The chemical composition and movement of ground water and hydrologic properties of the basin‑fill material were studied to better under‑ stand the flow system in Salt Lake Valley, Utah. Recharge sources and water‑rock interactions influence the water chemistry in the principal and shallow unconfined aquifers. Chloride concentration in water from some wells has increased from the 1950’s and 1960’s to 1992, possibly because of the infiltration of water that contains dissolved road salt and the movement of ground water with relatively high chloride concentrations from volcanic rocks in the vicinity of these wells. Hydraulic‑conductivity values determined from slug tests done on wells finished in the shallow unconfined aquifer and confining layers ranged from 0.003 to 33.4 feet per day. Transmissivity values determined for the principal aquifer from four multiple‑well aquifer tests ranged from 6,400 to 43,600 feet squared per day. Vertical hydraulic‑conductivity values estimated from these tests are from 0.01 to 1 foot per day. Water from 81 sites was analyzed for the stable‑isotope ratios of oxygen and hydrogen to determine sources of recharge and mixing of water from these sources. Water sampled from the principal aquifer in the southeastern part of the valley is isotopically similar to water in Big and Little Cottonwood Creeks. Ground water sampled from the shallow unconfined aquifer is generally enriched in oxygen‑18 and deuterium relative to other water in the valley, except for water from the Jordan River and its diversions, which are probable recharge sources. Tritium concentrations ranging from about 33 to 59 tritium units in water from the principal aquifer in the southeastern part of the valley are representative of concentrations in water that was recharged in the 1960’s.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources Division of Water Rights and Utah Department of Environmental Quality Division of Water Quality","usgsCitation":"Thiros, S.A., 1995, Chemical composition of ground water, hydrologic properties of basin-fill material, and ground-water movement in Salt Lake Valley, Utah: Technical Publication 110-A, Report: vii, 60 p; 2 Plates: 19.08 x 22.19 inches and 24.59 x 21.84 inches.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 60 p; 2 Plates: 19.08 x 22.19 inches and 24.59 x 21.84 inches","numberOfPages":"71","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332750,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":294,"text":"Technical Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"110-B","title":"Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in basin-fill material in Salt Lake Valley, Utah","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional, finite-difference, numerical model was developed to simulate ground-water flow in the basin-fill material in Salt Lake Valley, Utah. The model was calibrated to steady-state and transient-state conditions. The steady-state simulation was developed and calibrated using hydrologic data defining average conditions for 1968. The transient-state simulation was developed and calibrated using hydrologic data from 1969-91.
Areally the model grid is 94 rows by 62 columns, with each cell 0.35 mile on a side. Vertically, the aquifer system is divided into seven layers. The model simulates recharge to the basin-fill ground-water flow system from (1) consolidated rock, (2) streams and canals, (3) precipitation on the valley floor, (4) irrigated land, (5) reservoirs and evaporation ponds in the southwestern part of the valley, and (6) underflow at Jordan Narrows. Estimated discharge to wells, canals, and springs is incorporated in the model. During simulation, the model computes (1) ground-water flow to and seepage from the Jordan River and the lower reaches of its principal tributaries, (2) recharge from consolidated rock at the northern end of the Oquirrh Mountains, (3) discharge to drains, and (4) discharge by evapotranspiration.
During steady-state calibration, calibration variables were adjusted within probable ranges to minimize differences between model-computed and measured water levels, model-computed and estimated ground-water discharge to the Jordan River, and simulated and measured vertical hydraulic gradients. The transient-state simulation was calibrated to measured water-level changes and estimated annual gains in the Jordan River.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake city, UT","collaboration":"Prepared by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights, and the Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Quality","usgsCitation":"Lambert, P., 1995, Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in basin-fill material in Salt Lake Valley, Utah: Technical Publication 110-B, vi, 58 p.","productDescription":"vi, 58 p.","numberOfPages":"70","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332758,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332756,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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M.","contributorId":74380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambert","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70179109,"text":"70179109 - 1995 - Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in southern Utah and Goshen Valleys, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-30T10:06:09","indexId":"70179109","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":294,"text":"Technical Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"111","title":"Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in southern Utah and Goshen Valleys, Utah","docAbstract":"The ground-water resources of southern Utah and Goshen Valleys were assessed from 1988 to 1993 to determine the effects that additional ground-water withdrawals would have on water levels, surface water, and water quality. Recharge, movement, and discharge of ground-water were emphasized. The main ground-water system in southern Utah and Goshen Valleys is in the unconsolidated basin-fill deposits. Recharge to the ground-water system from streams, canals, irrigation, precipitation, intermittent and ephemeral runoff, and subsurface inflow was estimated to be 120,000 acre-feet in southern Utah Valley and 30,000 acre-feet in Goshen Valley in 1990. Discharge from the ground-water system to springs and drains, by evapotranspiration, to wells, streams, canals, Utah Lake, and sewer systems was estimated to be 130,000 acre-feet in southern Utah Valley and 33,000 acre-feet in Goshen Valley in 1990. Release from storage from March 1990 to March 1991 was estimated to be 9,800 acre-feet in southern Utah Valley and 3,400 acre-feet in Goshen Valley. Observed water-level fluctuations indicate that irrigation is not a major source of recharge in either valley and that precipitation is not a major source in Goshen Valley. In southern Utah Valley, water levels in March 1991 were not significantly different from water levels in March 1965. In Goshen Valley, water levels in March 1991 were higher than water levels in March 1965. A three-dimensional, finite-difference, ground-water flow model was used to simulate the ground-water system in the unconsolidated basin-fill deposits of southern Utah and Goshen Valleys. The steady-state conditions of 1949 and annual transient-state conditions from 1949 to 1990 were used to calibrate the model. Model-computed water-level declines of less than 20 feet are projected if municipal well withdrawals increase by 10,000 acre-feet per year. Model-computed water-level declines of 20 feet in southern Utah Valley and 40 to 80 feet in Goshen Valley are projected if well withdrawal is increased by 200 percent of the 1990 withdrawals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared by the United State Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources Division of Water Rights","usgsCitation":"Brooks, L., and Stolp, B., 1995, Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in southern Utah and Goshen Valleys, Utah: Technical Publication 111, vii, 96 p.","productDescription":"vii, 96 p.","numberOfPages":"104","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332225,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332224,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://waterrights.utah.gov/docSys/v920/y920/y920000g.pdf"},{"id":332223,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=20-6-600"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Utah County","otherGeospatial":"Goshen Valley, Utah Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.96990966796875,\n 40.153686857794035\n ],\n [\n -111.6595458984375,\n 40.16208338164617\n ],\n [\n -111.55517578125,\n 40.143189742924406\n ],\n [\n -111.68426513671875,\n 39.99395569397331\n ],\n [\n -111.98089599609375,\n 39.871803651624425\n ],\n [\n -112.0330810546875,\n 39.928694653732364\n ],\n [\n -111.96441650390625,\n 40.029717557833266\n ],\n [\n -112.00561523437499,\n 40.0717663466261\n ],\n [\n -111.96990966796875,\n 40.153686857794035\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58550b8be4b02bdf681568cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, L.E.","contributorId":41852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stolp, Bernard J. 0000-0003-3803-1497","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3803-1497","contributorId":71942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stolp","given":"Bernard J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70179113,"text":"70179113 - 1995 - Hydrology of Sanpete Valley, Sanpete and Juab Counties, Utah, and simulation of ground-water flow in the valley-fill aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-30T10:11:03","indexId":"70179113","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":294,"text":"Technical Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"113","title":"Hydrology of Sanpete Valley, Sanpete and Juab Counties, Utah, and simulation of ground-water flow in the valley-fill aquifer","docAbstract":"The surface-and ground-water hydrology of Sanpete Valley and the San Pitch River drainage basin, Sanpete and Juab Counties, Utah, was studied to define the current conditions of the hydrologic system, to detect causes for downstream changes in water quality in the San Pitch River and in areas of high concentration of dissolved solids in ground water, and to determine the possible effects of present changes in irrigation methods and possible future increased ground-water withdrawals from the valley-fill aquifer. Measurements of water levels in wells show responses to climatic variation. The dissolved-solids concentration of water from the San Pitch River increases downstream. Principal areas of ground water with high concentrations of dissolved solids occur downgradient from outcrops of rocks of Jurassic and Tertiary age. One local-scale ground-water flow system discharges small volumes of water with high concentrations of dissolved solids to the San Pitch River southwest of Ephraim.
Although ground water occurs in both valley-fill and consolidated-rock aquifers in the study area, more hydrologic information is available for the valley-fill aquifer. The valley-fill aquifer consists primarily of fine-grained silt and clay in the center of the valley and coarser deposits along the margin of the valley. Surface- water inflow to the valley is estimated to be about 152,000 acre-feet per year. Recharge to the valley-fill aquifer is estimated to be between 74,000 and 103,000 acre-feet per year. A three-dimensional, ground-water flow model was developed to better define present ground-water conditions and to determine possible effects of future changes in ground-water withdrawals from the valley-fill aquifer. Computer simulation results indicate the possibility of recharge to the valleyfill aquifer as subsurface inflow from consolidated-rock aquifers. Simulation of water-level changes during the late 1980's indicate that some of the declines could have been caused by conversion from flood irrigation to sprinkler irrigation. Predictive simulations using three times the average pumping rates indicate possible water-level declines of as much as 70 feet.
The hydrologic system in the central Sevier Valley, and more specifically the Sevier-Sigurd basin, is a complex system in which surface- and ground-water systems are interrelated. Seepage from an extensive irrigation system is the primary source of recharge to the basin-fill aquifer in the Sevier-Sigurd basin.
Water-quality data indicate that inflow from streams and subsurface inflow that intersect evaporite deposits in the Arapien Shale does not adversely affect ground-water quality in the Sevier-Sigurd basin. Stable-isotope data indicate that large sulfate concentrations in water from wells are from the dissolution of gypsum within the basin fill rather than inflow from the Arapien Shale.
A ground-water-flow model of the basin-fill aquifer in the Sevier-Sigurd basin was calibrated to steady-state conditions and transient conditions using yearly water-level changes from 1957-88 and monthly water-level changes from 1958-59. Predictive simulations were made to test the effects of reduced recharge from irrigation and increased well discharge. To simulate the effects of conversion from flood to sprinkler irrigation, recharge from irrigated fields was reduced by 50 percent. After twenty years, this reduction resulted in water-level declines of 1 to 8 feet in most of the basin, and a reduction in ground-water discharge to the Sevier River of 4,800 acre-ft/yr. Water-level declines of as much as 12 feet and a reduction in recharge to the Sevier River of 4,800 acre-ft/yr were the result of increasing well discharge near Richfield and Monroe by 25,000 acre-ft/yr.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared by the United State Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources Division of Water Rights","usgsCitation":"Lambert, P., Mason, J.L., and Puchta, R.W., 1995, Hydrology of the Sevier-Sigurd ground-water basin and other ground-water basins, central Sevier Valley, Utah.: Technical Publication 103, viii, 181 p.","productDescription":"viii, 181 p.","numberOfPages":"193","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332148,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332142,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://waterrights.utah.gov/docSys/v919/v919/v91900d4.pdf"},{"id":332141,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=20-6-520"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Sevier River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.6263427734375,\n 38.095659755295614\n ],\n [\n -112.6263427734375,\n 39.40224434029275\n ],\n [\n -111.4178466796875,\n 39.40224434029275\n ],\n [\n -111.4178466796875,\n 38.095659755295614\n ],\n [\n -112.6263427734375,\n 38.095659755295614\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"585268e5e4b0e2663625eca0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lambert, P. M.","contributorId":74380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambert","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mason, J. L.","contributorId":24389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puchta, R. W","contributorId":177482,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Puchta","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70174905,"text":"70174905 - 1995 - Modeling and predicting intertidal variations of the salinity field in the Bay/Delta","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-10T18:39:32.706584","indexId":"70174905","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-06T07:30:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling and predicting intertidal variations of the salinity field in the Bay/Delta","docAbstract":"San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta have challenged estuarine modelers for some years. Accurate, broad-scale models of this estuary have been in demand by those concerned with its ecological health and the development of sound management policies. A description and better understanding of the dynamics that govern the bay/delta are complicated by the system's complexity, requiring models that are sophisticated enough to capture the subtle physical processes involved.
\nOne approach to simulating daily to monthly variability in the bay is the development of intertidal model using tidally-averaged equations and a time step on the order of the day. An intertidal numerical model of the bay's physics, capable of portraying seasonal and inter-annual variability, would have several uses. Observations are limited in time and space, so simulation could help fill the gaps. Also, the ability to simulate multi-year episodes (eg, an extended drought) could provide insight into the response of the ecosystem to such events. Finally, such a model could be used in a forecast mode wherein predicted delta flow is used as model input, and predicted salinity distribution is output with estimates days and months in advance. This note briefly introduces such a tidally-averaged model (Uncles and Peterson, in press) and a corresponding predictive scheme for baywide forecasting.
","language":"English","publisher":"California Department of Water Resources","publisherLocation":"Sacramento, CA","collaboration":"","usgsCitation":"Knowles, N., and Uncles, R.J., 1995, Modeling and predicting intertidal variations of the salinity field in the Bay/Delta: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, p. 8-10.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"8","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325490,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.1182861328125,\n 38.28346905497185\n ],\n [\n -121.4154052734375,\n 38.37396220263095\n ],\n [\n -121.19018554687499,\n 37.62510898062146\n ],\n [\n -122.57720947265624,\n 37.21283151445594\n ],\n [\n -123.1182861328125,\n 38.28346905497185\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5790a187e4b030378fb4744a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knowles, Noah 0000-0001-5652-1049 nknowles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-1049","contributorId":1380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"Noah","email":"nknowles@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Uncles, Reginald J.","contributorId":94919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uncles","given":"Reginald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175251,"text":"70175251 - 1995 - Pathway models could aid management of contaminants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-01T14:46:35.736058","indexId":"70175251","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-08T01:30:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pathway models could aid management of contaminants","docAbstract":"Heavy metal and trace organic contaminants are often cited as factors that could affect the riclmess of the biological community of San Francisco Bay as well as the health of resident organisms. Silver (Ag), selenium (Se), mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd) are among the trace elements of current regulatory interest. All these elements can be toxic to estuarine organisms in minute quantities. However, understanding their toxicity in nature has proven a difficult challenge. In general, it is difficult to prove how pollutants are affecting ecosystems. The undisturbed \"baseline\" condition in San Francisco Bay is not always well enough understood to identify whether certain processes are affected or unaffected by contamination. Sources of disturbance (flow diversions, drought, invasion of exotic species, etc.) occur in addition to chemical contamination. Responses to contamination in individual organisms, populations, and commumties are seldom pollutant-specific, and the complex responses to moderate levels of contamination are not well known.
","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency Ecological Program for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","usgsCitation":"Luoma, S.N., 1995, Pathway models could aid management of contaminants: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, p. 6-8.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"6","endPage":"8","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326025,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.76672363281249,\n 37.413800350662896\n ],\n [\n -121.86584472656251,\n 37.413800350662896\n ],\n [\n -121.86584472656251,\n 38.1777509666256\n ],\n [\n -122.76672363281249,\n 38.1777509666256\n ],\n [\n -122.76672363281249,\n 37.413800350662896\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a315cce4b006cb45558b3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":120222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70157433,"text":"70157433 - 1995 - Long-term hydrologic and biogeochemical responses of a soft water seepage lake in north central Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T14:56:18","indexId":"70157433","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term hydrologic and biogeochemical responses of a soft water seepage lake in north central Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Hydrologic and chemical budgets were determined for the period October 1980 through September 1988 for Vandercook Lake, a 43-ha soft water seepage lake located in predominantly sandy outwash in northern Wisconsin. The 1951–1980 mean annual precipitation for the lake, based on nearby National Weather Service (NWS) stations, was 825 mm; volume-weighted pH of bulk atmospheric deposition during the 8-year study averaged 4.7. From October 1980 through September 1983, annual precipitation was 108% of the 30-year NWS average, annual recharge was 144% of the 8-year study period average, and annual groundwater inflow to the lake ranged from 5 to 9% of the total inflow. From October 1986 through September 1988, annual precipitation was 90% of the NWS average, annual recharge was 30% of the study period average, and the lake received no groundwater inflow. During the study, the lake changed from a system whose buffering mechanism was significantly influenced by mineral weathering in inflowing groundwater to one dominated by in-lake sulfate reduction. The functional differences exhibited by this lake during the 8 years of study demonstrate the tenuousness with which conclusions based on shorter-term studies of similar systems must be considered.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94WR02230","usgsCitation":"Wentz, D.A., Rose, W., and Webster, K.E., 1995, Long-term hydrologic and biogeochemical responses of a soft water seepage lake in north central Wisconsin: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 1, p. 199-212, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR02230.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"199","endPage":"212","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":308420,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Vandercook Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.69607353210449,\n 45.97394108752912\n ],\n [\n -89.69607353210449,\n 45.99028307184292\n ],\n [\n -89.67410087585449,\n 45.99028307184292\n ],\n [\n -89.67410087585449,\n 45.97394108752912\n ],\n [\n -89.69607353210449,\n 45.97394108752912\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5603cd4ee4b03bc34f544b21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wentz, Dennis A. dawentz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wentz","given":"Dennis","email":"dawentz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":573152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rose, William J. wjrose@usgs.gov","contributorId":2182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"William J.","email":"wjrose@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":573153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Webster, Katherine E.","contributorId":147903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webster","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70157437,"text":"70157437 - 1995 - Transient hydrogeological controls on the chemistry of a seepage lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T10:08:11","indexId":"70157437","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-05T08:15:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transient hydrogeological controls on the chemistry of a seepage lake","docAbstract":"A solute mass balance method was used to estimate groundwater inflow and outflow rates for Nevins Lake, Michigan, a seepage lake in the upper peninsula that historically has shown extremely variable water chemistry compared with most other seepage lakes. A 4-year study (1989–1992) of the hydrology and geochemistry of Nevins Lake and its contiguous groundwater system revealed that changes in the mass of dissolved solutes are the result of annual hydraulic gradient reversals. A pronounced acidification of Nevins Lake from 1986 to 1988 was likely caused by drought-induced diminished groundwater inflow rates. In this study, dissolved calcium (the major cation in water of Nevins Lake, groundwater, and precipitation) was used for estimating mass flow rates. During the 1989–1992 period, Nevins Lake showed a reproducible annual cycle in calcium mass. Immediately following spring snowmelt and the resulting hydraulic gradient reversal, the mass of dissolved calcium in the lake increases rapidly, and then it decreases steadily throughout the summer and early fall, at which time the lake becomes hydraulically mounded and receives no groundwater inflow. Groundwater flow rates estimated by the solute mass balance method are sensitive to assumed solute concentrations in discharging groundwater. Pore water samples from the lake bed are shown to be more representative of water discharging to the lake than are samples from piezometers near the lake shore, but spatial and temporal variability in pore water chemistry must be considered. Stable isotope analyses (18O and 2H) of lake water, groundwater, and pore water samples show that water discharging to Nevins Lake in the spring is entirely recycled lake water, and no groundwater derived from terrestrial recharge reaches the lake. The conceptual model formulated during this study linking lake chemistry and the contiguous groundwater system and general groundwater flow patterns surrounding highly transient lake systems are likely transferable to other similar systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR01582","usgsCitation":"Krabbenhoft, D.P., and Webster, K.E., 1995, Transient hydrogeological controls on the chemistry of a seepage lake: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 9, p. 2295-2305, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR01582.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2295","endPage":"2305","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":308427,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Nevins Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.26439094543457,\n 46.50678149590053\n ],\n [\n -86.26439094543457,\n 46.52308363415361\n ],\n [\n -86.22465133666992,\n 46.52308363415361\n ],\n [\n -86.22465133666992,\n 46.50678149590053\n ],\n [\n -86.26439094543457,\n 46.50678149590053\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5603cd5ce4b03bc34f544b44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webster, Katherine E.","contributorId":147903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webster","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018863,"text":"70018863 - 1995 - Recent advances in statistical methods for the estimation of sediment and nutrient transport in rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T15:45:14.478315","indexId":"70018863","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent advances in statistical methods for the estimation of sediment and nutrient transport in rivers","docAbstract":"This paper reviews advances in methods for estimating fluvial transport of suspended sediment and nutrients. Research from the past four years, mostly dealing with estimating monthly and annual loads, is emphasized. However, because this topic has not appeared in previous IUGG reports, some research prior to 1990 is included. The motivation for studying sediment transport has shifted during the past few decades. In addition to its role in filling reservoirs and channels, sediment is increasingly recognized as an important part of fluvial ecosystems and estuarine wetlands. Many groups want information about sediment transport [Bollman, 1992]: Scientists trying to understand benthic biology and catchment hydrology; citizens and policy-makers concerned about environmental impacts (e.g. impacts of logging [Beschta, 1978] or snow-fences [Sturges, 1992]); government regulators considering the effectiveness of programs to protect in-stream habitat and downstream waterbodies; and resource managers seeking to restore wetlands.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95RG00292","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Cohn, T., 1995, Recent advances in statistical methods for the estimation of sediment and nutrient transport in rivers: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 33, no. S2, p. 1117-1123, https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG00292.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1117","endPage":"1123","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226347,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"S2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a95dfe4b0c8380cd81ca5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cohn, Timothy A. tacohn@usgs.gov","contributorId":2927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohn","given":"Timothy A.","email":"tacohn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":380959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018844,"text":"70018844 - 1995 - Modeling of multiphase multicontaminant transport in the subsurface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T15:49:15.859645","indexId":"70018844","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling of multiphase multicontaminant transport in the subsurface","docAbstract":"This review addresses modeling of subsurface hydrological systems in which contaminants are transported in more than one fluid phase. The primary focus is on problems involving nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs), a dynamic gas phase, or both, so that the unsaturated and saturated zones are both discussed. Basic research in simpler settings is included if it develops concepts that could be applied in modeling of such problems.
Recent developments in practical models are reviewed, along with experimental work and theoretical issues related to the formulation of mathematical models. It will be seen that the extent of validity of the local equilibrium assumption (LEA) for component partitioning among phases is a major question influencing the direction of these formulations. Also emphasized are upscaling to macroscopic and grid lengths, and the choice and coupling of primary variables in multicomponent systems. Relations to and possible use of developments in petroleum reservoir simulation are discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95RG00289","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Russell, T., 1995, Modeling of multiphase multicontaminant transport in the subsurface: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 33, no. S2, p. 1035-1047, https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG00289.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1035","endPage":"1047","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226798,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"S2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c16e4b0c8380cd6fa0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Russell, T.F.","contributorId":86811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223285,"text":"5223285 - 1995 - Hydrologic modeling as a predictive basis for ecological restoration of salt marshes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-17T15:46:31.487712","indexId":"5223285","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:43","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic modeling as a predictive basis for ecological restoration of salt marshes","docAbstract":"Roads, bridges, causeways, impoundments, and dikes in the coastal zone often restrict tidal flow to salt marsh ecosystems. A dike with tide control structures, located at the mouth of the Herring River salt marsh estuarine system (Wellfleet, Massachusetts) since 1908, has effectively restricted tidal exchange, causing changes in marsh vegetation composition, degraded water quality, and reduced abundance of fish and macroinvertebrate communities. Restoration of this estuary by reintroduction of tidal exchange is a feasible management alternative. However, restoration efforts must proceed with caution as residential dwellings and a golf course are located immediately adjacent to and in places within the tidal wetland. A numerical model was developed to predict tide height levels for numerous alternative openings through the Herring River dike. Given these model predictions and knowledge of elevations of flood-prone areas, it becomes possible to make responsible decisions regarding restoration. Moreover, tidal flooding elevations relative to the wetland surface must be known to predict optimum conditions for ecological recovery. The tide height model has a universal role, as demonstrated by successful application at a nearby salt marsh restoration site in Provincetown, Massachusetts. Salt marsh restoration is a valuable management tool toward maintaining and enhancing coastal zone habitat diversity. The tide height model presented in this paper will enable both scientists and resource professionals to assign a degree of predictability when designing salt marsh restoration programs.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02471967","usgsCitation":"Roman, C.T., Garvine, R., and Portnoy, J.W., 1995, Hydrologic modeling as a predictive basis for ecological restoration of salt marshes: Environmental Management, v. 19, no. 4, p. 559-566, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02471967.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"559","endPage":"566","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199218,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db680037","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roman, C. T.","contributorId":79579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roman","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garvine, R.W.","contributorId":17730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garvine","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Portnoy, J. W.","contributorId":31492,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Portnoy","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70039441,"text":"70039441 - 1995 - Development of a National Digital Geospatial Data Framework","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-11T01:01:52","indexId":"70039441","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-22T14:57:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Development of a National Digital Geospatial Data Framework","docAbstract":"This proposal of a data framework to organize and enhance the activities of the geospatial data community to meet needs for basic themes of data was developed in response to a request in Executive Order 12906, Coordinating Geographic Data Acquisition and Access: The National Spatial Data Infrastructure (U.S. Executive Office of the President, 1994). The request stated: in consultation with State, local, and tribal governments and within 9 months of the date of this order, the FGDC shall submit a plan and schedule to OMB [U.S. Office of Management and Budget] for completing the initial implementation of a national digital geospatial data framework (\"framework\") by January 2000 and for establishing a process of ongoing data maintenance. The framework shall include geospatial data that are significant, in the determination of the FGDC, to a broad variety of users within any geographic area or nationwide. At a minimum, the plan shall address how the initial transportation, hydrology, and boundary elements of the framework might be completed by January 1998 in order to support the decennial census of 2000. The proposal was developed by representatives of local, regional, State, and Federal agencies under the auspices of the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC). The individuals are listed in the appendix of this report. This Framework Working Group identified the purpose and goals for the framework; identified incentives for participation; defined the information content; developed preliminary technical, operational, and business contexts; specified the institutional roles needed; and developed a strategy for a phased implementation of the framework.Members of the working group presented the concepts of the framework for discussion at several national and regional public meetings. The draft of the report also was provided for public, written review. These discussions and reviews were the source of many improvements to the report.The FGDC approved the report for submission to the Office of Management and Budget on March 31, 1995.","language":"English","publisher":"Federal Geographic Data Committee","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70039441","usgsCitation":"Federal Geographic Data Committee, 1995, Development of a National Digital Geospatial Data Framework, viii, 23 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/70039441.","productDescription":"viii, 23 p.; Appendix","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":261580,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039441/report.pdf"},{"id":261581,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039441/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a002fe4b0c8380cd4f626","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Federal Geographic Data Committee","contributorId":128057,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Federal Geographic Data Committee","id":535302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70199248,"text":"70199248 - 1995 - Monitoring flooding in coastal wetlands by using radar imagery and ground-based measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-12T14:30:23","indexId":"70199248","displayToPublicDate":"2007-05-10T14:23:04","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring flooding in coastal wetlands by using radar imagery and ground-based measurements","docAbstract":"Satellite radar was used in a Florida Juncus roemerianus marsh to map tidal flooding, a critical control of coastal vegetation distribution. Radar images taken during a time of near-continuous recordings of ground-based hydrology measurements directly linked marsh flooding to lowered radar returns and indicated a negative covariation between flood frequency and radar return. Flood-extent contours extracted from the radar images and calibrated with point depth measurements showed marsh elevation could be estimated to about 8 cm compared to the 150 cm topographic contours currently available.
","language":"English ","publisher":"Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Society","doi":"10.1080/01431169508954571","usgsCitation":"Ramsey, E., 1995, Monitoring flooding in coastal wetlands by using radar imagery and ground-based measurements: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 16, no. 13, p. 2495-2502, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431169508954571.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2495","endPage":"2502","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357256,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c110cece4b034bf6a81067e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey, Elijah III 0000-0002-4518-5796 ramseye@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4518-5796","contributorId":195558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"Elijah","suffix":"III","email":"ramseye@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":744816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6765,"text":"fs19695 - 1995 - Atrazine in surface water and relation to hydrologic conditions within the Delaware River Basin Pesticide Management Area, Northeast Kansas, July 1992 through December 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-02T10:16:43","indexId":"fs19695","displayToPublicDate":"2001-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"196-95","displayTitle":"Atrazine in Surface Water and Relation to Hydrologic Conditions Within the Delaware River Basin Pesticide Management Area, Northeast Kansas, July 1992 Through December 1994","title":"Atrazine in surface water and relation to hydrologic conditions within the Delaware River Basin Pesticide Management Area, Northeast Kansas, July 1992 through December 1994","docAbstract":"Since about 1960, atrazine has been used as an effective pre- and postemergent herbicide in the production of corn and grain sorghum. Atrazine is a triazine-class herbicide and was the most frequently detected herbicide in surface water of the lower Kansas River Basin of southeast Nebraska and northeast Kansas (Stamer and Zelt, 1994). Approximately 95 percent of the atrazine applied in the United States is used in corn and grain-sorghum production, predominately in the Mississippi River Basin where about 82 percent of the Nation's corn acreage is planted (CIBA-GEIGY Corp., 1992). Until recent changes in product labeling, atrazine commonly was applied at relatively high rates to control weeds around commercial and industrial areas and along railroad right-of-ways. Crop yields have increased during the last 40 years due in part to the use of herbicides in reducing weed growth and competition for moisture and nutrients. However, concern on the part of water suppliers, health officials, and the public also has increased regarding the safe and responsible use of herbicides. One issue is whether the widespread use of atrazine may pose a potential threat to public-water supplies in areas where the herbicide is used because of its ability to easily dissolve in water and its possible effects on the health of humans and aquatic life.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs19695","usgsCitation":"Pope, L.M., 1995, Atrazine in surface water and relation to hydrologic conditions within the Delaware River Basin Pesticide Management Area, Northeast Kansas, July 1992 through December 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 196-95, Document: 4 p.; Figures, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs19695.","productDescription":"Document: 4 p.; Figures","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123340,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":362149,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0196/fs.196-95.fig1.pdf","text":"Figure 1","size":"67.3 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 1995–0196 Figure 1"},{"id":362150,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0196/fs.196-95.fig2.pdf","text":"Figure 2","size":"43.4 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 1995–0196 Figure 2"},{"id":362151,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0196/fs.196-95.fig3.pdf","text":"Figure 3","size":"44.0 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 1995–0196 Figure 3"},{"id":360111,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0196/fs19950196.pdf","text":"Report","size":"26.8 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 1995–0196"},{"id":362152,"rank":6,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0196/fs.196-95.fig4.pdf","text":"Figure 4","size":"30.3 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 1995–0196 Figure 4"}],"contact":"Director, Kansas Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1217 Biltmore Drive
Lawrence, KS 66049
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs05395","usgsCitation":"Cloern, J.E., Luoma, S.N., and Nichols, F.H., 1995, San Francisco Bay Program: Lessons learned for managing coastal water resources: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 053-95, Reporr: 3 p.; HTML, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs05395.","productDescription":"Reporr: 3 p.; HTML","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":31927,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0053/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":610,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/wid/html/sfb.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":117085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0053/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California ","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.0523681640625,\n 37.37015718405753\n ],\n [\n -121.66259765625001,\n 37.37015718405753\n ],\n [\n -121.66259765625001,\n 38.199338565983844\n ],\n [\n -123.0523681640625,\n 38.199338565983844\n ],\n [\n -123.0523681640625,\n 37.37015718405753\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdd9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":150549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":150550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, Frederic H.","contributorId":25548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Frederic","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5170,"text":"fs05495 - 1995 - Bioremediation: Nature's way to a cleaner environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-07T11:20:40","indexId":"fs05495","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"054-95","title":"Bioremediation: Nature's way to a cleaner environment","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs05495","usgsCitation":"Chapelle, F.H., 1995, Bioremediation: Nature's way to a cleaner environment: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 054-95, Report: 2 p.; HTML, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs05495.","productDescription":"Report: 2 p.; HTML","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":604,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/wid/html/bioremed.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":31924,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0054/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":117081,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0054/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a48e4b07f02db622f9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapelle, Frank H.","contributorId":53424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5337,"text":"fs06495 - 1995 - Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:43","indexId":"fs06495","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"064-95","title":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs06495","usgsCitation":"Anderson, M.T., Buxton, H., Rickert, D.A., and Morganwalp, D., 1995, Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 064-95, 1 folded sheet ([4] p.) : ill., map ; 28 cm. ill., map ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs06495.","productDescription":"1 folded sheet ([4] p.) : ill., map ; 28 cm. ill., map ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":381,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/wid/html/toxic.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":117644,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0064/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":32030,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0064/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db62811b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Mark T. 0000-0002-1477-6788 manders@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1477-6788","contributorId":1764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Mark","email":"manders@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":150831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buxton, H. T.","contributorId":67873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxton","given":"H. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rickert, D. A.","contributorId":53773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rickert","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morganwalp, D.W.","contributorId":90713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morganwalp","given":"D.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25988,"text":"wri954249 - 1995 - Documented and potential extreme peak discharges and relation between potential extreme peak discharges and probable maximum flood peak discharges in Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-25T08:58:38","indexId":"wri954249","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4249","title":"Documented and potential extreme peak discharges and relation between potential extreme peak discharges and probable maximum flood peak discharges in Texas","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation, conducted a study of extreme flood potential for Texas. Potential extreme peak discharges, derived from the relation between documented extreme peak discharges and their contributing drainage areas, can provide valuable information concerning the maximum expected peak discharge that could occur at a stream site. Documented extreme peak discharges and associated data were aggregated for 832 sites with and without streamflow-gaging stations in natural basins in Texas.
A potential extreme peak discharge curve was developed for each of 11 hydrologic regions in Texas and for the State as a whole, based on documented extreme peak discharges and associated contributing drainage areas. The curve envelops, for a large range of drainage areas, the largest documented extreme peak discharges. Potential extreme peak discharges estimated from the curves were compared to probable maximum flood peak discharges estimated from various simulation models.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri954249","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Asquith, W.H., and Slade, R.M., 1995, Documented and potential extreme peak discharges and relation between potential extreme peak discharges and probable maximum flood peak discharges in Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4249, Report: iii, 58 p.; 1 Plate: 24.00 x 23.92 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954249.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 58 p.; 1 Plate: 24.00 x 23.92 inches","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db636121","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Asquith, William H. 0000-0002-7400-1861 wasquith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-1861","contributorId":1007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asquith","given":"William","email":"wasquith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slade, Raymond M. Jr.","contributorId":46487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slade","given":"Raymond","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23587,"text":"ofr95463 - 1995 - Hydrologic data for the Weldon Spring chemical plant site and vicinity property, St. Charles County, Missouri, 1989-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-12T22:58:12.015201","indexId":"ofr95463","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-463","title":"Hydrologic data for the Weldon Spring chemical plant site and vicinity property, St. Charles County, Missouri, 1989-95","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95463","usgsCitation":"Kleeschulte, M., 1995, Hydrologic data for the Weldon Spring chemical plant site and vicinity property, St. Charles County, Missouri, 1989-95: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-463, iii, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95463.","productDescription":"iii, 68 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410340,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18480.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":52879,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0463/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156925,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0463/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","county":"St. Charles County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.8,\n 38.752\n ],\n [\n -90.8,\n 38.653\n ],\n [\n -90.66,\n 38.653\n ],\n [\n -90.66,\n 38.752\n ],\n [\n -90.8,\n 38.752\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ce4b07f02db60825b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kleeschulte, M. J.","contributorId":73222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleeschulte","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25705,"text":"wri954061 - 1995 - Physical and hydrologic properties of outcrop samples from a nonwelded to welded tuff transition, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:18","indexId":"wri954061","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4061","title":"Physical and hydrologic properties of outcrop samples from a nonwelded to welded tuff transition, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"Quantitative material-property data are needed to describe lateral and vertical spatial variability of physical and hydrologic properties and to model ground-water flow and radionuclide transport at the potential Yucca Mountain nuclear-waste repository site in Nevada. As part of ongoing site characterization studies of Yucca Mountain directed toward this understanding of spatial variability, laboratory measurements of porosity, bull* and particle density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and sorptivity have been obtained for a set of outcrop samples that form a systematic,two dimensional grid that covers a large exposure of the basal Tiva Canyon Tuff of the Paintbrush Group of Miocene age at Yucca Mountain. The samples form a detailed vertical grid roughly parallel to the transport direction of the parent ash flows, and they exhibit material-property varia- tions in an interval of major lithologic change overlying a potential nuclear-waste repository at Yucca Mountain. The observed changes in hydrologic properties were systematic and consistent with the changes expected for the nonwelded to welded transition at the base of a major ash-flow sequence. Porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and sorptivity decreased upward from the base of the Tiva Canyon Tuff, indicating the progressive compaction of ash- rich volcanic debris and the onset of welding with increased overburden pressure from the accumulating ash-flow sheet. The rate of decrease in the values of these material properties varied with vertical position within the transition interval. In contrast, bulk-density values increased upward, a change that also is consistent with progressive compaction and the onset of welding. Particle-density values remained almost constant throughout the transition interval, probably indicating compositional (chemical) homogeneity.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954061","usgsCitation":"Rautman, C., Flint, L.E., Flint, A.L., and Istok, J., 1995, Physical and hydrologic properties of outcrop samples from a nonwelded to welded tuff transition, Yucca Mountain, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4061, iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm. [PGS - 28 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954061.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm. [PGS - 28 p.]","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123938,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4061/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54467,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4061/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685c1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rautman, C.A.","contributorId":46979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rautman","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, L. E. 0000-0002-7868-441X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":38180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"L.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flint, A. L.","contributorId":102453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Istok, J.D.","contributorId":34165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Istok","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":28357,"text":"wri944104 - 1995 - Estimates of ground-water recharge rates for two small basins in central Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-13T17:15:40.938301","indexId":"wri944104","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4104","title":"Estimates of ground-water recharge rates for two small basins in central Nevada","docAbstract":"Estimates of ground-water recharge rates developed from hydrologic modeling studies are presented for 3-Springs and East Stewart basins. two small basins (analog sites) located in central Nevada. The analog-site studies were conducted to aid in the estimation of recharge to the paleohydrologic regime associated with ground water in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain under wetter climatic conditions. The two analog sites are located to the north and at higher elevations than Yucca Mountain, and the prevailing (current) climatic conditions at these sites is thought to be representative of the possible range of paleoclimatic conditions in the general area of Yucca Mountain during the Quaternary. Two independent modeling approaches were conducted at each of the analog sites using observed hydrologic data on precipitation, temperature, solar radiation stream discharge, and chloride-ion water chemistry for a 6-year study period (October 1986 through September 1992). Both models quantify the hydrologic water-balance equation and yield estimates of ground-water recharge, given appropriate input data. The first model uses a traditional approach to quantify watershed hydrology through a precipitation-runoff modeling system that accounts for the spatial variability of hydrologic inputs, processes, and responses (outputs) using a dailycomputational time step. The second model is based on the conservative nature of the dissolved chloride ion in selected hydrologic environments, and its use as a natural tracer allows the computation of acoupled, water and chloride-ion, mass-balance system of equations to estimate available water (sum ofsurface runoff and groundwater recharge). Results of the modeling approaches support the conclusion that reasonable estimates of average-annual recharge to ground water range from about 1 to 3 centimeters per year for 3-Springs basin (the drier site), and from about 30 to 32 centimeters per year for East Stewart basin (the wetter site). The most reliable results are those derived from a reduced form of the chloride-ion model because they reflect integrated, basinwide processes in terms of only three measured variables: precipitation amount, precipitation chemistry, and streamflow chemistry.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944104","usgsCitation":"Lichty, R., and McKinley, P.W., 1995, Estimates of ground-water recharge rates for two small basins in central Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4104, iv, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944104.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123589,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4104/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57161,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4104/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":466115,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47994.htm","text":"3-Springs basin","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":466116,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47995.htm","text":"East Stewart Creek basin","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118,\n 38.5\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 37.75\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 37.75\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 38.5\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 38.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db64869b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lichty, R.W.","contributorId":46987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lichty","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKinley, P. W.","contributorId":16414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKinley","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26197,"text":"wri944038 - 1995 - Conceptualization and simulation of runoff generation from rainfall for three basins in Thurston County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:33","indexId":"wri944038","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4038","title":"Conceptualization and simulation of runoff generation from rainfall for three basins in Thurston County, Washington","docAbstract":"A method to conceptualize and simulate the generation of runoff from rainfall was applied to three small drainage basins in north-central Thurston County, Washington. Because the study basins face continued urban development, this method was developed to provide a technique for assessing the effects of alternative urban-development plans on runoff characteristics. A conceptual model of runoff generation and three numerical simulation models, called basin models, were constructed for the study basins. Hydrologic Simulation Program- FORTRAN was the program used to construct the basin models. The basin models were constructed using parameter values based on qualitative rainfall- runoff relations defined in the conceptual model. The features of the conceptual model, incorporated in the basin models, were assessed by calibration and evaluation of the basin models with observed streamflow data collected from March 1988 through March 1990. The simulation results from the basin models generally confirmed the study's conceptual model of runoff generation. Absolute differences between simulated and observed streamflows were less than 6 percent for total runoff volumes, equal to or less than 32 percent for daily mean discharges, less than 32 percent for storm runoff volumes, and less than 33 percent for peak discharges. Although the conceptual model adequately described runoff generation from rainfall, it did not adequately describe the actual flow paths from land segments to streams.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944038","usgsCitation":"Berris, S., 1995, Conceptualization and simulation of runoff generation from rainfall for three basins in Thurston County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4038, vi, 149 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944038.","productDescription":"vi, 149 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4038/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54992,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4038/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db6980f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berris, S.N.","contributorId":46570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berris","given":"S.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68038,"text":"ha730C - 1995 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 2, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":68038,"text":"ha730C - 1995 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 2, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah","indexId":"ha730C","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 2, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":68687,"text":"ha730 - 2000 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States","indexId":"ha730","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":68687,"text":"ha730 - 2000 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States","indexId":"ha730","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-30T15:08:20","indexId":"ha730C","displayToPublicDate":"1996-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"730","chapter":"C","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 2, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah","docAbstract":"This chapter of the Ground Water Atlas of the United States describes the aquifers in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. These four States, which comprise Segment 2 of this Atlas, are located in the Southwestern United States and extend from the rolling grasslands of the Great Plains on the east across the Rocky Mountains and Continental Divide to the desert basins of the Southwest. The 425,000-square-mile area ranges in altitude from about 14,400 feet above sea level in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado to about 100 feet near the lower Colorado River in southwestern Arizona. All the ground water in Segment 2 ultimately is derived from infiltration of precipitation, which varies considerably with the altitude and topography of the area.
The Great Plains Physiographic Province of the Central United States extends into eastern Colorado and New Mexico (fig. 1), where flat to rolling prairie (fig. 2) with scattered hills and bluffs gradually rises westward to 5,000 to 7,000 feet above sea level and abruptly gives way to the frontal ranges of the Rocky Mountains in the Southern Rocky Mountain and Basin and Range Physiographic Provinces. West of the frontal ranges in Colorado and northern New Mexico are additional and higher mountain ranges generally oriented north-south but with many spurs and extensions oriented in other directions. The many ranges of the Rocky Mountains are separated by valleys and high mountain parks (fig. 3). Colorado contains about three-fourths of the Nation's land area above 10,000 feet and has 53 mountain peaks higher than 14,000 feet. Most of these high peaks are located near the Continental Divide (fig. 1), which extends approximately north-south through central Colorado and western New Mexico. The altitude of the divide decreases in southern New Mexico to less than 4,500 feet in a few areas.
Farther westward, the mountains are less prevalent and are interspersed with broad structural basins. These basins and the broad valleys of the middle Colorado River and its tributaries form the irregular intermontane topography of the Colorado Plateaus Physiographic Province (fig. 4). Plateaus and high mesas are formed where the surface has been dissected by rugged canyons carved by the Colorado River and its tributaries (fig. 5). The largest of these canyons-the Grand Canyon-extends about 220 miles southwestward from the mouth of the Little Colorado River in Arizona and ranges from 4 to 18 miles in width and from 2,700 to 5,700 feet in depth below the rim.
Small mountain ranges and intervening broad desert valleys of the Basin and Range Physiographic Province are prevalent to the west and south of the Colorado Plateaus in western Utah, southern Arizona, and southern New Mexico (fig. 1). These mountain ranges generally protrude 3,000 to 6,000 feet above the surrounding valley floor (fig. 6) and commonly extend from 20 to 50 miles in a north or northwesterly direction.
Small parts of the Middle Rocky Mountains and Wyoming Basin Physiographic Provinces extend into northwestern Colorado and northeastern Utah (fig. 1). The topography, geology, and hydrology of the two areas are described in Chapter 1 of this Atlas.
Four of the Nation's major river systems have headwaters in the mountainous areas of Segment 2. The South Platte River of the Missouri River system drains the eastern slope of northern Colorado; the Arkansas River and its tributary, the Canadian River, drain southeastern Colorado and northeastern New Mexico; the Rio Grande and its tributary, the Pecos River, drain south-central Colorado and central New Mexico; and the Colorado River and its tributaries drain Arizona, eastern Utah, Northwestern New Mexico, and western Colorado (fig. 1). Western Utah is drained by numerous streams that terminate in local desert basins, the Great Salt Lake, or other local lakes and reservoirs. Because the Great Salt Lake lies in the Great Basin, which is the largest closed basin in North America, it has no outlet to the sea. The salinity of the lake water is about 20 percent or about 6 times the salinity of seawater.
Most of Segment 2 is sparsely populated. The average population density of counties is less than 8 persons per square mile in about 65 percent of the four-State area (fig. 7). Population densities range from less than 0.5 person per square mile in a few rural counties to more than 4 ,000 persons per square mile in populous urban areas. The 1990 population of the four States was about 10 million; almost 70 percent of this population was in Arizona and Colorado. Most land in Segment 2 is undeveloped forest grassland, or desert shrubland, much of which is used for livestock grazing. Land used for production of commercial crops primarily is in eastern Colorado and eastern New Mexico.
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