ABSTRACT: The relation between landscape characteristics and water chemistry on the Delmarva Peninsula can be determined through a principal-component analysis of basin characteristics. Two basin types were defined by factor scores: (1) well-drained basins, characterized by combinations of a low percentage of forest cover, a low percentage of poorly drained soil, and elevated channel slope; and (2) poorly drained basins, characterized by a combinations of an elevated percentage of forest cover, an elevated percentage of poorly drained soil, and low channel slopes. Results from base-flow sampling of 29 basins during spring 1991 indicate that water chemistry of the two basin types differ significantly. Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, potassium, alkalinity, chloride, and nitrate are elevated in well-drained basins, and specific conductance is elevated. Concentrations of aluminum, dissolved organic carbon, sodium, and silica are elevated in poorly drained basins whereas specific conductance is low. The chemical patterns found in well-drained basins can be attributed to the application of agricultural chemicals, and those in poorly drained basins can be attributed to ground-water flowpaths. These results indicate that basin types determined by a quantitative analysis of basin characteristics can be related statistically to differences in base-flow chemistry, and that the observed statistical differences can be related to major processes that affect water chemistry.
Five overlapping Landsat multispectral scanner satellite images of the interior of the West Antarctic ice sheet were enhanced with principal component analysis, high-pass filtering, and linear contrast stretching and merged into a mosaic by aligning surface features in the overlap areas. The mosaic was registered to geodetic coordinates, to an accuracy of about 1 km, using the five scene centers as control points. The onset of streaming flow of two tributaries of ice stream C and one tributary of ice stream D is visible in the mosaic. The onset appears to occur within a relatively short distance, less than the width of the ice stream, typically at a subglacial topographic feature, such as a step or ridge. The ice streams extend farther up into the interior than previously mapped. Ice stream D starts about 150 km from the ice divide, at an altitude of about 1500 m, approximately halfway up the convex-upward dome shape of the interior ice sheet. Ice stream D is relatively much longer than ice stream C, possibly because ice stream D is currently active, whereas ice stream C is currently inactive. The grounded portion of the West Antarctic ice sheet is perhaps best conceptualized as an ice sheet in which ice streams are embedded over most of its area, with slow-moving ice converging into fast-moving ice streams in a widely distributed pattern, much like that of streams and rivers in a hydrologic basin. A relic margin appears to parallel most of the south margin of the tributary of ice stream D, separated from the active shear margin by about 10 km or less for a distance of over 200 km. This means there is now evidence for recent changes having occurred in three of the five major ice streams which drain most of West Antarctica (B, C, and D), two of which (B and D) are currently active.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JC02961","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hodge, S.M., and Doppelhammer, S., 1996, Satellite imagery of the onset of streaming flow of ice streams C and D, West Antarctica: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 101, no. C3, p. 6669-6677, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC02961.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"6669","endPage":"6677","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227531,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"C3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-03-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b86dee4b08c986b31618b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hodge, S. M.","contributorId":94665,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hodge","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doppelhammer, S.K.","contributorId":28388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doppelhammer","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018692,"text":"70018692 - 1996 - Transverse dispersion of contaminants in fractured permeable formations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-22T11:11:30.263087","indexId":"70018692","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transverse dispersion of contaminants in fractured permeable formations","docAbstract":"Isotope tracer methods were used to determine flow paths, recharge areas, and relative age for groundwater in the Kilauea volcano area of the Island of Hawaii. A network of up to 66 precipitation collectors was emplaced in the study area and sampled twice yearly for a 3-year period. Stable isotopes in rainfall show three distinct isotopic gradients with elevation, which are correlated with trade wind, rain shadow, and highelevation climatological patterns. Temporal variations in precipitation isotopes are controlled more by the frequency of storms than by seasonal temperature fluctuations. Results from this study suggest that (1) sampling network design must take into account areal variations in rainfall patterns on islands and in continental coastal areas and (2) isotope/elevation gradients on other tropical islands may be predictable on the basis of similar climatology. Groundwater was sampled yearly in coastal springs, wells, and a few high-elevation springs. Areal contrasts in groundwater stable isotopes and tritium indicate that the volcanic rift zones compartmentalize the regional groundwater system, isolating the groundwater south of Kilauea's summit and rift zones. Part of the Southwest Rift Zone appears to act as a conduit for water from higher elevation, but there is no evidence for downrift flow in the springs and shallow wells sampled in the lower East Rift Zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR02837","usgsCitation":"Scholl, M.A., Ingebritsen, S.E., Janik, C.J., and Kauahikaua, J.P., 1996, Use of precipitation and groundwater isotopes to interpret regional hydrology on a tropical volcanic island: Kilauea volcano area, Hawaii: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 12, p. 3525-3537, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR02837.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"3525","endPage":"3537","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227578,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf5be4b08c986b329aee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scholl, M. A.","contributorId":86365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ingebritsen, S. E.","contributorId":8078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingebritsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Janik, C. J.","contributorId":10795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janik","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kauahikaua, J. P.","contributorId":69992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018698,"text":"70018698 - 1996 - Solution of the advection-dispersion equation: Continuous load of finite duration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T09:40:34","indexId":"70018698","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2255,"text":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Solution of the advection-dispersion equation: Continuous load of finite duration","docAbstract":"Field studies of solute fate and transport in streams and rivers often involve an. experimental release of solutes at an upstream boundary for a finite period of time. A review of several standard references on surface-water-quality modeling indicates that the analytical solution to the constant-parameter advection-dispersion equation for this type of boundary condition has been generally overlooked. Here an exact analytical solution that considers a continuous load of unite duration is compared to an approximate analytical solution presented elsewhere. Results indicate that the exact analytical solution should be used for verification of numerical solutions and other solute-transport problems wherein a high level of accuracy is required.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1996)122:9(830)","issn":"07339372","usgsCitation":"Runkel, R., 1996, Solution of the advection-dispersion equation: Continuous load of finite duration: Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 122, no. 9, p. 830-832, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1996)122:9(830).","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"830","endPage":"832","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227661,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9259e4b08c986b319e71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runkel, R.L.","contributorId":97529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018738,"text":"70018738 - 1996 - Copper speciation and binding by organic matter in copper-contaminated streamwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T09:18:13","indexId":"70018738","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Copper speciation and binding by organic matter in copper-contaminated streamwater","docAbstract":"Fulvic acid binding sites (1.3−70 μM) and EDTA (0.0017−0.18 μM) accounted for organically bound Cu in seven stream samples measured by potentiometric titration. Cu was 84−99% organically bound in filtrates with 200 nM total Cu. Binding of Cu by EDTA was limited by competition from other trace metals. Water hardness was inversely related to properties of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) that enhance fulvic acid binding: DOC concentration, percentage of DOC that is fulvic acid, and binding sites per fulvic acid carbon. Dissolved trace metals, stabilized by organic binding, occurred at increased concentration in soft water as compared to hard water.
Incubation of anoxic salt marsh sediment slurries with 10 mM As(V) resulted in the disappearance over time of the As(V) in conjunction with its recovery as As(III). No As(V) reduction to As(III) occurred in heat- sterilized or formalin-killed controls or in live sediments incubated in air. The rate of As(V) reduction in slurries was enhanced by addition of the electron donor lactate, H2, or glucose, whereas the respiratory inhibitor/uncoupler dinitrophenol, rotenone, or 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide blocked As(V) reduction. As(V) reduction was also inhibited by tungstate but not by molybdate, sulfate, or phosphate. Nitrate inhibited As(V) reduction by its action as a preferred respiratory electron acceptor rather than as a structural analog of As(V). Nitrate-respiring sediments could reduce As(V) to As(III) once all the nitrate was removed. Chloramphenicol blocked the reduction of As(V) to As(III) in nitrate- respiring sediments, suggesting that nitrate and arsenate were reduced by separate enzyme systems. Oxidation of [2-14C]acetate to 14CO2 by salt marsh and freshwater sediments was coupled to As(V). Collectively, these results show that reduction of As(V) in sediments proceeds by a dissimilatory process. Bacterial sulfate reduction was completely inhibited by As(V) as well as by As(III).
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.62.5.1664-1669.1996","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Dowdle, P., Laverman, A., and Oremland, R., 1996, Bacterial dissimilatory reduction of arsenic(V) to arsenic(III) in anoxic sediments: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 62, no. 5, p. 1664-1669, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.62.5.1664-1669.1996.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1664","endPage":"1669","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479063,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.62.5.1664-1669.1996","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227625,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","city":"Palo Alto","otherGeospatial":"Lahontan Reservoir, San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.18074022293001,\n 37.486952872013276\n ],\n [\n -122.12718187332061,\n 37.45098427129997\n ],\n [\n -122.08289323806696,\n 37.413634924164086\n ],\n [\n -122.03860460281297,\n 37.42372381099733\n ],\n [\n -122.04890428543015,\n 37.46542828886591\n ],\n [\n -122.08289323806696,\n 37.50356887782067\n ],\n [\n -122.0942228889459,\n 37.518547352838866\n ],\n [\n -122.10383592605513,\n 37.533250567381344\n ],\n [\n -122.18074022293001,\n 37.486952872013276\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.1345078593209,\n 39.32525855997096\n ],\n [\n -119.09021922406694,\n 39.34384676341648\n ],\n [\n -119.08472606000439,\n 39.36349177591711\n ],\n [\n -119.11013194379368,\n 39.36561523018946\n ],\n [\n -119.1726166850044,\n 39.39003031367665\n ],\n [\n -119.16437693891072,\n 39.39878581707654\n ],\n [\n -119.10086222943792,\n 39.39507149528393\n ],\n [\n -119.08369609174261,\n 39.408070756315965\n ],\n [\n -119.08438273725056,\n 39.41815014789276\n ],\n [\n -119.06447001752414,\n 39.43247098706226\n ],\n [\n -119.05485698041457,\n 39.431940638090424\n ],\n [\n -119.03975077924278,\n 39.4401605934836\n ],\n [\n -119.06755992230907,\n 39.46879028124664\n ],\n [\n -119.08026286420355,\n 39.46269420482139\n ],\n [\n -119.08781596478963,\n 39.45076555431987\n ],\n [\n -119.09742900189886,\n 39.44069087987978\n ],\n [\n -119.11768504437941,\n 39.41443685737025\n ],\n [\n -119.14961406049272,\n 39.41761968992745\n ],\n [\n -119.18497630414507,\n 39.427697700988375\n ],\n [\n -119.2090088969185,\n 39.41815014789276\n ],\n [\n -119.21003886518025,\n 39.40992759583173\n ],\n [\n -119.19939585980926,\n 39.40249994110201\n ],\n [\n -119.19973918256308,\n 39.39719398909571\n ],\n [\n -119.21690532025838,\n 39.3879076019268\n ],\n [\n -119.196305955024,\n 39.374108401648016\n ],\n [\n -119.18016978559046,\n 39.35924467368929\n ],\n [\n -119.16437693891072,\n 39.365349801935935\n ],\n [\n -119.15442057904733,\n 39.364022645537716\n ],\n [\n -119.14171763715285,\n 39.3542009043891\n ],\n [\n -119.14824076947716,\n 39.34278471349546\n ],\n [\n -119.1345078593209,\n 39.32525855997096\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ef9ee4b0c8380cd4a362","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dowdle, P.R.","contributorId":77678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowdle","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laverman, A.M.","contributorId":8238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laverman","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oremland, R.S.","contributorId":97512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018760,"text":"70018760 - 1996 - Identification of a new sulfonic acid metabolite of metolachlor in soil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-19T06:14:03","indexId":"70018760","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of a new sulfonic acid metabolite of metolachlor in soil","docAbstract":"An ethanesulfonic acid metabolite of metolachlor (metolachlor ESA) was identified in soil-sample extracts by negative-ion, fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) and FAB tandem mass spectrometry (FAB-MS/MS). Production fragments from MS/MS analysis of the deprotonated molecular ion of metolachlor ESA in the soil extract can be reconciled with the structure of the synthesized standard. The elemental compositions of the (M - H)- ions of the metolachlor ESA standard and the soil-sample extracts were confirmed by high-resolution mass spectrometry. A dissipation study revealed that metolachlor ESA is formed in soil under field conditions corresponding to a decrease in the concentration of the parent herbicide, metolachlor. The identification of the sulfonated metabolite of metolachlor suggests that the glutathione conjugation pathway is a common detoxification pathway shared by chloroacetanilide herbicides.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es9503600","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Aga, D., Thurman, E., Yockel, M., Zimmerman, L., and Williams, T., 1996, Identification of a new sulfonic acid metabolite of metolachlor in soil: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 30, no. 2, p. 592-597, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9503600.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"592","endPage":"597","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205847,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9503600"}],"volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-01-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a381fe4b0c8380cd6144e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aga, D.S.","contributorId":18521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aga","given":"D.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yockel, M.E.","contributorId":72943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yockel","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zimmerman, L.R.","contributorId":28624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Williams, T.D.","contributorId":53968,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6953,"text":"Monterey Bay Aquarium","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":380676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018769,"text":"70018769 - 1996 - Processes affecting the fate of monoaromatic hydrocarbons in an aquifer contaminated by crude oil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T09:54:36","indexId":"70018769","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Processes affecting the fate of monoaromatic hydrocarbons in an aquifer contaminated by crude oil","docAbstract":"Crude oil spilled from a subsurface pipeline in north-central Minnesota has dissolved in the groundwater, resulting in the formation of a plume of aliphatic, aromatic, and alicyclic hydrocarbons. Comparison of paired oil and groundwater samples collected along the central axis of the residual oil body shows that the trailing edge of the oil is depleted in the more soluble aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, toluene, etc.) when compared with the leading edge. At the same time, concentrations of monoaromatic hydrocarbons in groundwater beneath the oil increase as the water moves toward the leading edge of the oil. Immediately downgradient from the leading edge of the oil body, certain aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene) are found at concentrations near those expected of a system at equilibrium, and the concentrations exhibit little variation over time (???8-20%). Other compounds (e.g., toluene) appear to be undersaturated, and their concentrations show considerably more temporal variation (???20-130%). The former are persistent within the anoxic zone downgradient from the oil, whereas concentrations of the latter decrease rapidly. Together, these observations suggest that the volatile hydrocarbon composition of the anoxic groundwater near the oil body is controlled by a balance between dissolution and removal rates with only the most persistent compounds reaching saturation. Examination of the distributions of homologous series and isomeric assemblages of alkylbenzenes reveals that microbial degradation is the dominant process controlling the fate of these compounds once groundwater moves away from the oil. For all but the most persistent compounds, the distal boundary of the plume at the water table extends no more than 10-15 m down-gradient from the oxic/anoxic transition zone. Thus, transport of the monoaromatic hydrocarbons is limited by redox conditions that are tightly coupled to biological degradation processes.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es960073b","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Eganhouse, R., Dorsey, T., Phinney, C., and Westcott, A., 1996, Processes affecting the fate of monoaromatic hydrocarbons in an aquifer contaminated by crude oil: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 30, no. 11, p. 3304-3312, https://doi.org/10.1021/es960073b.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"3304","endPage":"3312","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227270,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205881,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es960073b"}],"volume":"30","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-10-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8da9e4b0c8380cd7ed5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eganhouse, R.P.","contributorId":67555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eganhouse","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dorsey, T.F.","contributorId":34278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorsey","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Phinney, C.S.","contributorId":50302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phinney","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Westcott, A.M.","contributorId":37484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westcott","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018779,"text":"70018779 - 1996 - Little Ice Age evidence from a south-central North American ice core, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-19T06:00:22","indexId":"70018779","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":898,"text":"Arctic and Alpine Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Little Ice Age evidence from a south-central North American ice core, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"In the past, ice-core records from mid-latitude glaciers in alpine areas of the continental United States were considered to be poor candidates for paleoclimate records because of the influence of meltwater on isotopic stratigraphy. To evaluate the existence of reliable paleoclimatic records, a 160-m ice core, containing about 250 yr of record was obtained from Upper Fremont Glacier, at an altitude of 4000 m in the Wind River Range of south-central North America. The δ18O (SMOW) profile from the core shows a -0.95‰ shift to lighter values in the interval from 101.8 to 150 m below the surface, corresponding to the latter part of the Little Ice Age (LIA). Numerous high-amplitude oscillations in the section of the core from 101.8 to 150 m cannot be explained by site-specific lateral variability and probably reflect increased seasonality or better preservation of annual signals as a result of prolonged cooler temperatures that existed in this alpine setting. An abrupt decrease in these large amplitude oscillations at the 101.8-m depth suggests a sudden termination of this period of lower temperatures which generally coincides with the termination of the LIA. Three common features in the δ18O profiles between Upper Fremont Glacier and the better dated Quelccaya Ice Cap cores indicate a global paleoclimate linkage, further supporting the first documented occurrence of the LIA in an ice-core record from a temperate glacier in south-central North America.
","language":"English","publisher":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","doi":"10.2307/1552083","issn":"00040851","usgsCitation":"Naftz, D.L., Klusman, R., Michel, R.L., Schuster, P., Ready, M., Taylor, H.E., Yanosky, T., and McConnaughey, E., 1996, Little Ice Age evidence from a south-central North American ice core, U.S.A.: Arctic and Alpine Research, v. 28, no. 1, p. 35-41, https://doi.org/10.2307/1552083.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"41","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227402,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Upper Fremont Glacier, Wind River Range","volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a48b1e4b0c8380cd68066","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naftz, D. L.","contributorId":40624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klusman, R.W.","contributorId":93108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klusman","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Michel, R. L.","contributorId":86375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schuster, P. F.","contributorId":30197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"P. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ready, M.M.","contributorId":63968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ready","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":380733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Yanosky, T.M.","contributorId":42263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yanosky","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McConnaughey, E.A.","contributorId":97265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McConnaughey","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70018781,"text":"70018781 - 1996 - Localized alteration of the paintbrush nonwelded hydrologic unit within the exploratory studies facility","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:26","indexId":"70018781","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Localized alteration of the paintbrush nonwelded hydrologic unit within the exploratory studies facility","docAbstract":"The mound-like feature in the lower part of the PTn, composed of highly disrupted strata and open-system alteration were the result of intense water-rock interaction. This feature was formed by fumarolic activity during cooling of the 12.8 Ma Topopah Spring Tuff and prior to deposition of the pre-Pah Canyon bedded tuff. Evidence of vapor phase crystallization, commonly observed in fumaroles, is not pervasive but may have been destroyed by subsequent low-temperature water-rock interaction. The ESF has provided a unique opportunity to view the internal morphology and to sample the compositional variability of this feature, however, outcrop and borehole studies suggest that such localized occurrences of alterative are not uncommon phenomenon within the PTn Hydrology Unit.","largerWorkTitle":"High Level Radioactive Waste Management - Proceedings of the Annual International Conference","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1996 7th Annual International Conference on High Radioactive Waste Management","conferenceDate":"29 April 1996 through 3 May 1996","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, NV, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","usgsCitation":"Peterman, Z.E., Spengler, R., Singer, F., and Beason, S., 1996, Localized alteration of the paintbrush nonwelded hydrologic unit within the exploratory studies facility, in High Level Radioactive Waste Management - Proceedings of the Annual International Conference, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 29 April 1996 through 3 May 1996, p. 46-47.","startPage":"46","endPage":"47","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227446,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a48f1e4b0c8380cd68252","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterman, Z. E.","contributorId":63781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Z.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spengler, R.W.","contributorId":7281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spengler","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Singer, F.R.","contributorId":89559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"F.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Beason, S.C.","contributorId":56813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beason","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018782,"text":"70018782 - 1996 - Simulation of phosphate transport in sewage-contaminated groundwater, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T08:40:17","indexId":"70018782","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of phosphate transport in sewage-contaminated groundwater, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Sewage-contaminated groundwater currently discharges to Ashumet Pond, located on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Phosphate concentrations as high as 60 μmol l−1 have been measured in groundwater entering Ashumet Pond, and there is concern that the rate of eutrophication could increase. Phosphate in the sewage plume is sorbed by aquifer sediment; the amount is a function of phosphate concentration and pH. A nonelectrostatic surface-complexation model coupled with a one-dimensional solute-transport code was used to simulate sorption and desorption of phosphate in laboratory column experiments. The model simulated sorption of phosphate reasonably well, although the slow rate of approach to complete breakthrough indicated a nonequilibrium process that was not accounted for in the solute-transport model. The rate of phosphate desorption in the column experiments was relatively slow. Phosphate could still be measured in effluent after 160 pore volumes of uncontaminated groundwater had been flushed through the columns. Desorption was partly a function of the slowly decreasing pH in the columns and could be modeled quantitatively. Disposal of sewage at this site is scheduled to stop in 1995; however, a large reservoir of sorbed phosphate exists on aquifer sediment upgradient from Ashumet Pond. Computer simulations predict that desorption of phosphate could result in contamination of Ashumet Pond for decades.
The distribution and fate of chlorinated pesticides, biomarkers, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial sediments along a contamination gradient in the Lauritzen Canal and Richmond Harbor in San Francisco Bay was investigated. Compounds were identified and quantified using gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry. Biomarkers and PAHs were derived primarily from weathered petroleum. DDT was reductively dechlorinated under anoxic conditions to DDD and several minor degradation products, DDMU, DDMS, and DDNU. Under aerobic conditions, DDT was dehydrochlorinated to DDE and DBP. Aerobic degradation of DDT was diminished or inhibited in zones of high concentration, and increased significantly in zones of lower concentration: Other chlorinated pesticides identified in sediment included dieldrin and chlordane isomers. Multivariate analysis of the distributions of the DDTs suggested that there are probably two sources of DDD. In addition, DDE and DDMU are probably formed by similar mechanisms, i.e. dehydrochlorination. A steep concentration gradient existed from the Canal to the Outer Richmond Harbor, but higher levels of DDD than those found in the remainder of the Bay indicated that these contaminants are transported on particulates and colloidal organic matter from this source into San Francisco Bay. Chlorinated pesticides and PAHs may pose a potential problem to biota in San Francisco Bay.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0141-1136(95)00021-6","issn":"01411136","usgsCitation":"Pereira, W.E., Hostettler, F., and Rapp, J.B., 1996, Distributions and fate of chlorinated pesticides, biomarkers and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments along a contamination gradient from a point-source in San Francisco Bay, California: Marine Environmental Research, v. 41, no. 3, p. 299-314, https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-1136(95)00021-6.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"314","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205958,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-1136(95)00021-6"}],"volume":"41","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0328e4b0c8380cd5037f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pereira, W. E.","contributorId":46981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pereira","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hostettler, F. D.","contributorId":99563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"F. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rapp, J. B.","contributorId":28987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018808,"text":"70018808 - 1996 - Acetochlor in the hydrologic system in the midwestern United States, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-19T06:23:01","indexId":"70018808","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acetochlor in the hydrologic system in the midwestern United States, 1994","docAbstract":"The herbicide acetochlor [2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)acetamide] was given conditional registration in the United States by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in March 1994. This registration provided a rare opportunity to investigate the occurrence of a pesticide during its first season of extensive use in the midwestern United States. Water samples collected and analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey during 1994 documented the distribution of acetochlor in the hydrologic system; it was detected in 29% of the rain samples from four sites in Iowa, 17% of the stream samples from 51 sites across nine states, and 0% of the groundwater samples from 38 wells across eight states. Acetochlor exhibited concentration increases in rain and streams following its application to corn in the midwestern United States, with 75% of the rainwater and 35% of the stream samples having acetochlor detected during this time period. Acetochlor concentrations in rain decreased as the growing season progressed. Based on the limited data collected for this study, it is anticipated that acetochlor concentrations will have a seasonal pattern in rain and streams similar to those of other acetanilide herbicides examined. Possible explanations for the absence of acetochlor in groundwater for this study include the rapid degradation of acetochlor in the soil zone, insufficient time for this first extensive use of acetochlor to have reached the aquifers sampled, and the possible lack of acetochlor use in the recharge areas for the wells examined.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es9503241","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Kolpin, D., Nations, B., Goolsby, D.A., and Thurman, E., 1996, Acetochlor in the hydrologic system in the midwestern United States, 1994: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 30, no. 5, p. 1459-1464, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9503241.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1459","endPage":"1464","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205840,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9503241"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n 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B.K.","contributorId":67667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nations","given":"B.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018834,"text":"70018834 - 1996 - Occurrence of selected pesticides and their metabolites in near-surface aquifers of the midwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-19T06:27:59","indexId":"70018834","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence of selected pesticides and their metabolites in near-surface aquifers of the midwestern United States","docAbstract":"The occurrence and distribution of selected pesticides and their metabolites were investigated through the collection of 837 water-quality samples from 303 wells across the Midwest. Results of this study showed that five of the six most frequently detected compounds were pesticide metabolites. Thus, it was common for a metabolite to be found more frequently in groundwater than its parent compound. The metabolite alachlor ethanesulfonic acid (alachlor-ESA; 2-[(2,6-diethylphenyl)(methoxymethyl)amino]-2-oxoethanesulfonic acid) was detected almost 10 times as frequently and at much higher concentrations than its parent compound alachlor (2-chloro-2‘,6‘-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide). The median detectable atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6- isopropylamino-s-triazine) concentration was almost half that of atrazine residue (atrazine plus the two atrazine metabolites analyzed). Cyanazine amide [2-chloro-4-(1-carbamoyl-1-methylethylamino)-6-ethylamino-s-triazine] was detected almost twice as frequently as cyanazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-methylpropionitrileamino-s-triazine). Results show that information on pesticide metabolites is necessary to understand the environmental fate of pesticides. Consequently, if pesticide metabolites are not quantified, the effects of chemical use on groundwater quality would be substantially underestimated. Thus, continued research is needed to identify major degradation pathways for all pesticides and to develop analytical methods to determine their concentrations in water and other environmental media.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es950462q","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Kolpin, D., Michael, T.E., and Goolsby, D.A., 1996, Occurrence of selected pesticides and their metabolites in near-surface aquifers of the midwestern United States: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 30, no. 1, p. 335-340, https://doi.org/10.1021/es950462q.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"335","endPage":"340","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226662,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205767,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es950462q"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", 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D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michael, Thurman E.","contributorId":86116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"Thurman","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018889,"text":"70018889 - 1996 - Reactive solute transport in an acidic stream: Experimental pH increase and simulation of controls on pH, aluminum, and iron","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T09:13:36","indexId":"70018889","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reactive solute transport in an acidic stream: Experimental pH increase and simulation of controls on pH, aluminum, and iron","docAbstract":"Solute transport simulations quantitatively constrained hydrologic and geochemical hypotheses about field observations of a pH modification in an acid mine drainage stream. Carbonate chemistry, the formation of solid phases, and buffering interactions with the stream bed were important factors in explaining the behavior of pH, aluminum, and iron. The precipitation of microcrystalline gibbsite accounted for the behavior of aluminum; precipitation of Fe(OH)3 explained the general pattern of iron solubility. The dynamic experiment revealed limitations on assumptions that reactions were controlled only by equilibrium chemistry. Temporal variation in relative rates of photoreduction and oxidation influenced iron behavior. Kinetic limitations on ferrous iron oxidation and hydrous oxide precipitation and the effects of these limitations on field filtration were evident. Kinetic restraints also characterized interaction between the water column and the stream bed, including sorption and desorption of protons from iron oxides at the sediment-water interface and post-injection dissolution of the precipitated aluminum solid phase.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es960055u","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Broshears, R.E., Runkel, R., Kimball, B.A., McKnight, D.M., and Bencala, K., 1996, Reactive solute transport in an acidic stream: Experimental pH increase and simulation of controls on pH, aluminum, and iron: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 30, no. 10, p. 3016-3024, https://doi.org/10.1021/es960055u.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"3016","endPage":"3024","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":205776,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es960055u"},{"id":226711,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-09-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9586e4b0c8380cd81a87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Broshears, R. E.","contributorId":75552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broshears","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runkel, R.L.","contributorId":97529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kimball, B. A.","contributorId":87583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kimball","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":381027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bencala, K.E.","contributorId":105312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018913,"text":"70018913 - 1996 - Properties and variability of soil and trench fill at an arid waste-burial site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-14T07:42:56","indexId":"70018913","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Properties and variability of soil and trench fill at an arid waste-burial site","docAbstract":"Arid sites commonly are assumed to be ideal for long-term isolation of wastes. Information on properties and variability of desert soils is limited, however, and little is known about how the natural site environment is altered by installation of a waste facility. During fall construction of two test trenches next to the waste facility on the Amargosa Desert near Beatty, NV, samples were collected to: (i) characterize physical and hydraulic properties of native soil (upper 5 m) and trench fill, (ii) determine effects of trench construction on selected properties and vertical variability of these properties, and (iii) develop conceptual models of vertical variation within the soil profile and trench fill. Water retention was measured to air dryness (ψ = 2 × 106 cm water suction). The 15 300-cm pressure-plate data were omitted from the analysis because water-activity measurements showed the actual suction values were significantly less than the expected 15 300-cm value (avg. difference = 8550 ± 2460 cm water). Trench construction significantly altered properties and variability of the natural site environment. For example, water content ranged from 0.029 to 0.041 m3 m-3 for fill vs. 0.030 to 0.095 m3 m-3 for soil; saturated hydraulic conductivity was ≈ 10-4 cm s-1 for fill vs. 10-2 to ≈ 10-4 cm s-1 for soil. Statistical analyses showed that the native soil may be represented by three major horizontal components and the fill by a single component. Under initial conditions, calculated liquid conductivity (Kl) plus isothermal vapor conductivity (Kv) for the upper two soil layers and the trench fill was ≈ 10-13 cm s-1, and Kl was ≤ Kv. For the deeper (2–5 m) soil, total conductivity was ≈ 10-10 cm s-1, and Kl was >Kv. This study quantitatively describes hydraulic characteristics of a site using data measured across a water-content range that is representative of arid conditions, but is seldom studied.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000010011x","usgsCitation":"Andraski, B.J., 1996, Properties and variability of soil and trench fill at an arid waste-burial site: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 60, no. 1, p. 54-66, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000010011x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"54","endPage":"66","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226264,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8f21e4b0c8380cd7f5c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andraski, Brian J. 0000-0002-2086-0417 andraski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-0417","contributorId":168800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andraski","given":"Brian","email":"andraski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":381087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018967,"text":"70018967 - 1996 - Integrated borehole logging methods for wellhead protection applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-04T20:08:56","indexId":"70018967","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrated borehole logging methods for wellhead protection applications","docAbstract":"Modeling of ground water infiltration and movement in the wellhead area is a critical part of an effective wellhead protection program. Such models depend on an accurate description of the aquifer in the wellhead area so that reliable estimates of contaminant travel times can be used in defining a protection area. Geophysical and hydraulic measurements in boreholes provide one of the most important methods for obtaining the data needed to specify wellhead protection measures. Most effective characterization of aquifers in the wellhead vicinity results when a variety of geophysical and hydraulic measurements are made where geophysical measurements can be calibrated in terms of hydraulic variables, and where measurements are made at somewhat different scales of investigation. The application of multiple geophysical measurements to ground water flow in the wellhead area is illustrated by examples in alluvial, fractured sedimentary, and fractured crystalline rock aquifers. Data obtained from a single test well are useful, but cannot indicate how conductive elements in the aquifer are connected to form large-scale flow paths. Geophysical and hydraulic measurements made in arrays of observation boreholes can provide information about such large-scale flow paths, and are especially useful in specifying aquifer properties in wellhead protection studies.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0013-7952(95)00077-1","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., and Pedler, W., 1996, Integrated borehole logging methods for wellhead protection applications: Engineering Geology, v. 42, no. 2-3, p. 155-165, https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(95)00077-1.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"165","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226396,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c5de4b0c8380cd62ca7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pedler, W.H.","contributorId":26456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pedler","given":"W.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018978,"text":"70018978 - 1996 - Inferring shallow groundwater flow in saprolite and fractured rock using environmental tracers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-07T13:01:37","indexId":"70018978","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inferring shallow groundwater flow in saprolite and fractured rock using environmental tracers","docAbstract":"The Ridge and Valley Province of eastern Tennessee is characterized by (1) substantial topographic relief, (2) folded and highly fractured rocks of various lithologies that have low primary permeability and porosity, and (3) a shallow residuum of medium permeability and high total porosity. Conceptual models of shallow groundwater flow and solute transport in this system have been developed but are difficult to evaluate using physical characterization or short‐term tracer methods due to extreme spatial variability in hydraulic properties. In this paper we describe how chlorofluorocarbon 12, 3H, and 3He were used to infer groundwater flow and solute transport in saprolite and fractured rock near Oak Ridge, Tennessee. In the shallow residuum, fracture spacings are <0.05 m, suggesting that concentrations of these tracers in fractures and in the matrix have time to diffusionally equilibrate. The relatively smooth nature of tracer concentrations with depth in the residuum is consistent with this model and quantitatively suggests recharge fluxes of 0.2 to 0.4 m yr−1. In contrast, groundwater flow within the unweathered rock appears to be controlled by fractures with spacings of the order of 2 to 5 m, and diffusional equilibration of fractures and matrix has not occurred. For this reason, vertical fluid fluxes in the unweathered rock cannot be estimated from the tracer data.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96WR00354","usgsCitation":"Cook, P., Solomon, D.K., Sanford, W., Busenberg, E., Plummer, N., and Poreda, R., 1996, Inferring shallow groundwater flow in saprolite and fractured rock using environmental tracers: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 6, p. 1501-1509, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR00354.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1501","endPage":"1509","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226531,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3aebe4b0c8380cd620a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cook, P.G.","contributorId":103807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Solomon, D. K.","contributorId":98324,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Solomon","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sanford, W. E. 0000-0002-6624-0280","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-0280","contributorId":102112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"W. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Busenberg, E.","contributorId":56796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":381262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Poreda, R.J.","contributorId":97138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poreda","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70019006,"text":"70019006 - 1996 - Evaluating the reliability of the stream tracer approach to characterize stream-subsurface water exchange","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T08:38:17","indexId":"70019006","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating the reliability of the stream tracer approach to characterize stream-subsurface water exchange","docAbstract":"Stream water was locally recharged into shallow groundwater flow paths that returned to the stream (hyporheic exchange) in St. Kevin Gulch, a Rocky Mountain stream in Colorado contaminated by acid mine drainage. Two approaches were used to characterize hyporheic exchange: sub-reach-scale measurement of hydraulic heads and hydraulic conductivity to compute streambed fluxes (hydrometric approach) and reachscale modeling of in-stream solute tracer injections to determine characteristic length and timescales of exchange with storage zones (stream tracer approach). Subsurface data were the standard of comparison used to evaluate the reliability of the stream tracer approach to characterize hyporheic exchange. The reach-averaged hyporheic exchange flux (1.5 mL s−1 m−1), determined by hydrometric methods, was largest when stream base flow was low (10 L s−1); hyporheic exchange persisted when base flow was 10-fold higher, decreasing by approximately 30%. Reliability of the stream tracer approach to detect hyporheic exchange was assessed using first-order uncertainty analysis that considered model parameter sensitivity. The stream tracer approach did not reliably characterize hyporheic exchange at high base flow: the model was apparently more sensitive to exchange with surface water storage zones than with the hyporheic zone. At low base flow the stream tracer approach reliably characterized exchange between the stream and gravel streambed (timescale of hours) but was relatively insensitive to slower exchange with deeper alluvium (timescale of tens of hours) that was detected by subsurface measurements. The stream tracer approach was therefore not equally sensitive to all timescales of hyporheic exchange. We conclude that while the stream tracer approach is an efficient means to characterize surface-subsurface exchange, future studies will need to more routinely consider decreasing sensitivities of tracer methods at higher base flow and a potential bias toward characterizing only a fast component of hyporheic exchange. Stream tracer models with multiple rate constants to consider both fast exchange with streambed gravel and slower exchange with deeper alluvium appear to be warranted.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96WR01268","usgsCitation":"Harvey, J.W., Wagner, B.J., and Bencala, K.E., 1996, Evaluating the reliability of the stream tracer approach to characterize stream-subsurface water exchange: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 8, p. 2441-2451, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR01268.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2441","endPage":"2451","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226356,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bfee4b0c8380cd529b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, Judson W. 0000-0002-2654-9873 jwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":1796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Judson","email":"jwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":381375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wagner, Brian J. bjwagner@usgs.gov","contributorId":427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"Brian","email":"bjwagner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":381374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":381376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019017,"text":"70019017 - 1996 - Episodic acidification of a coastal plain stream in Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:14","indexId":"70019017","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Episodic acidification of a coastal plain stream in Virginia","docAbstract":"This study investigates the episodic acidification of Reedy Creek, a wetland-influenced coastal plain stream near Richmond, Virginia. Primary objectives of the study were to quantify the episodic variability of acid- base chemistry in Reedy Creek, to examine the seasonal variability in episodic response and to explain the hydrological and geochemical factors that contribute to episodic acidification. Chemical response was similar in each of the seven storms examined, however, the ranges in concentrations observed were commonly greater in summer/fall storms than in winter/spring storms. An increase in SO4/2- concentration with discharge was observed during all storms and peak concentration occurred at or near peak flow. Small increases in Mg2+, Ca2+, K+ concentrations and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were observed during most storms. At the same time, ANC, Na+ and Cl- concentrations usually decreased with increasing discharge. In summer/fall storms, the absolute increase in SO4/2- concentration was one-third to 15 times the increase observed in winter/spring storms; the decrease in ANC during summer/fall storms was usually within the range of the decrease observed in winter/spring storms. In contrast, the decrease in Na+ and Cl- concentrations during winter/spring storms was much greater than that observed during summer/fall storms. Data show that while base flow anion deficit was higher in summer/fall than in winter/spring, anion deficit decreased during most summer/fall storms. In contrast, base flow anion deficit was lower in spring and winter, but increased during winter/spring storms. Increased SO4/2- concentration was the main cause of episodic acidification during storms at Reedy Creek, but increased anion deficit indicates organic acids may contribute to episodic acidification during winter/spring storms. Changes in SO4/2- concentration coincident with the hydrograph rise indicate quick routing of water through the watershed. Saturation overland flow appears to be the likely mechanism by which solutes are transported to the stream during storm flow.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/BF00171638","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"O’Brien, A.K., and Eshleman, K., 1996, Episodic acidification of a coastal plain stream in Virginia: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 89, no. 3-4, p. 291-316, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00171638.","startPage":"291","endPage":"316","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205743,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00171638"},{"id":226532,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a0de4b0c8380cd52195","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Brien, A. K.","contributorId":8141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eshleman, K.N.","contributorId":12632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eshleman","given":"K.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018687,"text":"70018687 - 1996 - Use of 2D and 3D GIS in well selection and interpretation of nitrate data, central Nebraska, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:26","indexId":"70018687","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":825,"text":"Application of geographic information systems in hydrology and water resources management. Proc. HydroGIS'96 conference, Vienna, 1996","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of 2D and 3D GIS in well selection and interpretation of nitrate data, central Nebraska, USA","docAbstract":"Nonpoint-source contamination of the principal aquifers in an area of central Nebraska was evaluated utilizing aquifer condition, well depth, soil type, and physiographical and land use settings. A two-dimensional geographical information system linked with a three-dimensional geological visualization and analytical program was used in the random selection of acceptable wells for the monitoring of nitrate concentrations in groundwater. Locations of existing wells were superimposed on the three-dimensional geological block diagram and more than 200 wells randomly were selected for monitoring. The three-dimensional system also was used to show three-dimensional contours of nitrate concentrations. The two-dimensional geographical information system was used in comparing nitrate concentrations in differing physiographical, soil, and land use settings.Nonpoint-source contamination of the principal aquifers in a 7800 km2 area of central Nebraska was evaluated utilizing aquifer condition, well depth, soil type, and physiographical and land use settings. A two-dimensional geographical information system linked with a three-dimensional geological visualization and analytical program was used in the random selection of acceptable wells for the monitoring of nitrate concentrations in groundwater. Locations of existing wells were super-imposed on the three-dimensional geological block diagram and more than 200 wells randomly were selected for monitoring. The three-dimensional system also was used to show three-dimensional contours of nitrate concentrations that can be used interactively to determine the volumetric percentage of an aquifer that contains nitrate concentrations exceeding a specified threshold. The two-dimensional geographical information system was used in comparing nitrate concentrations in differing physiographical, soil, and land use settings. Preliminary results suggest that approximately 6% (volumetric) of water in the High Plains aquifer has nitrate concentrations above the US Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Level of 10 mg-1 as N.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Application of geographic information systems in hydrology and water resources management. Proc. HydroGIS'96 conference, Vienna, 1996","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the HydroGIS'96 Conference","conferenceDate":"16 April 1996 through 19 April 1996","conferenceLocation":"Vienna, Austria","language":"English","publisher":"IAHS; Publication","publisherLocation":"235, Wallingford, United Kingdom","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"Verstraeten, I., McGuire, V., and Battaglin, W., 1996, Use of 2D and 3D GIS in well selection and interpretation of nitrate data, central Nebraska, USA: Application of geographic information systems in hydrology and water resources management. Proc. HydroGIS'96 conference, Vienna, 1996, no. 235, p. 585-591.","startPage":"585","endPage":"591","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227488,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"235","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbe57e4b08c986b32953b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kovar K.Nachtnebel H.P.","contributorId":128445,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Kovar K.Nachtnebel H.P.","id":536431,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Verstraeten, Ingrid M.","contributorId":61033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verstraeten","given":"Ingrid M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGuire, V. L. 0000-0002-3962-4158","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3962-4158","contributorId":94702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"V. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018672,"text":"70018672 - 1996 - Using remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate discharge and recharge fluxes for the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70018672","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":825,"text":"Application of geographic information systems in hydrology and water resources management. Proc. HydroGIS'96 conference, Vienna, 1996","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate discharge and recharge fluxes for the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system, USA","docAbstract":"The recharge and discharge components of the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system were defined by techniques that integrated disparate data types to develop a spatially complex representation of near-surface hydrological processes. Image classification methods were applied to multispectral satellite data to produce a vegetation map. The vegetation map was combined with ancillary data in a GIS to delineate different types of wetlands, phreatophytes and wet playa areas. Existing evapotranspiration-rate estimates were used to calculate discharge volumes for these area. An empirical method of groundwater recharge estimation was modified to incorporate data describing soil-moisture conditions, and a recharge potential map was produced. These discharge and recharge maps were readily converted to data arrays for numerical modelling codes. Inverse parameter estimation techniques also used these data to evaluate the reliability and sensitivity of estimated values.The recharge and discharge components of the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system were defined by remote sensing and GIS techniques that integrated disparate data types to develop a spatially complex representation of near-surface hydrological processes. Image classification methods were applied to multispectral satellite data to produce a vegetation map. This map provided a basis for subsequent evapotranspiration and infiltration estimations. The vegetation map was combined with ancillary data in a GIS to delineate different types of wetlands, phreatophytes and wet playa areas. Existing evapotranspiration-rate estimates were then used to calculate discharge volumes for these areas. A previously used empirical method of groundwater recharge estimation was modified by GIS methods to incorporate data describing soil-moisture conditions, and a recharge potential map was produced. These discharge and recharge maps were readily converted to data arrays for numerical modelling codes. Inverse parameter estimation techniques also used these data to evaluate the reliability and sensitivity of estimated values.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Application of geographic information systems in hydrology and water resources management. Proc. 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HydroGIS'96 conference, Vienna, 1996, no. 235, p. 503-511.","startPage":"503","endPage":"511","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"235","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc094e4b08c986b32a1e6","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kovar K.Nachtnebel H.P.","contributorId":128445,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Kovar K.Nachtnebel H.P.","id":536430,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"D’Agnese, F. A.","contributorId":6096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Agnese","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faunt, C.C. 0000-0001-5659-7529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":103314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"C.C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":380407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Turner, A. K.","contributorId":82351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70175089,"text":"70175089 - 1996 - Uncertainties in assessing contaminant exposure from sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-10T10:34:48","indexId":"70175089","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"14","title":"Uncertainties in assessing contaminant exposure from sediments","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological risk assessments of contaminated sediments: SETAC special publication series","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"SetacPress","publisherLocation":"Pensacola, FL","usgsCitation":"Luoma, S.N., and Fisher, N., 1996, Uncertainties in assessing contaminant exposure from sediments, chap. 14 of Ecological risk assessments of contaminated sediments: SETAC special publication series, p. 211-238.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"238","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325793,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"579b2cb6e4b0589fa1c980e9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Biddinger, Gregory R.","contributorId":111662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biddinger","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643867,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dillon, T.","contributorId":173242,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dillon","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643868,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ingersoll, C.G. 0000-0003-4531-5949","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":56338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"C.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643869,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":120222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, N.S.","contributorId":67668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"N.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}