Digital spatial filtering is an important tool both for enhancing the information content of satellite image data and for implementing cosmetic effects which make the imagery more interpretable and appealing to the eye. Spatial filtering is a context-dependent operation that alters the gray level of a pixel by computing a weighted average formed from the gray level values of other pixels in the immediate vicinity.
Traditional spatial filtering involves passing a particular filter or set of filters over an entire image. This assumes that the filter parameter values are appropriate for the entire image, which in turn is based on the assumption that the statistics of the image are constant over the image. However, the statistics of an image may vary widely over the image, requiring an adaptive or \"smart\" filter whose parameters change as a function of the local statistical properties of the image. Then a pixel would be averaged only with more typical members of the same population.
This annotated bibliography cites some of the work done in the area of adaptive filtering. The methods usually fall into two categories, (a) those that segment the image into subregions, each assumed to have stationary statistics, and use a different filter on each subregion, and (b) those that use a two-dimensional \"sliding window\" to continuously estimate the filter either the spatial or frequency domain, or may utilize both domains. They may be used to deal with images degraded by space variant noise, to suppress undesirable local radiometric statistics while enforcing desirable (user-defined) statistics, to treat problems where space-variant point spread functions are involved, to segment images into regions of constant value for classification, or to \"tune\" images in order to remove (nonstationary) variations in illumination, noise, contrast, shadows, or haze.
Since adpative filtering, like nonadaptive filtering, is used in image processing to accomplish various goals, this bibliography is organized in subsections based on application areas. Contrast enhancement, edge enhancement, noise suppression, and smoothing are typically performed in order imaging process, (for example, degradations due to the optics and electronics of the sensor, or to blurring caused by the intervening atmosphere, uniform motion, or defocused optics). Some of the papers listed may apply to more than one of the above categories; when this happens the paper is listed under the category for which the paper's emphasis is greatest. A list of survey articles is also supplied. These articles are general discussions on adaptive filters and reviews of work done. Finally, a short list of miscellaneous articles are listed which were felt to be sufficiently important to be included, but do not fit into any of the above categories. This bibliography, listing items published from 1970 through 1987, is extensive, but by no means complete. It is intended as a guide for scientists and image analysts, listing references for background information as well as areas of significant development in adaptive filtering.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr88104","usgsCitation":"Mayers, M., and Wood, L., 1988, Selected annotated bibliographies for adaptive filtering of digital image data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-104, iii, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88104.","productDescription":"iii, 36 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":146869,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0104/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":43654,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0104/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa776","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mayers, Margaret","contributorId":75548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayers","given":"Margaret","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wood, Lynnette","contributorId":8863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Lynnette","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":14852,"text":"ofr87769 - 1988 - Simulated changes in ground-water flow caused by hypothetical pumping in southeastern Carson City, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:55","indexId":"ofr87769","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-769","title":"Simulated changes in ground-water flow caused by hypothetical pumping in southeastern Carson City, Nevada","docAbstract":"An existing groundwater model was used to simulate changes in groundwater flow caused by hypothetical pumping in an area near the south-eastern part of Carson City, Nevada. A total of five hypothetical pumping patterns were used in the model simulations. The simulations assumed two pumping rates: total annual average pumpage of 1,100 gal/min and 1,700 gal/min, which were assumed constant throughout the year. Simulations of the lesser quantity of pumpage did not induce significant losses from the Carson River to the aquifer after 50 years of simulation. The simulations indicate that a maximum of 140 gal/min (220 acre-ft/year) of induced flow from the Carson River could occur as a result of projected total pumpage of 1,700 gal/min after 10 years; the induced flow could increase 320 gal/min (520 acre-ft/year) after 50 years. However, river losses were projected to decrease to only 15 gal/min (25 acre-ft/year) after 10 years and 210 gal/min (340 acre-ft/year) after 50 years when the locations of the pumping centers were moved farther away from the river. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87769","usgsCitation":"Maurer, D.K., 1988, Simulated changes in ground-water flow caused by hypothetical pumping in southeastern Carson City, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-769, iv, 7 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87769.","productDescription":"iv, 7 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146809,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0769/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":43643,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0769/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43644,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0769/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43645,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0769/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43646,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0769/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43647,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0769/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43648,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0769/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43649,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0769/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f38b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maurer, D. K.","contributorId":37757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":14851,"text":"ofr87765 - 1988 - Simulated changes in ground-water flow caused by hypothetical pumping in east Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-09T20:07:05.790302","indexId":"ofr87765","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-765","title":"Simulated changes in ground-water flow caused by hypothetical pumping in east Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada","docAbstract":"An existing groundwater model of Carson Valley was used to simulate changes in groundwater flow on the east side of Carson Valley, Nevada, in response to hypothetical increases in groundwater pumpage. Pumpage scenarios that reflect State groundwater permits and pending applications were used in four different simulations to estimate the effect of hypothetical development on groundwater levels and storage, groundwater flow to the Carson River, and groundwater levels and storage, groundwater flow to the Carson River, and groundwater consumed by evapotranspiration over a 45-yr period. The four simulations were based on pumpage rates ranging from 0.13 to 6.4 cu ft/sec (92 to 4,590 acre-ft/year). Changes in groundwater flow and water levels caused by the lowest rate were minimal and at the limit of accuracy of the groundwater model. The highest pumping rate caused water level declines as much as 15 ft, decreased groundwater storage by 27,000 acre/ft, decreased groundwater to the Carson River by 4.3 cu ft/sec (3,100 acre-ft/year), and reduced evapotranspiration losses by about 1,200 acre-ft/year. 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1988 - Geology and petroleum potential, Colorado Park Basin province, north-central Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:57","indexId":"ofr88450E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-450","chapter":"E","title":"Geology and petroleum potential, Colorado Park Basin province, north-central Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr88450E","usgsCitation":"Maughan, E.K., 1988, Geology and petroleum potential, Colorado Park Basin province, north-central Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-450, ii, 50 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88450E.","productDescription":"ii, 50 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146957,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0450e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":43633,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0450e/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43634,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0450e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db68430c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maughan, Edwin K.","contributorId":85172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maughan","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":15681,"text":"ofr8821 - 1988 - Analyses of seven core samples from two Tertiary coal beds in the Sagwon Member of the Sagavanirktok Formation, North Slope, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:58","indexId":"ofr8821","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-21","title":"Analyses of seven core samples from two Tertiary coal beds in the Sagwon Member of the Sagavanirktok Formation, North Slope, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr8821","usgsCitation":"Roberts, S.B., Clark, A., and Carey, M., 1988, Analyses of seven core samples from two Tertiary coal beds in the Sagwon Member of the Sagavanirktok Formation, North Slope, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-21, 6 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8821.","productDescription":"6 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147870,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0021/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44658,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0021/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad1e4b07f02db680e01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roberts, S. B.","contributorId":25143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, A.C.","contributorId":25164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carey, M.A.","contributorId":62581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carey","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":14826,"text":"ofr88173 - 1988 - Programs for generating data tables for the annual water-resources data report of the U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:04","indexId":"ofr88173","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-173","title":"Programs for generating data tables for the annual water-resources data report of the U.S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has developed software that interfaces with the Automated Data Processing System to facilitate and expedite preparation of the annual water-resources data report. This software incorporates a feature that prepares daily values tables and appends them to previously edited files containing station manuscripts. Other features collate the merged files with miscellaneous sections of the report. The report is then printed as page-size, camera-ready copy. All system components reside on a minicomputer; this provides easy access and use by remote field offices.\r\n\r\nAutomation of the annual report preparation process results in significant savings of labor and cost. Use of the system for producing the 1986 annual report in the North Carolina District realized a labor savings of over two man-months. A fully implemented system would produce a greater savings and speed release of the report to users.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr88173","usgsCitation":"Mason, R., and Hill, C., 1988, Programs for generating data tables for the annual water-resources data report of the U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-173, iv, 13 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88173.","productDescription":"iv, 13 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148912,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0173/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":43617,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0173/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e03d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mason, R.R.","contributorId":34520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"R.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, C.L.","contributorId":102498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":14816,"text":"ofr88184 - 1988 - Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in North Dakota, fiscal years 1987 and 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-23T22:12:24.697741","indexId":"ofr88184","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-184","title":"Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in North Dakota, fiscal years 1987 and 1988","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-349","title":"Field and laboratory data describing physical and chemical characteristics of metal-contaminated flood-plain deposits downstream from Lead, west-central South Dakota","docAbstract":"Samples from metal-contaminated flood-plain sediments at 9 sites downstream from Lead, in west-central South Dakota, were collected during the summers of 1985-87 to characterize aspects of the sedimentology, chemistry, and geometry of a deposit that resulted from the discharge of a large volume of mining wastes into a river system. Field and laboratory data include stratigraphic descriptions, chemical contents and grain-size distributions of samples, and surveyed flood-plain positions of samples. This report describes sampling-site locations, and methods of sample collection and preservation, and subsequent laboratory analysis. Field and laboratory data are presented in 4 figures and 11 tables in the ' Supplemental Data ' section at the back of the report. 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J.","contributorId":39392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mann","given":"L. 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