{"pageNumber":"420","pageRowStart":"10475","pageSize":"25","recordCount":16445,"records":[{"id":70185308,"text":"70185308 - 1996 - Numerical evaluation of static-chamber measurements of soil-atmospheric gas exchange--Identification of physical processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-20T12:29:39","indexId":"70185308","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical evaluation of static-chamber measurements of soil-atmospheric gas exchange--Identification of physical processes","docAbstract":"<p><span>The exchange of gases between soil and atmosphere is an important process that affects atmospheric chemistry and therefore climate. The static-chamber method is the most commonly used technique for estimating the rate of that exchange. We examined the method under hypothetical field conditions where diffusion was the only mechanism for gas transport and the atmosphere outside the chamber was maintained at a fixed concentration. Analytical and numerical solutions to the soil gas diffusion equation in one and three dimensions demonstrated that gas flux density to a static chamber deployed on the soil surface was less in magnitude than the ambient exchange rate in the absence of the chamber. This discrepancy, which increased with chamber deployment time and air-filled porosity of soil, is attributed to two physical factors: distortion of the soil gas concentration gradient (the magnitude was decreased in the vertical component and increased in the radial component) and the slow transport rate of diffusion relative to mixing within the chamber. Instantaneous flux density to a chamber decreased continuously with time; steepest decreases occurred so quickly following deployment and in response to such slight changes in mean chamber headspace concentration that they would likely go undetected by most field procedures. Adverse influences of these factors were reduced by mixing the chamber headspace, minimizing deployment time, maximizing the height and radius of the chamber, and pushing the rim of the chamber into the soil. Nonlinear models were superior to a linear regression model for estimating flux densities from mean headspace concentrations, suggesting that linearity of headspace concentration with time was not necessarily a good indicator of measurement accuracy.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000030009x","usgsCitation":"Healy, R.W., Striegl, R.G., Russell, T.F., Hutchinson, G.L., and Livingston, G.P., 1996, Numerical evaluation of static-chamber measurements of soil-atmospheric gas exchange--Identification of physical processes: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 60, no. 3, p. 740-747, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000030009x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"740","endPage":"747","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337849,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d0ea1ee4b0236b68f67391","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Healy, Richard W. 0000-0002-0224-1858 rwhealy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0224-1858","contributorId":658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"Richard","email":"rwhealy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":685115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Russell, Thomas F.","contributorId":189540,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Russell","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hutchinson, Gordon L.","contributorId":189541,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Livingston, Gerald P.","contributorId":189542,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Livingston","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70188296,"text":"70188296 - 1996 - Isotope hydrology studies in the Szigetköz region, northwest Hungary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-05T15:58:12","indexId":"70188296","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Isotope hydrology studies in the Szigetköz region, northwest Hungary","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Isotopes in Water Resources Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"International Atomic Energy Agency","usgsCitation":"Deak, J., Deseo, E., Bohlke, J., and Revesz, K., 1996, Isotope hydrology studies in the Szigetköz region, northwest Hungary, 14 p.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"419","endPage":"432","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342132,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59366dafe4b0f6c2d0d7d662","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deak, J.","contributorId":63184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deak","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deseo, E.","contributorId":42730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deseo","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bohlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":191103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"J.K.","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":697162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Revesz, K.","contributorId":95202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revesz","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":85643,"text":"85643 - 1996 - Hydrologic modification to improve habitat in riverine lakes: Management objectives, experimental approach, and initial conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:06","indexId":"85643","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Hydrologic modification to improve habitat in riverine lakes: Management objectives, experimental approach, and initial conditions","docAbstract":"The Finger Lakes habitat-rehabilitation project is intended to improve physical and chemical conditions for fish in six connected back water lakes in Navigation Pool 5 of the upper Missouri River. The primary management objective is to improve water temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration and current velocity during winter for bluegills, Lepomis macrochirus, and black crappies, Pomoxis nigromaculatus, two of the primary sport fishes in the lakes. The lakes will be hydrologically altered by Installing culverts to Introduce controlled flows of oxygenated water into four lakes, and an existing unregulated culvert on a fifth lake will be equipped with a control gate to regulate inflow. These habitat modifications constitute a manipulative field experiment that will compare pre-project (1991 to summer 1993) and post-project (fall 1993 to 1996) conditions in the lakes, including hydrology, chemistry, rooted vegetation, and fish and macroinvertebrate communities. Initial data indicate that the Finger Lakes differ in water chemistry, hydrology, and macrophyte abundance. Macroinvertebrate communities also differed among lakes: species diversity was highest in lakes with dense aquatic macrophytes. The system seems to support a single fish community, although some species concentrated in individual lakes at different times. The introduction of similar flows into five of the lakes will probably reduce the existing physical and chemical differences among lakes. However, our ability to predict the effects of hydrologic modification on fish populations is limited by uncertainties concerning both the interactions of temperature, oxygen and current in winter and the biological responses of primary and secondary producers. Results from this study should provide guidance for similar habitat-rehabilitation projects in large rivers.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Problems of Aquatic Toxicology, Biotesting, and Water Quality Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Protection Agency","publisherLocation":"Athens, GA","usgsCitation":"Johnson, B.L., Barko, J.W., Gerasimov, Y., James, W., Litvinov, A., Naimo, T.J., Wiener, J.G., Gaugush, R.F., Rogala, J.T., and Rogers, S.J., 1996, Hydrologic modification to improve habitat in riverine lakes: Management objectives, experimental approach, and initial conditions, chap. <i>of</i> Problems of Aquatic Toxicology, Biotesting, and Water Quality Management, 239-258.","productDescription":"239-258","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128638,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606ae3","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Schoettger, R.A.","contributorId":19519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoettger","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504629,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Barry L. bljohnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Barry","email":"bljohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":296182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barko, John W.","contributorId":65413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barko","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gerasimov, Yuri","contributorId":73538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerasimov","given":"Yuri","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"James, William F.","contributorId":75472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"William F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Litvinov, Alexander","contributorId":25891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litvinov","given":"Alexander","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Naimo, Teresa J.","contributorId":8039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naimo","given":"Teresa","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wiener, James G.","contributorId":93853,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wiener","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":17913,"text":"River Studies Center, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":296191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Gaugush, Robert F. rgaugush@usgs.gov","contributorId":5873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaugush","given":"Robert","email":"rgaugush@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Rogala, James T. 0000-0002-1954-4097 jrogala@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1954-4097","contributorId":2651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogala","given":"James","email":"jrogala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Rogers, Sara J.","contributorId":85534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"Sara","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":296190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70018687,"text":"70018687 - 1996 - Use of 2D and 3D GIS in well selection and interpretation of nitrate data, central Nebraska, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:26","indexId":"70018687","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":825,"text":"Application of geographic information systems in hydrology and water resources management. Proc. HydroGIS'96 conference, Vienna, 1996","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of 2D and 3D GIS in well selection and interpretation of nitrate data, central Nebraska, USA","docAbstract":"Nonpoint-source contamination of the principal aquifers in an area of central Nebraska was evaluated utilizing aquifer condition, well depth, soil type, and physiographical and land use settings. A two-dimensional geographical information system linked with a three-dimensional geological visualization and analytical program was used in the random selection of acceptable wells for the monitoring of nitrate concentrations in groundwater. Locations of existing wells were superimposed on the three-dimensional geological block diagram and more than 200 wells randomly were selected for monitoring. The three-dimensional system also was used to show three-dimensional contours of nitrate concentrations. The two-dimensional geographical information system was used in comparing nitrate concentrations in differing physiographical, soil, and land use settings.Nonpoint-source contamination of the principal aquifers in a 7800 km2 area of central Nebraska was evaluated utilizing aquifer condition, well depth, soil type, and physiographical and land use settings. A two-dimensional geographical information system linked with a three-dimensional geological visualization and analytical program was used in the random selection of acceptable wells for the monitoring of nitrate concentrations in groundwater. Locations of existing wells were super-imposed on the three-dimensional geological block diagram and more than 200 wells randomly were selected for monitoring. The three-dimensional system also was used to show three-dimensional contours of nitrate concentrations that can be used interactively to determine the volumetric percentage of an aquifer that contains nitrate concentrations exceeding a specified threshold. The two-dimensional geographical information system was used in comparing nitrate concentrations in differing physiographical, soil, and land use settings. Preliminary results suggest that approximately 6% (volumetric) of water in the High Plains aquifer has nitrate concentrations above the US Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Level of 10 mg-1 as N.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Application of geographic information systems in hydrology and water resources management. Proc. HydroGIS'96 conference, Vienna, 1996","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the HydroGIS'96 Conference","conferenceDate":"16 April 1996 through 19 April 1996","conferenceLocation":"Vienna, Austria","language":"English","publisher":"IAHS; Publication","publisherLocation":"235, Wallingford, United Kingdom","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"Verstraeten, I., McGuire, V., and Battaglin, W., 1996, Use of 2D and 3D GIS in well selection and interpretation of nitrate data, central Nebraska, USA: Application of geographic information systems in hydrology and water resources management. Proc. HydroGIS'96 conference, Vienna, 1996, no. 235, p. 585-591.","startPage":"585","endPage":"591","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227488,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"235","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbe57e4b08c986b32953b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kovar K.Nachtnebel H.P.","contributorId":128445,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Kovar K.Nachtnebel H.P.","id":536431,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Verstraeten, Ingrid M.","contributorId":61033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verstraeten","given":"Ingrid M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGuire, V. L. 0000-0002-3962-4158","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3962-4158","contributorId":94702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"V. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1002369,"text":"1002369 - 1996 - Interaction of flooding and salinity stress on baldcypress (<i>Taxodium distichum</i>)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-12T17:02:01","indexId":"1002369","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3649,"text":"Tree Physiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interaction of flooding and salinity stress on baldcypress (<i>Taxodium distichum</i>)","docAbstract":"<p><span>Coastal wetlands of the southeastern United States are threatened by increases in flooding and salinity as a result of both natural processes and man-induced hydrologic alterations. Furthermore, global climate change scenarios suggest that, as a consequence of rising sea levels, much larger areas of coastal wetlands may be affected by flooding and salinity in the next 50 to 100 years. In this paper, we review studies designed to improve our ability to predict and ameliorate the impacts of increased flooding and salinity stress on baldcypress (</span><i>Taxodium distichum</i><span>&nbsp;(L.) Rich.), which is a dominant species of many coastal forested wetlands. Specifically, we review studies on species-level responses to flooding and salinity stress, alone and in combination, we summarize two studies on intraspecific variation in response to flooding and salinity stress, we analyze the physiological mechanisms thought to be responsible for the interaction between flooding and salinity stress, and we discuss the implications for coastal wetland loss and the prospects for developing salt-tolerant lines of baldcypress.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Heron Publishing","publisherLocation":"Victoria, Canada","doi":"10.1093/treephys/16.1-2.307","usgsCitation":"Allen, J.A., Pezeshki, S.R., and Chambers, J.L., 1996, Interaction of flooding and salinity stress on baldcypress (<i>Taxodium distichum</i>): Tree Physiology, v. 16, no. 1-2, p. 307-313, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/16.1-2.307.","productDescription":"7 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A.","contributorId":82644,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pezeshki, S. R.","contributorId":38524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pezeshki","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chambers, J. L.","contributorId":100787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chambers","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1000772,"text":"1000772 - 1996 - Differentiating climatic and successional influences on long-term development of a marsh","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-11T14:50:58","indexId":"1000772","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differentiating climatic and successional influences on long-term development of a marsh","docAbstract":"<p><span>Comparison of long&mdash;term records of local wetland vegetation dynamics with regional, climate&mdash;forced terrestrial vegetation changes can be used to differentiate the rates and effects of autogenic successional processes and allogenic environmental change on wetland vegetation dynamics. We studied Holocene plant macrofossil and pollen sequences from Portage Marsh, a shallow, 18&mdash;ha marsh in northeastern Indiana. Between 10 000 and 5700 yr BP the basin was occupied by a shallow, open lake, while upland vegetation consisted of mesic forests of Pinus, Quercus, Ulmus, and Carya. At 5700 yr BP the open lake was replaced rapidly by a shallow marsh, while simultaneously Quercus savanna developed on the surrounding uplands. The marsh was characterized by periodic drawdowns, and the uplands by periodic fires. Species composition of the marsh underwent further changes between 3000 and 2000 yr BP. Upland pollen spectra at Portage Marsh and other sites in the region shifted towards more mesic vegetation during that period. The consistency and temporal correspondence between the changes in upland vegetation and marsh vegetation indicate that the major vegetational changes in the marsh during the Holocene resulted from hydrologic changes forced by regional climate change. Progressive shallowing of the basin by autogenic accumulation of organic sediment constrained vegetational responses to climate change but did not serve as the direct mechanism of change.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/2265782","usgsCitation":"Singer, D.K., Jackson, S.T., Madsen, B.J., and Wilcox, D.A., 1996, Differentiating climatic and successional influences on long-term development of a marsh: Ecology, v. 77, no. 6, p. 1765-1778, https://doi.org/10.2307/2265782.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1765","endPage":"1778","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479103,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2265782","text":"External Repository"},{"id":133533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d6c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, Darren K.","contributorId":41790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Darren","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackson, Stephen T. 0000-0002-1487-4652 stjackson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1487-4652","contributorId":344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"Stephen","email":"stjackson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":569,"text":"Southwest Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":560,"text":"South Central Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Madsen, Barbara J.","contributorId":23109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madsen","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilcox, Douglas A.","contributorId":36880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcox","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1001139,"text":"1001139 - 1996 - A test of vegetation-related indicators of wetland quality in the prairie pothole region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-29T12:48:42","indexId":"1001139","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2178,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A test of vegetation-related indicators of wetland quality in the prairie pothole region","docAbstract":"<p>This study was part of an effort by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to quantitatively assess the environmental quality or 'health' of wetland resources on regional and national scales. During a two-year pilot study, we tested selected indicators of wetland quality in the U.S. portion of the prairie pothole region (PPR). We assumed that the amount of cropland versus non-cropland (mostly grassland) in the plots containing these basins was a proxy for their quality. We then tested indicators by their ability to discriminate between wetlands at the extremes of that proxy. Amounts of standing dead vegetation were greater in zones of greater water permanence. Depth of litter was greater in zones of greater water permanence and in zones of basins in poor-quality watersheds. Amounts of unvegetated bottom were greater in basins in poor-quality watersheds; lesser amounts occurred in all wetlands during a wetter year. Greater amounts of open water occurred during a wetter year and in zones of greater water permanence. When unadjusted for areas (ha) of communities, plant taxon richness was higher in wet-meadow and shallow-marsh zones in good-quality watersheds than in similar zones in poor-quality watersheds. Wet-meadow zones in good-quality watersheds had greater numbers of native perennials than those in poor-quality watersheds. This relation held when we eliminated all communities in good-quality watersheds larger than the largest communities in poor-quality watersheds from the data set. We conclude that although amounts of unvegetated bottom and plant taxon richness in wet-meadow zones were useful indicators of wetland quality during our study, the search for additional such indicators should continue. The value of these indicators may change with the notoriously unstable hydrological conditions in the PPR. Most valuable would be indicators that could be photographed or otherwise remotely sensed and would remain relatively stable under various hydrological conditions. An ideal set of indicators could detect the absence of stressors, as well as the presence of structures or functions, of known value to major groups of organisms.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/BF00124105","usgsCitation":"Kantrud, H., and Newton, W., 1996, A test of vegetation-related indicators of wetland quality in the prairie pothole region: Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health, v. 5, p. 177-191, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00124105.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"191","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133835,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699cbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kantrud, H.A.","contributorId":28553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kantrud","given":"H.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Newton, W.E.","contributorId":13567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newton","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30617,"text":"wri944254 - 1996 - Analysis and simulation of ground-water flow in Lake Wales Ridge and adjacent areas of central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-04T00:13:26.108559","indexId":"wri944254","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4254","title":"Analysis and simulation of ground-water flow in Lake Wales Ridge and adjacent areas of central Florida","docAbstract":"<p>The Lake Wales Ridge is an uplands recharge area in central Florida that contains many sinkhole lakes. Below-normal rainfall and increased pumping of ground water have resulted in declines both in ground-water levels and in the water levels of many of the ridge lakes. A digital flow model was developed for a 3,526 square-mile area to help understand the current (1990) ground-water flow system and its response to future ground-water withdrawals. </p><p>The ground-water flow system in the Lake Wales Ridge and adjacent area of central Florida consists of a sequence of sedimentary aquifers and confining units. The uppermost water-bearing unit of the study area is the surficial aquifer. This aquifer is generally unconfined and is composed primarily of clastic deposits. The surficial aquifer is underlain by the confined intermediate aquifer and confining units which consists of up to three water-bearing units composed of interbedded clastics and carbonate rocks. The lowermost unit of the ground- water flow system, the confined Upper Floridan aquifer, consists of a thick, hydraulically connected sequence of carbonate rocks. The Upper Floridan aquifer is about 1,200 to 1,400 feet thick and is the primary source for ground-water withdrawals in the study area. </p><p>The generalized ground-water flow system of the Lake Wales Ridge is that water moves downward from the surficial aquifer to the intermediate aquifer and the Upper Floridan aquifer in the central area, primarily under the ridges, with minor amounts of water flow under the flatlands. The water flows laterally away from the central area, downgradient to discharge areas to the west, east, and south, and locally along valleys of major streams. Upward leakage occurs along valleys of major streams. </p><p>The model was initially calibrated to the steady-state conditions representing September 1989. The resulting calibrated hydrologic parameters were then tested by simulating transient conditions for the period October 1989 through 1990. A final test of model calibration was conducted by successfully simulating transient conditions for the period October 1988 through September 1989. Altitudes of the water table, base of the surficial aquifer, riverbed conductances, confining-unit leakances, aquifer transmissivities, and net recharge and discharge rates were determine during calibration. </p><p>Steady-state and transient simulations reasonably approximated measured aquifer heads and lake levels. Residuals were within the established calibration criteria that required 68 percent of all simulated heads to be within + - 2 feet of observed surficial aquifer heads and lake levels and + - 5 feet of observed intermediate and Upper Floridan aquifer heads. Simulation of streamflow was poor, probably due to the scale of the model and regulated streamflow conditions. Simulation indicates a marked difference between the ground-water flow rates of September 1989 (steady-state conditions, end of wet season) and May 1990 (large pumpage, end of dry season) in million gallons per day: September May 1989 1990 Pumping rate 126 486 Donward leakage (into 367 564 Upper Floridan aquifer) Streamflow 67 13 Net lateral boundary flow 218 115 Total discharge (excluding 479 626 evapotranspiration.</p><p>The calibrated flow model was used to simulate the short-term (one year) effects of 1990 water year pumpage (349 Mgal/d) on the September 1989 ground- water flow system in response to five different pumping schemes: (2) no pumpage, (2) no public supply pumpage, (3) no industrial pumpage, (4) no agricultural pumpage, and (5) no regional pumping outside the Water Use Caution Area. Simulation of no pumpage indicated maximum aquifer head rises of about 2 feet in the surficial aquifer and lakes, about 12 feet in the intermediate aquifer and about 16 feet in the Upper Floridan aquifer. <span>The high rate </span><span>recharge areas along the Lake Wales Ridge are </span><span>most affected by pumping. Simulation of no </span><span>agricultural pumpage resulted in a maximum </span><span>recovery of about 2 feet in each aquifer. </span><span>Simulation of no industrial or mining pumpage </span><span>resulted in a maximum of less than one foot in the </span><span>surficial aquifer and lakes, about 10 feet in the </span><span>intermediate aquifer, and about 14 feet in the </span><span>Upper Floridan aquifer. Simulation of no public </span><span>supply pumpage indicated a maximum recovery </span><span>of less than one foot in the surficial aquifer and </span><span>lakes, about 4 feet in the intermediate aquifer, and </span><span>about 10 feet in the Upper Floridan aquifer. </span><span>Simulation of no regional pumping outside the </span><span>Water Use Caution Area indicated recoveries of </span><span>less than 2 feet within the Water Use Caution Area. </span></p><p><span>Simulations were used to investigate long-</span><span>term aquifer changes in response to two </span><span>development alternatives: (1) continuation of </span><span>1990 water year hydrologic conditions and </span><span>pumping rates (349 Mgal/d), and (2) increased </span><span>pumpage (506 Mgal/d). Simulation of continued </span><span>1990 water year hydrologic conditions and </span><span>pumping for 20 years indicated that head decline of </span><span>more than 10 feet might be expected in each </span><span>aquifer in the northern part of the Water Use </span><span>Caution Area. Simulation of increased pumpage </span><span>(an additional 45 percent) for 20 years indicated </span><span>head declines of more than 20 feet in each aquifer </span><span>in the northern part of the Water Use Caution Area. </span><span>Because lakes are hydraulically connected to the surficial aquifer, lake levels within the Water Use Caution Area could decline substantially as a result of present and future pumping and a continuation of 1990 hydrologic conditions. These relatively large head declines were accompanied by decreased simulated lateral boundary outflow of about 40 percent and decreased simulated streamflow of about 32 percent. Equilibrium conditions at the end of the two 20-year simulations had not been attained. </span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944254","usgsCitation":"Yobbi, D.K., 1996, Analysis and simulation of ground-water flow in Lake Wales Ridge and adjacent areas of central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4254, vi, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944254.","productDescription":"vi, 78 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":383778,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4254/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160031,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4254/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Lake Wales Ridge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.61949157714844,\n              27.862753335235926\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.50962829589844,\n              27.862753335235926\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.50962829589844,\n              27.922833867526975\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.61949157714844,\n              27.922833867526975\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.61949157714844,\n              27.862753335235926\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680bc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yobbi, Dann K.","contributorId":15247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yobbi","given":"Dann","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27571,"text":"wri964100 - 1996 - Using a geographic information system and scanning technology to create high-resolution land-use data sets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-11T16:38:06.387214","indexId":"wri964100","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4100","title":"Using a geographic information system and scanning technology to create high-resolution land-use data sets","docAbstract":"<p>A geographic information system (GIS) procedure was developed to compile low-altitude aerial photography, digitized data, and land-use data from U.S. Department of Agriculture Consolidated Farm Service Agency (CFSA) offices into a high-resolution (approximately 5 meters) land-use GIS data set. The aerial photography consisted of 35-mm slides which were scanned into tagged information file format (TIFF) images. These TIFF images were then imported into the GIS where they were registered into a geographically referenced coordinate system. Boundaries between land use were delineated from these GIS data sets using on-screen digitizing techniques. Crop types were determined using information obtained from the U.S. Department of Agriculture CFSA offices. Crop information not supplied by the CFSA was attributed by manual classification procedures. Automated methods to provide delineation of the field boundaries and land-use classification were investigated. It was determined that using these data sources, automated methods were less efficient and accurate than manual methods of delineating field boundaries and classifying land use.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/wri964100","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Harvey, C.A., Kolpin, D.W., and Battaglin, W.A., 1996, Using a geographic information system and scanning technology to create high-resolution land-use data sets: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4100, iv, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964100.","productDescription":"iv, 41 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":95643,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4100/report.pdf","size":"4831","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158909,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4100/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603c82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, Craig A.","contributorId":103325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolpin, Dana W. 0000-0002-3529-6505 dwkolpin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-6505","contributorId":1239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana","email":"dwkolpin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":198347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Battaglin, William A. 0000-0001-7287-7096 wbattagl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7287-7096","contributorId":1527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"William","email":"wbattagl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":198348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":23810,"text":"ofr96117 - 1996 - Geohydrology and potential water-supply development on Bumkin, Gallops, Georges, Grape, Lovell, and Peddocks Islands, eastern Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T10:41:23","indexId":"ofr96117","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-117","title":"Geohydrology and potential water-supply development on Bumkin, Gallops, Georges, Grape, Lovell, and Peddocks Islands, eastern Massachusetts","docAbstract":"<p>An investigation of the geohydrology and of the potential for water-supply development on several of the Boston Harbor Islands, eastern Massachusetts, was conducted to evaluate the possibility of developing a permanent small-capacity water supply to support recreational activities, such as camping, hiking, and swimming. The Boston Harbor Islands, including Bumkin, Gallops, Georges, Grape, Lovell, and Peddocks Islands are part of a larger group of glacially deposited drumlins, which are composed of thick, dense, homogeneous till in their core that are overlain by a thin layer of stratified-beach deposits. The surficial materials over-lie a weathered zone of the metasedimentary Cambridge Argillite in the Boston Harbor area and were deposited by continental ice sheets that covered New England twice during the late Pleistocene Epoch, and by near-shore processes in the Holocene Epoch. The thickness of these materials range from less than 1 to about 300 feet where present. </p><p>The till was deposited by glacial ice and is characterized as an unsorted matrix of sand, silt, and clay with variable amounts of stones and large boulders. The stratified deposits primarily consist of sorted and layered sand and gravel that accumulated and formed the beaches and tombolos of the harbor islands. These deposits overlie the till at altitudes generally less than 10 feet above sea level.</p><p> A cross-sectional, ground-water-flow model was developed to estimate depth to the water table for a hypothetical drumlin-island flow system, which was assumed to be representative of the drumlin islands in Boston Harbor. Areas were identified in each island flow system with the greatest potential for small-capacity water-supply development based on the model-calculated depth to water and surficial geology of the islands. Model-calculated depth to water estimates were used because of the lack of available hydrologic data for the islands. Model results indicate that the simulated depth to water is less than 20 feet within 240 feet from the shore of the hypothetical drumlin-island flow system. This area on the topographic maps of the six Boston Harbor Islands roughly coincides with the high transmissivity zones of stratified-beach deposits and weathered till on the lower slopes of the drumlins where ground-water discharge and surface and subsurface runoff occurs.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96117","usgsCitation":"Masterson, J., Stone, B.D., and Rendigs, R., 1996, Geohydrology and potential water-supply development on Bumkin, Gallops, Georges, Grape, Lovell, and Peddocks Islands, eastern Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-117, iii, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96117.","productDescription":"iii, 22 p.","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":53024,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0117/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156815,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0117/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Bumkin Island, Gallops Island, Georges Island, Grape Island, Lovells Island, Peddocks Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.94932079315186,\n              42.286611704476755\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.94605922698975,\n              42.286579956197585\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.9425401687622,\n              42.289119767970696\n 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}\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8c92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masterson, John P. 0000-0003-3202-4413","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3202-4413","contributorId":102516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masterson","given":"John P.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":190773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Byron D. 0000-0001-6092-0798 bdstone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6092-0798","contributorId":1702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Byron","email":"bdstone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rendigs, R.R.","contributorId":50506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rendigs","given":"R.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":23657,"text":"ofr95754 - 1996 - Bridge-Scour Data Management System user's manual","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-13T14:33:28","indexId":"ofr95754","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-754","title":"Bridge-Scour Data Management System user's manual","docAbstract":"<p>The Bridge-Scour Data Management System (BSDMS) supports preparation, compilation, and analysis of bridge-scour data. The BSDMS provides interactive storage, retrieval, selection, editing, and display of bridge-scour data sets. Bridge-scour data sets include more than 200 site and measurement attributes of the channel geometry, flow hydraulics, hydrology, sediment, geomorphic-setting, location, and bridge specifications.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>This user's manual provides a general overview of the structure and organization of BSDMS data sets and detailed instructions to operate the program. Attributes stored by the BSDMS are described along with an illustration of the input screen where the attribute can be entered or edited. Measured scour depths can be compared with scour depths predicted by selected published equations using the BSDMS. The selected published equations available in the computational portion of the BSDMS are described. This manual is written for BSDMS, version 2.0. The data base will facilitate: (1) developing improved estimators of scour for specific regions or conditions; (2) describing scour processes; and (3) reducing risk from scour at bridges.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>BSDMS is available in DOS and UNIX versions. The program was written to be portable and, therefore, can be used on multiple computer platforms. Installation procedures depend on the computer platform, and specific installation instructions are distributed with the software. Sample data files and data sets of 384 pier-scour measurements from 56 bridges in 14 States are also distributed with the software.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr95754","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Landers, M.N., Mueller, D.S., and Martin, G.R., 1996, Bridge-Scour Data Management System user's manual: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-754, viii, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95754.","productDescription":"viii, 11 p.","numberOfPages":"78","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156362,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0754/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":277682,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0754/application.zip"},{"id":279460,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0754/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb3f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landers, Mark N. 0000-0002-3014-0480 landers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3014-0480","contributorId":1103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landers","given":"Mark","email":"landers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, David S. dmueller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"David","email":"dmueller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, Gary R. 0000-0002-3274-5846 grmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3274-5846","contributorId":3413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Gary","email":"grmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":54650,"text":"wdrMARI951 - 1996 - Water resources data, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, water year 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-22T17:21:33.029689","indexId":"wdrMARI951","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MA-RI-95-1","title":"Water resources data, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, water year 1995","docAbstract":"<p>Water resources data for the 1995 water year for Massachusetts and Rhode Island consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; contents of lakes and reservoirs; and ground-water levels. This report contains discharge records for 87 gaging stations, monthend contents of 3 lakes and reservoirs, water quality at 32 gaging stations, and water levels for 136 observation wells. Data also are included for 47 low-flow partial-record stations. Miscellaneous hydrologic data were collected at various sites that were not a part of the systematic data-collection program and are published as miscellaneous discharge measurements and quality of ground water. A few pertinent stations in bordering States are also included in this report. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Massachusetts and Rhode Island.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrMARI951","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the States of Massachusetts and Rhode Island and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Socolow, R., Comeau, L., Casey, R., and Ramsbey, L., 1996, Water resources data, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, water year 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MA-RI-95-1, xvi, 428 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMARI951.","productDescription":"xvi, 428 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":492733,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1995/mari-95-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":181399,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1995/mari-95-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts, Rhode Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73.61942990666182,\n              42.90282170145497\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.61942990666182,\n              41.086508397370466\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.6441324266006,\n              41.086508397370466\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.6441324266006,\n              42.90282170145497\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.61942990666182,\n              42.90282170145497\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb69a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Socolow, R.S.","contributorId":17639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Socolow","given":"R.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Comeau, L.Y.","contributorId":52254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Comeau","given":"L.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Casey, R.G.","contributorId":68823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ramsbey, L.R.","contributorId":78393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsbey","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":24746,"text":"ofr96477 - 1996 - U.S. Geological Survey Nitrogen-Cycling Workshop: Denver, Colorado October 30 - November 2, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-07T09:44:58","indexId":"ofr96477","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-477","title":"U.S. Geological Survey Nitrogen-Cycling Workshop: Denver, Colorado October 30 - November 2, 1995","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":" U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr96477","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Triska, F.J., 1996, U.S. Geological Survey Nitrogen-Cycling Workshop: Denver, Colorado October 30 - November 2, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-477, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96477.","productDescription":"88 p.","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":272566,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0477/report.pdf"},{"id":158186,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0477/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2be4b07f02db6130e4","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Puckett, Larry J. lpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":31739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Larry J.","email":"lpuckett@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":749341,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Triska, Frank J.","contributorId":88781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Triska","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":67935,"text":"ha730I - 1996 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 8, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":67935,"text":"ha730I - 1996 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 8, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming","indexId":"ha730I","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"chapter":"I","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 8, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":68687,"text":"ha730 - 2000 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States","indexId":"ha730","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":68687,"text":"ha730 - 2000 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States","indexId":"ha730","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-30T16:00:40","indexId":"ha730I","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"730","chapter":"I","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 8, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming","docAbstract":"<p>The States of Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming compose the 392,764-square-mile area of Segment 8, which is in the north-central part of the continental United States. The area varies topographically from the high rugged mountain ranges of the Rocky Mountains in western Montana and Wyoming to the gently undulating surface of the Central Lowland in eastern North Dakota and South Dakota (fig. 1). The Black Hills in southwestern South Dakota and northeastern Wyoming interrupt the uniformity of the intervening Great Plains. Segment 8 spans the Continental Divide, which is the drainage divide that separates streams that generally flow westward from those that generally flow eastward. The area of Segment 8 is drained by the following major rivers or river systems: the Green River drains southward to join the Colorado River, which ultimately discharges to the Gulf of California; the Clark Fork and the Kootenai Rivers drain generally westward by way of the Columbia River to discharge to the Pacific Ocean; the Missouri River system and the North Platte River drain eastward and southeastward to the Mississippi River, which discharges to the Gulf of Mexico; and the Red River of the North and the Souris River drain northward through Lake Winnipeg to ultimately discharge to Hudson Bay in Canada. </p><p>These rivers and their tributaries are an important source of water for public-supply, domestic and commercial, agricultural, and industrial uses. Much of the surface water has long been appropriated for agricultural use, primarily irrigation, and for compliance with downstream water pacts. Reservoirs store some of the surface water for flood control, irrigation, power generation, and recreational purposes. Surface water is not always available when and where it is needed, and ground water is the only other source of supply. Ground water is obtained primarily from wells completed in unconsolidated-deposit aquifers that consist mostly of sand and gravel, and from wells completed in semi-consolidated- and consolidated-rock aquifers, chiefly sandstone and limestone. Some wells withdraw water from volcanic rocks, igneous and metamorphic rocks, or fractured fine-grained sedimentary rocks, such as shale; however, wells completed in these types of rocks generally yield only small volumes of water. </p><p>Most wells in the four-State area of Segment 8 are on privately owned land (fig. 2). Agriculture, primarily irrigation, is one of the largest uses of ground water. The irrigation generally is on lowlands close to streams (fig. 3). Lowlands within a few miles of major streams usually are irrigated with surface water that is diverted by gravity flow from the main stream or a reservoir and transported through a canal system. Surface water also is pumped to irrigate land that gravity systems cannot supply. In addition, ground water is pumped from large-capacity wells to supplement surface water during times of drought or during seasons of the year when surface water is in short supply. Ground water is the only source of water for irrigation in much of the segment. The thickness and permeability of aquifers in the area of Segment 8 vary considerably, as do yields of wells completed in the aquifers. Ground-water levels and artesian pressures (hydraulic head) have declined significantly in some places as a result of excessive withdrawals by wells. State governments have taken steps to control the declines by enacting programs that either limit the number of additional wells that can be completed in a particular aquifer or prevent further ground-water development altogether. </p><p>The demand for water is directly related to the distribution of people. In 1990, Montana had a population of 799,065; North Dakota, 638,800; South Dakota, 696,004; and Wyoming, 453,588. The more densely populated areas are on lowlands near major streams. Many of the mountain, desert, and upland areas lack major population centers, particularly in Montana and Wyoming, where use of much of the land is controlled by the Federal Government and withdrawal of ground water is restricted.</p><p>Average annual precipitation (1951-80) in Segment 8 ranges from less than 8 inches in parts of Montana and Wyoming to more than 40 inches in some of the mountainous areas (fig. 4). Most storms move eastward through Segment 8 and are particularly common during the winter months. Moisture that evaporates from the Pacific Ocean is absorbed by eastward- moving air. As the moisture-laden air masses move eastward, they rise and cool as they encounter mountain ranges and lose some of their moisture to condensation. Consequently, the western sides of mountain ranges receive the most precipitation, much of it as snow during the winter months. In contrast, the eastern sides of some of the higher mountain ranges are in rain shadows and receive little precipitation. East of the Continental Divide, precipitation that falls during many summer storms results from northward-moving, moisture-laden air masses from the Gulf of Mexico. These air masses move northward when the polar front recedes; accordingly, a major part of the annual precipitation falls on the plains during the growing season. Average annual precipitation minus the total of average annual runoff plus evapotranspiration (the combination of evaporation and transpiration by plants) is the amount of water potentially available for recharge to the aquifers.</p><p>Average annual runoff (1951-80) in the area of Segment 8 varies greatly, and the distribution of runoff (fig. 5) generally parallels that of precipitation. In arid and semiarid areas of the segment, most precipitation replenishes soil moisture, evaporates, or is transpired by vegetation, and only a small part of the precipitation is left to maintain streamflow or recharge aquifers. In wetter areas of the segment, much of the precipitation runs off the land surface directly to perennial streams. Because a smaller percentage of precipitation in wet areas usually is lost to evapotranspiration than in dry areas, more water is, therefore, available to recharge aquifers where more precipitation falls. Precipitation that falls as snow generally does not become runoff until spring thaws begin. Runoff is affected in some areas by reservoirs that have been constructed on major streams to mitigate flooding and to store water for irrigation, electrical power generation, and recreation. Water stored in reservoirs during times when runoff is great is subsequently released during drier periods to maintain downstream flow.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha730I","isbn":"0607859741","usgsCitation":"Whitehead, R., 1996, Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 8, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 730, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha730I.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"I1","endPage":"I24","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":11486,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/ha730/ch_i/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":115245,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/730i/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"54.91 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,{"id":68027,"text":"ha730E - 1996 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 4, Oklahoma, Texas","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":68027,"text":"ha730E - 1996 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 4, Oklahoma, Texas","indexId":"ha730E","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 4, Oklahoma, Texas"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":68687,"text":"ha730 - 2000 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States","indexId":"ha730","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":68687,"text":"ha730 - 2000 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States","indexId":"ha730","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-30T14:50:32","indexId":"ha730E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"730","chapter":"E","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 4, Oklahoma, Texas","docAbstract":"<p>The two States, Oklahoma and Texas, that compose Segment 4 of this Atlas are located in the south-central part of the Nation. These States are drained by numerous rivers and streams, the largest being the Arkansas, the Canadian, the Red, the Sabine, the Trinity, the Brazos, the Colorado, and the Pecos Rivers and the Rio Grande. Many of these rivers and their tributaries supply large amounts of water for human use, mostly in the eastern parts of the two States. The large perennial streams in the east with their many associated impoundments coincide with areas that have dense populations. Large metropolitan areas such as Oklahoma City and Tulsa, Okla., and Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston, and Austin, Tex., are supplied largely or entirely by surface water. However, in 1985 more than 7.5 million people, or about 42 percent of the population of the two States, depended on ground water as a source of water supply. The metropolitan areas of San Antonio and El Paso, Tex., and numerous smaller communities depend largely or entirely on ground water for their source of supply. The ground water is contained in aquifers that consist of unconsolidated deposits and consolidated sedimentary rocks. This chapter describes the geology and hydrology of each of the principal aquifers throughout the two-State area. </p><p>Precipitation is the source of all the water in Oklahoma and Texas. Average annual precipitation ranges from about 8 inches per year in southwestern Texas to about 56 inches per year in southeastern Texas (fig. 1). In general, precipitation increases rather uniformly from west to east in the two States. </p><p>Much of the precipitation either flows directly into rivers and streams as overland runoff or indirectly as base flow that discharges from aquifers where the water has been stored for some time. Accordingly, the areal distribution of average annual runoff from 1951 to 1980 (fig. 2) reflects that of average annual precipitation. Average annual runoff in the two-State area ranges from about 0.2 inch in the western part of the Oklahoma panhandle and parts of west Texas to about 20 inches in southeastern Oklahoma. </p><p>Comparison of the precipitation and runoff maps shows that runoff is greater where precipitation is greater. However, precipitation is greater than runoff everywhere in the two-State area. Much of the precipitation that falls on the area is returned to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration, which is the combination of evaporation from surface-water bodies, such as lakes and marshes, and transpiration from plants. Part of the precipitation percolates downward through the soil and permeable rocks and is available for aquifer recharge throughout the area. </p><p>Oklahoma and Texas lie within six major physiographic provinces which are differentiated on the basis of differences in landforms and geology (fig. 3). The physiographic features vary greatly and range from the low, flat Coastal Plain Province through the high, gently rolling High Plains Province to mountain ranges in the Ouachita and the Basin and Range Provinces.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha730E","isbn":"0607855428","usgsCitation":"Ryder, P.D., 1996, Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 4, Oklahoma, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 730, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha730E.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"E1","endPage":"E30","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":115247,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/730e/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"60.52 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,{"id":28875,"text":"wri944161 - 1996 - Hydrology, water quality, and effects of drought in Monroe County, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-12T11:02:38","indexId":"wri944161","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4161","title":"Hydrology, water quality, and effects of drought in Monroe County, Michigan","docAbstract":"<p>Monroe County relies heavily on its aquifers and streams for drinking water, irrigation, and other ~ses; however, increased water use, high concentrations of certain constituents in ground water, and droughts may limit the availability of water resources. Although the most densely populated parts of the county use water from the Great Lakes, large amounts of ground water are withdrawn for quarry dewatering, domestic supply, and irrigation.</p><p>Unconsolidated deposits and bedrock of Silurian and Devonian age underlie Mon_roe County. The unconsolidated deposits are mostly clayey and less than 50 feet thick. Usable amounts of ground water generally are obtained from thin, discontinuous surficial sand deposits or, in the northwestern part of the county, from deep glaciofluvial deposits. In most of the county, however, ground water in unconsolidated deposits is highly susceptible to effects of droughts and to contamination.</p><p>The bedrock is mostly carbonate rock, and usable quantities of ground water can be obtained from fractures and other secondary openings throughout the county. Transmissivities of the Silurian-Devonian aquifer range from 10 to 6,600 feet squared per day. Aquifer tests and historical informati.on indicate that the Silurian-Devonian aquifer is confmed throughout most of the county. The major recharge area for the Silurian-Devonian aquifer in Monroe County is in the southwest, and groundwater flow is mostly southeastward toward Lake Erie. In the northeastern and southeastern parts of the county, the potentiometric surface of the SilurianDevonian aquifers has been lowered by pumpage to below the elevation of Lake Erie.</p><p>Streams and artificial drains in Monroe County are tributary to Lake Erie. Most streams are perennial because of sustained discharge from the sand aquifer and the Silurian-Devonian aquifer; however, the lower reaches of River Raisin and Plum Creek lost water to the Silurian-Devonian aquifer in July 1990.</p><p>The quality of ground water and of streamwater at low flow is suitable for most domestic u~es, irrigation, and recreation. In ground water, dissolved solids and hydrogen sulfide are present at concentrations objectionable to some users. Indicators of ground-water contamination from agricultural activities-pesticides and nitrates-were not present at detectable concentrations or were below U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) limits. In streamwater, some treatment to remove bacteria may be necessary in summer months; nitrate concentrations, however, were found to be below USEPA limits.</p><p>Tritium concentrations indicative of recent recharge to the Silurian-Devonian aquifer are present in a southwest-to-northeast-trending band from Whiteford to Berlin Townships. Generally, where glacial deposits are thicker than 30 feet, rech~rge.takes more than 40 years. Carbon isotope data md1cate that some of the ground water in the Silurian-Devonian aquifer is more than 14,000 years old.</p><p>Mild droughts are common in Michigan, but long severe droughts, such as those during 1930-37 and 1960-67, are infrequent. The most recent drought, during 1988, was severe but short. Ground-water levels declined throughout the county; the largest declines were probably in the southwest. Shallow bedrock wells completed in only the upper part of the Silurian-Devonian aquifer and near large uses of ground water were especially susceptible to the effects of drought. Deep bedrock wells continued to produce water through the drought of 1988.</p><p>During droughts, streamflow is reduced because of low ground-water levels and high consumptive uses of surface water. In 1988, annual discharge on the River Raisin was near normal, but monthly averages were below normal from March through August. The quality of surface water during droughts is similar to that during normal lowflow conditions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944161","usgsCitation":"Nicholas, J., Rowe, G.L., and Brannen, J., 1996, Hydrology, water quality, and effects of drought in Monroe County, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4161, x, 169 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944161.","productDescription":"x, 169 p.","numberOfPages":"186","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159493,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4161/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":343690,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4161/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Monroe County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-83.2756,42.0749],[-83.2665,42.0719],[-83.2584,42.0731],[-83.2514,42.0647],[-83.2466,42.0614],[-83.2362,42.0593],[-83.2301,42.056],[-83.2272,42.0518],[-83.2217,42.0503],[-83.2176,42.0475],[-83.2141,42.0429],[-83.2047,42.044],[-83.1887,42.0309],[-83.1923,42.0323],[-83.1942,42.031],[-83.1972,42.0329],[-83.2008,42.0348],[-83.2046,42.0344],[-83.2055,42.0281],[-83.2027,42.0212],[-83.2048,42.0158],[-83.2079,42.0159],[-83.2039,42.0085],[-83.2084,42.0046],[-83.2068,41.9995],[-83.2182,41.9934],[-83.2278,41.9864],[-83.2386,41.9799],[-83.2425,41.9763],[-83.2463,41.9751],[-83.2512,41.9752],[-83.2571,41.9808],[-83.2626,41.9818],[-83.2633,41.9809],[-83.2646,41.9801],[-83.2508,41.9715],[-83.249,41.9688],[-83.2518,41.9634],[-83.2551,41.9576],[-83.256,41.9526],[-83.2525,41.9484],[-83.252,41.9457],[-83.2533,41.9434],[-83.259,41.9408],[-83.2616,41.9382],[-83.2629,41.9355],[-83.2653,41.9369],[-83.2768,41.9427],[-83.2927,41.9453],[-83.2946,41.9449],[-83.3008,41.9437],[-83.3128,41.9376],[-83.3225,41.9283],[-83.3278,41.9217],[-83.3295,41.9099],[-83.3307,41.8986],[-83.3327,41.8941],[-83.336,41.8887],[-83.3369,41.8842],[-83.3392,41.8861],[-83.3408,41.892],[-83.3445,41.8925],[-83.3484,41.889],[-83.3514,41.8909],[-83.3556,41.8933],[-83.3617,41.8952],[-83.3656,41.8903],[-83.3632,41.8875],[-83.356,41.8837],[-83.3556,41.8796],[-83.3581,41.8788],[-83.3636,41.8789],[-83.3675,41.8749],[-83.3731,41.8741],[-83.3807,41.8689],[-83.3891,41.86],[-83.3943,41.8538],[-83.3978,41.8461],[-83.405,41.8363],[-83.4122,41.8251],[-83.4186,41.8216],[-83.4235,41.8213],[-83.4253,41.8214],[-83.438,41.813],[-83.4416,41.8027],[-83.4396,41.7913],[-83.4353,41.7775],[-83.4304,41.7633],[-83.4236,41.7482],[-83.4214,41.7431],[-83.4222,41.7381],[-83.426,41.7364],[-83.4302,41.7383],[-83.4294,41.7433],[-83.4291,41.7506],[-83.4326,41.7543],[-83.4324,41.7593],[-83.4335,41.7611],[-83.4445,41.7768],[-83.443,41.7841],[-83.4459,41.7891],[-83.4438,41.7936],[-83.4463,41.7937],[-83.4534,41.7861],[-83.4589,41.7872],[-83.459,41.7854],[-83.4547,41.7834],[-83.4551,41.7762],[-83.4446,41.7618],[-83.4465,41.7596],[-83.4538,41.7625],[-83.4655,41.7632],[-83.4711,41.7602],[-83.4707,41.7565],[-83.4744,41.7553],[-83.4739,41.753],[-83.4665,41.7533],[-83.4624,41.7495],[-83.4637,41.7464],[-83.4675,41.7442],[-83.4737,41.7435],[-83.4774,41.7435],[-83.4781,41.7422],[-83.4751,41.7403],[-83.4796,41.7363],[-83.484,41.7328],[-83.7663,41.7229],[-83.7714,41.9068],[-83.7763,42.0823],[-83.6563,42.0833],[-83.5399,42.0853],[-83.4235,42.0876],[-83.4233,42.0921],[-83.3088,42.0943],[-83.2952,42.0944],[-83.2885,42.0906],[-83.2849,42.0892],[-83.2802,42.0827],[-83.2779,42.0786],[-83.2756,42.0749]]],[[[-83.4507,41.7338],[-83.4611,41.7338],[-83.4586,41.7367],[-83.4566,41.7403],[-83.4535,41.7416],[-83.4505,41.7402],[-83.4487,41.7383],[-83.4494,41.737],[-83.4507,41.7338]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Monroe\",\"state\":\"MI\"}}]}\n","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc70f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nicholas, J.R.","contributorId":26673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholas","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rowe, Gary L. glrowe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"Gary","email":"glrowe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":200542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brannen, J.R.","contributorId":37376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brannen","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5411,"text":"fs16596 - 1996 - Vulnerability of public drinking water supplies in New Jersey to pesticides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T14:21:14","indexId":"fs16596","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"165-96","title":"Vulnerability of public drinking water supplies in New Jersey to pesticides","docAbstract":"<p>Beginning in 1993, Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) regulations required the 626 large community water systems in New Jersey to monitor their 2,600 wells and 45 surface-water intakes quarterly for 23 pesticides. Monitoring costs would increase consumers&rsquo; water bills by $6.4 million each year. The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) can waive monitoring requirements for wells or intakes that are not vulnerable to pesticide contamination.</p>\n<p>The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with NJDEP, determined the vulnerability of wells and surface-water intakes to pesticide contamination on the basis of hydrogeology and pesticide use. The NJDEP estimated that because many wells and intakes are not vulnerable to contamination by pesticides, monitoring waivers will save taxpayers at least $5.1 million annually for a one-time study cost of $1 million.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs16596","usgsCitation":"Vowinkel, E.F., Clawges, R., Buxton, D., Stedfast, D., and Louis, J., 1996, Vulnerability of public drinking water supplies in New Jersey to pesticides: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 165-96, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs16596.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology 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D.A.","contributorId":89520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stedfast","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Louis, J.B.","contributorId":77922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Louis","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":23248,"text":"ofr96491 - 1996 - Initiation and frequency of debris flows in Grand Canyon, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-01T22:02:28.399609","indexId":"ofr96491","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-491","displayTitle":"Initiation and Frequency of Debris Flows in Grand Canyon, Arizona","title":"Initiation and frequency of debris flows in Grand Canyon, Arizona","docAbstract":"<p>Debris flows occur in 600 tributaries of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona when intense precipitation causes slope failures in bedrock or colluvium. These slurries transport poorly sorted sediment, including very large boulders that form rapids at the mouths of tributaries and control the longitudinal profile of the Colorado River. Although the amount of rainfall on the days of historic debris flows typically is not unusual, the storm rainfall on consecutive days before the debris flows typically had recurrence intervals greater than 10 yrs. Four types of failure mechanisms initiate debris flows: bedrock failure (12 percent), failure of colluvial wedges by rainfall (21 percent), failure of colluvial wedges by runoff (the \"firehose effect;\" 36 percent), and combinations of these failure mechanisms (30 percent). Failure points are directly or indirectly associated with terrestrial shales, particularly the Permian Hermit Shale, shale units within the Permian Esplanade Sandstone of the Supai Group, and the Cambrian Bright Angel Shale. Shales either directly fail, produce colluvial wedges downslope that contain clay, or form benches that store poorly sorted colluvium in wedge-shaped deposits. Terrestrial shales provide the fine particles and clay minerals?particularly kaolinite and illite?essential to long-distance debris-flow transport, whereas marine shales mostly contain smectites, which inhibit debris-flow initiation. Using repeat photography, we determined whether or not a debris flow occurred in the last century in 164 of 600 tributaries in Grand Canyon. We used logistic regression to model the binomial frequency data using 21 morphometric and lithologic variables. The location of shale units, particularly the Hermit Shale, within the tributary is the most consistent variable related to debris-flow frequency in Grand Canyon. Other statistically significant variables vary with large scale changes in canyon morphology. Standard morphometric measures such as drainage-basin area, channel gradient, and aspect of the river corridor are the most significant variables in the narrow and deep eastern section of Grand Canyon. Measures of the location of source lithologies are more important in western Grand Canyon, which has broader and low-gradient drainages. Measures of geologic structure, and other standard hydrologic variates, were not significant. Our results show that the probability of debris-flow occurrence is highest in eastern Grand Canyon. Throughout Grand Canyon, the probability of debris-flow occurrence is highest in reaches of the Colorado River that trend south-southwest. This direction is significant because most summer storms originate from a southerly direction, and the maximum slope of the regional structure is to the southwest. The binomial frequency of debris flows is not random in Grand Canyon, and tributaries of similar debris-flow frequency are clustered in distinct reaches.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96491","usgsCitation":"Griffiths, P.G., Webb, R., and Melis, T., 1996, Initiation and frequency of debris flows in Grand Canyon, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-491, ii, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96491.","productDescription":"ii, 35 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154267,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1398,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr96-491","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.01611328125,\n              35.68407153314097\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.192626953125,\n              35.68407153314097\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.192626953125,\n              36.958671131530316\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.01611328125,\n              36.958671131530316\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.01611328125,\n              35.68407153314097\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e5cf0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffiths, Peter G. 0000-0002-8663-8907 pggriffi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8663-8907","contributorId":187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffiths","given":"Peter","email":"pggriffi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":189728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webb, Robert H. rhwebb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"Robert H.","email":"rhwebb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":12625,"text":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":189729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Melis, Theodore S. 0000-0003-0473-3968 tmelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0473-3968","contributorId":1829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melis","given":"Theodore S.","email":"tmelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":6797,"text":"fs18996 - 1996 - Lake levels, streamflow, and surface-water quality in the Devils Lake area, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T16:48:23","indexId":"fs18996","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"189-96","title":"Lake levels, streamflow, and surface-water quality in the Devils Lake area, North Dakota","docAbstract":"<p>The Devils Lake Basin is a 3,810-square-mile (mi<sup>2</sup>) closed basin&nbsp;(fig. 1) in the Red River of the North Basin. About 3,320 mi<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>of the total 3,810 mi<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>is tributary to Devils Lake; the remainder is tributary to Stump Lake.</p><p>Since glaciation, the lake level of Devils Lake has fluctuated from about 1,457 feet (ft) above sea level (asl), the natural spill elevation of the lake to the Sheyenne River, to 1,400 ft asl (Aronow, 1957). Although no documented records of lake levels are available before 1867, Upham (1895, p. 595), on the basis of tree-ring chronology, indicated that the lake level was 1,441 ft asl in 1830. Lake levels were recorded sporadically from 1867 to 1901 when the U.S. Geological Survey established a gaging station on Devils Lake. From 1867 to the present (1996), the lake level has fluctuated between a maximum of 1,438.4 ft asl in 1867 and a minimum of 1,400.9 ft asl in 1940<a href=\"https://nd.water.usgs.gov/pubs/fs/fs18996/#FIG2\" data-mce-href=\"https://nd.water.usgs.gov/pubs/fs/fs18996/#FIG2\"><span>&nbsp;</span>(fig. 2)</a>. On July 31, 1996, the lake level was 1,437.8 ft asl, about 15.2 ft higher than the level recorded in February 1993 and the highest level in about 120 years.</p><p>Since 1993, the lake level of Devils Lake (fig. 2) has risen rapidly in response to above-normal precipitation from the summer of 1993 to the present, and 30,000 acres of land around the lake have been flooded. The above-normal precipitation also has caused flooding elsewhere in the Devils Lake Basin. State highways near Devils Lake are being raised, and some local roads have been closed because of flooding.</p><p>In response to the flooding, the Devils Lake Basin Interagency Task Force, comprised of many State and Federal agencies, was formed in 1995 to find and propose intermediate (5 years or less) solutions to reduce the effects of high lake levels. In addition to various planning studies being conducted by Federal agencies, the North Dakota State Water Commission has implemented a project to store water on small tracts of land and in the chain of lakes (Sweetwater Lake, Morrison Lake, Dry Lake, Mikes Lake, Chain Lake, Lake Alice, and Lake Irvine). Most of the planning studies include options to store water in the Devils Lake Basin and to provide an outlet to the Sheyenne River via Devils Lake or the Stump Lakes. If an outlet is constructed, water-quantity and -quality issues will be considered in designing the operating plan. Therefore, current and accurate hydrologic information is needed to assess the viability of the various options to lower the level of Devils Lake.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs18996","usgsCitation":"Wiche, G.J., 1996, Lake levels, streamflow, and surface-water quality in the Devils Lake area, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 189-96, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs18996.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118154,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_189_96.bmp"},{"id":812,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://nd.water.usgs.gov/pubs/fs/fs18996/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b430f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiche, Gregg J. gjwiche@usgs.gov","contributorId":1675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiche","given":"Gregg","email":"gjwiche@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":6711,"text":"fs11296 - 1996 - Selected reports of the U.S. Geological Survey on Water Resources in Mississippi, 1990-96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-03T09:17:39","indexId":"fs11296","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"112-96","title":"Selected reports of the U.S. Geological Survey on Water Resources in Mississippi, 1990-96","docAbstract":"Results of water-resources data-collection programs and interpretive hydrologic studies conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) are published in reports and are made available to universities, State and local agencies, other Federal agencies, and the public. The following is a list of selected USGS reports on water resources in Mississippi published since 1990 and categorized according to the major emphasis of the report; these reports are available for inspection at the Mississippi District Office in Pearl, Mississippi.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs11296","usgsCitation":"Moss, C.P., 1996, Selected reports of the U.S. Geological Survey on Water Resources in Mississippi, 1990-96: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 112-96, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs11296.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139663,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs11296.jpg"},{"id":285392,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0112-96/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.653,30.1741 ], [ -91.653,34.9961 ], [ -88.0994,34.9961 ], [ -88.0994,30.1741 ], [ -91.653,30.1741 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a03e4b07f02db5f826b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moss, Carol P.","contributorId":13970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moss","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5597,"text":"fs19596 - 1996 - Technology transfer opportunities: new development: computerized field manual provides valuable resource for hydrologic investigations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-11T07:20:28","indexId":"fs19596","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"195-96","title":"Technology transfer opportunities: new development: computerized field manual provides valuable resource for hydrologic investigations","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is known throughout the world for conducting quality scientific investigation is hydrologic environments. Proper and consistent field techniques have been an integral part of this good research. Over the past few decades, the USGS has developed and published detailed, standard protocols for conducting studies in most aspects of the hydrologic environment. These protocols have been published in a number of diverse documents. The wealth of information contained in these diverse documents can benefit other scientists in industry, government, and academia that are involved in conducting hydrologic studies. \nScientists at the USGS have brought together many of the most important of the field protocols in a user-friendly, graphical-interfaced field manual that will be useful in both the field and in the office. This electronic field manual can assist hydrologists and other scientists in conducting and documenting their field activities in a manner that is recognized standard throughout the hydrologic community.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs19596","usgsCitation":"Chapel, P., 1996, Technology transfer opportunities: new development: computerized field manual provides valuable resource for hydrologic investigations: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 195-96, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs19596.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139624,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/19596/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":286235,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/19596/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685a46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapel, Paul","contributorId":87454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapel","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":21989,"text":"ofr96132 - 1996 - Operation of hydrologic data-collection stations by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:54","indexId":"ofr96132","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-132","title":"Operation of hydrologic data-collection stations by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1995","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96132","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Lew, M., and Dodds, B., 1996, Operation of hydrologic data-collection stations by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-132, 28 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96132.","productDescription":"28 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154341,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0132/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51459,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0132/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af1e4b07f02db6917c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lew, Melvin","contributorId":91877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lew","given":"Melvin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dodds, Betty","contributorId":23971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodds","given":"Betty","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29240,"text":"wri944121 - 1995 - Preliminary assessment of injection, storage, and recovery of freshwater in the lower Hawthorn aquifer, Cape Coral, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-14T12:04:24.209495","indexId":"wri944121","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-13T10:55:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4121","displayTitle":"Preliminary Assessment of Injection, Storage, and Recovery of Freshwater in the Lower Hawthorn Aquifer, Cape Coral, Florida","title":"Preliminary assessment of injection, storage, and recovery of freshwater in the lower Hawthorn aquifer, Cape Coral, Florida","docAbstract":"A preliminary assessment of subsurface injection, storage and recovery of fresh canal water was made in the naturally brackish lower Hawthorn aquifer in Cape Coral, southwestern Florida. A digital modeling approach was used for this preliminary assessment, incorporating available data on hydrologic conditions, aquifer properties, and water quality to simulate density-dependent ground-water flow and advective-dispersive transport of a conservative ground-water solute (chloride ion). \r\n\r\nA baseline simulation was used as reference to compare the effects of changing various operational factors on the recovery efficiency. A recovery efficiency of 64 percent was estimated for the baseline simulation. Based on the model, the recovery efficiency increases if the injection rate and recovery rates are increased and if the ratio of recovery rate to injection rate is increased. Recovery efficiency decreases if the amount of water injected is increased; slightly decreases if the storage time is increased; is not changed significantly if the water is injected to a specific flow zone; increases with successive cycles of injection, storage, and recovery; and decreases if the chloride concentrations in either the injection water or native aquifer water are increased. In everal hypothetical tests, the recovery efficiency fluctuated between 22 and about 100 percent. \r\n\r\nTwo successive cycles could bring the recovery efficiency from 60 to about 80 percent. Interlayer solute mass movement across the upper and lower boundaries seems to be the most important factor affecting the recovery efficiency. A sensitivity analysis was performed applying a technique in which the change in the various factors and the corresponding model responses are normalized so that meaningful comparisons among the responses could be made. The general results from the sensitivity analysis indicated that the permeabilities of the upper and lower flow zones were the most important factors that produced the greatest changes in the relative sensitivity of the recovery efficiency. Almost equally significant changes occurred in the relative sensitivity of the recovery efficiency when all porosity values of the upper and lower flow zones and the leaky confining units and the vertical anisotropy ratio were changed. \r\n\r\nThe advective factors are the most important in the Cape Coral area according to the sensitivity analysis. However, the dispersivity values used in the model were extrapolated from studies conducted at the nearby Lee County Water Treatment Plant, and these values might not be representative of the actual dispersive characteristics of the lower Hawthorn aquifer in the Cape Coral area.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944121","usgsCitation":"Quinones-Aponte, V., and Wexler, E.J., 1995, Preliminary assessment of injection, storage, and recovery of freshwater in the lower Hawthorn aquifer, Cape Coral, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4121, vi, 102 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944121.","productDescription":"vi, 102 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2242,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4121/wri944121.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.26 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 94-4121"},{"id":158529,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4121/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","city":"Cape Coral","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.21618652343749,\n              26.418930009317858\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.80145263671875,\n              26.418930009317858\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.80145263671875,\n              26.775039386999605\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.21618652343749,\n              26.775039386999605\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.21618652343749,\n              26.418930009317858\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\">Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>3321 College Avenue<br>Davie, FL 33314</p><p><a href=\"../contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaee4b07f02db66c847","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quinones-Aponte, Vicente","contributorId":48552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones-Aponte","given":"Vicente","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wexler, Eliezer J.","contributorId":99963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wexler","given":"Eliezer","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70179668,"text":"70179668 - 1995 - Seasonal cycles of dissolved constituents in streamwater in two forested catchments in the mid-Atlantic region of the eastern U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-19T14:38:39","indexId":"70179668","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal cycles of dissolved constituents in streamwater in two forested catchments in the mid-Atlantic region of the eastern U.S.A.","docAbstract":"<p><span>Streamwater discharge and chemistry of two small catchments on Catoctin Mountain in north-central Maryland have been monitored since 1982. Repetitive seasonal cycles in stream-water chemistry have been observed each year, along with seasonal cycles in the volume of stream discharge and in groundwater levels. The hypothesis that the observed streamwater chemical cycles are related to seasonal changes in the hydrological flow paths that contribute to streamflow is examined using a combination of data on groundwater levels, shallow and deep groundwater chemistry, streamwater discharge, streamwater chemistry, soil-water chemistry, and estimates of water residence times. The concentrations of constituents derived from rock weathering, particularly bicarbonate and silica, increase in streamwater during the summer when the water table is below the regolith-bedrock interface and stream discharge consists primarily of deep groundwater from the fractured-bedrock aquifer. Conversely, the concentrations in streamwater of atmospherically derived components, particularly sulfate, increase in winter when the water table is above the regolith-bedrock interface and stream discharge consists primarily of shallow groundwater from the regolith. Tritium and chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) measurements suggest that the groundwater in these systems is young, with a residence time of less than several years. The results of this study have implications for the design of large-scale water-quality monitoring programs.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(95)92713-N","usgsCitation":"Rice, K.C., and Bricker, O.P., 1995, Seasonal cycles of dissolved constituents in streamwater in two forested catchments in the mid-Atlantic region of the eastern U.S.A.: Journal of Hydrology, v. 170, p. 137-158, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(95)92713-N.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"158","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333031,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","county":"Frederick","otherGeospatial":"Catoctin Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.52021789550781,\n              39.57049901310693\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.52021789550781,\n              39.69001640474053\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.3880386352539,\n              39.69001640474053\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.3880386352539,\n              39.57049901310693\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.52021789550781,\n              39.57049901310693\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"170","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58760117e4b04eac8e0746e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rice, Karen C. 0000-0002-9356-5443 kcrice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9356-5443","contributorId":1998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Karen","email":"kcrice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":658163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bricker, Owen P.","contributorId":25142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"Owen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}