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The Sharon Springs member of the Pierre shale of Cretaceous age, a hard black organic-rich shale similar to the Chattanooga shale, is radioactive throughout central and western South Dakota, most of Nebraska, northern Kansas, and northeastern Colorado. In the Missouri River valley, thin beds of the shale contain as much as 0.01 percent uranium. Beds as much as 20 feet thick or more have a radioactivity of about 0.01 percent equivalent uranium in southwestern Nebraska according to interpretation of gamma-ray well logs. The radioactivity and uranium content is highest in the Missouri River valley in South Dakota and in southwestern Nebraska where the shale rests disconformably on the underlying Niobrara formation of Cretaceous age. Near the Black Hills, and in the area to the north, the shale of the Sharon Springs member rests on a wedge of the Gammon ferruginous member of the Pierre, which is represented by a disonformity to the east and south, and the radioactivity of the shale is low although greater than that of over-lying strata. The shale also contains a suite of trace elements in which arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, and vanadium are conspicuous. Molybdenum and tin are less abundant in the Sharon Springs than in similar shales of Palezoic age and silver and selenium are more abundant.

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In the Great Plains region, the upper 30-50 feet of Cretaceous shales overlain unconformably by the White River group of Oligocene age has been altered to bright-colored material. This altered zone is chiefly the result of pre-Oligocene weathering although post-Oligocene ground water conditions also have affected the zone. The greatest radioactivity occurs in masses of unaltered shale measuring about 1 x 4 feet in cross section included in the lower part of the altered zone. Where the zone is developed on shale and marl of the Niobrara formation, parts of the included unaltered shale contains as much as 0.1 percent equivalent uranium and 0.03 percent uranium. The disequalibrium between equivalent uranium (radioactivity) and the uranium content of the shales is believed to be a surface feature caused by relatively recent leaching of uranium from the present outcrops. The co-extensive distribution of the altered zone of Cretaceous shales and strata of the overlying White River group suggest that most of the uranium in the small masses of unaltered marl in the altered zone has been derived from the White River group.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei298","collaboration":"This report concerns work done on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"Tourtelot, H., 1955, Radioactivity and uranium content of some Cretaceous shales, central Great Plains: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 298, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei298.","productDescription":"41 p.","numberOfPages":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":283492,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tei298.jpg"},{"id":284544,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0298/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado;Kansas;Nebraska;Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.39,38.64 ], [ -105.39,44.82 ], [ -96.87,44.82 ], [ -96.87,38.64 ], [ -105.39,38.64 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5355952fe4b0120853e8c176","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tourtelot, Harry A.","contributorId":97903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tourtelot","given":"Harry A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":71209,"text":"tei175 - 1955 - Geology of the Wood and East Calhoun mines, Central City District, Gilpin County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-04T14:44:43","indexId":"tei175","displayToPublicDate":"1955-01-01T10:47:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"175","title":"Geology of the Wood and East Calhoun mines, Central City District, Gilpin County, Colorado","docAbstract":"

The Wood-East Calhoun mine area is underlain by complexly folded Precambrian gneiss and pegmatite. The major fold in the area is an anticline that trends about N. 60° E. The Precambrian rocks are intruded by bostonite porphyry dikes of Tertiary age. All the rocks are cut by east- to northeast - trending faults that have been filled by precious metal-sulfide veins which have been worked chiefly for gold. The Wood vein occurs in an east-trending fault; the Calhoun vein occurs in a northeast-trending fault. Much of the uranium production of the Central City district has come from the Wood vein on Quartz Hill.

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The veins consist chiefly of quartz; pyrite is the chief metallic mineral and chalcopyrite is next in abundance. Sphalerite, galena, tetrahedrite-tennantite, and pitchblende are locally present. Deposition began with alteration-stage quartz and pyrite followed in order by pitchblend, light-yellow pyrite, massive quartz, yellow pyrite, shalerite, comb quartz, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite-tennantite, galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and gray to light-brown fine-grained quartz.

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The veins of the Central City district are zoned, with quartz-pyrite veins near the center and galena-sphalerite veins on the periphery. The known pitchblende bodies are in the transition between these, but paragenetically, the pitchblende is earlier than all other metallic minerals.

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A trace element study of the ore indicates an association of zirconium and molybdenum with uranium, of bismuth, antimony, and arsenic with copper, and of cadmium with zinc.

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The pitchblende and other ore minerals are concentrated in ore shoots. The shoots are in open spaces controlled by the competency of the wall rocks, the presence of a prevailing direction of weakness in the rocks, and changes in strike and dip of the vein.

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The pitchblende is thought to be a local constituent of the quartz-pyrite ores and to owe its origin to residual solutions from the quartz bostonite magma.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei175","collaboration":"This report concerns work done on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"Drake, A., 1955, Geology of the Wood and East Calhoun mines, Central City District, Gilpin County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 175, Report: 59 p.; 3 Plates: 34.78 x 24.11 inches and smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/tei175.","productDescription":"Report: 59 p.; 3 Plates: 34.78 x 24.11 inches and smaller","numberOfPages":"61","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":283632,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tei175.jpg"},{"id":285611,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0175/report.pdf"},{"id":285608,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0175/figure-06.pdf"},{"id":285609,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0175/figure-09.pdf"},{"id":285610,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0175/figure-14.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Gilpin County","otherGeospatial":"Wood Mines;East Calhoun Mines;Central City District","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.700853,39.74498 ], [ -105.700853,39.936401 ], [ -105.393921,39.936401 ], [ -105.393921,39.74498 ], [ -105.700853,39.74498 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5355946ee4b0120853e8bfd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drake, Avery Ala","contributorId":65460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"Avery Ala","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":71472,"text":"tei442 - 1955 - Reconnaissance for radioactive deposits in Alaska, 1953","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-17T10:47:29","indexId":"tei442","displayToPublicDate":"1955-01-01T10:25:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"442","title":"Reconnaissance for radioactive deposits in Alaska, 1953","docAbstract":"

During the summer of 1953 the areas investigated for radioactive deposits in Alaska were on Nikolai Creek near Tyonek and on Likes Creek near Seward in south-central Alaska where carnotite-type minerals had been reported; in the headwaters of the Peace River in the eastern part of the Seward Peninsula and at Gold Bench on the South Fork of the Koyukuk River in east-central Alaska, where uranothorianite occurs in places associated with base metal sulfides and hematite; in the vicinity of Port Malmesbury in southeastern Alaska to check a reported occurrence of pitchblende; and, in the Miller House-Circle Hot Springs area of east-central Alaska where geochemical studies were made. No significant lode deposits of radioactive materials were found. However, the placer uranothorianite in the headwaters of the Peace River yet remains as an important lead to bedrock radioactive source materials in Alaska. Tundra cover prevents satisfactory radiometric reconnaissance of the area, and methods of geochemical prospecting such as soil and vegetation sampling may ultimately prove more fruitful in the search for the uranothorianite-sulfide lode source than geophysical methods.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei442","collaboration":"This report concerns work done on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"Matzko, J., and Bates, R., 1955, Reconnaissance for radioactive deposits in Alaska, 1953: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 442, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei442.","productDescription":"29 p.","numberOfPages":"30","temporalStart":"1953-01-01","temporalEnd":"1953-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":284144,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tei442.jpg"},{"id":285852,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0442/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -170.0,55.0 ], [ -170.0,70.0 ], [ -120.0,70.0 ], [ -120.0,55.0 ], [ -170.0,55.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53559531e4b0120853e8c188","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matzko, John J.","contributorId":79459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matzko","given":"John J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bates, Robert G.","contributorId":102867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bates","given":"Robert G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51831,"text":"ofr5566 - 1955 - Sixth progress report on the cooperative investigation of springs and streamflow in the Tecolote Tunnel area of Santa Barbara County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T13:01:50","indexId":"ofr5566","displayToPublicDate":"1955-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"55-66","title":"Sixth progress report on the cooperative investigation of springs and streamflow in the Tecolote Tunnel area of Santa Barbara County, California","docAbstract":"

This report is the sixth in a continuing series of progress reports giving the results of discharge measurements obtained at more than 120 selected sites in the \"Tecolote Tunnel Area\" of the Santa Ynez Mountains.  The area derives its name from the tunnel now being completed by the Bureau of Reclamation for the purpose of diverting the flood waters of the Santa Ynez River stored in Cachuma Reservoir into urban and agricultural areas in and near the city of Santa barbara.  The observational area for purposes of this investigation extends from Refugio Pass on the west to San Marcos Pass and the Painted Cave area on the east.  The tunnel alignment is rouhly north and south through the center of this area.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5566","usgsCitation":"Hofmann, W., 1955, Sixth progress report on the cooperative investigation of springs and streamflow in the Tecolote Tunnel area of Santa Barbara County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 55-66, Report: 133 p.; Plate: 10.46 x 7.75 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5566.","productDescription":"Report: 133 p.; Plate: 10.46 x 7.75 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177415,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr5566.jpg"},{"id":310485,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0066/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":310486,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0066/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Santa Barbara County","otherGeospatial":"Tecolote Tunnel Area","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-120.0533,34.0381],[-120.1234,33.8961],[-120.2407,33.9975],[-120.0533,34.0381]]],[[[-119.9169,34.0783],[-119.5359,34.0433],[-119.8237,33.9656],[-119.9169,34.0783]]],[[[-119.9479,35.0556],[-119.4433,34.8472],[-119.4525,34.398],[-120.4564,34.4431],[-120.6414,34.5725],[-120.6558,34.9553],[-120.3235,34.9225],[-120.1197,35.1053],[-119.9479,35.0556]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Santa Barbara\",\"state\":\"CA\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5efb58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hofmann, Walter","contributorId":30604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofmann","given":"Walter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159212,"text":"tei228 - 1954 - Geology and uranium deposits of the Caribou area, Boulder County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-23T11:58:22","indexId":"tei228","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-08T08:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"228","title":"Geology and uranium deposits of the Caribou area, Boulder County, Colorado","docAbstract":"

Pitchblende was discovered in the Caribou mine, Boulder County. Colo., in 1948 by Consolidated Caribou Silver Mines, incorporated during the reopening of the 1040-level.  Since 1948, a small quantity of pitchblende has been produced from the Radium vein during exploratory work that was done under contract with the Atomic Energy Commission. The Caribou mine, primarily a silver mine, develops five veins (Caribou. No Name, Poorman, Sherman and Silver Dollar) that were formerly worked as separate mines. Three other veins, the Radium, Elmer, and Nelson, are exposed in the Caribou mine only at and below the 920-level.  

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The general geology of the Caribou area, known since 1869 as a silver district, has been discussed by Bastin and Hill (1917) and more recently by Lovering and Goddard (1950). In 1937 a detailed study of the petrography of the Caribou stock was made by Smith (1938). In 1948 and 1949, R.U. King (1950) of the U. S., Geological Survey examined the Caribou mine to evaluate the uranium deposit.  In 1950, D.M. Sheridan and E.N. Hinrichs of the U. S. Geological Survey made a radioactivity reconnaissance of the mine dumps at Caribou and vicinity. This reconnaissance included examination of most of the accessible workings of the Caribou mine. Other reports on the area are listed in the bibliography.

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 As a result of King’s preliminary examination and the later exploration for uranium on the property, the U.S. Geological Survey in 1951 began a detailed investigation of the Caribou area on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the Atomic Energy Commission, the principal purpose of which was to evaluate the uranium occurrences in the area.  The study was begun by E. P. Kaiser and W. S., Cavender, who established a triangulation net, using a base line in Caribou Park for horizontal control and a U.S. Geological Survey bench mark on the top of Caribou Hill for vertical control. Upon the assignment of Kaiser to another project in August 1951 the investigation was continued until November 1951, by F.B. Moore and W. S. Cavender. During the study of the district the writers prepared a geologic map at a scale of 1 inch to 100 feet of an area of about one square mile. The mapped area includes most of the mines in the Caribou district and embraces the eastern half of Caribou Hill and adjacent areas to the east and north. In addition, all accessible underground workings were mapped at a scale of 1 inch to 40 feet. 

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The writers wish to acknowledge the cooperation of the staff of the Consolidated Caribou Silver Mines incorporated, who made the Caribou mine available for examination at all times and who furnished maps and suggestions that were of great assistance. Mr. A.E. Blakesley, owner of the Comstock mine, was also most cooperative in making possible the examination of his mine. Thanks are due Dr., E.E. Wahlstrom of the University of Colorado and to the Boulder Daily Camera for the use of their files containing information on the Caribou mine. To S. Lovering of the U.S. Geological Survey made many valuable suggestions on the identification of alteration products in thin section.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei228","usgsCitation":"Moore, F.B., Cavender, W., and Kaiser, E., 1954, Geology and uranium deposits of the Caribou area, Boulder County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 228, Report: 61 p.; 10 Plates: 41.92 x 28.48 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/tei228.","productDescription":"Report: 61 p.; 10 Plates: 41.92 x 28.48 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"61","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":310058,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tei228.PNG"},{"id":310813,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/228/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":310814,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/228/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 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F. B.","contributorId":12461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cavender, W.S.","contributorId":21617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cavender","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kaiser, E.P.","contributorId":105725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaiser","given":"E.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70047645,"text":"70047645 - 1954 - Summary of geology and ground-water resources of the Eastern Shore peninsula, Virginia: a preliminary report","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":51759,"text":"ofr54287 - 1954 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Eastern Shore Peninsula, Virginia","indexId":"ofr54287","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Eastern Shore Peninsula, Virginia"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70047645,"text":"70047645 - 1954 - Summary of geology and ground-water resources of the Eastern Shore peninsula, Virginia: a preliminary report","indexId":"70047645","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"title":"Summary of geology and ground-water resources of the Eastern Shore peninsula, Virginia: a preliminary report"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-08T19:09:24","indexId":"70047645","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T10:21:38","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":123,"text":"Virginia Division of Geology Mineral Resources Circular","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"2","title":"Summary of geology and ground-water resources of the Eastern Shore peninsula, Virginia: a preliminary report","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Virginia Division of Geology (Virginia Division of Mineral Resources), conducted an investigation of the geology and ground-water resources of the Coastal Plain of Virginia. This report summarizes preliminary findings from exploratory test drilling done to ascertain whether there are any satisfactory water-bearing zones deeper than those in general use.","language":"English","publisher":"Virginia Division of Geology","publisherLocation":"Charlottesville, VA","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Geological Survey of the United States Department of the Interior","usgsCitation":"Sinnott, A., and Tibbitts, G.C., 1954, Summary of geology and ground-water resources of the Eastern Shore peninsula, Virginia: a preliminary report: Virginia Division of Geology Mineral Resources Circular 2, ii, 18 p.","productDescription":"ii, 18 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":276675,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":276674,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.dmme.virginia.gov/commerce/ProductDetails.aspx?productID=2421"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Eastern Shore Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -78.0,37.075 ], [ -78.0,39.324 ], [ -75.225,39.324 ], [ -75.225,37.075 ], [ -78.0,37.075 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"520f49e8e4b0fc50304bc510","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sinnott, Allen","contributorId":15995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sinnott","given":"Allen","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":482621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tibbitts, G. Chase Jr.","contributorId":30601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tibbitts","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Chase","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":69192,"text":"coal11 - 1954 - Geology and coal deposits of the Dugger quadrangle, Sullivan County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-13T21:10:37.379522","indexId":"coal11","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":309,"text":"Coal Map","code":"COAL","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"11","title":"Geology and coal deposits of the Dugger quadrangle, Sullivan County, Indiana","docAbstract":"

The accompanying maps and related material describing the geology and coal deposits of the Dugger quadrangle were prepared as part of a cooperative program to appraise the coal resources of Indiana initiated by the Division of Geology, Indiana Department of Conservation, and the Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.

The field work on which the maps were based was done by the writer, assisted by E. D. McKay, between June 15 and August 31, 1949.

The Dugger quadrangle covers nearly 58 square miles in east-central Sullivan County, Indiana, between latitude 39° and 39°07'30\" N. and longitude 87°15' and 87°22'30\" W.  Dugger, the largest town in the quadrangle and the main shipping point, is 30 miles south of Terre Haute.  The mines in the quadrangle are served by the Illinois Central, the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific, and the Pennsylvania Railroads.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/coal11","usgsCitation":"Kottlowski, F.E., 1954, Geology and coal deposits of the Dugger quadrangle, Sullivan County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Coal Map 11, 1 Plate: 53.49 x 41.02 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/coal11.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 53.49 x 41.02 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":398687,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19564.htm"},{"id":359838,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/coal/011/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":188508,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/coal/011/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Sullivan County","otherGeospatial":"Dugger quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.375,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -87.25,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -87.25,\n 39.125\n ],\n [\n -87.375,\n 39.125\n ],\n [\n -87.375,\n 39\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6863cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kottlowski, Frank Edward","contributorId":9352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kottlowski","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":279790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51,"text":"wsp1137H - 1954 - Floods of November-December 1950 in western Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:11","indexId":"wsp1137H","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1137","chapter":"H","title":"Floods of November-December 1950 in western Nevada","docAbstract":"Record-breaking floods in the Walker, Carson, and Truckee River basins during November and December 1950 resulted from a rapid sequence of storms and unseasonably high temperatures that melted most of the early snow cover. During the period November 13 to December 8, 1950, total precipitation ranged from about 5 inches at the foot of the Sierra Nevada in Nevada to about 30 inches at the crest in California, near the California-Nevada State line. About half of this total occurred during the period November 16-21. The resulting floods were the greatest in more than 50 years of record. The highest discharge occurred on Truckee River where the greatest damage potential exists?in the urban area of Reno and Sparks. \r\n\r\nNotable rates of discharge were 19,900 cfs, or 36.1 cfs per square mile, from 551 square miles in Truckee River at Reno, Nev.; 7,010 cfs, or 212 cfs per square mile, from 33 square miles in Little Truckee River near Hobart Mills, Calif.; and 3,570 cfs, or 119 cfs per square mile, from 30 square miles in East Fork Carson River near Markleeville, Calif. \r\n\r\nThe estimate of damages compiled by the Corps of Engineers total $4,360,000 for the area; $1,982,000 of this was for Reno. Two deaths were reported. The American Red Cross assisted about 200 persons, at an expenditure of about $7,500. Federal aid for city and county rehabilitation in Nevada totaled $75,000. \r\n\r\nThis report contains records of stage and discharge at 20 gaging stations and contents of 2 reservoirs, and a summary of peak discharges at 23 points within or adjacent to the flood area. The report contains also a discussion of the storms and floods, a section on meteorology prepared by the Weather Bureau, and a brief discussion of previous floods.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1137H","usgsCitation":"Wells, J.V., 1954, Floods of November-December 1950 in western Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1137, p. 897-955 :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1137H.","productDescription":"p. 897-955 :ill., maps ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137413,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1137h/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24688,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1137h/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a252","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, J. V. 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The Stockton and Stanley Hill deposits, Kootenai County, Idaho, are about 25 to 30 miles east of Spokane, Wash. During World War II, the areas were studied by the U. S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U. S. Bureau of Mines. The Bureau of Mines hand-augered 162 holes and made chemical analyses of the samples for available alumina, and available ferric oxide, and measured the ignition loss.

The deposit contains two types of clay: granite residual clay derived from the weathering of Cretaceous granite gneiss in place; and transported clays of the Latah formation derived from the weathered. debris of the granodiorite and older rocks.

The Stockton deposits average more than 20 percent available alumina and less than 10 percent available ferric oxide. The deposits, therefore, could serve as a small source of low-grade high alumina clay.

Clays containing more than 15 percent available alumina and less than 5 percent available ferric oxide would be suitable for many ceramic products and some may meet the requirements for high-heat or super-heat duties. Therefore, the Stockton and Stanley Hill clay deposits contain ceramic-grade clays.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr54266","usgsCitation":"Scheid, V.E., 1954, Stockton and Stanley Hill clay deposits, Kootenai County, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 54-266, Report: 26 p.; 2 Plates: 34.62 x 21.34 inches and 28.52 x 11.46 inches; 1 Figure: 7.91 x 10.42 inches; 1 Table: 14.30 x 8.98 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr54266.","productDescription":"Report: 26 p.; 2 Plates: 34.62 x 21.34 inches and 28.52 x 11.46 inches; 1 Figure: 7.91 x 10.42 inches; 1 Table: 14.30 x 8.98 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":486875,"rank":3,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0266/table-2.pdf","text":"Table 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4235","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scheid, Vernon Edward","contributorId":96706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scheid","given":"Vernon","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":14611,"text":"ofr54164 - 1954 - Copper and uranium mineralization in the Coyote mining district, Mora County, New Mexico","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":14611,"text":"ofr54164 - 1954 - Copper and uranium mineralization in the Coyote mining district, Mora County, New Mexico","indexId":"ofr54164","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"title":"Copper and uranium mineralization in the Coyote mining district, Mora County, New Mexico"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":36059,"text":"b1030L - 1958 - Copper and uranium deposits of the Coyote district, Mora County, New Mexico","indexId":"b1030L","publicationYear":"1958","noYear":false,"chapter":"L","title":"Copper and uranium deposits of the Coyote district, Mora County, New Mexico"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":36059,"text":"b1030L - 1958 - Copper and uranium deposits of the Coyote district, Mora County, New Mexico","indexId":"b1030L","publicationYear":"1958","noYear":false,"title":"Copper and uranium deposits of the Coyote district, Mora County, New Mexico"},"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-06T15:19:15.441956","indexId":"ofr54164","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"54-164","title":"Copper and uranium mineralization in the Coyote mining district, Mora County, New Mexico","docAbstract":"

Sedimentary copper-uranium deposits lie along the eastern flank of the Sangre de Cristo Range in the Coyote mining district, Mora County, New ilexico. The oldest rocks in the district are pre-Cambrian granites, pegmatites and metasediments. These are unconformably overlain by marine limestones and shales of Pennsylvanian age and fluviatile sediments of Pennsylvanian-Permian age. Tertiary basalt flows are extensive to the east and cover Pennsylvanian and Permian rocks locally.

The copper-uranium mineralization occurred in a belt of thrusting and transverse faulting associated with the uplift of the Ancestral Rockies, but there is no visible evidence to relate the ore deposits to faults. The uranium deposition seems to have been controlled by channels containing carbonized plant remains in the coarser sandstone lenses of the Sangre de Cristo formation.

There are two major types of ore deposits in the Coyote district. One consists of copper-replaced pyrite nodules and plant remains in black carbonaceous shales, the other consists of uranium in cross bedded sandstones. Copper is most abundant in the lower 1500 feet of the Sangre de Cristo formation.

The most important copper mineral is chalcocite with minor amounts of chalcopyrite, bornite, covellite, pyrite, malachite, and azurite. The uranium minerals are metatyuyamunite and an undetermined black radioactive mineral associated with chalcopyrite.

The uranium occurs in stream channels approximately 2000 feet stratigraphically above the top of the Aagdalena group (as mapped).

The copper-uranium was probably derived from nearby pre-Cambrian highlands which contain abundant copper mines, granitic intrusions, and uranium bearing pegmatites. Heteoric waters containing copper sulfate and a soluble uranium compound transported the minerals to their present site and upon encountering carbonaceous material were precipitated out.


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Mexico\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db68630d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laub, Donald Carl","contributorId":74758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laub","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"Carl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2457,"text":"wsp1204 - 1954 - Surface water-supply of the United States, 1951, Part II-B, South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins, Ogeechee River to Pearl River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:29","indexId":"wsp1204","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply 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Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1204","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1954, Surface water-supply of the United States, 1951, Part II-B, South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins, Ogeechee River to Pearl River: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1204, ix, 350 p. : ill., tables ;25 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1204.","productDescription":"ix, 350 p. : ill., tables ;25 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1204/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28533,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1204/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aeee4b07f02db69130c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1277,"text":"wsp1259 - 1954 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, North Dakota, with a section on chemical quality of the ground water","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":51009,"text":"ofr51111 - 1951 - Progress report on the geology and ground-water resources of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, North Dakota","indexId":"ofr51111","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"title":"Progress report on the geology and ground-water resources of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, North Dakota"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1277,"text":"wsp1259 - 1954 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, North Dakota, with a section on chemical quality of the ground water","indexId":"wsp1259","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, North Dakota, with a section on chemical quality of the ground water"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-17T20:29:44.293329","indexId":"wsp1259","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1259","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, North Dakota, with a section on chemical quality of the ground water","docAbstract":"The Fort Berthold Indian Reservation occupies about 1,000 square miles in west- central North Dakota. The Missouri and Little Missouri Rivers flow through the area and form part of its boundaries. Garrison Dam, which is under construction on the Missouri River 30 miles downstream from the east boundary of the reservation, will impound water in Garrison Reservoir and flood the valleys of both rivers throughout the area. The reservoir will divide the reservation into five parts, herein referred to as the eastern, northeastern, northern, western, and southern segments. \n\nRock formations ranging in age from Paleocene to Recent are exposed. The Fort Union formation of Paleocene age underlies the entire reservation, and it crops out along the Missouri and Little Missouri Rivers. Relatively thin glacial till and outwash deposits of late Pleistocene age mantle much of the upland in all of the segments. The glacial de. posits commonly are less than 10 feet thick; in many places they consist only of scattered boulders on the bedrock surface. The major valleys have terrace deposits of Pleistocene and Recent age and alluvium of Recent age. \n\nThe principal mineral resources of the reservation are lignite, sand, and gravel. The lignite beds range in thickness from a few inches to about 30 feet. At least four separate beds, which range in thickness from 4 feet to more than 7 feet, are mined locally. Although many mines will be flooded after Garrison Dam is completed, many suitable mine sites will remain above the proposed reservoir level. Sand and gravel deposits are found in glacial outwash and in stream-terrace deposits. \n\nOn upland areas of the reservation ground water is available principally from the lignite and the associated fine- to medium-grained sandstone beds of the Fort Union formation. Few wells on the reservation are known to produce water from glacial material, although the recessional moraines are possible sources of shallow-water supplies. Small quantities of ground water are available from thin alluvial deposits in some places on the upland. Most wells in the valleys produce water from the alluvium or the terrace deposits. However, several wells penetrate the underlying Fort Union formation. A few flowing wells in the Missouri River valley near Elbowoods produce water from either the lower part of the Fort Union formation or from the Cannonball formation, also of Paleocene age. The chemical character of water from the Fort Union formation and the outwash and river gravels was determined from analyses of 39 samples from wells and springs. Water from bedrock may be either hard or soft, and it is moderately to highly mineralized. Water from the surficial deposits is uniformly hard, but it is less mineralized. Shallow wells in the eastern and northeastern segments produce water of good quality. Wells in these segments, and several springs in the western segment, could be used satisfactorily as domestic supplies. Spring water from lignite deposits on the reservation generally is colored and contains objectionable amounts of iron. Treatment of the water would improve its quality for domestic use. \n\nThe filling of Garrison Reservoir will cause a rise of the water levels in wells that tap aquifers now discharging below the operating level of the reservoir. All the permeable strata below this level will become saturated, and ground-water bodies that are now separated will become hydraulically united. In addition to providing subsurface information, the drilling program of the U. S. Bureau of Indian Affairs provided wells for domestic and stock-water supplies. All test holes that tapped an adequate supply of potable water were reamed to a larger diameter, equipped with casing and well screen, and gravel-packed. The test-drilling program was completed in 1951; however, the drilling of domestic wells was continued under the supervision of the U. S. Geological Survey.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1259","usgsCitation":"Dingman, R.J., Gordon, E.D., and Swenson, H.A., 1954, Geology and ground-water resources of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, North Dakota, with a section on chemical quality of the ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1259, Report: v, 115 p.; 1 Plate: 16.59 x 11.21 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1259.","productDescription":"Report: v, 115 p.; 1 Plate: 16.59 x 11.21 inches","numberOfPages":"122","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":26237,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1259/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":277923,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1259/plate-2.pdf"},{"id":396133,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24293.htm"},{"id":137527,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1259/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"96000","country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, Garrison Dam, Little Missouri River, Missouri River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.098,\n 47.453\n ],\n [\n -101.73,\n 47.453\n ],\n [\n -101.73,\n 48\n ],\n [\n -103.098,\n 48\n ],\n [\n -103.098,\n 47.453\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db68553a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dingman, Robert James","contributorId":60190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dingman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gordon, Ellis D.","contributorId":12451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"Ellis","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swenson, H. A.","contributorId":58618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":13879,"text":"ofr54103 - 1954 - Magnetite deposits at Tuxedni Bay, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13879,"text":"ofr54103 - 1954 - Magnetite deposits at Tuxedni Bay, Alaska","indexId":"ofr54103","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"title":"Magnetite deposits at Tuxedni Bay, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":34548,"text":"b1024D - 1956 - Magnetite deposits at Tuxedni Bay, Alaska","indexId":"b1024D","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Magnetite deposits at Tuxedni Bay, Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":34548,"text":"b1024D - 1956 - Magnetite deposits at Tuxedni Bay, Alaska","indexId":"b1024D","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"title":"Magnetite deposits at Tuxedni Bay, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-25T20:40:57.798258","indexId":"ofr54103","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"54-103","title":"Magnetite deposits at Tuxedni Bay, Alaska","docAbstract":"

The magnetite deposits on an island in Tuxedni Bay occur in contact-metamorphosed volcanic and sedimentary rocks near their contact with a quartz diorite batholith which underlies large areas of the adjacent Aleutian Range. The deposits are pyrometasomatic in origin and are localized along northeast-trending fractures. The eastern deposit is a low-grade disseminated deposit occurring in hornfels. The western deposit occurs as a massive lens of magnetite and garnet with a marble hanging wall and a hornfels footwall. The tenor of mineral rock in the western deposit may average 75 percent of magnetite. The deposit is lenticular and can be followed along strike for 55 feet in outcrop and, where concealed beneath a cover of soil and vegetation, can be followed for an additional 55 feet with a dip needle. Where exposed in a sea cliff the deposit is 30 to 35 feet thick.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr54103","usgsCitation":"Grantz, A., 1954, Magnetite deposits at Tuxedni Bay, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 54-103, Report: 17 p.; 4 Plates: 16.46 x 18.32 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr54103.","productDescription":"Report: 17 p.; 4 Plates: 16.46 x 18.32 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":419326,"rank":6,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0103/figure-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":419325,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0103/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":419324,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0103/plate-2A.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":419323,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0103/plate-2B.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":419322,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0103/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":144712,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0103/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Tuxedni Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.07544716539093,\n 60.32497821052422\n ],\n [\n -153.07544716539093,\n 60.082143661735074\n ],\n [\n -152.48793068629226,\n 60.082143661735074\n ],\n [\n -152.48793068629226,\n 60.32497821052422\n ],\n [\n -153.07544716539093,\n 60.32497821052422\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db6443c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grantz, Arthur agrantz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grantz","given":"Arthur","email":"agrantz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":168557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":653,"text":"wsp1233 - 1954 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1952, Part II-A, South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins, James River to Savannah River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:08","indexId":"wsp1233","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1233","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1952, Part II-A, South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins, James River to Savannah River","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1233","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1954, Surface water supply of the United States, 1952, Part II-A, South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins, James River to Savannah River: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1233, viii, 286 p. : ill., tables ;25 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1233.","productDescription":"viii, 286 p. : ill., tables ;25 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136043,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1233/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25216,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1233/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db69616d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":69275,"text":"coal14 - 1954 - Geology of anthracite in the eastern part of the Ashland quadrangle, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T19:47:17.085754","indexId":"coal14","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":309,"text":"Coal Map","code":"COAL","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"14","title":"Geology of anthracite in the eastern part of the Ashland quadrangle, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/coal14","usgsCitation":"Haley, B.R., Arndt, H.H., Rothrock, H.E., and Wagner, H.C., 1954, Geology of anthracite in the eastern part of the Ashland quadrangle, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Coal Map 14, 2 Plates: 44.69 × 38.60 inches and 44.94 × 39.31 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/coal14.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 44.69 × 38.60 inches and 44.94 × 39.31 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":115604,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/coal/014/plate-2.pdf","size":"6245","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":394260,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19567.htm"},{"id":191121,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":115603,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/coal/014/plate-1.pdf","size":"9118","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"12000","country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Ashland quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.375,40.75 ], [ -76.375,40.833 ], [ -76.312,40.833 ], [ -76.312,40.75 ], [ -76.375,40.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683ad0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haley, Boyd Raymond","contributorId":75915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haley","given":"Boyd","email":"","middleInitial":"Raymond","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":279947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arndt, H. H.","contributorId":90729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arndt","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":279948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rothrock, H. E.","contributorId":22298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rothrock","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":279946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wagner, H. C.","contributorId":95033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":279949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":44291,"text":"b1009C - 1954 - Radioactive deposits of Nevada","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":44291,"text":"b1009C - 1954 - Radioactive deposits of Nevada","indexId":"b1009C","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Radioactive deposits of Nevada"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33195,"text":"b1009 - 1956 - Contributions to the geology of uranium, 1953-54","indexId":"b1009","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to the geology of uranium, 1953-54"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33195,"text":"b1009 - 1956 - Contributions to the geology of uranium, 1953-54","indexId":"b1009","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to the geology of uranium, 1953-54"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-08T13:42:30","indexId":"b1009C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1009","chapter":"C","title":"Radioactive deposits of Nevada","docAbstract":"Thirty-five occurrences of radioactive rocks had been reported from Nevada \r\nprior to 1952. Twenty-five of these had been investigated by personnel of the \r\nU. S. Geological Surveyor of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. Of those \r\ninvestigated, uranium minerals were identified at 13 sites; two sites contained a thorium mineral (monazite); the source of radioactivity on nine properties was not ascertained, and one showed no abnormal radioactivity. Of the other \r\nreported occurrences, one is said to contain uraniferous hydrocarbons and nine \r\nare placers containing thorian monazite.\r\n\r\nPitchblende occurs at two localities, the East Walker River area, and the \r\nStalin's Present prospect, where it is sparsely disseminated in tabular bodies \r\ncutting granitic rocks. Other uranium minerals found in the state include: \r\ncarnotite, tyuyamunite, autunite, torbernite, gummite, uranophane, kasolite, \r\nand an unidentified mineral which may be dumontite. Monazite is the only thorium mineral of possible economic importance that has been reported. \r\n\r\nFrom an economic standpoint, only four of the properties examined showed \r\nreserves of uranium ore in 1952; these are: the Green Monster mine, which shipped 5 tons of ore to Marysvale, Utah, during 1951; the Majuba Hill mine; the Stalin's Present prospect; and the West Willys claim in the Washington district. No estimate has been made of thorium reserves and no commercial deposits of thorium are known.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to the geology of uranium, 1953-54","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/b1009C","isbn":"0607638176","usgsCitation":"Lovering, T., 1954, Radioactive deposits of Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1009, p. 63-106, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1009C.","productDescription":"p. 63-106","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":99260,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1009c/report.pdf","size":"2789","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":173555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1009c/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634e81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lovering, T.G.","contributorId":55014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovering","given":"T.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2112,"text":"wsp1261 - 1954 - A postglacial chronology for some alluvial valleys in Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-22T10:28:54","indexId":"wsp1261","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1261","title":"A postglacial chronology for some alluvial valleys in Wyoming","docAbstract":"

Alluvial terraces were studied in several major river basins in eastern Wyoming. Three terraces are present along nearly all the streams and large tributaries. There are several extensive dissected erosion surfaces in the area, but these are much older than, and stand well above, the recent alluvial terraces with which this report is concerned.

The three alluvial terraces stand respectively about 40, 10, and 5 feet above the present streams. The uppermost and oldest is a fill terrace comprised of three stratigraphic units of varying age. The oldest unit is Pleistocene and the youngest unit postdates the development of a soil zone, or paleosol, which is characterized by strong accumulation of calcium carbonate and gypsum. This paleosol is an important stratigraphic marker. The middle terrace is generally a cut terrace and is developed on the material making up the youngest alluvium of the high terrace. The lowest is a fill terrace, the surface of which is only slightly higher than the present flood plain.

The oldest terrace can tentatively be traced into mountain valleys of the Bighorn Range on the basis of discontinuous remnants. The terrace remnants occur far upstream from the youngest moraine in the valleys studied. On this basis, the terrace sequence is considered to postdate the last Wisconsin ice in the Bighorn Mountains. The paleosol is tentatively correlated with Altithermal time, called in Europe the Climatic Optimum. The terrace sequence is very similar to that suggested by various workers in the southwestern United States.

Two streams, Clear Creek and the Powder River, deposited comparable silty alluvium, the surface of which now comprises the highest alluvial terrace. The gradients of these former flood plains differed markedly between the two streams despite the comparability in size of material deposited. This difference in gradient is believed to have required different relative contributions of water from mountain and plain areas than now exist.

Knowledge of Recent physiographic history of the area is the basis of determining the relative ages of some gully features. Certain vertical-walled channels or arroyos that might appear to be attributable to postsettlement grazing or other man-induced influences are shown to be Recent but pre-Columbian in age. Such differentiation in age of erosion features is necessary for proper understanding of present-day soil erosion problems.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1261","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., and Miller, J.P., 1954, A postglacial chronology for some alluvial valleys in Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1261, vi, 89 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1261.","productDescription":"vi, 89 p.","numberOfPages":"96","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":27688,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1261/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138326,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1261/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.1162109375,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -102.81005859375,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -102.81005859375,\n 46.7248003746672\n ],\n [\n -109.1162109375,\n 46.7248003746672\n ],\n [\n -109.1162109375,\n 41.0130657870063\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab658","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, John P.","contributorId":33696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":47213,"text":"ofr54317 - 1954 - Geologic map of the east-central part of the Pumpkin Buttes area, Campbell County, Wyoming","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":47213,"text":"ofr54317 - 1954 - Geologic map of the east-central part of the Pumpkin Buttes area, Campbell County, Wyoming","indexId":"ofr54317","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the east-central part of the Pumpkin Buttes area, Campbell County, Wyoming"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":35789,"text":"b1107H - 1964 - Geology and uranium deposits of the Pumpkin Buttes area of the Powder River Basin, Wyoming","indexId":"b1107H","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"chapter":"H","title":"Geology and uranium deposits of the Pumpkin Buttes area of the Powder River Basin, Wyoming"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":35789,"text":"b1107H - 1964 - Geology and uranium deposits of the Pumpkin Buttes area of the Powder River Basin, Wyoming","indexId":"b1107H","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and uranium deposits of the Pumpkin Buttes area of the Powder River Basin, Wyoming"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-28T14:04:08","indexId":"ofr54317","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"54-317","title":"Geologic map of the east-central part of the Pumpkin Buttes area, Campbell County, Wyoming","docAbstract":"

No abstract available. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr54317","usgsCitation":"Troyer, M., 1954, Geologic map of the east-central part of the Pumpkin Buttes area, Campbell County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 54-317, 1 Plate: 40.88 x 50.46 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr54317.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 40.88 x 50.46 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":365171,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0317/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":168099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0317/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming ","county":"Campbell County","otherGeospatial":"Pumpkin Buttes area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.88005065917969,\n 43.7104475018891\n ],\n [\n -105.86048126220703,\n 43.7104475018891\n ],\n [\n -105.86048126220703,\n 43.72756863505955\n ],\n [\n -105.88005065917969,\n 43.72756863505955\n ],\n [\n -105.88005065917969,\n 43.7104475018891\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688b48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Troyer, Max L.","contributorId":30614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troyer","given":"Max L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":234840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":61329,"text":"mf15 - 1954 - Geology and zinc-lead-barite deposits in the area east of Cuba City, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-19T11:31:05","indexId":"mf15","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"15","title":"Geology and zinc-lead-barite deposits in the area east of Cuba City, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"

The current study of the Wisconsin-Illinois-Iowa zinc-lead district (fig. 1) was begun in 1942, with the major emphasis placed on detailed mapping of geologic structure and ore deposits.  Preliminary reports for several areas in the mining district have been prepared, and the present study of the are east of Cuba City, Wis., is a continuation of that program.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf15","usgsCitation":"Agnew, A.F., Flint, A., and Crumpton, R., 1954, Geology and zinc-lead-barite deposits in the area east of Cuba City, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 15, 38.91 x 41.75 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf15.","productDescription":"38.91 x 41.75 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0015/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":358560,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0015/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"2000","country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","city":"Cuba City","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -90.4175,42.56666666666667 ], [ -90.4175,42.6175 ], [ -90.38416666666667,42.6175 ], [ -90.38416666666667,42.56666666666667 ], [ -90.4175,42.56666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db684052","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Agnew, Allen F.","contributorId":105702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agnew","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Arthur E.","contributorId":45300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Arthur E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crumpton, R.P.","contributorId":100067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crumpton","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":51718,"text":"ofr54194 - 1954 - Geologic and seismic investigations for relocation of Route 128 near Route 28 in Quincy, Mass.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-18T08:59:14","indexId":"ofr54194","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"54-194","title":"Geologic and seismic investigations for relocation of Route 128 near Route 28 in Quincy, Mass.","docAbstract":"

In order to obtain information that would aid in locating a base line for the proposed relocation of Route 128 near Route 28 in Quincy, Mass., exploratory geologic and seismic studies were made of an area along a line between a point on present Route 128 approximately 800 feet east of the Milton-Quincy town line to a point on Route 28 approximately 600 feet to the north of the intersection of Route 28 and 128. This work was performed in September 1953 as part of a cooperative program of the Massachusetts Department of Public Works and the United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey.

\n
\n

Mr. M. E. Chandler and Mr. W. L. Carney, of the Mass. Dept. of Public Works, did the survey for the project and prepared the plans and profiles. Mr. handler also operated the seismic equipment and assisted in the preparation of the seismic velocity data.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA","doi":"10.3133/ofr54194","usgsCitation":"May, J.E., 1954, Geologic and seismic investigations for relocation of Route 128 near Route 28 in Quincy, Mass.: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 54-194, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr54194.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288741,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288740,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0194/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","city":"Quincy","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.093299,42.204257 ], [ -71.093299,42.30799 ], [ -70.945841,42.30799 ], [ -70.945841,42.204257 ], [ -71.093299,42.204257 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8150","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"May, James E.","contributorId":85255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2144,"text":"wsp1299 - 1954 - The industrial utility of public water supplies in the United States, 1952, part 1, States east of the Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-01T10:59:51","indexId":"wsp1299","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1299","title":"The industrial utility of public water supplies in the United States, 1952, part 1, States east of the Mississippi River","docAbstract":"

Public water supplies are utilized extensively by industries for processing, cooling, and steam generation. The requirements as to quality of water for each industry are specific, therefore information on the quality or chemical character of the water supply is essential not only in the location of industrial plants but also is an aid in the manufacture and distribution of products.

\n

Data are given in this report on the water supplies for 1,315 of the larger cities (or places) throughout the United States. The population of these cities represents 58. 3 percent of the total population (1950 census), and more than 90 percent of the total urban population, of the United States. Part 1 of the report contains data for 819 cities east of the Mississippi River, and part 2 includes data for 416 cities west of the river. All cities of 15,000 or more population and many cities of smaller population are included.

\n

The information given for each place includes, in most instances, population of the place; ownership, source, and treatment of supply; storage facilities for both raw and finished water; and chemical analyses of the supplies.

\n

The chemical quality of a water affects its industrial utility. A total of 2, 506 chemical analyses of the supplies for the places included are shown. Surface-water supplies, generally, are more variable in composition than ground-water supplies, but contain less mineral matter in solution. Many of the treated public supplies require further treatment to make them satisfactory for some industrial uses. Of the total of 1,315 places included in the report, 711 receive surface-water supplies; 472 receive ground-water supplies, and 132 receive mixed supplies. The population served by these supplies is about 88,000,000, of which about 71,000,000 receive surface-water supplies and 17,000,000 groundwater supplies.

\n

Hardness of water supplies with respect to industrial use is given much attention. The hardness of the large public supplies ranges from less than 5 parts per million to about 700 parts. About 52, 000, 000 people are furnished with water having hardness of 100 parts per million or less. The weighted average hardness (average hardness of supplies weighted according to the population served) of finished water of surface supplies is 82 parts per million; of ground supplies, 162 parts; and of all supplies, 97 parts.

\n

The weighted average hardness of raw water of surface, ground, and all supplies are 96,200, and 116 parts per million, respectively. The average hardness (based on the average hardness of each supply and the number of supplies) of finished water of surface supplies is 85 parts per million; of ground supplies, 164 parts; and of all supplies, 121 parts.

\n

The average hardness of the raw water supplies are 94, 192 and 139 parts per million, respectively.

\n

The median hardness of finished water of all supplies is 91 parts per million, and of the raw water supplies, 90 parts.

\n

The treatment of a public water supply is planned principally to give a water that is bacterially safe for public use, and to eliminate or minimize certain undesirable characteristics of the water; Of the supplies for the places in this report, a total of 117 (3 surface supplies and 114 ground supplies) receive no treatment; 393 supplies receive no treatment other than chlorination; and the remainder receive treatment in addition to chlorination. The supplies for 171 cities are softened. Rapid sand filter plants are in use for 533 cities, exclusive of those in use at places where the water is softened. Slow sand-filter plants are in use at 35 places. A population of about 40, 000, 000 is served with water from these filter plants.

\n

The total number of treatment plants, exclusive of facilities for chlorination, for most of the places in this report is 660. The total capacity of these plants in millions of gallons per day is 10, 694. A total of 693 places report raw-water storage facilities having a total capacity of 2, 460, 346 millions of gallons; a total of 1,081 places report finished-water storage facilities having a total capacity of 24, 557 millions of gallons.

\n

Investigations by others have shown that a definite relationship exists between fluoride in drinking water and the incidence of dental caries in the teeth of children. A total of about 85 percent of the population served from the large public supplies receive water having a fluoride concentration in the range of 0.0 to 0. 5 part per million. Few large public supplies contain fluoride in concentrations in excess of 3 parts per million. A total of 155 places of those included in the report received fluoridated water in 1955.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1299","usgsCitation":"Lohr, E.W., and Love, S.K., 1954, The industrial utility of public water supplies in the United States, 1952, part 1, States east of the Mississippi River: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1299, vi, 639 p. :maps ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1299.","productDescription":"vi, 639 p. :maps ;23 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"639","numberOfPages":"651","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":137815,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1299/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27746,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1299/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ee2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lohr, E. W.","contributorId":48155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lohr","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Love, S. K.","contributorId":27419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39188,"text":"pp254G - 1954 - Foraminifera and origin of the Gardiners clay (Pleistocene), eastern Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-17T18:22:49.658895","indexId":"pp254G","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"254","chapter":"G","title":"Foraminifera and origin of the Gardiners clay (Pleistocene), eastern Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Shorter contributions to general geology, 1953 (Professional Paper 254)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp254G","usgsCitation":"Weiss, L., 1954, Foraminifera and origin of the Gardiners clay (Pleistocene), eastern Long Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 254, iii, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp254G.","productDescription":"iii, 21 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":430300,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_92861.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":66737,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0254g/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122247,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0254g/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"eastern Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.0584021732989,\n 40.98141492130932\n ],\n [\n -73.0584021732989,\n 40.730976515291076\n ],\n [\n -72.74663953169929,\n 40.730976515291076\n ],\n [\n -72.74663953169929,\n 40.98141492130932\n ],\n [\n -73.0584021732989,\n 40.98141492130932\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de487","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weiss, Lawrence","contributorId":31805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiss","given":"Lawrence","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":120,"text":"wsp1300 - 1954 - The industrial utility of public water supplies in the United States, 1952; Part 2: States west of the Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T14:10:53","indexId":"wsp1300","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1300","title":"The industrial utility of public water supplies in the United States, 1952; Part 2: States west of the Mississippi River","docAbstract":"

Public water supplies are utilized extensively by industries for processing, cooling, and steam generation. The requirements as to quality of water for each industry are specific, therefore information on the quality or chemical character of the water supply is essential not only in the location of industrial plants but also is an aid in the manufacture and distribution of products.

Data are given in this report on the water supplies for 1,315 of the larger cities (or places) throughout the United States. The population of these cities represents 58.3 percent of the total population (1950 census), and more than 90 percent of the total urban population, of the United States. Part 1 of the report contains data for 819 cities east of the Mississippi River, and part 2 includes data for 416 cities west of the river. All cities of 15,000 or more population and many cities of smaller population are included.

The information given for each place includes, in most instances, population of the place; ownership, source, and treatment of supply; storage facilities for both raw and finished water; and chemical analyses of the supplies.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1300","usgsCitation":"Lohr, E.W., and Love, S.K., 1954, The industrial utility of public water supplies in the United States, 1952; Part 2: States west of the Mississippi River: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1300, v, 462 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1300.","productDescription":"v, 462 p.","numberOfPages":"480","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":136387,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1300/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24722,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1300/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f7aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lohr, E. W.","contributorId":48155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lohr","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Love, S. K.","contributorId":27419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70048102,"text":"tei340 - 1954 - Localization of uranium minerals in channel sediments at the base of the Shinarump conglomerate, Monument Valley, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-07T13:27:07","indexId":"tei340","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-24T13:10:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"340","title":"Localization of uranium minerals in channel sediments at the base of the Shinarump conglomerate, Monument Valley, Arizona","docAbstract":"During the summers of 1951 and 1952 the U.S. Geological Survey mapped the geology and uranium deposits in three 15-minute quadrangles on the Navajo\nIndian Reservation in Apache and Navajo Counties, northeastern Arizona. Exposed sedimentary rocks range in age from the Halgaito tongue of the Cutler\nformation (Permian) to the Salt Wash member of the Morrison formation (Jurassic), The dominant structural element of the area is the Monument upwarp, a arge asymmetrical anticline whose northern end is near the junction of the Green and Colorado Rivers in Utah, and whose southern end disappears near Kayenta, Ariz. Asymmetrical anticlines with steeply dipping east flanks and gently dipping west flanks are superimposed on the upwarp. These subsidiary structures trend north. The uranium ore bodies are localized in conglomeratic sandstone of the Upper Triassic Shinarump conglomerate that fills channels scoured in the underlying Lower and Middle (?) Triassic Moenkopi formation. These channels range from relatively narrow and shallow ones 15 feet wide and 10 feet deep to much broader and deeper ones 2,300 feet wide and 70 feet deep. Two types of channels can be distinguished-r-a short-type less than 2 miles Iong 5 and a long-type traceable for distances greater than 2 miles Plant matter in the form of trees, branches,'and twigs was deposited with Shinarump sediments in the channels. It is suggested that when the Shinarump conglomerate was invaded by mineralizing solutions the uranium ore was deposited primarily in localities formerly occupied by the plant material. Further, it is suggested that the short channels are more likely to have ore accumulations than long channels.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei340","collaboration":"This report concerns work done on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"Witkind, I.J., 1954, Localization of uranium minerals in channel sediments at the base of the Shinarump conglomerate, Monument Valley, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 340, Report: 43 p.; 2 Plates: 29.10 x 17.55 inches and 22.02 x 19.71 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/tei340.","productDescription":"Report: 43 p.; 2 Plates: 29.10 x 17.55 inches and 22.02 x 19.71 inches","numberOfPages":"43","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":277456,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/340/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":285789,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0340/figure-5.pdf"},{"id":285790,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0340/figure-8.pdf"},{"id":285791,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0340/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Apache County","otherGeospatial":"Monument Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.489502,36.658505 ], [ -110.489502,37.262031 ], [ -109.677887,37.262031 ], [ -109.677887,36.658505 ], [ -110.489502,36.658505 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52303f64e4b04b8e63a20647","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Witkind, I. J.","contributorId":54221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witkind","given":"I.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70111703,"text":"tei229 - 1954 - Radioactive deposits in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-19T06:25:32","indexId":"tei229","displayToPublicDate":"1955-01-01T12:50:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"229","title":"Radioactive deposits in California","docAbstract":"

Reconnaissance examination by Government geologists of many areas, mine properties, and prospects in California during the period between 1948 and 1953 has confirmed the presence of radioactive materials in place at more than 40 localities. Abnormal radioactivity at these localities is due to concentrations of primary and secondary uranium minerals, to radon gas, radium (?), and to thorium minerals. Of the known occurrences only three were thought to contain uranium oxide (uranitite or pitchblende), 4 contained uranium-bearing columbate, tantalate, or titanate minerals, 12 contained secondary uranium minerals, such as autunite, carnotite, and torbernite, one contained radon gas, 7 contained thorium minerals, and, at the remaining 16 localities, the source of the anomalous radiation was not positively determined.

\n
\n

The occurrences in which uranium oxide has been tentatively identified include the Rathgeb mine (Calaveras County), the Yerih group of claims (San Bernardino County), and the Rainbow claim (Madera County). Occurrences of secondary uranium minerals are largely confined to the arid desert regions of south-eastern California including deposits in San Bernardino, Kern, Inyo, and Imperial Counties. Uranium-bearing columbate, tantalate, or titanate minerals have been reported from pegmatite and granitic rock in southeastern and eastern California.

\n
\n

Thorium minerals have been found in vein deposits in eastern San Bernardino County and from pegmatites and granitic rocks in various parts of southeastern California; placer concentrations of thorium minerals are known from nearly all areas in the State that are underlain, in part, by plutonic crystalline rocks.

\n
\n

The primary uranium minerals occur principally as minute accessory crystals in pegmatite or granitic rock, or with base-metal sulfide minerals in veins. Thorium minerals also occur as accessory crystals in pegmatite or granitic rock, in placer deposits derived from such rock, and, at Mountain Pass, in veins containing rare earths. Secondary uranium minerals have been found as fracture coatings and as disseminations in various types of wall rock, although they are largely confined to areas of Tertiary volcanic rocks. Probably the uranium in the uraniferous deposits in California is related genetically to felsic crystalline rocks and felsic volcanic rocks; the present distribution of the secondary uranium minerals has been controlled, in part, by circulating ground waters and probably, in part, by magmatic waters related to the Tertiary volcanic activity. The thorium minerals are genetically related to the intrusion of pegmatite and plutonic crystalline rocks.

\n
\n

None of the known deposits of radioactive minerals in California contain marketable reserves of uranium or thorium ore under economic conditions existing in 1952. With a favorable local market small lots of uranium ore may be available in the following places: the Rosamund prospect, the Rafferty and Chilson properties, the Lucky Star claim, and the Yerih group. The commercial production of thorium minerals will be possible, in the near future, only if these minerals can be recovered cheaply as a byproduct either from the mining of rare earths minerals at Mountain Pass or as a byproduct of placer mining for gold.

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