Since the 1976-77 drought in Minnesota, legislators, planners, and citizens have become aware of the need for water management based on knowledge of water availability and use in order to alleviate local water shortages. In addition to maintaining an adequate supply, information on the amount of water used, where it is used, and how it is used is needed to help resolve problems of resource allocation, environmental impact, energy development, and water quality. A reliable water-use-data base providing historical information is needed by management and regulatory agencies to monitor and project the hydrologic effects of water demands.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr87544","usgsCitation":"Trotta, L.C., 1988, Sources of water-use data in Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-544, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87544.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":148740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0544/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":45233,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0544/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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Recent advances in equipment, sound sources, and computer interpretation techniques make seismic refraction a highly effective and economical means of obtaining subsurface data in hydrologic studies. Aquifers that can be defined by one or more high-seismic-velocity surface, such as (1) alluvial or glacial deposits in consolidated rock valleys, (2) limestone or sandstone underlain by metamorphic or igneous rock, or (3) saturated unconsolidated deposits overlain by unsaturated unconsolidated deposits, are ideally suited for seismic-refraction methods. These methods allow economical collection of subsurface data, provide the basis for more efficient collection of data by test drilling or aquifer tests, and result in improved hydrologic studies. This manual briefly reviews the basics of seismic-refraction theory and principles. 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","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":139165,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":247,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri2d2/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a89a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haeni, F.P.","contributorId":87105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeni","given":"F.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3977,"text":"cir1013 - 1988 - Metal biogeochemistry in surface-water systems; a review of principles and concepts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:26","indexId":"cir1013","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1013","title":"Metal biogeochemistry in surface-water systems; a review of principles and concepts","docAbstract":"Metals are ubiquitous in natural surface-water systems, both as dissolved constituents and as particulate constituents. 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Biological interactions, in this case, refer to bioavailability, effects of metals on ecological characteristics and functions of aquatic systems, and roles of biota in controlling metal partitioning. \r\n\r\nThis discussion is devoted primarily to the elements aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, and zinc and secondarily to cobalt, molybdenum, selenium, silver, and vanadium. Sources of these elements are both natural and anthropogenic. Significant anthropogenic sources are atmospheric deposition, discharges of municipal and industrial wastes, mine drainage, and urban and agricultural runoff. \r\n\r\nBiogeochemical partitioning of metals is controlled by various characteristics of the water and sediments in which the metals are found. Among the most important controlling factors are pH, oxidation-reduction potential, hydrologic features, sediment grain size, and the existence and nature of clay minerals, organic matter, and hydrous oxides of manganese and iron. Partitioning is also controlled by biological processes that provide mechanisms for detoxification of metals and for enhanced uptake of nutritive metals. Partitioning is important largely because availability to biota is highly variable among different phases. Hence, accumulation in biological tissues and toxicity of an element are dependent not only on total concentration of the element but also on the factors that control partitioning.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/cir1013","usgsCitation":"Elder, J.F., 1988, Metal biogeochemistry in surface-water systems; a review of principles and concepts: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1013, v, 43 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1013.","productDescription":"v, 43 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124434,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1988/1013/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31062,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1988/1013/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62563a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elder, John F.","contributorId":23919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elder","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":147938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4658,"text":"twri05A4_1988 - 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Many wells have been abandoned because well screens were inadvertently placed in saltwater parts of the aquifer. \r\n\r\nA scavenger/production well couple that can be installed in an abandoned well, screened in both freshwater and saltwater parts of the aquifer, provides an effective method for extracting freshwater from the well. Withdrawal of a sufficient quantity of water having low chloride concentrations, by use of a well couple, depends on the upward movement of saltwater within the aquifer when the well is pumped. Upward movement of saltwater depends on the relative concentrations of chloride in the borehole and on the distribution of horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer. \r\n\r\nFor any well screened in an aquifer that contains both freshwater and saltwater, a family of curves can be constructed to represent all combinations of pumping rates and corresponding chloride loads when the scavenger well and the production well are being pumped simultaneously. The curves permit estimates of optimal withdrawals of freshwater based on the desired pumping rates and the levels of chloride concentration required for each well.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2328","usgsCitation":"Zack, A.L., 1988, A well system to recover usable water from a freshwater-saltwater aquifer in Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2328, iv, 15 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2328.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139242,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2328/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29894,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2328/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b09dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zack, Allen L.","contributorId":47775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zack","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3873,"text":"cir878C - 1988 - Codes for the identification of aquifer names and geologic units in the United States and the Caribbean outlying areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:37","indexId":"cir878C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"878","chapter":"C","title":"Codes for the identification of aquifer names and geologic units in the United States and the Caribbean outlying areas","docAbstract":"This standard provides codes to be used for the identification of aquifer names and geologic units in the United States, the Caribbean and other outlying areas. Outlying areas include Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, the Midway Islands, Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands, and miscellaneous Pacific Islands. Each code identifies an aquifer or rock-stratigraphic unit and its age designation. The codes provide a standardized base for use by organizations in the storage, retrieval, and exchange of ground-water data; the indexing and inventory of ground-water data and information; the cataloging of ground-water data acquisition activities; and a variety of other applications.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir878C","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1988, Codes for the identification of aquifer names and geologic units in the United States and the Caribbean outlying areas (Reprint): U.S. Geological Survey Circular 878, iii, C8 p. ;26 cm. (A. U.S. Geological Survey Data Standard), https://doi.org/10.3133/cir878C.","productDescription":"iii, C8 p. ;26 cm. (A. U.S. Geological Survey Data Standard)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1988/0878c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30964,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1988/0878c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Reprint","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae9a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3422,"text":"cir1004 - 1988 - Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:38","indexId":"cir1004","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1004","title":"Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 1985","docAbstract":"Water withdrawals in the United States during 1985 were estimated to average 399,000 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) of freshwater and saline water for offstream uses--10 percent less than the 1980 estimate. Average per-capita use for all offstream uses was 1,650 gallons per day (gal/d) of freshwater and saline water combined and 1,400 gal/d of freshwater alone. \r\n\r\nOffstream water-use categories are classified in this report as public supply, domestic, commercial, irrigation, livestock, industrial, mining, and thermoelectric power. During 1985, public-supply withdrawals were estimated to be 36,500 Mgal/d, and self-supplied withdrawals were estimated as follows: domestic, 3,320 Mgal/d: commercial, 1,230 Mgal/d; irrigation, 137,000 Mgal/d: livestock, 4,470 Mgal/d; industrial, 25,800 Mgal/d; mining, 3,440 Mgal/d; and thermoelectric power, 187,000 Mgal/d. \r\n\r\nWater use for hydroelectric power generation, the only instream use compiled in this report, was estimated to be 3,050,000 Mgal/d during 1985, or 7 percent less than during 1980. This is in contrast to an increasing trend that persisted from 1950 to 1980. \r\n\r\nEstimates of withdrawals by source indicate that, during 1985, total surface-water withdrawals were 325,000 Mgal/d, or 10 percent less than during 1980, and total ground-water withdrawals were 74,000 Mgal/d, or 12 percent less than during 1980. Total saline-water withdrawals during 1985 were 60,300 Mgal/d, or 16 percent less than during 1980; most was saline surface water. Reclaimed sewage averaged about 579 Mgal/d during 1985, or 22 percent more than during 1980. \r\n\r\nTotal freshwater consumptive use was estimated to be 92,300 Mgal/d during 1985, or 9 percent less than during 1980. Consumptive use by irrigation accounted for the largest part of consumptive use during 1985 and was estimated to be 73,800 Mgal/d. \r\n\r\nA comparison of total withdrawals (fresh and saline) by State indicates that 37 States and Puerto Rico had less water withdrawn for offstream uses during 1985 than during 1980. California accounted for the most water withdrawn for offstream use, 49,700 Mgal/d, more than double the water withdrawn in either Texas or Idaho, the next largest users. A similar comparison by water-resources regions indicates that the California and the South Atlantic-Gulf regions accounted for nearly one-quarter of the total water withdrawn in the United States. Total withdrawals for offstream use in the eastern water-resources regions, which include the Mississippi and Souris Rivers, accounted for 53 percent of the Nation's total withdrawals, compared to 55 percent during 1980. Freshwater consumptive use in the East was about 11 percent of the freshwater withdrawn in the East and accounted for only 21 percent of the Nation's total freshwater consumptive use. By comparison, freshwater consumptive use in the West was about 41 percent of the freshwater withdrawn in the West. \r\n\r\nThe 1985 estimates of total water withdrawals and consumptive use were less than the 1980 estimates; this apparently further confirms a general trend indicated by a slackening in the rate of increase of total withdrawals from 1970 to 1975 and again from 1975 to 1980. Public-supply withdrawals during 1985 were 7 percent more than during 1980, \r\nself-supplied domestic withdrawals were 4 percent less, irrigation withdrawals were 6 \r\npercent less, livestock withdrawals were 108 percent more, and thermoelectric power \r\nWithdrawals were 13 percent less. The combined total for self-supplied industrial, commercial, and mining withdrawals (excluding thermoelectric power) was 30,500 Mgal/d \r\nduring 1985, or 33 percent less than withdrawals listed for 'other' industries during \r\n1980, which also included commercial and mining uses.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/cir1004","usgsCitation":"Solley, W.B., Merk, C.F., and Pierce, R.R., 1988, Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1004, viii, 82 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1004.","productDescription":"viii, 82 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124374,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1988/1004/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30437,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1988/1004/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b31e4b07f02db6b41a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Solley, Wayne B.","contributorId":61409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solley","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Merk, Charles F.","contributorId":44503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merk","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pierce, Robert R.","contributorId":62578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}