This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nMNTGTH00190028 on town highway 19 crossing Wade Brook, Montgomery, Vermont \n(figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a \nquantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). A Level I study is included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I study provides \na qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, \ngleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to \nconducting Level I and Level II analyses and can be found in Appendix D.
\nThe site is in the Green Mountain physiographic province of north-central Vermont in the \ntown of Montgomery. The 6.51-mi2\n drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested\nbasin. In the vicinity of the study site, the banks have dense woody vegetation coverage.
\nIn the study area, Wade Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of \napproximately 0.0253 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 58 ft and an average channel \ndepth of 4 ft. The predominant channel bed material is gravel and cobbles (D50 is 81.8 mm \nor 0.269 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on \nNovember 9, 1994, indicated that the reach was stable.
\nThe town highway 19 crossing of Wade Brook is a 24-ft-wide corrugated steel, multi-plate \npipe-arch (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, August 3, 1994). \nThe culvert is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is \nskewed approximately 30 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is 26 \ndegrees.
\nThere was no localized scour evident during the Level I assessment. The scour protection \nmeasures at the site were type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) on all of the \nroadway embankments, the upstream left bank, and each wingwall. Additional details \ndescribing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and Appendices D \nand E.
\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995). Total scour at a \nhighway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; \n2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) \nand; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is \nthe sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction \nand local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
\nContraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 ft. The worst-case \ncontraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 8.6 to \n16.1 ft. The worst-case abutment scour also occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional \ninformation on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour \nResults”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented \nin tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure \n8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a \nhomogeneous particle-size distribution.
\nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96562","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Boehmler, E.M., and Hammond, R.E., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 28 (MNTGTH00190028) on Town Highway 19, crossing Wade Brook, Montgomery, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-562, iv, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96562.","productDescription":"iv, 47 p.","numberOfPages":"52","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179260,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96562.PNG"},{"id":279337,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0562/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Montgomery","otherGeospatial":"Wade Brook","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.75,43.5 ], [ -72.75,43.625 ], [ -72.625,43.625 ], [ -72.625,43.5 ], [ -72.75,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7f93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boehmler, Erick M.","contributorId":96303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"Erick","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammond, Robert E.","contributorId":61862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":49814,"text":"ofr96386 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 29 (CRAFTH00550029) on Town Highway 55, crossing the Black River, Craftsbury, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-10T14:58:25","indexId":"ofr96386","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-386","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 29 (CRAFTH00550029) on Town Highway 55, crossing the Black River, Craftsbury, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nCRAFTH00550029 on town highway 55 crossing the Black River, Craftsbury, Vermont \n(figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a \nquantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this \nreport. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the \nstudy site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation \n(VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is \nfound in Appendix D.
\nThe site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province \nof north-central Vermont in the town of Craftsbury. The 24.7-mi2\n drainage area is in a \npredominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the banks have \nwoody vegetation coverage except for the upstream left bank and the downstream right \nbank, which have more brush cover than trees.
\nIn the study area, the Black River has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of \napproximately 0.01 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 41 ft and an average channel \ndepth of 5.5 ft. The predominant channel bed material is sand and gravel (D50 is 44.7 mm or \n0.147 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on \nJune 7, 1995, indicated that the reach was stable.
\nThe town highway 55 crossing of the Black Riveris a 32-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting \nof one 28-foot span steel stringer superstructure with a timber deck (Vermont Agency of \nTransportation, written communication, August 4, 1994). The bridge is supported by \nvertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 40 \ndegrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is 10 degrees.
\nA scour hole 2 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was evident at mid-channel \nimmediately downstream of the bridge during the Level I assessment. The only scour \nprotection measure at the site was type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) on the \nupstream right bank and road approach embankment. Additional details describing \nconditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and Appendices D and E.
\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995). Total scour at a \nhighway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; \n2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) \nand; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is \nthe sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction \nand local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
\nContraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.9 to 1.4 ft. The worst-case \ncontraction scour occurred at the 100-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 12.1 to \n15.5 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional \ninformation on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour \nResults”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented \nin tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure \n8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a \nhomogeneous particle-size distribution.
\nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96386","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Boehmler, E.M., and Degnan, J.R., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 29 (CRAFTH00550029) on Town Highway 55, crossing the Black River, Craftsbury, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-386, iv, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96386.","productDescription":"iv, 47 p.","numberOfPages":"52","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178613,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96386.GIF"},{"id":279354,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0386/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Craftsbury","otherGeospatial":"Black River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.75,43.5 ], [ -72.75,43.625 ], [ -72.625,43.625 ], [ -72.625,43.5 ], [ -72.75,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7f28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boehmler, Erick M.","contributorId":96303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"Erick","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Degnan, James R. 0000-0002-5665-9010 jrdegnan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5665-9010","contributorId":498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Degnan","given":"James","email":"jrdegnan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":49797,"text":"ofr96242 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 51 (BRIDTH00460051) on Town Highway 46, crossing Ottauquechee River, Bridgewater, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-11T11:00:46","indexId":"ofr96242","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-242","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 51 (BRIDTH00460051) on Town Highway 46, crossing Ottauquechee River, Bridgewater, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nBRIDTH00460051 on town highway 46 crossing the Ottauquechee River, Bridgewater, \nVermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including \na quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). A Level I study is included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I study provides \na qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge \navailable from VTAOT files was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II \nanalyses and can be found in Appendix D.
\nThe site is in the Green Mountain physiographic division of central Vermont in the town of \nBridgewater. The 103-mi2\n drainage area is a predominantly rural basin. In the vicinity of \nthe study site, the immediate left and right banks are covered by trees and brush with \nresidences beyond.
\nIn the study area, the Ottauquechee River has a straight channel with a slope of \napproximately 0.008 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 150 ft and an average channel \ndepth of 6 ft. The predominant channel bed materials are gravel and cobble with a median \ngrain size (D50) of 81.8 mm (0.268 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level \nI and Level II site visit on October 24, 1994, indicated that the reach was stable.
\nThe town highway 46 crossing of the Ottauquechee Riveris a 135-ft-long, two-lane bridge \nconsisting of two 66-ft steel-beam spans, supported by vertical, concrete abutments with \nupstream wingwalls and one concrete pier (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written \ncommun., August 24, 1994). Type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) has been \nplaced along the left abutment and both upstream wingwalls. The upstream side of both \nroad embankments are also protected by type-2 stone fill. Abutments of a previous bridge \nstill exist at the downstream side of the present structure’s abutments. The channel is \nskewed 10 degrees to the bridge face; the opening-skew-to-roadway is 0 degrees.
\nThere are remains of a breached dam 160 feet upstream of the bridge which deflect flow \ntoward the left bank. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the \nLevel II Summary, Appendix D, and Appendix E.
\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1993). Total scour at a \nhighway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; \n2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) \nand; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is \nthe sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction \nand local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
\nContraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 2.6 to 5.4 ft. The worst-case \ncontraction scour occurred at the incipient overtopping discharge, which was between the \n100- and 500-year discharges. Pier scour ranged from 9.9 to 10.9 ft with the worst-case \nscenario also occurring at the incipient roadway overtopping discharge. Abutment scour \nranged from 25.3 to 33.6 ft. with the worst-case occurring at the 500-year discharge. \nAdditional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section \ntitled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, \nare presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is \npresented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive \nmaterial and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
\nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1993, p. 48). Many factors, \nincluding historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic assessment, scour \nprotection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses, must be considered to \nproperly assess the validity of abutment scour results. Therefore, scour depths adopted by \nVTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein, based on the \nconsideration of additional contributing factors and experienced engineering judgement.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96242","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Olson, S.A., and Ivanoff, M.A., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 51 (BRIDTH00460051) on Town Highway 46, crossing Ottauquechee River, Bridgewater, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-242, iv, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96242.","productDescription":"iv, 30 p.","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179185,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96242.GIF"},{"id":279384,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0242/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Bridgewater","otherGeospatial":"Ottauquechee River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.625,43.5 ], [ -72.625,43.625 ], [ -72.5,43.625 ], [ -72.5,43.5 ], [ -72.625,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a5b6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ivanoff, Michael A.","contributorId":27105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":49771,"text":"ofr96156 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 2 (CRAFTH00590002) on Town Highway 59, crossing Black River, Craftsbury, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-12T11:57:06","indexId":"ofr96156","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-156","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 2 (CRAFTH00590002) on Town Highway 59, crossing Black River, Craftsbury, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nCRAFTH00590002 on town highway 59 crossing the Black River, Craftsbury, Vermont \n(figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a \nquantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). A Level I study is included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I study provides \na qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, \navailable from VTAOT files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II \nanalyses and can be found in Appendix D.\nThe site is in the New England Upland physiographic province of north-central Vermont in \nthe town of Craftsbury. The 35.5-mi2\n drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested\nbasin. In the vicinity of the study site, the banks have no woody vegetation coverage except \nfor the upstream right bank, which has dense brush cover.\nIn the study area, the Black River is not incised, has a sinuous channel with a slope of \napproximately 0.0004 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 49 ft, and an average channel \ndepth of 5 ft. The predominant channel bed material is sand (D50 is 0.371 mm or 0.00122\nft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on June 8, \n1995, indicated that the reach was laterally unstable.\nThe town highway 59 crossing of the Black Riveris a 32-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting \nof one 29-foot clear-span timber and steel beam type structure with a timber deck (Vermont \nAgency of Transportation, written commun., August 3, 1994). The bridge is supported by \nlog-crib abutments with no wingwalls. The channel is not skewed and the opening-skew-toroadway is 5 degrees. \nA scour hole 8 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed 50 ft downstream of the \nbridge during the Level I assessment. There is little to no protection at the site. Additional \ndetails describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and \nAppendices D and E.\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1993). Scour depths were \ncalculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size \ndistribution. The scour analysis results are presented in tables 1 and 2 and a graph of the \nscour depths is presented in figure 8.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, New Hampshire","doi":"10.3133/ofr96156","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Ayotte, J., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 2 (CRAFTH00590002) on Town Highway 59, crossing Black River, Craftsbury, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-156, iv, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96156.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p.","numberOfPages":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175286,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96156.PNG"},{"id":279425,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0156/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Craftsbury","otherGeospatial":"Black River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77.5,44.625 ], [ -77.5,44.75 ], [ -72.375,44.75 ], [ -72.375,44.625 ], [ -77.5,44.625 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a81ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayotte, Joseph D. jayotte@usgs.gov","contributorId":1802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayotte","given":"Joseph D.","email":"jayotte@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":49821,"text":"ofr96404 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 8 (BARTTH00020008) on Town Highway 2, crossing Roaring Brook, Barton, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-10T14:25:48","indexId":"ofr96404","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-404","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 8 (BARTTH00020008) on Town Highway 2, crossing Roaring Brook, Barton, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nBARTTH00020008 on town highway 2 crossing Roaring Brook, Barton, Vermont (figures \n1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative \nanalysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, 1993). Results of \na Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I \ninvestigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. \nInformation on the bridge, gleaned from VTAOT files, was compiled prior to conducting \nLevel I and Level II analyses and can be found in Appendix D.
\nThe site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province \nof North-central Vermont in the town of Barton. The 9.89-mi2\n drainage area is in a \npredominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the banks have \nwoody vegetation coverage except for the downstream left bank, which has a few trees and \ngrass and brush coverage.
\nIn the study area, Roaring Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of \napproximately 0.019 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 35 ft and an average channel \ndepth of 3 ft. The predominant channel bed material is gravel/cobble (D50 is 49.1 mm or \n0.161 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on \nOctober 18, 1994 indicated that the reach was laterally unstable. A cut-bank on the \ndownstream right bank and overall channel configuration in the valley are indications of the \nlateral instability at this site.
\nThe town highway 2 crossing of Roaring Brook is a 30-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting \nof one 26-foot span concrete T-beam type superstructure (Vermont Agency of \nTransportation, written communication, August 4, 1994). The bridge is supported by \nvertical, concrete abutments. The channel is skewed approximately 15 degrees to the \nopening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is zero degrees.
\nA scour hole 2.5 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed near mid-channel \ndownstream of the bridge during the Level I assessment. The only scour protection measure \nat the site was type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) on the left upstream and \ndownstream roadway embankments. Additional details describing conditions at the site are \nincluded in the Level II Summary and Appendices D and E.
\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995).\nTotal scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term \naggradation or degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to reduction in flow area caused by a \nbridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total \nscour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute scour depths \nfor contraction and local scour and a summary of the results follows.
\nContraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 1.4 to 2.8 feet and the worst-case \ncontraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 8.5 to \n16.5 feet and the worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional \ninformation on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour \nResults”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented \nin tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure \n8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a \nhomogeneous particle-size distribution.
\nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96404","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Boehmler, E.M., and Ivanoff, M.A., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 8 (BARTTH00020008) on Town Highway 2, crossing Roaring Brook, Barton, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-404, iv, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96404.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p.","numberOfPages":"53","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178732,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96404.PNG"},{"id":279345,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0404/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Barton","otherGeospatial":"Roaring Brook","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.75,43.5 ], [ -72.75,43.625 ], [ -72.625,43.625 ], [ -72.625,43.5 ], [ -72.75,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a563d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boehmler, Erick M.","contributorId":96303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"Erick","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ivanoff, Michael A.","contributorId":27105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":49825,"text":"ofr96408 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 1 (BLOOTH00020001) on Town Highway 2, crossing Mill Brook, Bloomfield, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-10T14:17:04","indexId":"ofr96408","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-408","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 1 (BLOOTH00020001) on Town Highway 2, crossing Mill Brook, Bloomfield, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nBLOOTH00020001 on town highway 2 crossing Mill Brook, Bloomfield, Vermont (figures \n1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative \nanalysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, 1993). Results of \na Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I \ninvestigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. \nInformation on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) \nfiles, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in \nAppendix D.
\nThe site is in the White Mountain section of the New England Upland physiographic \nprovince of north-east Vermont in the town of Bloomfield. The 4.85-mi2\n drainage area is in \na predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the banks have \ndense woody vegetation coverage.
\nIn the study area, Mill Brook has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately \n0.03 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 28 ft and an average channel depth of 4 ft. The \npredominant channel bed materials are gravel and cobbles (D50 is 57.3 mm or 0.188 ft). The \ngeomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on July 6, 1995,\nindicated that the reach was stable.
\nThe town highway 2 crossing of Mill Brook is a 26-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting of \none 24-foot concrete span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written commun., August 4, \n1994). The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel \nis skewed approximately 30 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is \n10 degrees.
\nNo scour was observed along the channel or at the bridge during the Level I assessment. \nType-2 stone fill (less than 24 inches diameter) was noted as present along all wingwalls.\nAdditional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary \nand Appendices D and E.
\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995). Total scour at a \nhighway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term aggradation or \ndegradation; 2) contraction scour (due to reduction in flow area caused by a bridge) and; 3) \nlocal scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum \nof the three components. Equations are available to compute scour depths for contraction \nand local scour and a summary of the results follows.
\nContraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0 to 1.0 feet and the worst-case \ncontraction scour occurred at the incipient overtopping discharge. Abutment scour ranged \nfrom 7.3 to 10.1 feet and the worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. \nAdditional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section \ntitled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, \nare presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is \npresented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive \nmaterial and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
\nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96408","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Ayotte, J., and Medalie, L., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 1 (BLOOTH00020001) on Town Highway 2, crossing Mill Brook, Bloomfield, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-408, iv, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96408.","productDescription":"iv, 53 p.","numberOfPages":"58","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178736,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96408.PNG"},{"id":279340,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0408/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Bloomfield","otherGeospatial":"Mill Brook","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.625,44.75 ], [ -71.625,44.875 ], [ -71.5,44.875 ], [ -71.5,44.75 ], [ -71.625,44.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8495","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayotte, Joseph D. jayotte@usgs.gov","contributorId":1802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayotte","given":"Joseph D.","email":"jayotte@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medalie, Laura 0000-0002-2440-2149 lmedalie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-2149","contributorId":3657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medalie","given":"Laura","email":"lmedalie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":49782,"text":"ofr96192 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 32 (BETHTH00380032) on Town Highway 038, crossing Camp Brook, Bethel, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-06T15:26:45","indexId":"ofr96192","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-192","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 32 (BETHTH00380032) on Town Highway 038, crossing Camp Brook, Bethel, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nBETHTH00380032 on town highway 38 crossing Camp Brook, Bethel, Vermont (figures \n1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative \nanalysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, 1993). A Level \nI study is included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I study provides a qualitative \ngeomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge available from \nVTAOT files were compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and can be \nfound in Appendix D.\nThe site is in the Green Mountain physiographic province of central Vermont in the town of \nBethel. The 7.57-mi2 drainage area is predominantly rural and forested. In the vicinity of \nthe study site, the banks have dense woody vegetation coverage.\nIn the study area, Camp Brook is an incised, mildly sinuous channel with a slope of \napproximately 0.018 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 50 ft and an average channel \ndepth of 4 ft. The predominant channel bed material is gravel and cobble (D50 is 66.4 mm or \n0.218 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on \nSeptember 29, 1994, indicated that the reach was stable.\nThe town highway 38 crossing of Camp Brook is a 32-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting of \none 29-foot span steel beam with timber deck (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written \ncommun., August 23, 1994). The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with \nwingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 5 degrees to the opening while the \nopening-skew-to-roadway is 0 degrees. \nThe scour protection measures at the site include type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches) at \nboth of the US wingwalls, type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches) at the US and DS right and \nDS left road approaches. The US right bank is protected by an artificial levee with a mix of \nstone fill. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II \nSummary and Appendices D and E.\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1993). Scour depths were \ncalculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size \ndistribution. The scour analysis results are presented in tables 1 and 2 and a graph of the \nscour depths is presented in figure 8.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96192","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency and Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Ivanoff, M.A., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 32 (BETHTH00380032) on Town Highway 038, crossing Camp Brook, Bethel, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-192, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96192.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178509,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96192.png"},{"id":279414,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0192/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Bethel","otherGeospatial":"Camp Brook","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.765979,43.790521 ], [ -72.765979,43.910383 ], [ -72.574443,43.910383 ], [ -72.574443,43.790521 ], [ -72.765979,43.790521 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7f69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivanoff, Michael A.","contributorId":27105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":49768,"text":"ofr96153 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 43 (BRIDTH00040043) on Town Highway 004, crossing Dailey Hollow Branch, Bridgewater, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-12T12:48:03","indexId":"ofr96153","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-153","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 43 (BRIDTH00040043) on Town Highway 004, crossing Dailey Hollow Branch, Bridgewater, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nBRIDTH00040043 on town highway 4 crossing Dailey Hollow Branch, Bridgewater, \nVermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including \na quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). A Level I study is included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I study provides \na qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge \navailable from VTAOT files was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II \nanalyses and can be found in Appendix D.\nThe site is in the Green Mountain physiographic province of central Vermont. The 9.80-mi2\ndrainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, \nthe left and right banks are forested. Upstream of bridge 43, Town Highway 4 runs parallel \nto the left bank and DS of the bridge, parallel to the right bank.\nIn the study area, Dailey Hollow Branch has an incised channel with a slope of \napproximately 0.02 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 63 ft and an average channel \ndepth of 5 ft. The predominant channel bed materials are gravel and cobble (D50 is 77.0 mm \nor 0.253 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on \nNovember 1, 1994, indicated that the reach was stable.\nThe town highway 4 crossing of Dailey Hollow Branch is a 38-ft-long, one-lane bridge \nconsisting of one 34-foot steel beam span with a timber deck (Vermont Agency of \nTransportation, written commun., August 25, 1994). The bridge is supported by vertical, \nconcrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 34 degrees to the \nopening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is 30 degrees. \nThe footings of both abutments are exposed and the left abutment has experienced some \nundermining. Abutments are not protected by stone fill. However, upstream and \ndownstream wingwalls are protected by type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches). Additional \ndetails describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and \nAppendices D and E.\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1993). Scour depths were \ncalculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size \ndistribution. The scour analysis results are presented in tables 1 and 2 and a graph of the \nscour depths is presented in figure 8.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96153","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Olson, S.A., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 43 (BRIDTH00040043) on Town Highway 004, crossing Dailey Hollow Branch, Bridgewater, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-153, iv, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96153.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p.","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176851,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96153.PNG"},{"id":279428,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0153/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Bridgewater","otherGeospatial":"Dailey Hollow","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.75,43.5 ], [ -72.75,43.625 ], [ -72.625,43.625 ], [ -72.625,43.5 ], [ -72.75,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a613e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18468,"text":"ofr93251 - 1996 - Introduction to wide area information servers (WAIS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:39","indexId":"ofr93251","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-251","title":"Introduction to wide area information servers (WAIS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nDistributed through the USGS Book and Open-File Report Sales,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93251","usgsCitation":"Christian, E., 1996, Introduction to wide area information servers (WAIS): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-251, 1 videocassette (38 min.) :sd., col. ;1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93251.","productDescription":"1 videocassette (38 min.) :sd., col. ;1/2 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152225,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49bee4b07f02db5d1330","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christian, E.J.","contributorId":57877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christian","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":43007,"text":"ofr9287 - 1996 - Storm-tide elevations caused by Hurricane Hugo on the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico, September 18, 1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-24T16:14:26.004642","indexId":"ofr9287","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-87","title":"Storm-tide elevations caused by Hurricane Hugo on the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico, September 18, 1989","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9287","usgsCitation":"Torres-Sierra, H., 1996, Storm-tide elevations caused by Hurricane Hugo on the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico, September 18, 1989: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-87, Report: iv, 47 p.; 16 Plates: 46.25 × 21.75 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9287.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 47 p.; 16 Plates: 46.25 × 21.75 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":388421,"rank":19,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18211.htm"},{"id":80823,"rank":415,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0087/plate-16.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":80816,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0087/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":80815,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0087/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":80814,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0087/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":80813,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0087/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":80812,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0087/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":80824,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0087/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":80822,"rank":414,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0087/plate-15.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":80821,"rank":413,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0087/plate-14.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":80820,"rank":412,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0087/plate-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":80819,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0087/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":80818,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0087/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":80817,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0087/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":80811,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0087/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":80810,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0087/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":80809,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0087/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":80808,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0087/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":173335,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0087/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States, U.S. Virgin Islands","state":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.3187255859375,\n 17.80361111538923\n ],\n [\n -65.22033691406249,\n 17.80361111538923\n ],\n [\n -65.22033691406249,\n 18.596792049367412\n ],\n [\n -67.3187255859375,\n 18.596792049367412\n ],\n [\n -67.3187255859375,\n 17.80361111538923\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -64.66964721679688,\n 18.278910262696105\n ],\n [\n -64.64355468749999,\n 18.35061520525845\n ],\n [\n -64.73419189453125,\n 18.405351676442407\n ],\n [\n -64.90997314453125,\n 18.445741249840815\n ],\n [\n -65.09124755859375,\n 18.368862625684155\n ],\n [\n -65.08026123046875,\n 18.28934191783106\n ],\n [\n -64.89898681640625,\n 17.666268362313797\n ],\n [\n -64.63531494140624,\n 17.702903386048423\n ],\n [\n -64.49249267578125,\n 17.759149755400156\n ],\n [\n -64.66964721679688,\n 18.278910262696105\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b167c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torres-Sierra, Heriberto","contributorId":97913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torres-Sierra","given":"Heriberto","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":227557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":49752,"text":"ofr95687 - 1996 - Future minerals related activity, Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project area: an overview","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:11","indexId":"ofr95687","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-687","title":"Future minerals related activity, Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project area: an overview","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr95687","usgsCitation":"Zientek, M.L., Bookstrom, A., Box, S.E., and Johnson, B., 1996, Future minerals related activity, Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project area: an overview: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-687, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95687.","productDescription":"30 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176222,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b421e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zientek, M. L.","contributorId":6118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zientek","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bookstrom, A. A.","contributorId":94681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bookstrom","given":"A. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Box, S. E.","contributorId":38567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Box","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, B. R.","contributorId":73995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"B. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":22431,"text":"ofr95319 - 1996 - Predevelopment freshwater heads in the glaciofluvial, Saginaw, and Marshall aquifers in the Michigan Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-12T14:31:15","indexId":"ofr95319","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-319","title":"Predevelopment freshwater heads in the glaciofluvial, Saginaw, and Marshall aquifers in the Michigan Basin","docAbstract":"Maps showing predevelopment freshwater heads were developed for the major aquifers in the Michigan Basin. The Michigan Basin is an isolated, regional ground-water-flow system consisting of a glaciofluvial aquifer and three bedrock aquifers separated by confining units. The bedrock aquifers investigated are the Saginaw, Parma-Bayport, and Marshall aquifers. Fractured sandstones within the bedrock aquifers comprise the principal water-bearing zones. Withdrawals from supply wells in the glaciofluvial aquifer, and more so from the Saginaw and Marshall aquifers, have lowered the potentiometric surface in several areas. The Marshall aquifer is a highly developed natural resource. Locally, extensive withdrawals of brine and natural gas from the Marshall aquifer have lowered the potentiometric surface to below pre-1890's predevelopment levels.
The maps of freshwater heads were prepared from hydraulic-head measurements made from the late 1800's through 1976. Lake and river stages also were used to prepare a water-table map.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95319","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Barton, G., Mandle, R.J., and Baltusis, M.A., 1996, Predevelopment freshwater heads in the glaciofluvial, Saginaw, and Marshall aquifers in the Michigan Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-319, iv, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95319.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343740,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0319/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156462,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0319/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Marshall Aquifer, Michigan Basin, Saginaw Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.627197265625,\n 41.86137915587359\n ],\n [\n -82.716064453125,\n 41.86137915587359\n ],\n [\n -82.716064453125,\n 44.66865287227321\n ],\n [\n -86.627197265625,\n 44.66865287227321\n ],\n [\n -86.627197265625,\n 41.86137915587359\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acee4b07f02db67f62b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barton, Gary J. gbarton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"Gary J.","email":"gbarton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":188242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mandle, Richard J.","contributorId":19956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mandle","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baltusis, Matthew A. Jr.","contributorId":37197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baltusis","given":"Matthew","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":44310,"text":"ofr96739 - 1996 - City of Flagstaff Project: Ground Water Resource Evaluation, Remote Sensing Component","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:05","indexId":"ofr96739","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-739","title":"City of Flagstaff Project: Ground Water Resource Evaluation, Remote Sensing Component","docAbstract":"Many regions, cities, and towns in the Western United States need new or expanded water resources because of both population growth and increased development. Any tools or data that can help in the evaluation of an area's potential water resources must be considered for this increasingly critical need. Remotely sensed satellite images and subsequent digital image processing have been under-utilized in ground water resource evaluation and exploration. Satellite images can be helpful in detecting and mapping an area's regional structural patterns, including major fracture and fault systems, two important geologic settings for an area's surface to ground water relations. Within the United States Geological Survey's (USGS) Flagstaff Field Center, expertise and capabilities in remote sensing and digital image processing have been developed over the past 25 years through various programs. For the City of Flagstaff project, this expertise and these capabilities were combined with traditional geologic field mapping to help evaluate ground water resources in the Flagstaff area. Various enhancement and manipulation procedures were applied to the digital satellite images; the results, in both digital and hardcopy format, were used for field mapping and analyzing the regional structure. \r\n\r\nRelative to surface sampling, remotely sensed satellite and airborne images have improved spatial coverage that can help study, map, and monitor the earth surface at local and/or regional scales. Advantages offered by remotely sensed satellite image data include: \r\n1. a synoptic/regional view compared to both aerial photographs and ground sampling, \r\n2. cost effectiveness, \r\n3. high spatial resolution and coverage compared to ground sampling, and \r\n4. relatively high temporal coverage on a long term basis.\r\n\r\nRemotely sensed images contain both spectral and spatial information. The spectral information provides various properties and characteristics about the surface cover at a given location or pixel (that is, vegetation and/or soil type). The spatial information gives the distribution, variation, and topographic relief of the cover types from pixel to pixel. Therefore, the main characteristics that determine a pixel's brightness/reflectance and, consequently, the digital number (DN) assigned to the pixel, are the physical properties of the surface and near surface, the cover type, and the topographic slope. In this application, the ability to detect and map lineaments, especially those related to fractures and faults, is critical. Therefore, the extraction of spatial information from the digital images was of prime interest in this project. The spatial information varies among the different spectral bands available; in particular, a near infrared spectral band is better than a visible band when extracting spatial information in highly vegetated areas. In this study, both visible and near infrared bands were analyzed and used to extract the desired spatial information from the images. \r\n\r\nThe wide swath coverage of remotely sensed satellite digital images makes them ideal for regional analysis and mapping. Since locating and mapping highly fractured and faulted areas is a major requirement for ground water resource evaluation and exploration this aspect of satellite images was considered critical; it allowed us to stand back (actually up about 440 miles), look at, and map the regional structural setting of the area. The main focus of the remote sensing and digital image processing component of this project was to use both remotely sensed digital satellite images and a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) to extract spatial information related to the structural and topographic patterns in the area. The data types used were digital satellite images collected by the United States' Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and French Systeme Probatoire d'Observation de laTerre (SPOT) imaging systems, along with a DEM of the Flagstaff region. 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Jr.","contributorId":39870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chavez","given":"Pat","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Velasco, Miguel G. 0000-0003-2559-7934 mvelasco@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2559-7934","contributorId":2103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Velasco","given":"Miguel","email":"mvelasco@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":229531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bowell, Jo-Ann","contributorId":103722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowell","given":"Jo-Ann","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sides, Stuart C. ssides@usgs.gov","contributorId":5055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sides","given":"Stuart C.","email":"ssides@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":229532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gonzalez, Rosendo R.","contributorId":64093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonzalez","given":"Rosendo","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Soltesz, Deborah L.","contributorId":59680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soltesz","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":44373,"text":"ofr96502 - 1996 - Map showing Quaternary geology and geomorphology of the Nankoweap Rapids area, Marble Canyon, Arizona","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":44373,"text":"ofr96502 - 1996 - Map showing Quaternary geology and geomorphology of the Nankoweap Rapids area, Marble Canyon, Arizona","indexId":"ofr96502","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Map showing Quaternary geology and geomorphology of the Nankoweap Rapids area, Marble Canyon, Arizona"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":66162,"text":"i2608 - 1998 - Map showing Quaternary geology and geomorphology of the Nankoweap Rapids area, Marble Canyon, Arizona","indexId":"i2608","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"title":"Map showing Quaternary geology and geomorphology of the Nankoweap Rapids area, Marble Canyon, Arizona"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":66162,"text":"i2608 - 1998 - Map showing Quaternary geology and geomorphology of the Nankoweap Rapids area, Marble Canyon, Arizona","indexId":"i2608","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"title":"Map showing Quaternary geology and geomorphology of the Nankoweap Rapids area, Marble Canyon, Arizona"},"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-06T21:35:29.140245","indexId":"ofr96502","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-502","title":"Map showing Quaternary geology and geomorphology of the Nankoweap Rapids area, Marble Canyon, Arizona","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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For purposes of the NCRA study, the Nation is divided into regions. Teams of geoscientists, knowledgeable about each region, are developing the data bases and assessing the coal within each region. The five major coal-producing regions of the United States under investigation are: (1) the Appalachian Basin; (2) the Illinois Basin; (3) the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain; (4) the Powder River Basin and the Northern Great Plains; and (5) the Rocky Mountains and the Colorado Plateau. Six areas containing coal deposits in the Rocky Mountain and Colorado Plateau Region have been designated as high priority because of their potential for development. This report on the coal resources of the Kaiparowits Plateau is the first of the six to be completed. The coal quantities reported in this study are entirely 'resources' and represent, as accurately as the data allow, all the coal in the ground in beds greater than one foot thick. These resources are qualified and subdivided by thickness of coal beds, depth to the coal, distance from known data points, and inclination (dip) of the beds. The USGS has not attempted to estimate coal 'reserves' for this region. Reserves are that subset of the resource that could be economically produced at the present time. The coal resources are differentiated into 'identified' and 'hypothetical' following the standard classification system of the USGS (Wood and others, 1983). Identified resources are those within three miles of a measured thickness value, and hypothetical resources are further than three miles from a data point. Coal beds in the Kaiparowits Plateau are laterally discontinuous relative to many other coal bearing regions of the United States. That is, they end more abruptly and are more likely to fragment or split into thinner beds. Because of these characteristics, the data from approximately 160 drill holes and 40 measured sections available for use in this study are not sufficient to determine what proportion of the resources is technologically and economically recoverable. The Kaiparowits Plateau contains an original resource of 62 billion short tons of coal in the ground. Original resource is defined to include all coal beds greater than one foot thick in the area studied. None of the resource is recoverable by surface mining. However, the total resource figure must be regarded with caution because it does not reflect geologic, technological, land-use, and environmental restrictions that may affect the availability and the recoverability of the coal. At least 32 billion tons of coal are unlikely to be mined in the foreseeable future because the coal beds are either too deep, too thin to mine, inclined at more than 12?, or in beds that are too thick to be completely recovered in underground mining. The estimated balance of 30 billion tons of coal resources does not reflect land use or environmental restrictions, does not account for coal that would be bypassed due to mining of adjacent coal beds, does not consider the amount of coal that must remain in the ground for roof support, and does not take into consideration the continuity of beds for mining. Although all of these factors will reduce the amount of coal that could be recovered, there is not sufficient data available to estimate recoverable coal resources. For purposes of comparison, studies of coal resources in the eastern United States have determined that less than 10 percent of the original coal resource, in the areas studied, could be mined economically at today's prices (Rohrbacher and others, 1994).
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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96203","usgsCitation":"Luoma, S., Cain, D., Brown, C., Hornberger, M., and Bouse, R., 1996, Near field receiving water monitoring of trace metals in clams (Macoma balthica) and sediments near the Palo Alto and San Jose/Sunnyvale Water Quality Control Plants in South San Francisco Bay: December 1994 - December 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-203, 90 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96203.","productDescription":"90 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":181368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"South San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.58270263671876,\n 37.38325280195101\n ],\n [\n -121.87957763671874,\n 37.38325280195101\n ],\n [\n -121.87957763671874,\n 37.8271414168374\n ],\n [\n -122.58270263671876,\n 37.8271414168374\n ],\n [\n -122.58270263671876,\n 37.38325280195101\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697fbc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luoma, S. 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The five studies included Mount Adams (Scott and others, 1995), Mount Baker (Gardner and others, 1995), Glacier Peak (Waitt and others, 1995), Mount Rainier (Hoblitt and others, 1995) and Mount St. Helens (Wolfe and Pierson, 1995). Twenty Geographic Information System (GIS) data sets have been created that represent the hazard information from the assessments. The twenty data sets have individual Open File part numbers and titles","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96178","usgsCitation":"Schilling, S.P., 1996, Digital data set of volcano hazards for active Cascade Volcanos, Washington (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-178, Maps; Data Sets; Reports, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96178.","productDescription":"Maps; Data Sets; Reports","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":181282,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278076,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0178/downloads/ofr96178.html"},{"id":278077,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0178/downloads/download.html"},{"id":278075,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0178/"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d51b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schilling, Steve P. sschilli@usgs.gov","contributorId":634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"Steve","email":"sschilli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":256306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44309,"text":"ofr96151 - 1996 - The Modular Modeling System (MMS): User's Manual","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-20T08:18:45","indexId":"ofr96151","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-151","title":"The Modular Modeling System (MMS): User's Manual","docAbstract":"The Modular Modeling System (MMS) is an integrated system of computer software that has been developed to provide the research and operational framework needed to support development, testing, and evaluation of physical-process algorithms and to facilitate integration of user-selected sets of algorithms into operational physical-process models. MMS uses a module library that contains modules for simulating a variety of water, energy, and biogeochemical processes. A model is created by selectively coupling the most appropriate modules from the library to create a 'suitable' model for the desired application. Where existing modules do not provide appropriate process algorithms, new modules can be developed. The MMS user's manual provides installation instructions and a detailed discussion of system concepts, module development, and model development and application using the MMS graphical user interface.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr96151","usgsCitation":"Leavesley, G., Restrepo, P.J., Markstrom, S., Dixon, M., and Stannard, L., 1996, The Modular Modeling System (MMS): User's Manual (Version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-151, 142 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96151.","productDescription":"142 p.","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":168937,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0151/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":81647,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0151/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 1.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67b757","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Restrepo, Pedro J.","contributorId":73263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Restrepo","given":"Pedro","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Markstrom, S.L.","contributorId":76807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markstrom","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dixon, M.","contributorId":33369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stannard, L.G.","contributorId":16891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":21989,"text":"ofr96132 - 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1996 - Evaluation of shorelines along Lake Mohave, Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Nevada and Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:10","indexId":"ofr96651","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-651","title":"Evaluation of shorelines along Lake Mohave, Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Nevada and Arizona","docAbstract":"The hdpw (head-in-a-pumping-well) program described in this report is a post-processor that calculates the head in a pumping well based on thesimulated head at a finite-difference model cell that contains the well. 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5878a4b7e4b04df303d9586f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moberg, Roger M. rmmoberg@usgs.gov","contributorId":3655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moberg","given":"Roger","email":"rmmoberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":658333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, Karen C. 0000-0002-9356-5443 kcrice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9356-5443","contributorId":1998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Karen","email":"kcrice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":658334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Powell, Eugene D.","contributorId":80309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":72355,"text":"ofr95257 - 1995 - Seismic Sources and Recurrence Rates as Adopted by USGS Staff for the Production of the 1982 and 1990 Probabilistic Ground Motion Maps for Alaska and the Conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:01","indexId":"ofr95257","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-257","title":"Seismic Sources and Recurrence Rates as Adopted by USGS Staff for the Production of the 1982 and 1990 Probabilistic Ground Motion Maps for Alaska and the Conterminous United States","docAbstract":"The construction of a probabilistic ground-motion hazard map for a region follows a sequence of analyses beginning with the selection of an earthquake catalog and ending with the mapping of calculated probabilistic ground-motion values (Hanson and others, 1992). An integral part of this process is the creation of sources used for the calculation of earthquake recurrence rates and ground motions. These sources consist of areas and lines that are representative of geologic or tectonic features and faults.\r\nAfter the design of the sources, it is necessary to arrange the coordinate points in a particular order compatible with the input format for the SEISRISK-III program (Bender and Perkins, 1987). Source zones are usually modeled as a point-rupture source. Where applicable, linear rupture sources are modeled with articulated lines, representing known faults, or a field of parallel lines, representing a generalized distribution of hypothetical faults. Based on the distribution of earthquakes throughout the individual source zones (or a collection of several sources), earthquake recurrence rates are computed for each of the sources, and a minimum and maximum magnitude is assigned.\r\nOver a period of time from 1978 to 1980 several conferences were held by the USGS to solicit information on regions of the United States for the purpose of creating source zones for computation of probabilistic ground motions (Thenhaus, 1983). As a result of these regional meetings and previous work in the Pacific Northwest, (Perkins and others, 1980), California continental shelf, (Thenhaus and others, 1980), and the Eastern outer continental shelf, (Perkins and others, 1979) a consensus set of source zones was agreed upon and subsequently used to produce a national ground motion hazard map for the United States (Algermissen and others, 1982).\r\nIn this report and on the accompanying disk we provide a complete list of source areas and line sources as used for the 1982 and later 1990 seismic hazard maps for the conterminous U.S. and Alaska. These source zones are represented in the input form required for the hazard program SEISRISK-III, and they include the attenuation table and several other input parameter lines normally found at the beginning of an input data set for SEISRISK-III.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95257","usgsCitation":"Hanson, S.L., and Perkins, D.M., 1995, Seismic Sources and Recurrence Rates as Adopted by USGS Staff for the Production of the 1982 and 1990 Probabilistic Ground Motion Maps for Alaska and the Conterminous United States (Online only, Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-257, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95257.","productDescription":"42 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7322,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/257/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only, Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb877","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, Stanley L.","contributorId":8113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perkins, David M. perkins@usgs.gov","contributorId":2114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"David","email":"perkins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":301,"text":"Geologic Hazards Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31106,"text":"ofr95212 - 1995 - Preliminary merged aeromagnetic map of Northwest Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:13","indexId":"ofr95212","displayToPublicDate":"2001-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-212","title":"Preliminary merged aeromagnetic map of Northwest Washington","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr95212","usgsCitation":"Finn, C., 1995, Preliminary merged aeromagnetic map of Northwest Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-212, 1 map :photocopy ;78 x 129 cm., on sheet 93 x 142 cm., folded in envelope 27 x 21 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95212.","productDescription":"1 map :photocopy ;78 x 129 cm., on sheet 93 x 142 cm., folded in envelope 27 x 21 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161115,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":19277,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0212/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cdc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, C. A. 0000-0002-6178-0405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":93917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":31105,"text":"ofr95211 - 1995 - Preliminary merged aeromagnetic map of Southwest Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:13","indexId":"ofr95211","displayToPublicDate":"2001-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-211","title":"Preliminary merged aeromagnetic map of Southwest Washington","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr95211","usgsCitation":"Finn, C., 1995, Preliminary merged aeromagnetic map of Southwest Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-211, 1 map :photocopy ;78 x 129 cm., on sheet 93 x 142 cm., folded in envelope 27 x 21 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95211.","productDescription":"1 map :photocopy ;78 x 129 cm., on sheet 93 x 142 cm., folded in envelope 27 x 21 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161114,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":19276,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0211/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cde2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, C. A. 0000-0002-6178-0405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":93917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}