The Edwards-Trinity aquifer is a vital groundwater resource for agricultural, industrial, and municipal uses in the Trans-Pecos region of west Texas. A conceptual model of the hydrogeologic framework, geochemistry, and groundwater-flow system in the 4,700 square-mile study area was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Middle Pecos Groundwater Conservation District, Pecos County, City of Fort Stockton, Brewster County, and Pecos County Water Control and Improvement District No. 1. The model was developed to gain a better understanding of the groundwater system and to establish a scientific foundation for resource-management decisions. Data and information were collected or obtained from various sources to develop the model. Lithologic information obtained from well reports and geophysical data were used to describe the hydrostratigraphy and structural features of the groundwater system, and aquifer-test data were used to estimate aquifer hydraulic properties. Groundwater-quality data were used to evaluate groundwater-flow paths, water and rock interaction, aquifer interaction, and the mixing of water from different sources. Groundwater-level data also were used to evaluate aquifer interaction as well as to develop a potentiometric-surface map, delineate regional groundwater divides, and describe regional groundwater-flow paths.
\nSeveral previous studies have been done to compile or collect physical and chemical data, describe the hydrogeologic processes, and develop conceptual and numerical groundwater-flow models of the Edwards-Trinity aquifer in the Trans-Pecos region. Documented methods were used to compile and collect groundwater, surface-water, geochemical, geophysical, and geologic information that subsequently were used to develop this conceptual model.
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landscape. An enormous lava dome grew episodically in the crater until 1986, when the volcano became relatively quiet. A new glacier grew in the crater, wrapping around and partly burying the lava dome. From 1987 to 2003, sporadic earthquake swarms and small steam explosions indicated that magma (molten rock) was being replenished deep underground. In 2004, steam-and-ash explosions heralded the start of another eruption. A quieter phase of continuous lava extrusion followed and lasted until 2008, building a new dome and doubling the volume of lava on the crater floor. Scientists with the U.S. Geological Survey and University of Washington’s Pacific Northwest Seismograph Network maintain constant watch for signs of renewed activity at Mount St. Helens and other Cascade volcanoes. Now is an ideal time for both actual and virtual visitors to Mount St. Helens to learn more about dramatic changes taking place on and beneath this active volcano.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20133014","collaboration":"U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY and the U.S. FOREST SERVICE—OUR VOLCANIC PUBLIC LANDS","usgsCitation":"Dzurisin, D., Driedger, C.L., and Faust, L.M., 2013, Mount St. Helens, 1980 to now—what’s going on? (Originally posted on April 23, 2013; Revised May 28, 2013): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2013-3014, version 1.1, Report: 6 p.; Videos folder: 6 video links; Transcripts folder, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20133014.","productDescription":"Report: 6 p.; Videos folder: 6 video links; Transcripts folder","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271503,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20133014.gif"},{"id":271502,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3014/transcripts"},{"id":271501,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3014/videos"},{"id":271499,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3014/"},{"id":271500,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3014/fs2013-3014_text.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.30495452880858,\n 46.12608040848373\n ],\n [\n -122.07527160644531,\n 46.12608040848373\n ],\n [\n -122.07527160644531,\n 46.27815664309132\n ],\n [\n -122.30495452880858,\n 46.27815664309132\n ],\n [\n -122.30495452880858,\n 46.12608040848373\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Originally posted on April 23, 2013; Revised May 28, 2013","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"517b93cee4b09d6a5f9a2ea2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dzurisin, Daniel 0000-0002-0138-5067 dzurisin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-5067","contributorId":538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"Daniel","email":"dzurisin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":477954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Driedger, Carolyn L. 0000-0002-4011-4112 driedger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4011-4112","contributorId":537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driedger","given":"Carolyn","email":"driedger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":477953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Faust, Lisa M. 0000-0001-6175-8999 lisaf@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6175-8999","contributorId":5131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faust","given":"Lisa","email":"lisaf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":477955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70045326,"text":"fs20133016 - 2013 - Effects of past and future groundwater development on the hydrologic system of Verde Valley, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-09T15:15:34","indexId":"fs20133016","displayToPublicDate":"2013-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-3016","title":"Effects of past and future groundwater development on the hydrologic system of Verde Valley, Arizona","docAbstract":"Communities in central Arizona’s Verde Valley must manage limited water supplies in the face of rapidly growing populations. Developing groundwater resources to meet human needs has raised questions about the effects of groundwater withdrawals by pumping on the area’s rivers and streams, particularly the Verde River. U.S. Geological Survey hydrologists used a regional groundwater flow model to simulate the effects of groundwater pumping on streamflow in the Verde River. The study found that streamflow in the Verde River between 1910 and 2005 had been reduced as the result of streamflow depletion by groundwater pumping, also known as capture. Additionally, using three hypothetical scenarios for a period from 2005 to 2110, the study’s findings suggest that streamflow reductions will continue and may increase in the future.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20133016","usgsCitation":"Garner, B.D., and Pool, D.R., 2013, Effects of past and future groundwater development on the hydrologic system of Verde Valley, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2013-3016, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20133016.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270715,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20133016.gif"},{"id":270713,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3016/"},{"id":270714,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3016/fs2013-3016.pdf"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Universal transverse mercator, Zone 12","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Dry Creek;Oak Creek;Verde River;Verde Valley;West Clear Creek;Wet Beaver Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.081146,34.565383 ], [ -112.081146,35.145740 ], [ -111.277771,35.145740 ], [ -111.277771,34.565383 ], [ -112.081146,34.565383 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51652a5ee4b077fa94dadf47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garner, Bradley D. 0000-0002-6912-5093 bdgarner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6912-5093","contributorId":2133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garner","given":"Bradley","email":"bdgarner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":5054,"text":"Office of Water Information","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":477224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pool, D. R.","contributorId":75581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pool","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70045068,"text":"fs20123111 - 2013 - Groundwater quality in the San Francisco Bay groundwater basins, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-30T12:20:45","indexId":"fs20123111","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3111","title":"Groundwater quality in the San Francisco Bay groundwater basins, California","docAbstract":"Groundwater provides more than 40 percent of California’s drinking water. To protect this vital resource, the State of California created the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The Priority Basin Project of the GAMA Program provides a comprehensive assessment of the State’s groundwater quality and increases public access to groundwater-quality information. Selected groundwater basins of the San Francisco Bay area constitute one of the study units being evaluated.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123111","collaboration":"U.S. Geological Survey and the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Parsons, M.C., Kulongoski, J., and Belitz, K., 2013, Groundwater quality in the San Francisco Bay groundwater basins, California: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3111, Report: 4 p.; Related Work, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123111.","productDescription":"Report: 4 p.; Related Work","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270358,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20123111.bmp"},{"id":270357,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5248"},{"id":270355,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3111/"},{"id":270356,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3111/pdf/fs20123111.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.01055555555556,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -122.01055555555556,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -0.01611111111111111,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -0.01611111111111111,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -122.01055555555556,8.333333333333334E-4 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5156a9e6e4b06ea905cdbfee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, Mary C. mparsons@usgs.gov","contributorId":1571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"Mary","email":"mparsons@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kulongoski, Justin T. 0000-0002-3498-4154","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3498-4154","contributorId":94750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kulongoski","given":"Justin T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70045012,"text":"fs20123136 - 2013 - California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program Priority Basin Project--shallow aquifer assessment","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70045012,"text":"fs20123136 - 2013 - California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program Priority Basin Project--shallow aquifer assessment","indexId":"fs20123136","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program Priority Basin Project--shallow aquifer assessment"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70252088,"text":"fs20243002 - 2024 - California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program Priority Basin Project: Domestic-Supply Assessment","indexId":"fs20243002","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"title":"California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program Priority Basin Project: Domestic-Supply Assessment"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70252088,"text":"fs20243002 - 2024 - California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program Priority Basin Project: Domestic-Supply Assessment","indexId":"fs20243002","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"title":"California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program Priority Basin Project: Domestic-Supply Assessment"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-14T18:22:18.787833","indexId":"fs20123136","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3136","title":"California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program Priority Basin Project--shallow aquifer assessment","docAbstract":"The California State Water Resources Control Board’s (SWRCB) GAMA Program is a comprehensive assessment of statewide groundwater quality in California. From 2004 to 2012, the GAMA Program’s Priority Basin Project focused on assessing groundwater resources used for public drinking-water supplies. More than 2,000 public-supply wells were sampled by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for this effort. Starting in 2012, the GAMA Priority Basin Project began an assessment of water resources in shallow aquifers in California. These shallow aquifers provide water for domestic and small community-supply wells, which are often drilled to shallower depths in the groundwater system than public-supply wells. Shallow aquifers are of interest because shallow groundwater may respond more quickly and be more susceptible to contamination from human activities at the land surface, than the deeper aquifers. The SWRCB’s GAMA Program was developed in response to the Groundwater Quality Monitoring Act of 2001 (Water Code sections 10780-10782.3): a public mandate to assess and monitor the quality of groundwater resources used for drinking-water supplies, and to increase the availability of information about groundwater quality to the public. The U.S. Geological Survey is the technical lead of the Priority Basin Project.\n\nStewardship of California’s groundwater resources is a responsibility shared between well owners, communities, and the State. Participants and collaborators in the GAMA Program include Regional Water Quality Control Boards, Department of Water Resources, Department of Public Health, local and regional groundwater management entities, county and local water agencies, community groups, and private citizens. Well-owner participation in the GAMA Program is entirely voluntary.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123136","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 2018, California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program Priority Basin Project—Shallow aquifer assessment (ver. 1.1, September 2018): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012–3136, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357265,"rank":4,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3136/pdf/versionHist.txt","size":"1 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"Fact Sheet 2012-3136"},{"id":270226,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270224,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3136/"},{"id":270225,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3136/pdf/fs20123136_v1.1.pdf","size":"1.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Fact Sheet 2012-3136"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.41,32.53 ], [ -124.41,42.0 ], [ -114.13,42.0 ], [ -114.13,32.53 ], [ -124.41,32.53 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Ver. 1.1: Sept. 2018; Ver. 1.0: March 2013","publishedDate":"2013-03-26","revisedDate":"2018-09-14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5152b561e4b01197b08e9bdd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70045002,"text":"fs20133017 - 2013 - Trends and causes of historical wetland loss in coastal Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-26T13:23:54","indexId":"fs20133017","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-3017","title":"Trends and causes of historical wetland loss in coastal Louisiana","docAbstract":"Wetland losses in the northern Gulf Coast region of the United States are so extensive that they represent critical concerns to government environmental agencies and natural resource managers. In Louisiana, almost 3,000 square kilometers (km2) of low-lying wetlands converted to open water between 1956 and 2004, and billions of dollars in State and Federal funding have been allocated for coastal restoration projects intended to compensate for some of those wetland losses. Recent research at the St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center (SPCMSC) focused on understanding the physical processes and human activities that contributed to historical wetland loss in coastal Louisiana and the spatial and temporal trends of that loss.\n\nThe physical processes (land-surface subsidence and sediment erosion) responsible for historical wetland loss were quantified by comparing marsh-surface elevations, water depths, and vertical displacements of stratigraphic contacts at 10 study areas in the Mississippi River delta plain and 6 sites at Sabine National Wildlife Refuge (SNWR) in the western chenier plain. The timing and extent of land loss at the study areas was determined by comparing historical maps, aerial photographs, and satellite imagery; the temporal and spatial trends of those losses were compared with historical subsidence rates and hydrocarbon production trends.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20133017","usgsCitation":"Bernier, J., 2013, Trends and causes of historical wetland loss in coastal Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2013-3017, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20133017.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270137,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20133017.gif"},{"id":270135,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3017/"},{"id":270136,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3017/pdf/fs2013-3017.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.0434,28.9254 ], [ -94.0434,33.0195 ], [ -88.8162,33.0195 ], [ -88.8162,28.9254 ], [ -94.0434,28.9254 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5152b565e4b01197b08e9bf1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bernier, Julie","contributorId":36435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernier","given":"Julie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70044989,"text":"fs20133006 - 2013 - Gallium--A smart metal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-17T19:10:41.695642","indexId":"fs20133006","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-3006","title":"Gallium--A smart metal","docAbstract":"Gallium is a soft, silvery metallic element with an atomic number of 31 and the chemical symbol Ga. The French chemist Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran discovered gallium in sphalerite (a zinc-sulfide mineral) in 1875 using spectroscopy. He named the element \"gallia\" after his native land of France (formerly Gaul; in Latin, Gallia). The existence of gallium had been predicted in 1871 by Dmitri Mendeleev, the Russian chemist who published the first periodic table of the elements. Mendeleev noted a gap in his table and named the missing element \"eka-aluminum\" because he determined that its location was one place away from aluminum in the table. Mendeleev thought that the missing element (gallium) would be very much like aluminum in its chemical properties, and he was right. Solid gallium has a low melting temperature (~29 degrees Celsius, or °C) and an unusually high boiling point (~2,204 °C). Because of these properties, the earliest uses of gallium were in high-temperature thermometers and in designing metal alloys that melt easily. The development of a gallium-based direct band-gap semiconductor in the 1960s led to what is now one of the most well-known applications for gallium-based products--the manufacture of smartphones and data-centric networks.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20133006","usgsCitation":"Foley, N., and Jaskula, B.W., 2013, Gallium--A smart metal: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2013-3006, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20133006.","productDescription":"2 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":410,"text":"National Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270103,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3006/"},{"id":270104,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3006/pdf/fs2013-3006.pdf"},{"id":270105,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20133006.gif"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5152b561e4b01197b08e9be1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foley, Nora","contributorId":9342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Nora","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jaskula, Brian W. bjaskula@usgs.gov","contributorId":1935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaskula","given":"Brian","email":"bjaskula@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":476570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70044971,"text":"fs20133009 - 2013 - Fort Collins Science Center Ecosystem Dynamics branch--interdisciplinary research for addressing complex natural resource issues across landscapes and time","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-14T13:56:17","indexId":"fs20133009","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-3009","title":"Fort Collins Science Center Ecosystem Dynamics branch--interdisciplinary research for addressing complex natural resource issues across landscapes and time","docAbstract":"The Ecosystem Dynamics Branch of the Fort Collins Science Center offers an interdisciplinary team of talented and creative scientists with expertise in biology, botany, ecology, geology, biogeochemistry, physical sciences, geographic information systems, and remote-sensing, for tackling complex questions about natural resources. As demand for natural resources increases, the issues facing natural resource managers, planners, policy makers, industry, and private landowners are increasing in spatial and temporal scope, often involving entire regions, multiple jurisdictions, and long timeframes. Needs for addressing these issues include (1) a better understanding of biotic and abiotic ecosystem components and their complex interactions; (2) the ability to easily monitor, assess, and visualize the spatially complex movements of animals, plants, water, and elements across highly variable landscapes; and (3) the techniques for accurately predicting both immediate and long-term responses of system components to natural and human-caused change. The overall objectives of our research are to provide the knowledge, tools, and techniques needed by the U.S. Department of the Interior, state agencies, and other stakeholders in their endeavors to meet the demand for natural resources while conserving biodiversity and ecosystem services. Ecosystem Dynamics scientists use field and laboratory research, data assimilation, and ecological modeling to understand ecosystem patterns, trends, and mechanistic processes. This information is used to predict the outcomes of changes imposed on species, habitats, landscapes, and climate across spatiotemporal scales. The products we develop include conceptual models to illustrate system structure and processes; regional baseline and integrated assessments; predictive spatial and mathematical models; literature syntheses; and frameworks or protocols for improved ecosystem monitoring, adaptive management, and program evaluation. The descriptions in this fact sheet provide snapshots of our three research emphases, followed by descriptions of select current projects.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20133009","usgsCitation":"Bowen, Z.H., Melcher, C.P., and Wilson, J.T., 2013, Fort Collins Science Center Ecosystem Dynamics branch--interdisciplinary research for addressing complex natural resource issues across landscapes and time: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2013-3009, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20133009.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270011,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3009/FS13-3009.pdf"},{"id":270012,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20133009.gif"},{"id":270010,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3009/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"515163e2e4b087909f0bbe3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowen, Zachary H. 0000-0002-8656-1831 bowenz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8656-1831","contributorId":821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowen","given":"Zachary","email":"bowenz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melcher, Cynthia P. 0000-0002-8044-9689 melcherc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8044-9689","contributorId":5094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melcher","given":"Cynthia","email":"melcherc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, Juliette T.","contributorId":86439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Juliette","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70044519,"text":"fs20133010 - 2013 - Consequences of land use and land cover change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T12:40:02","indexId":"fs20133010","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-3010","title":"Consequences of land use and land cover change","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Climate and Land Use Change Mission Area is one of seven USGS mission areas that focuses on making substantial scientific \"...contributions to understanding how Earth systems interact, respond to, and cause global change\". Using satellite and other remotely sensed data, USGS scientists monitor patterns of land cover change over space and time at regional, national, and global scales. These data are analyzed to understand the causes and consequences of changing land cover, such as economic impacts, effects on water quality and availability, the spread of invasive species, habitats and biodiversity, carbon fluctuations, and climate variability. USGS scientists are among the leaders in the study of land cover, which is a term that generally refers to the vegetation and artificial structures that cover the land surface. Examples of land cover include forests, grasslands, wetlands, water, crops, and buildings. Land use involves human activities that take place on the land. For example, \"grass\" is a land cover, whereas pasture and recreational parks are land uses that produce a cover of grass.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20133010","usgsCitation":"Slonecker, E.T., Barnes, C., Karstensen, K., Milheim, L., and Roig-Silva, C., 2013, Consequences of land use and land cover change: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2013-3010, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20133010.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269064,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3010/"},{"id":269065,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3010/pdf/fs2013-3010.pdf"},{"id":269069,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20133010.gif"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"513eeedde4b0dcc733969337","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slonecker, E. Terrence 0000-0002-5793-0503","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5793-0503","contributorId":67175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slonecker","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Terrence","affiliations":[{"id":36171,"text":"National Civil Applications Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":475795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnes, Christopher 0000-0002-4608-4364 barnes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4608-4364","contributorId":3617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Christopher","email":"barnes@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":475794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Karstensen, Krista","contributorId":97758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karstensen","given":"Krista","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Milheim, Lesley E.","contributorId":100951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milheim","given":"Lesley E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Roig-Silva, Coral M.","contributorId":108370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roig-Silva","given":"Coral M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70044469,"text":"fs20123148 - 2013 - Assessment of undiscovered conventional oil and gas resources of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Canada, 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-08T13:18:50","indexId":"fs20123148","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3148","title":"Assessment of undiscovered conventional oil and gas resources of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Canada, 2012","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey recently completed a geoscience-based assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of provinces within the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. The Western Canada Sedimentary Basin primarily comprises the (1) Alberta Basin Province of Alberta, eastern British Columbia, and the southwestern Northwest Territories; (2) the Williston Basin Province of Saskatchewan, southeastern Alberta, and southern Manitoba; and (3) the Rocky Mountain Deformed Belt Province of western Alberta and eastern British Columbia. This report is part of the U.S. Geological Survey World Petroleum Resources Project assessment of priority geologic provinces of the world. The assessment was based on geoscience elements that define a total petroleum system (TPS) and associated assessment unit(s). These elements include petroleum source rocks (geochemical properties and petroleum generation, migration, and accumulation), reservoir description (reservoir presence, type, and quality), and petroleum traps (trap and seal types, and timing of trap and seal formation relative to petroleum migration). Using this framework, the Elk Point-Woodbend Composite TPS, Exshaw-Fernie-Mannville Composite TPS, and Middle through Upper Cretaceous Composite TPS were defined, and four conventional assessment units within the total petroleum systems were quantitatively assessed for undiscovered resources in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123148","usgsCitation":"Higley, D.K., 2013, Assessment of undiscovered conventional oil and gas resources of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Canada, 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3148, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123148.","productDescription":"4 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2012-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-041753","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268898,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20123148.gif"},{"id":268896,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3148/FS12-3148-508.pdf"},{"id":268897,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3148/"}],"country":"Canada","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -131.0,47.0 ], [ -131.0,62.0 ], [ -88.0,62.0 ], [ -88.0,47.0 ], [ -131.0,47.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5139b6ebe4b09608cc166aff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Higley, Debra K. 0000-0001-8024-9954 higley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8024-9954","contributorId":152663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higley","given":"Debra","email":"higley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70044470,"text":"fs20133007 - 2013 - Advanced and applied remote sensing of environmental conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-07T15:33:36","indexId":"fs20133007","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-3007","title":"Advanced and applied remote sensing of environmental conditions","docAbstract":"\"Remote sensing” is a general term for monitoring techniques that collect information without being in physical contact with the object of study. Overhead imagery from aircraft and satellite sensors provides the most common form of remotely sensed data and records the interaction of electromagnetic energy (usually visible light) with matter, such as the Earth’s surface.\n\nRemotely sensed data are fundamental to geographic science. The U.S. Geological Survey’s (USGS) Eastern Geographic Science Center (EGSC) is currently conducting and promoting the research and development of several different aspects of remote sensing science in both the laboratory and from overhead instruments. Spectroscopy is the science of recording interactions of energy and matter and is the bench science for all remote sensing. Visible and infrared analysis in the laboratory with special instruments called spectrometers enables the transfer of this research from the laboratory to multispectral (5–15 broad bands) and hyperspectral (50–300 narrow contiguous bands) analyses from aircraft and satellite sensors. In addition, mid-wave (3–5 micrometers, µm) and long-wave (8–14 µm) infrared data analysis, such as attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectral analysis, are also conducted. ATR is a special form of vibrational infrared spectroscopy that has many applications in chemistry and biology but has recently been shown to be especially diagnostic for vegetation analysis.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20133007","usgsCitation":"Slonecker, E.T., Fisher, G.B., Marr, D.A., Milheim, L., and Roig-Silva, C., 2013, Advanced and applied remote sensing of environmental conditions: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2013-3007, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20133007.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268901,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20133007.gif"},{"id":268899,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3007/"},{"id":268900,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3007/pdf/fs2013-3007.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5139b6e2e4b09608cc166af7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slonecker, E. Terrence 0000-0002-5793-0503","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5793-0503","contributorId":67175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slonecker","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Terrence","affiliations":[{"id":36171,"text":"National Civil Applications Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":475674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, Gary B. gfisher@usgs.gov","contributorId":3034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Gary","email":"gfisher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":475672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marr, David A.","contributorId":28874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marr","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Milheim, Lesley E.","contributorId":100951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milheim","given":"Lesley E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Roig-Silva, Coral M.","contributorId":108370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roig-Silva","given":"Coral M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70044195,"text":"fs20133011 - 2013 - Concentrations of chloride and sodium in groundwater in New Hampshire from 1960 through 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-10T15:32:19","indexId":"fs20133011","displayToPublicDate":"2013-02-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-3011","title":"Concentrations of chloride and sodium in groundwater in New Hampshire from 1960 through 2011","docAbstract":"Several studies from the 1970s and more recently (for example, Hall (1975), Daley and others (2009) and Mullaney (2009)) have found that concentrations of chloride and sodium in groundwater in New Hampshire have increased during the past 50 years. Increases likely are related to road salt and other anthropogenic sources, such as septic systems, wastewater, and contamination from landfills and salt-storage areas. According to water-quality data reported to the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (NHDES), about 100 public water systems (5 percent) in 2010 had at least one groundwater sample with chloride concentrations that were equal to or exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL) of 250 mg/L before the water was treated for public consumption. The SMCL for chloride is a measurement of potential cosmetic or aesthetic effects of chloride in water. High concentrations of chloride and sodium in drinking-water sources can be costly to remove.
\nA new cooperative study between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the NHDES (Medalie, 2012) assessed chloride and sodium levels in groundwater in New Hampshire from the 1960s through 2011. The purpose of the study was to integrate all data on concentrations of chloride and sodium from groundwater in New Hampshire available from various Federal and State sources, including from the NHDES, the New Hamsphire Department of Health and Human Services, the USGS, and the U.S. Environmental Protection SurveyAgency (USEPA), for public and private (domestic) wells and to organize the data into a database. Medalie (2012) explained the many assumptions and limitations of disparate data that were collected to meet wide-ranging objectives. This fact sheet summarizes the most important findings of the data.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20133011","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services","usgsCitation":"Medalie, L., 2013, Concentrations of chloride and sodium in groundwater in New Hampshire from 1960 through 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2013-3011, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20133011.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1960-01-01","temporalEnd":"2011-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268539,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2013_3011.gif"},{"id":268537,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3143","title":"Assessment of coal geology, resources, and reserve base in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana","docAbstract":"Using a geology-based assessment methodology, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated in-place resources of 1.07 trillion short tons of coal in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana. Of that total, with a maximum stripping ratio of 10:1, recoverable coal was 162 billion tons. The estimate of economically recoverable resources was 25 billion tons.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123143","usgsCitation":"Scott, D.C., and Luppens, J.A., 2013, Assessment of coal geology, resources, and reserve base in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3143, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123143.","productDescription":"6 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268379,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3143.gif"},{"id":268378,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3143/fs-2012-3143.pdf"},{"id":268377,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3143/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana;Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{ 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undiscovered conventional oil and gas resources of North Africa, 2012","docAbstract":"Using a geology-based assessment methodology, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated means of 19 billion barrels of technically recoverable undiscovered conventional oil and 370 trillion cubic feet of undiscovered conventional natural gas resources in 8 geologic provinces of North Africa.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123147","collaboration":"World Petroleum Resources Project","usgsCitation":"Schenk, C.J., Klett, T., Whidden, K.J., Kirschbaum, M.A., Charpentier, R., Cook, T.A., Brownfield, M.E., and Pitman, J.K., 2013, Assessment of undiscovered conventional oil and gas resources of North Africa, 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3147, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123147.","productDescription":"4 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This model will serve as a tool for water rights administration and water-resource management and planning. The study will be conducted over a 3-year period from late 2012 until model and report completion in 2015.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20133005","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Idaho Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Bartolino, J., and Vincent, S., 2013, Groundwater resources of the Wood River Valley, Idaho--A groundwater-flow model for resource management: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2013-3005, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20133005.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"4","numberOfPages":"4","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":267728,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3005/pdf/fs2013-3005.pdf"},{"id":267729,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2013_3005.png"},{"id":267727,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3005/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.24,42.0 ], [ -117.24,49.0 ], [ -111.0,49.0 ], [ -111.0,42.0 ], [ -117.24,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51249f04e4b0b6328103b313","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartolino, James","contributorId":46849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartolino","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vincent, Sean","contributorId":52465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vincent","given":"Sean","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70043743,"text":"fs20123135 - 2013 - Drought and deluge: Effects of recent climate variability on groundwater levels in eastern Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T13:49:45","indexId":"fs20123135","displayToPublicDate":"2013-02-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3135","title":"Drought and deluge: Effects of recent climate variability on groundwater levels in eastern Arkansas","docAbstract":"Arkansas experienced wide extremes in climate variability during the period of 2005 to 2010, recording the largest annual precipitation ever recorded in the State (100.05 inches) in 2009. Many weather stations across the State reported between 80 to 90 inches of rainfall in 2009. For comparison, the average annual precipitation in Little Rock, Arkansas, for the period 1878 to 2010 was 47.1 inches. In contrast, 2005 and 2010 were the 7th and 14th driest years on record in Little Rock with 34.55 and 36.52 inches, respectively; both tied as the hottest years ever recorded in Arkansas. The wettest year on record in Little Rock (2009) was interspersed within these dry years, with a total of 81.79 inches. Fifteen weather stations within the State ranked 2009 as the wettest year on record. Extremes in annual precipitation rates may lead to greater variability in groundwater recharge rates and water use, particularly in the agricultural areas in eastern Arkansas that rely heavily on groundwater produced from the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer (hereafter referred to as the alluvial aquifer). How does this variability affect the groundwater system and water use therein? Are the effects of this variability discernable in measured water levels in wells? Czarnecki and Schrader examined these questions and provided some insights, the results of which are presented here.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123135","usgsCitation":"Czarnecki, J.B., and Schrader, T., 2013, Drought and deluge: Effects of recent climate variability on groundwater levels in eastern Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3135, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123135.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":267732,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3135/fs2012-3135.pdf"},{"id":267733,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3135.gif"},{"id":267731,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3135/"}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -93,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -93,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -89,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -89,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -93,8.333333333333334E-4 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51249edfe4b0b6328103b30b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Czarnecki, John B. jczarnec@usgs.gov","contributorId":2555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czarnecki","given":"John","email":"jczarnec@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":474193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schrader, T.P.","contributorId":56300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schrader","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}