In order to properly determine the water resources of a country, and to define the limitations of use which apply to various rivers, it becomes necessary to know the character of the water in' each case. Water is a source of wealth by reason of the uses to which it may be put, and these are dependent to a large extent upon the nature of the water. It follows, then, that for each branch of water utilization there is established a standard to which water must reasonably conform, in order that it may properly fulfill the requirements of the particular case.
By reason of their physical features and their artificial development, different rivers may possess characteristics which make them very different in their form or kind of utility. Sewage pollution may destroy every resource of one river, yet may not sensibly affect the value of another. One stream may be highly useful as a source of power; another may be best utilized primarily as a commercial highway; still another may serve as a source of water supply. There are waters which are more valuable as a disposal area for manufacturing refuse than they would be if maintained unpolluted as fishing grounds or ice fields. Therefore a thorough hydrographic investigation should serve to indicate the peculiar uses to which a stream is best applicable, and by it we should be able to determine the normal resource in each case and the damage done by unwise or unlawful procedure. Of especial importance is the fact that the utilization of a river in one State may be so damaging to its purity that the people of another State through which the same river flows may be totally deprived of its use, and, under present conditions, with little if any opportunity for redress.
Let us glance briefly at the characteristics that are demanded of waters required for different uses.
","language":"English","publisher":"Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp79","usgsCitation":"Leighton, M.O., 1903, Normal and polluted waters in northeastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 79, 192 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp79.","productDescription":"192 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":269999,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":333371,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0079/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8604","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leighton, Marshall O.","contributorId":49335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leighton","given":"Marshall","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70240956,"text":"70240956 - null - Detecting sulfamethoxazole and carbamazepine in groundwater: Is ELISA a reliable screening tool?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-02T15:59:52.993168","indexId":"70240956","displayToPublicDate":"2017-12-01T09:56:22","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detecting sulfamethoxazole and carbamazepine in groundwater: Is ELISA a reliable screening tool?","docAbstract":"In recent years, numerous studies have reported the prevalence of organic micropollutants in natural waters. There is an increasing interest in assessing the occurrence and transport of these contaminants in groundwater because a large number of people in the United States rely on groundwater for their drinking water. However, commonly used mass-spectrometry-based analytical methods are expensive and time-consuming. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method offers an inexpensive analytical alternative that provides semi-quantitative results in a relatively quick timeframe. We investigated the use of ELISA for two commonly detected micropollutants, sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and carbamazepine (CBZ), in groundwater collected as part of two different studies, one in Minnesota and the other in Iowa. The ELISA results were compared with two mass-spectrometry-based methods: (1) direct aqueous injection-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC) and (2) online solid-phase extraction with liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (SPE LC). Differences in SMX and CBZ observations between ELISA and both HPLC and SPE LC were analyzed using the Paired Prentice-Wilcoxon test. Estimates of bias and limits of agreement between paired observations also were calculated. The SMX determinations by ELISA yielded results that were 30 and 14% greater than HPLC and SPE LC, respectively. The CBZ determinations by ELISA yielded results that were 25 and 9% greater than HPLC and SPE LC, respectively. The ELISA determinations were in presence-absence agreement with HPLC for 83% of samples for SMX and CBZ; and with SPE LC for 76 and 80% of samples for SMX and CBZ, respectively. Results indicate that ELISA for SMX and CBZ is a reliable and cost effective screening-tool alternative to more commonly used mass spectrometry-based analytical methods.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.065","usgsCitation":"Krall, A.L., Elliott, S.M., Erickson, M., and Adams, B.A., Detecting sulfamethoxazole and carbamazepine in groundwater: Is ELISA a reliable screening tool?: Environmental Pollution, v. 234, p. 420-428, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.065.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"420","endPage":"428","ipdsId":"IP-088677","costCenters":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":413619,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"234","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krall, Aliesha L. 0000-0003-2521-5043 adiekoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2521-5043","contributorId":176545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krall","given":"Aliesha","email":"adiekoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":865481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elliott, Sarah M. 0000-0002-1414-3024 selliott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1414-3024","contributorId":1472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Sarah","email":"selliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":865482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Erickson, Melinda L. 0000-0002-1117-2866 merickso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1117-2866","contributorId":3671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erickson","given":"Melinda L.","email":"merickso@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":865483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Adams, Byron A.","contributorId":206805,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adams","given":"Byron","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13330,"text":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":865484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207209,"text":"70207209 - null - PIERRE PERRAULT: THE MAN AND HIS CONTRIBUTION TO MODERN HYDROLOGY","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-12T09:50:36","indexId":"70207209","displayToPublicDate":"1974-08-31T09:48:13","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2126,"text":"JAWRA","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":" PIERRE PERRAULT: THE MAN AND HIS CONTRIBUTION TO MODERN HYDROLOGY","docAbstract":"ABSTRACT: Pierre Perrault, member of a bourgeois provincial family whose roots were in the Touraine region of France, grew up in Paris. One of six illustrious Brothers, all characterized by brilliance and diversity, he was educated as a lawyer but turned to finance and rose to a high position under King Louis XIV. Owing to political naivete and financial imprudence, he fell into disgrace and went bankrupt. He then became an amateur scientist and wrote a book on the origin of springs. This book broke almost wholly with the traditional authoritarianism of 2, 000 years'standing, and set hydrology on the modern path of observation and direct experiment, He developed the concept of the hydrological cycle, correctly accounting for the disposition of rainfall by evaporation, transpiration, ground‐water recharge and runoff. Some of his ideas about specific processes were erroneous, but where he was wrong his errors were logically based. Much of his contribution to the foundation of scientific hydrology has been overlooked or distorted by historians and hydrologists alike. Copyright © 1974, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley Blackwell ","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb05623.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Nace, R.L., PIERRE PERRAULT: THE MAN AND HIS CONTRIBUTION TO MODERN HYDROLOGY: JAWRA, v. 10, no. 4, p. 633-647, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb05623.x.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"633","endPage":"647","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370202,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nace, R. L.","contributorId":11332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nace","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70206352,"text":"70206352 - null - The problem of the Chelmsford, Massachusetts, Granite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-30T17:56:49","indexId":"70206352","displayToPublicDate":"1937-07-01T17:48:36","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The problem of the Chelmsford, Massachusetts, Granite","docAbstract":"The Chelmsford granite is quarried in and around Oak Hill, about six miles west of Lowell, Massachusetts. The granite‐area is about eight miles long and one to three miles wide, and its longer dimension has a northeast bearing which is parallel with the regional axis of foliation in the country rock. The writer favors a hypothesis that much of the granite represents granitization of biotite schist under hydro‐magmatic invasion, and under stress that was insufficient to deform or distort the preexisting country rock‐structures to any marked degree. Banding of the granite is due chiefly, to variable amounts of biotite. The bands are thin and remarkably uniform. The banding, attitudes of schist inclusions, and distribution of the entire mass con form to the regional structural elements. Lit‐par‐lit injection‐bands are not clearly discernible although many of the light‐colored bands are doubtless of such origin. The absence of flow‐schlieren is noted. Petrographic evidence shows a remarkable amount of metasomatic fabric. Undoubted primary granitic texture is practically wanting. There is a high degree of orientation of biotite, muscovite, and groups of small mosaic quartz‐grains. The contacts of inclusions with adjacent granite‐bands are very irregular and interpenetrative, and granitic material also penetrates intricately along schistosity planes within the inclusions. Large irregular feldspar porphyroblasts and strings of such grains are distributed through the inclusions, generally with decreasing concentration toward the centers. Pegmatite and quartz veins, some of which carry much tourmaline, are abundant in some of the quarries. Crystallization zoning of feldspars is very rare. Feldspars are of three generations: (1) Early polysynthetically twinned porphyroblasts and irregular groundmass grains of oligoclase or albite‐oligoclase; (2) microcline and orthoclase, chiefly as porphyroblasts, and in part replacing the earlier plagioclase; and (3) albite and albite‐oligoclase, untwinned and mottled, as individual crystals, streaks, patches, and porphyroblasts, replacing microcline, quartz, and mica. Incomplete twinning, corrosion‐contacts, optical anomalies, inclusions of minerals, pseudo‐perthitic and myrmekitlc grains are among the diagnostic petrographic features that contribute to the theory of replacement.
","language":"English ","publisher":"Elsevier ","doi":"10.1029/TR018i001p00260","issn":" 00028606","usgsCitation":"Currier, L., The problem of the Chelmsford, Massachusetts, Granite: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 18, no. 1, p. 260-261, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR018i001p00260.","productDescription":"2 pg. 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