwater flow added chloride ions to the injection zone flow sampled at the observation well. In order to assess the acceptability of the circular convection hypothesis, information was required about the velocity field during injection. Mass transport model simulations were used to provide this information, after determining that the fractured injection zone could be treated as an equivalent porous medium with a single porosity. The mass transport model was calibrated using the 91-day test data from two observation wells 223 m from the injection well. The model was then run without parameter changes to simulate the 366-day test. Mass fractions of injectant computed for four observation wells during the 366-day test compared favorably with observed mass fractions. Observed mass fractions were calculated as a function of chloride concentration and density. Comparisons between model-computed mass fraction and velocity fields in a radial section showed circular convection, with salt water flowing toward the injection well in the lower part of the injection zone. The salt water then mixed with the injectant, and the mixture flowed away from the injection well in the upper part of the injection zone. On the basis of the model results and the assumed reasonableness of treating the injection zone as an equivalent porous medium with a single porosity, the hypothesis of circular convection with saltwater flow during subsurface injection of liquid waste into a highly transmissive saltwater-bearing fractured dolomite was judged acceptable.
Fractal singularity analysis (FSA) is used to study a 22-year record of deep seismic tremor (30–60 km depth) for regions below Kilauea Volcano on the assumption that magma transport and fracture can be treated as a system of coupled nonlinear oscillators. Tremor episodes range from 1 to 100 min (cumulative duration = 1.60×104 min; yearly average = 727 min yr−1; mean gradient = 24.2 min yr−1 km−1). Partitioning of probabilities, pi, in the phase space of normalized durations, xi, are expressed in terms of a function f(α), where α is a variable exponent of a length scale, ℓ. Plots of f(α) vs. α are called multifractal singularity spectra. The spectrum for deep tremor durations is bounded by α values of about 0.4 and 1.9 at f = 0; fmax ≃ 1.0 for α ≃ 1. Results for tremor are similar to those found for systems transitional between complete mode locking and chaos.
Shallow-water podocopic marine Ostracoda from Micronesian lagoons in the Marianas, Caroline, Marshall and Gilbert Islands in the western Pacific were analysed to establish their diversity and zoogeography within Micronesia and the taxonomic affinities with ostracodes from other tropical regions. Sixty-four bottom lagoonal sediment samples from twelve islands and atolls yielded more than seventy species representing over thirty-two ostracode genera.
Q-mode cluster analysis using Jaccard coefficients showed that, with few exceptions, all or most samples from a particular lagoon form distinct subgroups (Jaccard=0.45-0.50). At lower levels, five groups delineate faunal regions within Micronesia: the Gilbert Islands (Onotoa) in the southeast part of the region, the northern Marshall Islands (Enewetak, Rongelap, Bikini), the southestern Marshall Islands (Kwajalein, Jaluit, Majuro, Arno), the Marianas and Caroline Islands (Guam, Truk, Pohnpei) and Pingelap.
Patterns of species diversity show Guam, Truk, Pohnpei, Pingelap, Kwajalein and Onotoa have the highest species richness (S=32-42) and Shannon-Wiener diversity values (H(S)=2.62-3.02) in the study area. Enewetak, Jaluit, Majuro and Arno show lower values (S=23-27, H(S)=2.29-2.70). Of the ostracode species living in Micronesia, 64.3% have Indo-West Pacific affinities, 7.1% are circumtropical, 5.7% have East Pacific-Caribbean affinities, 11.4% are endemic to Micronesia, and 11.4% have unknown affinities.
If the southeast Asian region is a primary species-source, the results show that each Micronesian lagoon is equally likely to be colonized by dispersal from the source region, despite differences in distance from a hypothetical source. However, each lagoon has a distinct ostracode assemblage, probably the result of unique history of random colonization events, local extinctions and environmental disturbances.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/2845084","issn":"03050270","usgsCitation":"Weissleader, L., Gilinsky, N., Ross, R.M., and Cronin, T.M., 1989, Biogeography of marine podocopid Ostracodes in Micronesia: Journal of Biogeography, v. 16, no. 2, p. 103-114, https://doi.org/10.2307/2845084.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"114","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222983,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f15be4b0c8380cd4abfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weissleader, L.S.","contributorId":107432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weissleader","given":"L.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilinsky, N.L.","contributorId":59561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilinsky","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ross, R. M.","contributorId":39311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":372280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1000537,"text":"1000537 - 1989 - Assessment of lake trout spawning habitat quality in central Lake Huron by submarine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-05T13:54:19","indexId":"1000537","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of lake trout spawning habitat quality in central Lake Huron by submarine","docAbstract":"Interstitial water quality was measured using a submersible at seven locations on Six Fathom Bank. Historically, the bank was an important lake trout spawning ground. It is currently the focus of coordinated, interagency efforts to rehabilitate lake trout in Lake Huron. Water quality, evaluated from measurements of biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide among the rocks, would not prevent lake trout eggs from hatching successfully on the bank.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(89)71471-4","usgsCitation":"Manny, B.A., and Edsall, T.A., 1989, Assessment of lake trout spawning habitat quality in central Lake Huron by submarine: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 15, no. 1, p. 164-173, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(89)71471-4.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"164","endPage":"173","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267026,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(89)71471-4"}],"volume":"15","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671f90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manny, Bruce A. 0000-0002-4074-9329 bmanny@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4074-9329","contributorId":3699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manny","given":"Bruce","email":"bmanny@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edsall, Thomas A.","contributorId":84302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edsall","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":308726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000538,"text":"1000538 - 1989 - Behavioural interaction between fish predators and their prey: effects of plant density","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-05T15:55:00","indexId":"1000538","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":770,"text":"Animal Behaviour","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Behavioural interaction between fish predators and their prey: effects of plant density","docAbstract":"Prey-specific anti-predatory behaviour under different degrees of structural complexity determines foraging success of predators. The behaviour of piscivorous fish (largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides and northern pike, Esox lucius) and their prey (bluegills, Lepomis macrochirus, and fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas) were quantified in 60-min experiments in laboratory pools (2 multiplied by 4 m in diameter, 0 multiplied by 5 m deep) with artificial vegetation at densities of 0, 50, 250, and 1000 stems/m2. Largemouth bass switched predatory tactics from searching to ambushing as plant density increased whereas northern pike always used ambushing. At high plant density, both predators captured minnows, but not bluegills. Bluegills modified their behaviour more than minnows in response to predators, thereby avoiding predation at high plant densities. Structural complexity alone did not always provide refuge for prey; prey must use the structure to avoid predators. Predators may seek vegetated areas if appropriate, vulnerable prey are present.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Animal Behaviour","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0003-3472(89)90120-6","usgsCitation":"Savino, J.F., and Stein, R., 1989, Behavioural interaction between fish predators and their prey: effects of plant density: Animal Behaviour, v. 37, no. 2, p. 311-321, https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(89)90120-6.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"311","endPage":"321","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267058,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(89)90120-6"}],"volume":"37","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b6a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savino, Jacqueline F. jsavino@usgs.gov","contributorId":2213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savino","given":"Jacqueline","email":"jsavino@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stein, Roy A.","contributorId":21494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"Roy A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015984,"text":"70015984 - 1989 - Undiscovered lode tin resources of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T17:38:34.320453","indexId":"70015984","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Undiscovered lode tin resources of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska","docAbstract":"The United States is a net importer of many important minerals, including tin. Consumption of primary tin in the United States is about 36,000 metric tons per year. Identified U.S. tin resources consist of about 40,000 metric tons. Although such figures provide insight about vulnerability to supply disruptions in the short term, they do not provide information about the potential of a country to meet its needs for a commodity from undiscovered domestic sources. Recent developments, including the preparation of models of mineral deposits and their grades and tonnages, and the application of computer simulation techniques to the estimation of metallic mineral resources, make it possible to estimate the magnitude of undiscovered resources, by deposit type, for relatively small areas such as the Seward Peninsula. This paper uses these developments and geophysical data to estimate undiscovered lode tin resources on the Seward Peninsula of Alaska. The assessment is based on a three-step methodology that (1) identifies the types of tin deposits that may be present in the region, (2) identifies the geophysical characteristics of unroofed granites and shallow granitoids, and (3) estimates, on the basis of various combinations of geologic and geophysical conditions, the number of undiscovered deposits present within or near exposed or concealed granite plutons. Computer simulation was used to combine the estimates of the number of deposits with available grade and tonnage models. Simulation experiments were designed to estimate the amount of tin in undiscovered deposits under a variety of limiting conditions. Results of simulation experiments indicate there is a 90 percent chance that the Seward Peninsula contains at least 51,000 metric tons, a 50 percent chance that it contains at least 390,000 metric tons, and a 10 percent chance it contains at least 1,100,000 metric tons of tin in undiscovered greisen, vein, and replacement deposits that have average grades of at least 0.5 percent tin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.84.7.1936","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Reed, B., Menzie, W., McDermott, M., Root, D.H., Scott, W., and Drew, L., 1989, Undiscovered lode tin resources of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 84, no. 7, p. 1936-1947, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.84.7.1936.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1936","endPage":"1947","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222879,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbc6ce4b08c986b328c05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, B.L.","contributorId":29434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Menzie, W. D.","contributorId":52916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menzie","given":"W. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDermott, M.","contributorId":61568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDermott","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Root, D. H.","contributorId":74019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Root","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scott, W.","contributorId":29498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Drew, L.J.","contributorId":69157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70197503,"text":"70197503 - 1989 - Correlation of Miocene flows of the Columbia River Basalt Group from the central Columbia River Plateau to the coast of Oregon and Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-07T16:33:09","indexId":"70197503","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Correlation of Miocene flows of the Columbia River Basalt Group from the central Columbia River Plateau to the coast of Oregon and Washington","docAbstract":"Nearly twenty flows of the Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG) can be paleomagnetically and chemically correlated westward as far as 500 km from the Columbia Plateau in Washington, through the Columbia Gorge, to the Coast Range of Oregon and Washington. In the Coast Range near Cathlamet, Washington, the CRBG flow stratigraphy includes 10 flows of Grande Ronde Basalt (1 low-MgO R2 flow, 6 low-MgO N2 flows, 3 high-MgO N2 flows), 2 flows of Wanapum Basalt (both flows of Sand Hollow from the Frenchman Springs Member), and the Pomona Member of the Saddle Mountains Basalt. Elsewhere in the Coast Range, additional Grande Ronde Basalt flows, including flows of Winterwater or Umtanum, and additional Wanapum flows, including the flows of Ginkgo, have been reported. Thus at least 18 to 20 CRBG flows reached the coast region. Several of these distal flows have distinctive chemical and magnetic characteristics that are shared by nearby isolated intrusions in Coast Range sedimentary rocks, thus strongly supporting recent suggestions that these intrusions are invasive bodies fed by CRBG flows. Magnetization directions from several flows indicate 16 to 30° of clockwise rotation of the coast with respect to the plateau since middle Miocene time.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Volcanism and Tectonism in the Columbia River Flood-Basalt Province, Geological Society of America Special Paper 239","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE239-p113","usgsCitation":"Wells, R., Simpson, R., Bentley, R.D., Beeson, M.H., Mangan, M.T., and Wright, T., 1989, Correlation of Miocene flows of the Columbia River Basalt Group from the central Columbia River Plateau to the coast of Oregon and Washington, chap. of Volcanism and Tectonism in the Columbia River Flood-Basalt Province, Geological Society of America Special Paper 239, v. 239, p. 113-129, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE239-p113.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"113","endPage":"129","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354841,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.5849609375,\n 44.25\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 44.25\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -124.5849609375,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -124.5849609375,\n 44.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"239","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c112c66e4b034bf6a822754","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, Ray E. 0000-0002-7796-0160 rwells@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-0160","contributorId":2692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"Ray E.","email":"rwells@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":737480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simpson, R.W.","contributorId":76738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bentley, R. D.","contributorId":85561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bentley","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Beeson, Melvin H. mbeeson@usgs.gov","contributorId":5017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeson","given":"Melvin","email":"mbeeson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":737483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mangan, Margaret T. 0000-0002-5273-8053 mmangan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5273-8053","contributorId":3343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangan","given":"Margaret","email":"mmangan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":737484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wright, Thomas L. twright@usgs.gov","contributorId":3890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Thomas L.","email":"twright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":737485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70162357,"text":"70162357 - 1989 - Mount St. Helens and Kilauea volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-04T15:15:25","indexId":"70162357","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mount St. Helens and Kilauea volcanoes","docAbstract":"From the south, snow-covered Mount St. Helens looms proudly under a fleecy halo of clouds, rivaling the majestic beauty of neighboring Mount Rainer, Mount Hood, and Mount Adams. Salmon fishermen dot the shores of lakes and streams in the mountain's shadow, trucks loaded with fresh-cut timber barrel down backroads, and deer peer out from stands of tall fir trees.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Barrat, J., 1989, Mount St. Helens and Kilauea volcanoes: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 21, no. 3, p. 101-107.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"107","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314637,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mt. St. Helen and Kilauea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.23320007324219,\n 46.23637764124692\n ],\n [\n -122.12745666503905,\n 46.23495279600417\n ],\n [\n -122.12333679199219,\n 46.14987006896229\n ],\n [\n -122.23731994628905,\n 46.148442979172565\n ],\n [\n -122.23320007324219,\n 46.23637764124692\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.2714920043945,\n 19.43324800991602\n ],\n [\n -155.29380798339844,\n 19.425153718960157\n ],\n [\n -155.29861450195312,\n 19.412849624405244\n ],\n [\n -155.29483795166016,\n 19.39892544698541\n ],\n [\n -155.28316497802734,\n 19.395687095370263\n ],\n [\n -155.2426528930664,\n 19.40410667550917\n ],\n [\n -155.23853302001953,\n 19.410906787494774\n ],\n [\n -155.25501251220703,\n 19.43001034193552\n ],\n [\n -155.26325225830078,\n 19.43324800991602\n ],\n [\n -155.2714920043945,\n 19.43324800991602\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a20f4ce4b0961cf2811c06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barrat, J.","contributorId":152425,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barrat","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015303,"text":"70015303 - 1989 - Constraints from fluid inclusions on sulfide precipitation mechanisms and ore fluid migration in the Viburnum Trend lead district, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T17:36:41.115494","indexId":"70015303","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Constraints from fluid inclusions on sulfide precipitation mechanisms and ore fluid migration in the Viburnum Trend lead district, Missouri","docAbstract":"Measurements on fluid inclusions in hydrothermal dolomite cements place constraints on sulfide precipitation mechanisms and on the thermal-hydrologic processes which formed the Viburnum Trend Mississippi Valley-type lead district. Homogenization temperatures and freezing point depressions were determined for fluid inclusions in Bonneterre Dolomite-hosted dolomite cements in mine samples, as well as drill core from up to 13 km outside of the district. A well-defined cathodoluminescent zonation distinguishes dolomite growth zones in the Vi-burnurn Trend as older or younger than main-stage mineralization (octahedral galena) and facilitates correlation with other dolomites outside the Viburnum Trend.Homogenization temperatures and salinities in samples from mines are not systematically different from those of samples outside of the district. Medians of homogenization temperature distributions differ by not more than 25 degrees C, so that a temperature gradient, if present, should not have exceeded approximately 25 degrees C within the study area. These observations are interpreted to indicate that the Viburnum Trend was not strongly thermally anomalous with respect to surrounding country rock and that fluid flow occurred on a broad scale through not only the Lamotte Sandstone but through the overlying Cambrian carbonates as well.The absence of a significant, recognizable decrease in temperature either vertically within the section or east-west across the district, coupled with the minor amount of silica in the district, argues against cooling as a primary cause of sulfide precipitation. Fluids whose primary aquifer was the Lamotte Sandstone, predominantly a quartz arenite, should have been in equilibrium with quartz. Quartz in the Viburnum Trend occurs as a minor, drusy, vug-lining phase, but the district lacks the intense silicification found in other Mississippi Valley-type districts such as Tri-State (Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri). Quartz solubility is strongly temperature dependent and, under equilibrium conditions, a decrease of 10 degrees C or more should have precipitated at least as many moles of silica as galena (assuming a galena solubility of between 1 and 10 ppm). Clearly this is not the case, as galena is far more abundant than quartz in the Viburnum Trend.Ice final-melting temperatures (T m ) in fluid inclusions generally range from -14 degrees to -27 degrees C for primary dolomite-hosted inclusions. Using these T m values and cation ratios for the inclusion fluids, absolute concentrations for the individual cations and chloride were calculated using the thermochemical model of Spencer et al. (1990). The corresponding high but variable salinities, 3.9 to 5.9 chloride molality, are evidence for the presence of more than one distinct fluid during mineralization.In a reduced sulfur mineralization model with Pb carried as chloride complexes, dilution is also a possible sulfide precipitation mechanism. The difference in Pb solubility (for an equal quantity of reduced sulfur) in the extremes of the chloride concentration range, 3.9 vs. 5.9 molal, reaches 1 ppm only for pH values below approximately 4.5. Accepting 1 ppm as a minimum metal concentration for a viable ore-forming fluid, dilution only appears capable of precipitating sulfides in a fluid with pH near the lower limit of values considered geologically reasonable or attainable.Dolomite cements hosting warm (approximately 105 degrees -125 degrees C) saline fluid inclusions are ubiquitous in the porous dolomitic facies of the Bonneterre Dolomite. Based on stratigraphic reconstructions, however, it is unlikely that the Bonneterre was buried deeper than 1.5 km. The distribution of warm inclusions beyond the Viburnum Trend district implies that fluid migration was regional in scale. Fluid inclusion temperatures inconsistent with typical basement heat-flow-controlled geothermal gradients (25 degrees -35 degrees C/km) may be explained by long-distance migration of warm, basin-derived brines. Elevated temperatures observed in fluid inclusions at shallow stratigraphic depths are consistent with a gravity flow hydrologic system characterized by rapid flow rates and the capacity for advective heat transport.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.84.7.1948","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Rowan, E., and Leach, D.L., 1989, Constraints from fluid inclusions on sulfide precipitation mechanisms and ore fluid migration in the Viburnum Trend lead district, Missouri: Economic Geology, v. 84, no. 7, p. 1948-1965, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.84.7.1948.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1948","endPage":"1965","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224360,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa09e4b0c8380cd4d8bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowan, E. L. 0000-0001-5753-6189","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5753-6189","contributorId":34921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"E. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leach, D. L.","contributorId":18758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015545,"text":"70015545 - 1989 - Nearshore bars and the break-point hypothesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-08T16:41:29.199127","indexId":"70015545","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1262,"text":"Coastal Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nearshore bars and the break-point hypothesis","docAbstract":"The set of hypotheses calling for bar formation at the break point was tested with field data. During two different experiments, waves were measured across the surf zone coincident with the development of a nearshore bar. We use a criterion, based on the wave height to depth ratio, to determine the offshore limit of the inner surf zone. During the first experiment, the bar became better developed and migrated offshore while remaining well within the inner surf zone. During the second experiment, the surf zone was narrower and we cannot rule out the possibility of break point processes contributing to bar development. We conclude that bars are not necessarily coupled with the break point and can become better developed and migrate offshore while being in the inner surf zone landward from initial wave breaking in the outer surf zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0378-3839(89)90009-4","usgsCitation":"Sallenger, A.H., and Howd, P.A., 1989, Nearshore bars and the break-point hypothesis: Coastal Engineering, v. 12, no. 4, p. 301-313, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3839(89)90009-4.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"313","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224102,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6410e4b0c8380cd72867","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sallenger, A. H. Jr.","contributorId":8818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sallenger","given":"A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howd, Peter A. phowd@usgs.gov","contributorId":4105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howd","given":"Peter","email":"phowd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":371197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015045,"text":"70015045 - 1989 - Tectonic setting of the Yukon-Koyukuk basin and its borderlands, western Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-30T16:15:45.549679","indexId":"70015045","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonic setting of the Yukon-Koyukuk basin and its borderlands, western Alaska","docAbstract":"The Yukon-Koyukuk basin of western Alaska is composed of an arcuate belt of Jurassic and Early Cretaceous subduction-related volcanic and plutonic rocks (Koyukuk terrane) flanked by deep subbasins filled with mid-Cretaceous terrigenous sedimentary rocks. The basin is bordered on three sides by metamorphosed Proterozoic and Paleozoic continental rocks (Seward, Arctic Alaska, and Ruby terranes) and is separated from the metamorphic borderlands by a narrow, highly tectonized belt of oceanic crust and mantle rocks (composite Angayucham-Tozitna terrane). The oceanic and mantle rocks, which dip inward beneath the basin and are thrust outward onto the borderlands, are divided into three separate thrust panels: (1) a structurally lowest panel (Slate Creek) composed of phyllite and metagraywacke of probable Devonian age, (2) a middle panel (Narvak) composed of imbricated basalt, chert, and gabbro of Devonian to Early Jurassic age, and (3) a structurally highest panel (Kanuti) composed of gabbro and peridotite of probable Middle and Late Jurassic age. The three thrust panels appear to represent a reversely stacked sequence that progresses from continental slope deposits in the lower panel to cumulus and mantle peridotites in the upper. Metamorphic mineral K-Ar ages from garnet amphibolite on the sole of the upper panel suggest that the upper panel was emplaced on the middle panel in the Middle to Late Jurassic. Subsequent accretion of all three panels to the continental rocks of the borderlands occurred in the latest Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, synchronous with arc volcanism within the basin. Arc volcanism waned and the accretionary phase ended in the middle of Early Cretaceous time. Uplift and erosion of the metamorphic borderlands and the obducted oceanic rocks began in late Early Cretaceous and was accompanied by the rapid filling of two flanking subbasins with turbiditic sediments. In the latest Early Cretaceous and early Late Cretaceous, shallow marine and nonmarine conglomerates were deposited around the margins of the basin, and a prograding delta was built out from the southeast margin of the basin across the turbiditic subbasins and the remnant volcanic arc. In the Late Cretaceous, western Alaska was subjected to strong east-west compression which severely deformed both the Yukon-Koyukuk basin and the borderlands. Several widespread magmatic episodes in the mid- and Late Cretaceous and in early Tertiary transgress the basin boundaries and stitch together the accreted arc and oceanic terranes and the continental borderlands.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB11p15807","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Patton, W.W., and Box, S.E., 1989, Tectonic setting of the Yukon-Koyukuk basin and its borderlands, western Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B11, p. 15807-15820, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB11p15807.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"15807","endPage":"15820","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223962,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba47ce4b08c986b320389","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patton, W. W. Jr.","contributorId":11231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Box, S. E.","contributorId":38567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Box","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015060,"text":"70015060 - 1989 - Horizontal anisotropy of the principal ground-water flow zone in the Salinas alluvial fan, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-25T15:27:45","indexId":"70015060","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Horizontal anisotropy of the principal ground-water flow zone in the Salinas alluvial fan, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"Well drawdown data from an anisotropic aquifer in the Salinas alluvial fan were collected and analyzed with a computer program called TENSOR2D. The program uses ordinary and weighted least-squares optimization procedures to solve the system of simultaneous equations needed to define the theoretical transmissivity ellipse. Prediction of drawdown data was made by coupling the anisotropy ellipse with the Hantush modified leaky-confined or Theis model. Drawdown data predicted by using the theoretical directional diffusivity obtained with the weighted least-squared fit gave a more accurate representation of the actual drawdown data than when using the test-data directional diffusivity. -from Author
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1989.tb01969.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Quinones-Aponte, V., 1989, Horizontal anisotropy of the principal ground-water flow zone in the Salinas alluvial fan, Puerto Rico: Ground Water, v. 27, no. 4, p. 491-500, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1989.tb01969.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"491","endPage":"500","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224181,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a321ae4b0c8380cd5e514","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quinones-Aponte, V.","contributorId":89285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones-Aponte","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}