This chapter of the Ground Water Atlas of the United States describes the aquifers in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. These four States, which comprise Segment 2 of this Atlas, are located in the Southwestern United States and extend from the rolling grasslands of the Great Plains on the east across the Rocky Mountains and Continental Divide to the desert basins of the Southwest. The 425,000-square-mile area ranges in altitude from about 14,400 feet above sea level in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado to about 100 feet near the lower Colorado River in southwestern Arizona. All the ground water in Segment 2 ultimately is derived from infiltration of precipitation, which varies considerably with the altitude and topography of the area.
The Great Plains Physiographic Province of the Central United States extends into eastern Colorado and New Mexico (fig. 1), where flat to rolling prairie (fig. 2) with scattered hills and bluffs gradually rises westward to 5,000 to 7,000 feet above sea level and abruptly gives way to the frontal ranges of the Rocky Mountains in the Southern Rocky Mountain and Basin and Range Physiographic Provinces. West of the frontal ranges in Colorado and northern New Mexico are additional and higher mountain ranges generally oriented north-south but with many spurs and extensions oriented in other directions. The many ranges of the Rocky Mountains are separated by valleys and high mountain parks (fig. 3). Colorado contains about three-fourths of the Nation's land area above 10,000 feet and has 53 mountain peaks higher than 14,000 feet. Most of these high peaks are located near the Continental Divide (fig. 1), which extends approximately north-south through central Colorado and western New Mexico. The altitude of the divide decreases in southern New Mexico to less than 4,500 feet in a few areas.
Farther westward, the mountains are less prevalent and are interspersed with broad structural basins. These basins and the broad valleys of the middle Colorado River and its tributaries form the irregular intermontane topography of the Colorado Plateaus Physiographic Province (fig. 4). Plateaus and high mesas are formed where the surface has been dissected by rugged canyons carved by the Colorado River and its tributaries (fig. 5). The largest of these canyons-the Grand Canyon-extends about 220 miles southwestward from the mouth of the Little Colorado River in Arizona and ranges from 4 to 18 miles in width and from 2,700 to 5,700 feet in depth below the rim.
Small mountain ranges and intervening broad desert valleys of the Basin and Range Physiographic Province are prevalent to the west and south of the Colorado Plateaus in western Utah, southern Arizona, and southern New Mexico (fig. 1). These mountain ranges generally protrude 3,000 to 6,000 feet above the surrounding valley floor (fig. 6) and commonly extend from 20 to 50 miles in a north or northwesterly direction.
Small parts of the Middle Rocky Mountains and Wyoming Basin Physiographic Provinces extend into northwestern Colorado and northeastern Utah (fig. 1). The topography, geology, and hydrology of the two areas are described in Chapter 1 of this Atlas.
Four of the Nation's major river systems have headwaters in the mountainous areas of Segment 2. The South Platte River of the Missouri River system drains the eastern slope of northern Colorado; the Arkansas River and its tributary, the Canadian River, drain southeastern Colorado and northeastern New Mexico; the Rio Grande and its tributary, the Pecos River, drain south-central Colorado and central New Mexico; and the Colorado River and its tributaries drain Arizona, eastern Utah, Northwestern New Mexico, and western Colorado (fig. 1). Western Utah is drained by numerous streams that terminate in local desert basins, the Great Salt Lake, or other local lakes and reservoirs. Because the Great Salt Lake lies in the Great Basin, which is the largest closed basin in North America, it has no outlet to the sea. The salinity of the lake water is about 20 percent or about 6 times the salinity of seawater.
Most of Segment 2 is sparsely populated. The average population density of counties is less than 8 persons per square mile in about 65 percent of the four-State area (fig. 7). Population densities range from less than 0.5 person per square mile in a few rural counties to more than 4 ,000 persons per square mile in populous urban areas. The 1990 population of the four States was about 10 million; almost 70 percent of this population was in Arizona and Colorado. Most land in Segment 2 is undeveloped forest grassland, or desert shrubland, much of which is used for livestock grazing. Land used for production of commercial crops primarily is in eastern Colorado and eastern New Mexico.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66de52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robson, Stanley G.","contributorId":73187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robson","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Banta, Edward R.","contributorId":49820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banta","given":"Edward R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":68633,"text":"ha735A - 1995 - Delineation of flooding within the upper Mississippi River basin — Flood of July 30, 1993, in Jefferson City and vicinity, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-18T21:15:20.61996","indexId":"ha735A","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"735","chapter":"A","title":"Delineation of flooding within the upper Mississippi River basin — Flood of July 30, 1993, in Jefferson City and vicinity, Missouri","docAbstract":"This report provides Missouri River flood-peak elevation data and delineates the areal extent of flooding in Jefferson City and vicinity, Missouri, for July 30, 1993. The July 1993 flood is compared with the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) 100- and 500-year flood profiles. This report is one of a series of U.S. Geological Survey reports to document the flooding within the upper Mississippi River Basin in 1993 and to improve the technical base on which flood-plain management decisions can be made by other agencies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Richmond, Virginia","doi":"10.3133/ha735A","usgsCitation":"Alexander, T.W., 1995, Delineation of flooding within the upper Mississippi River basin — Flood of July 30, 1993, in Jefferson City and vicinity, Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 735, 1 Plate: 41.94 × 31.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha735A.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 41.94 × 31.00 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":185779,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":394471,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16199.htm"},{"id":90299,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/735a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Missouri","city":"Jefferson City","otherGeospatial":"Upper Mississippi River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.233,\n 38.542\n ],\n [\n -92.083,\n 38.542\n ],\n [\n -92.083,\n 38.625\n ],\n [\n -92.233,\n 38.625\n ],\n [\n -92.233,\n 38.542\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab3e4b07f02db66fd22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alexander, Terry W.","contributorId":21193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68015,"text":"ha735B - 1995 - Delineation of flooding within the upper Mississippi River Basin, 1993 — Flood of June 29-September 18, 1993, in Iowa City and vicinity, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-09T19:42:23.69339","indexId":"ha735B","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"735","chapter":"B","title":"Delineation of flooding within the upper Mississippi River Basin, 1993 — Flood of June 29-September 18, 1993, in Iowa City and vicinity, Iowa","docAbstract":"The hydrologic investigations atlas shows the areas in and around Iowa City, Iowa, that were flooded by the Iowa River in 1993. This map also depicts the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 100-year flood boundaries. The drainage basin of the Iowa River at Iowa City received well over 100 percent of normal rainfall in June, July, and August, 1993. At the Cedar Rapids airport, located about 20 miles north-northwest of Iowa City, July rainfall was 414 percent of normal. The discharges at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations on the Iowa River upstream of Coralville Reservoir, just downstream from Coralville Reservoir, and at Iowa City are shown. A profile of the maximum water-surface elevations of the 1993 flood in Iowa City and vicinity is higher than the FEMA 100-year flood profile. The water-surface elevation of Coralville Reservoir is shown from June 29-September 18, 1993.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha735B","usgsCitation":"Schaap, B.D., and Harvey, C.A., 1995, Delineation of flooding within the upper Mississippi River Basin, 1993 — Flood of June 29-September 18, 1993, in Iowa City and vicinity, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 735, 1 Plate: 41.50 × 44.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha735B.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 41.50 × 44.00 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190191,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":89262,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/735b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400347,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16200.htm"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Iowa","city":"Iowa City","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.583,\n 41.55\n ],\n [\n -91.494,\n 41.55\n ],\n [\n -91.494,\n 41.75\n ],\n [\n -91.583,\n 41.75\n ],\n [\n -91.583,\n 41.55\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671c54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaap, Bryan D.","contributorId":63438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaap","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harvey, Craig A.","contributorId":103325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":68000,"text":"ha733 - 1995 - Hydrologic aspects of Hurricane Hugo in South Carolina, September 1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-07T13:40:36","indexId":"ha733","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"733","title":"Hydrologic aspects of Hurricane Hugo in South Carolina, September 1989","docAbstract":"Hurricane Hugo, with winds in excess of 135 miles per hour(mi/h), made landfall near Charleston, S.C., early on the morning of September 22, 1989. It was the most destructive hurricane ever experienced in South Carolina. The storm caused 35 deaths and $7 billion in property damage in South Carolina (Purvis, 1990).
This report documents some hydrologic effects of Hurricane Hugo along the South Carolina coast. The report includes maps showing storm-tide stage and profiles of the maximum storm-tide stages along the outer coast. Storm-tide stage frequency information is presented and changes in beach morphology and water quality of coastal streams resulting from the storm are described.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924128","usgsCitation":"Lacombe, P., and Rosman, R., 1995, Hydrology of the unconfined aquifer system in the upper Maurice River basin and adjacent areas in Gloucester County, New Jersey, 1986-87: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4128, 5 Plates: 54.00 x 40.59 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924128.","productDescription":"5 Plates: 54.00 x 40.59 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170688,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":82111,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4128/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82110,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4128/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82107,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4128/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":414396,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47682.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":82109,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4128/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82108,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4128/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United states","state":"New Jersey","county":"Gloucester County","otherGeospatial":"upper Maurice River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.3225,\n 39.8014\n ],\n [\n -75.3225,\n 39.4917\n ],\n [\n -74.8814,\n 39.4917\n ],\n [\n -74.8814,\n 39.8014\n ],\n [\n -75.3225,\n 39.8014\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc78e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lacombe, Pierre J. placombe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacombe","given":"Pierre J.","email":"placombe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosman, Robert 0000-0001-5042-1872 rrosman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5042-1872","contributorId":2846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosman","given":"Robert","email":"rrosman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44890,"text":"wri954134 - 1995 - Development of a 14-digit hydrologic coding scheme and boundary data set for New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-27T14:34:50","indexId":"wri954134","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4134","title":"Development of a 14-digit hydrologic coding scheme and boundary data set for New Jersey","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri954134","usgsCitation":"Ellis, W.H., and Price, C.V., 1995, Development of a 14-digit hydrologic coding scheme and boundary data set for New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4134, 1 map : col. ; 113 x 67 cm., folded in envelope 31 x 23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954134.","productDescription":"1 map : col. ; 113 x 67 cm., folded in envelope 31 x 23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169962,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268448,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4134/plate-1.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db667151","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, William H. wellis@usgs.gov","contributorId":179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"William","email":"wellis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Price, Curtis V. 0000-0002-4315-3539 cprice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4315-3539","contributorId":983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"Curtis","email":"cprice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30222,"text":"wri954028 - 1995 - Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Aguadilla to Rio Camuy area, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri954028","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4028","title":"Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Aguadilla to Rio Camuy area, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"The aquifers of the Aguadilla to Rio Camuy area, in the northwestern part of Puerto Rico, are the least developed of those on the north coast, and relatively little information is available concerning the ground-water system. The present study, which was part of a comprehensive appraisal of the ground-water resources of the North Coast Province, attempts to interpret the hydrology of the area within the constraints of available data. The study area consists of an uplifted rolling plain that is 200 to 400 feet above sea level and a heavily forested, karst upland. The only major streams in the area are the Rfo Camuy and the Rio Guajataca. Most water used in the area is obtained from Lago de Guajataca, just south of the study area, and ground-water use is minimal (less than 5 million gallons per day). Sedimentary rocks of Tertiary age, mainly limestone and calcareous clays, comprise the aquifers of the Aguadilla to Rio Camuy area. The rocks generally dip from 4 to 7 degrees to the north, and the total sedimentary rock sequence may be as much as 6,000 feet thick near the Atlantic coast. Baseflows for the Rio Camuy are 58 cubic feet per second near Bayaney and 72 cubic feet per second near Hatillo. The ground-water discharge to the Rio Camuy between these stations is estimated to be 15 cubic feet per second, or 2.6 cubic feet per second per linear mile. The flow of the Rio Guajataca is regulated by the Guajataca Dam at Lago de Guajataca. Ground-water discharge to the Rio Guajataca between the dam and the coast is estimated to be about 17 cubic feet per.second, based on the average ground-water discharge per linear mile estimated for the Rio Camuy. Both water-table and artesian aquifers are present in the Aguadilla to Rio Camuy area; how-ever, most ground water occurs within the watertable aquifer, which was the primary focus of this study. The top of the confining unit, below the water-table aquifer, generally is within the unnamed upper member of the Cibao Formation; however, it is within the Los Puertos Formation in the eastern part of the study area. The water-table aquifer primarily is composed of rocks of the Aymam6n Limestone and the Los Puertos Formation. The estimated saturated thickness of the water-table aquifer ranges from zero at the southern limit of the aquifer to more than 600 feet south of Isabela. Hydraulic conductivity of the Aymam6n Limestone, based on specific-capacity test data for seven wells, ranges from about 1 to about 25 feet per day and averages 7.5 feet per day. Hydraulic conductivity of the Los Puertos Formation, based on specific-capacity test data for four wells, generally was less than 7 feet. per day. The average hydraulic-conductivity value for both the Aymam6n Limestone and the Los Puertos Formation, based on specific-capacity test data, is estimated to be about 6.0 feet per day. These hydraulic-conductivity values are much less than average values for the water-table aquifer reported for other parts of the North Coast Province. Transmissivity values, based on the average hydraulic-conductivity value for the aquifer derived from specific-capacity tests, range from zero to about 4,000 feet squared per day; however, these values were adjusted upward during model calibration. Ground water generally moves from the highlands in the south toward the sea to the north and west, and locally, to streams. A major groundwater divide extends from the southeastern corner of the study area to the northwest, and separates flow north and east into the study area from flow to the southwest toward the Rio Culebrinas. Nearly all recharge to the aquifer is from infiltration of rainfall into the karst uplands. Discharge from the aquifer primarily occurs as leakage to streams and to the sea, and to a lesser degree as flow to wells. A two-layer, three-dimensional, steady-state, numerical model was constructed to simulateground-water flow in the water-table aquifer between Aguadilla and the R/o Camuy area. A basic a","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954028","usgsCitation":"Tucci, P., and Martinez, M., 1995, Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Aguadilla to Rio Camuy area, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4028, iv, 39 p. :ill. (1 col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954028.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p. :ill. (1 col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119400,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4028/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59005,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4028/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605068","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tucci, Patrick ptucci@usgs.gov","contributorId":926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucci","given":"Patrick","email":"ptucci@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":202885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martinez, M.I.","contributorId":12895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinez","given":"M.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26235,"text":"wri954056 - 1995 - Precipitation depth-duration and frequency characteristics for Antelope Valley, Mojave Desert, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:24","indexId":"wri954056","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4056","title":"Precipitation depth-duration and frequency characteristics for Antelope Valley, Mojave Desert, California","docAbstract":"Methods to evaluate changes in the volume of storm runoff from drainage basins that are likely to be urbanized are needed by land-use planning agencies to establish criteria for the design of flood-control systems. To document the changes in runoff volume of basins that may be urbanized, nine small basins that are considered representative of varying hydrologic conditions in Antelope Valley, California, were selected for detailed study. Precipitation and stream-gaging stations were established and data were collected for the period 1990-93. The data collected at these U.S. Geological Survey stations were supplemented by data collected at 35 Long-term precipitation stations operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works. These data will be used to calibrate and verify rainfall-runoff models for the nine basins. Results of the model runs will then be used as a guide for estimating basin runoff characteristics throughout Antelope Valley. Annual precipitation in Antelope Valley ranges from more than 20 inches in the mountains to less than 4 inches on the valley floor. Most precipitation in the valley falls during the months of December through March, but cyclonic storms in the fall and convectional storms in the summer sometimes occur. The duration of most storms ranges from 1 to 8 days, but most of the precipitation usually occurs within the first 2 days. Many parts of the valley have been affected by storms with precipitation depths that equal or exceed 0.60 inch per hour. The storms of January 1943 and March 1983 were the most intense storms of record, with recurrence intervals greater than 100 years in some parts of the valley. Depth-duration ratios were calculated by disaggregating daily total precipitation data for intervals of 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, and 18 hours for storms that occurred during 1990-93. The hourly total precipitation data were then disaggregated at 5-minute intervals. A comparison of the depth-duration data collected during 1990-93 at the Geological Survey stations with the data collected at the other stations indicated that the 1990-93 data are not representative of historical storms. Therefore, depth-duration ratios developed using these data should be considered preliminary for use in disaggregating the historical hourly data for Antelope Valley. Annual maximum 24-hour precipitation records were used to calculate precipitation depth-frequency relations for 23 stations in the valley using the log Pearson type III distribution. These calculations indicate that the storms of January 1943 and March 1983 were the most intense of record in the valley with recurrence intervals greater than 100 years.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Report Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954056","usgsCitation":"Blodgett, J.C., 1995, Precipitation depth-duration and frequency characteristics for Antelope Valley, Mojave Desert, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4056, iv, 33 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954056.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157553,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4056/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55035,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4056/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680be9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blodgett, J. C.","contributorId":32154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blodgett","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30574,"text":"wri954185 - 1995 - Analysis of streamflow characteristics for streams on the island of Tutuila, American Samoa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-02T16:17:38","indexId":"wri954185","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4185","title":"Analysis of streamflow characteristics for streams on the island of Tutuila, American Samoa","docAbstract":"Several methods for estimating streamflow characteristics for low and peak flows for streams on Tutuila, American Samoa are presented. These methods, derived from frequency, flow-duration, and regression analyses, allow the user to compute estimates for the 7-day low flow with 2-year and 10-year recurrence intervals; the median flow; the mean flow; and the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50, and 100- year peak flood flows at gaged and ungaged streams. In addition, frequency techniques using the log-Pearson type III distribution were also used to compute for gaged sites the 1-, 7-, 14-, 30-, 60-, 90-, 120-, and 183-day low flows with 2-, 5-, 10-, and 20-year recurrence intervals; the 1-, 7-, 15-, 30- day high flows with 2-, 5-, 10-, and 25-year recurrence intervals; and the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100- year peak flows. The regression equations and estimated streamflow characteristics are based on streamflow data collected from 1958 through 1990 at 11 continuous-record gaging stations with 9 to 32 years of record, 75 low-flow partial-record stations, and 49 miscellaneous sites.
Low-flow regression analysis using the baseflow index basin characteristic provided results with standard errors of estimate ranging from 13.3 to 43.8 percent. These standard errors are comparable to the average values at the low-flow partial-record stations. Regional analysis, using the method of residuals, divided Tutuila into two hydrologic regions which correspond to differences in geology. Peak-flow regression equations had coefficients of determination ranging from 0.60 to 0.66 and standard errors of estimate ranging from 44.0 to 47.4 percent. The large standard errors result from the large variability of flood peaks compared with drainage area. The geology of Tutuila also affects the magnitude of observed flood peaks.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954185","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Government of American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency, and American Samoa Power Authority","usgsCitation":"Wong, M.F., 1995, Analysis of streamflow characteristics for streams on the island of Tutuila, American Samoa: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4185, Report: v, 168 p.; 1 Plate: 20.99 x 16.95 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954185.","productDescription":"Report: v, 168 p.; 1 Plate: 20.99 x 16.95 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F.","contributorId":43815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26551,"text":"wri954262 - 1995 - Assessment of intrinsic bioremediation of jet fuel contamination in a shallow aquifer, Beaufort, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T12:48:20","indexId":"wri954262","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4262","title":"Assessment of intrinsic bioremediation of jet fuel contamination in a shallow aquifer, Beaufort, South Carolina","docAbstract":"Field and laboratory studies show that microorganisms indigenous to the ground-water system underlying Tank Farm C, Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort, S.C., degrade petroleum hydrocarbons under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic conditions, sediments from the shallow aquifer underlying the site mineralized radiolabeled (14C) toluene to 14CO2 with first-order rate constants of about -0.29 per day. Sediments incubated under anaerobic conditions mineralized radiolabeled toluene more slowly, with first-order rate constants of -0.001 per day. Although anaerobic rates of biodegradation are low, they are significant in the hydrologic and geochemical context of the site. Because of low hydraulic conductivities (1.9-9.1 feet per day) and low hydraulic gradients (about 0.004 feet per feet), ground water flows slowly (approximately 20 feet per year) at this site. Furthermore, aquifer sediments contain organic-rich peat that has a high sorptive capacity. Under these conditions, hydrocarbon contaminants have moved no further than 10 feet downgradient of the jet fuel free product. Digital solute-transport simulations, using the range of model parameters measured at the site, show that dissolved contaminants will be completely degraded before they are discharged from the aquifer into adjacent surface-water bodies. These results show that natural attenuation processes are containing the migration of soluble hydrocarbons, and that intrinsic bioremediation is a potentially effective remedial strategy at this site.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954262","usgsCitation":"Chapelle, F., Landmeyer, J., and Bradley, P., 1995, Assessment of intrinsic bioremediation of jet fuel contamination in a shallow aquifer, Beaufort, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4262, vi, 30 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954262.","productDescription":"vi, 30 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55418,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4262/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126665,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4262/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Beaufort","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.980224609375,\n 32.287132632616384\n ],\n [\n -80.5462646484375,\n 32.287132632616384\n ],\n [\n -80.5462646484375,\n 32.54681317351514\n ],\n [\n -80.980224609375,\n 32.54681317351514\n ],\n [\n -80.980224609375,\n 32.287132632616384\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671d65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapelle, Frank","contributorId":96236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"Frank","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landmeyer, J. E.","contributorId":91140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28247,"text":"wri954233 - 1995 - Synthesis of nutrient and sediment data for watersheds within the Chesapeake Bay drainage basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-29T19:16:52.99799","indexId":"wri954233","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4233","title":"Synthesis of nutrient and sediment data for watersheds within the Chesapeake Bay drainage basin","docAbstract":"Nutrient and sediment data collected by Federal and state agencies from 1972 through 1992 at 1,058 surface-water sites in nontidal parts of the Chesapeake Bay Basin were compiled into a large database. Adequate nutrient, sediment, and streamflow data were not available to compute annual loads for all sites because water-quality monitoring at many of the sites was either short term or noncontinuous or because stream-flow was not measured. Annual nutrient and sediment loads were calculated at a total of 127 sites. Annual loads of dissolved nitrate were calculated for 108 sites, but total nitrogen loads could be calculated for only 48 of these sites because ammonia plus organic nitrogen data were not available for many of these 108 sites. Annual loads of total phosphorus were calculated for 99 sites, and annual loads of suspended sediment were calculated for 33 sites. Loads could be calculated for only a very few sites in the Juniata River Basin (a tributary to the Susquehanna River), the York River Basin, the middle and lower reaches of the James River, and the nontidal parts of the eastern shore of the Bay.\r\n\r\n Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial data sets of land use, physiographic province, rock type, and watershed delineation were compiled for the entire Chesapeake Bay Basin (approximately 64,000 square miles). The nutrient- and sediment-yield were evaluated with respect to land use, physiographic province, rock type, and hydrologic characteristics. During years that the mean streamflow was about equal to the long-term mean streamflow, the Susquehanna River contributed about 50 percent of the freshwater, 66 percent of the total nitrogen, and 40 percent of the total phosphorus transported by tributaries to the Bay. Nutrient and sediment data were available for less than 18 percent of the predominantly agricultural areas underlain by siliciclastic rock and for less than 35 percent of the predominantly agricultural areas underlain by either carbonate rock or unconsolidated rock. Nutrient and sediment data were available for about 91 percent of the predominantly forested areas underlain by siliciclastic rock. Spatial and temporal gaps in the water-quality data and GIs data sets limited some data analysis. Correlations of annual yields or nutrients and sediment with respect to land use, physiographic province, and rock type indicated (1) basins with larger percentages of agricultural land had larger nutrient and sediment yields, (2) basins with larger percentages of forest land had smaller nutrient and sediment loads, (3) the largest total nitrogen yields were from agricultural basins underlain by carbonate rock, (4) yields or nutrients from urban basins were substantially less than yields from agricultural basins, and (5) basins with small amounts of agricultural and urban land had relatively small nutrient and sediment yields.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954233","usgsCitation":"Langland, M., Lietman, P., and Hoffman, S.A., 1995, Synthesis of nutrient and sediment data for watersheds within the Chesapeake Bay drainage basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4233, vi, 121 p., 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Understanding the environmental setting of the Upper Colorado River Basin study unit is important in evaluating water-quality issues in the basin. Natural and human factors that affect water quality in the basin are presented, including an overview of the physiography, climatic conditions, general geology and soils, ecoregions, population, land use, water management and use, hydrologic characteristics, and to the extent possible aquatic biology. These factors have substantial implications on water-quality conditions in the basin. For example, high concentrations of dissolved solids and selenium are present in the natural background water conditions of surface and ground water in parts ofthe basin. In addition, mining, urban, and agricultural land and water uses result in the presence of certain constituents in the surface and ground water of the basin that can detrimentally affect water quality. The environmental setting of the study unit provides a framework of the basin characteristics, which is important in the design of integrated studies of surface water, ground water, and biology. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954263","usgsCitation":"Apodaca, L.E., Driver, N.E., Stephens, V.C., and Spahr, N.E., 1995, Environmental Setting and Implications on Water Quality, Upper Colorado River Basin, Colorado and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4263, vi, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954263.","productDescription":"vi, 33 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118943,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4263/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54204,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4263/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.25,37.75 ], [ -109.25,41 ], [ -105.5,41 ], [ -105.5,37.75 ], [ -109.25,37.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602487","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Apodaca, Lori E. lapodaca@usgs.gov","contributorId":1844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Apodaca","given":"Lori","email":"lapodaca@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Driver, Nancy E.","contributorId":67858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driver","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stephens, Verlin C.","contributorId":34479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"Verlin","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spahr, Norman E. nspahr@usgs.gov","contributorId":1977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spahr","given":"Norman","email":"nspahr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":193846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":44766,"text":"wri934097 - 1995 - Estimated withdrawals and use of freshwater in Vermont, 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-13T20:22:31.514816","indexId":"wri934097","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4097","title":"Estimated withdrawals and use of freshwater in Vermont, 1990","docAbstract":"Estimated freshwater withdrawals during 1990 in Vermont totaled about 632 million gallons per day. The largest withdrawals were for thermoelectric- power generation (82 percent), industrial use (7 percent), and public supply (6 percent). Most withdrawals, 587 million gallons per day, were made from surface-water sources as compared to 44.9 million gallons per day from ground-water sources. The largest withdrawals were in the Upper Connecticut-Mascomo River Basin (525 million gallons per day). About 17,700 million gallons per day were used instream for hydroelectric-poser generation, the largest of which were in the Upper Connecticut-Mascoma and Otter River Basins. Other information describing water-use patters is shown in tables, bar graphs, pie charts, maps, and accompanying text. The data are aggregated by river basin (hydrologic cataloging unit), and all amounts are reports in million gallons per day.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934097","usgsCitation":"Horn, M., and Medalie, L., 1995, Estimated withdrawals and use of freshwater in Vermont, 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4097, 1 Plate: 39.25 x 32.75 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934097.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 39.25 x 32.75 inches","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110264,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649f6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horn, M.A.","contributorId":92223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horn","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medalie, Laura 0000-0002-2440-2149 lmedalie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-2149","contributorId":3657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medalie","given":"Laura","email":"lmedalie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29015,"text":"wri954227 - 1995 - User's guide to PHREEQC, a computer program for speciation, reaction-path, advective-transport, and inverse geochemical calculations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-17T17:39:21.669947","indexId":"wri954227","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4227","title":"User's guide to PHREEQC, a computer program for speciation, reaction-path, advective-transport, and inverse geochemical calculations","docAbstract":"PHREEQC is a computer program written in the C programming language that is designed to perform a wide variety of aqueous geochemical calculations. PHREEQC is based on an ion-association aqueous model and has capabilities for (1) speciation and saturation-index calculations, (2) reaction-path and advective-transport calculations involving specified irreversible reactions, mixing of solutions, mineral and gas equilibria surface-complex-ation reactions, and ion-exchange reactions, and (3) inverse modeling, which finds sets of mineral and gas mole transfers that account for composition differences between waters, within specified compositional uncertainties.
PHREEQC is derived from the Fortran program PHREEQE, but it has been completely rewritten in C with the addition many new capabilities. New features include the capabilities to use redox couples to distribute redox elements among their valence states in speciation calculations; to model ion-exchange and surface-complex-ation reactions; to model reactions with a fixed-pressure, multicomponent gas phase (that is, a gas bubble); to calculate the mass of water in the aqueous phase during reaction and transport calculations; to keep track of the moles of minerals present in the solid phases and determine automatically the thermodynamically stable phase assemblage; to simulate advective transport in combination with PHREEQC's reaction-modeling capability; and to make inverse modeling calculations that allow for uncertainties in the analytical data. The user interface is improved through the use of a simplified approach to redox reactions, which includes explicit mole-balance equations for hydrogen and oxygen; the use of a revised input that is modular and completely free format; and the use of mineral names and standard chemical symbolism rather than index numbers. The use of (2) eliminates nearly all limitations on army sizes, including numbers of elements, aqueous species, solutions, phases, and lengths of character strings. A new equation solver that optimizes a set of equalities subject to both equality and inequality constraints is used to determine the thermodynamically stable set of phases in equilibrium with a solution. A more complete Newton-Raphson formulation, master-species switching, and scaling of the algebraic equations reduce the number of failures of the numerical method in PHREEQC relative to PHREEQE.
This report presents the equations that are the basis for chemical equilibrium and inverse-modeling calculations in PHREEQC, describes the input for the program, and presents twelve examples that demonstrate most of the program's capabilities.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri954227","usgsCitation":"Parkhurst, D., 1995, User's guide to PHREEQC, a computer program for speciation, reaction-path, advective-transport, and inverse geochemical calculations: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4227, viii, 143 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954227.","productDescription":"viii, 143 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159501,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4227/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57880,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4227/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db603f85","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parkhurst, D.L.","contributorId":12474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23624,"text":"ofr94348 - 1995 - Simulation of stage and the the hydrologic budget of Devils Lake, Sauk County, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-16T15:26:12","indexId":"ofr94348","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-348","title":"Simulation of stage and the the hydrologic budget of Devils Lake, Sauk County, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Water clarity of Devils Lake, in the Driftless Area of southwestern Wisconsin, has been decreasing because of blue-green algal blooms. An understanding of the hydrology of Devils Lake is needed to develop a mitigation plan to reduce phosphorus input. A model was developed to test the current understanding of the hydrology of the lake including stage and hydrologic budget and to estimate the effects of proposed mitigation plans on lake stage.
\nDaily lake stage was simulated in the model by summing estimates of hydrologic-budget components. The Devils Lake hydrologic-budget components are precipitation on the lake surface, evaporation from the lake surface, runoff (consisting of overland flow to the lake and an intermittent stream flowing into the lake), and ground-water flow into and out of the lake.
\nThe model was calibrated to measured lake stage for the period 1980-92. Simulated stage compares reasonably well with historical stage data for Devils Lake. The root mean square of the differences of simulated and measured daily lake stages for the period 1980-92 is 0.83 foot. Simulated lake stage is very sensitive to small changes in runoff and evaporation coefficients, and ground-waterflow rates used in the model.
\nThe average model-calculated annual amounts of each hydrologic-budget component for the 1980-92 simulation period, in order of increasing volume, are evaporation (791 acre-feet), precipitation (973 acre-feet), runoff (1,107 acre-feet), and net ground-water flow, which is out of the lake (1,323 acre-feet).
\nThree mitigation plans were simulated. Mitigation plan 3, which includes the addition of water from a basin adjacent to the northeastern side of the Devils Lake Basin, allows for withdrawals of hypolimnetic water and maintaining lake stage closer to optimal levels than would result without mitigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94348","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and the town of Baraboo","usgsCitation":"Krohelski, J.T., and Batten, W.G., 1995, Simulation of stage and the the hydrologic budget of Devils Lake, Sauk County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-348, iv, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94348.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p.","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154912,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0348/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52901,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0348/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Sauk County","city":"Baraboo","otherGeospatial":"Devil's Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.791259765625,\n 43.3601336603352\n ],\n [\n -89.791259765625,\n 43.44544148221772\n ],\n [\n -89.66629028320312,\n 43.44544148221772\n ],\n [\n -89.66629028320312,\n 43.3601336603352\n ],\n [\n -89.791259765625,\n 43.3601336603352\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f2119","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krohelski, J. T.","contributorId":59046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohelski","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":190440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Batten, W. G.","contributorId":89504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batten","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":190441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22685,"text":"ofr95727 - 1995 - Watershed boundaries and digital elevation model of Oklahoma derived from 1:100,000-scale digital topographic maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:51","indexId":"ofr95727","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-727","title":"Watershed boundaries and digital elevation model of Oklahoma derived from 1:100,000-scale digital topographic maps","docAbstract":"This document provides a general description of the procedures used to develop the data sets included on this compact disc. This compact disc contains watershed boundaries for Oklahoma, a digital elevation model, and other data sets derived from the digital elevation model. The digital elevation model was produced using the ANUDEM software package, written by Michael Hutchinson and licensed from the Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies at The Australian National University. Elevation data (hypsography) and streams (hydrography) from digital versions of the U.S. Geological Survey 1:100,000-scale topographic maps were used by the ANUDEM package to produce a hydrologically conditioned digital elevation model with a 60-meter cell size. This digital elevation model is well suited for drainage-basin delineation using automated techniques.\r\nAdditional data sets include flow-direction, flow-accumulation, and shaded-relief grids, all derived from the digital elevation model, and the hydrography data set used in producing the digital elevation model. The watershed boundaries derived from the digital elevation model have been edited to be consistent with contours and streams from the U.S. Geological Survey 1:100,000-scale topographic maps. The watershed data set includes boundaries for 11-digit Hydrologic Unit Codes (watersheds) within Oklahoma, and 8-digit Hydrologic Unit Codes (cataloging units) outside Oklahoma. Cataloging-unit boundaries based on 1:250,000-scale maps outside Oklahoma for the Arkansas, Red, and White River basins are included. The other data sets cover Oklahoma, and where available, portions of 1:100,000-scale quadrangles adjoining Oklahoma.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr95727","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Cederstrand, J., and Rea, A.H., 1995, Watershed boundaries and digital elevation model of Oklahoma derived from 1:100,000-scale digital topographic maps: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-727, 1 computer laser optical disk ;4 3/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95727.","productDescription":"1 computer laser optical disk ;4 3/4 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154626,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4b10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cederstrand, J. R.","contributorId":91523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cederstrand","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rea, A. H.","contributorId":58301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23725,"text":"ofr95420 - 1995 - Selected environmental and geohydrologic reports for the Fort Wainwright and Fairbanks areas, Alaska as of July 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:19","indexId":"ofr95420","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-420","title":"Selected environmental and geohydrologic reports for the Fort Wainwright and Fairbanks areas, Alaska as of July 1995","docAbstract":"As part of its effort to help collect data and gather information for geohydrologic investigations, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collects and reviews environmental and technical reports relating to geology, hydrology, and geohydrology. The USGS investigation efforts are coordinated with ongoing technical investigations by the Water Research Center of the University of Alaska Fairbanks and the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. One project objective for Fort Wainwright includes maintaining a library of report references for USGS project use and for use by the U.S. Army, Alaska (USARAK), USARAK contractors, and other Federal and State agencies. This report presents an annotated bibliography of reports relating to the project study area or geohydrologic processes important to investigations in the study area.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95420","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Lilly, M.R., DePalma, K., and Benson, S., 1995, Selected environmental and geohydrologic reports for the Fort Wainwright and Fairbanks areas, Alaska as of July 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-420, 1 v. 62 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95420.","productDescription":"1 v. 62 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157325,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0420/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":19478,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0420/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52967,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0420/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aade4b07f02db66b4b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lilly, M. R.","contributorId":38594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lilly","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DePalma, K.L.","contributorId":80315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DePalma","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Benson, S.L.","contributorId":61075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":21694,"text":"ofr94524 - 1995 - Concentration and transport data for dissolved inorganic constituents in water collected during seven cruises on the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries, July 1987-June 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T13:19:42","indexId":"ofr94524","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-524","title":"Concentration and transport data for dissolved inorganic constituents in water collected during seven cruises on the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries, July 1987-June 1990","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr94524","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Brinton, T., Barbarino, J., Peartt, D., Taylor, H.E., and Antweiler, R.C., 1995, Concentration and transport data for dissolved inorganic constituents in water collected during seven cruises on the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries, July 1987-June 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-524, vi, 102 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94524.","productDescription":"vi, 102 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51231,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0524/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0524/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.2294921875,\n 45.89000815866184\n ],\n [\n -96.50390625,\n 46.07323062540835\n ],\n [\n -95.185546875,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -92.7685546875,\n 43.58039085560784\n ],\n [\n -90.4833984375,\n 41.73852846935917\n ],\n [\n -91.4501953125,\n 39.30029918615029\n ],\n [\n -91.23046875,\n 35.137879119634185\n ],\n [\n -92.0654296875,\n 31.541089879585808\n ],\n [\n -91.7578125,\n 29.305561325527698\n ],\n [\n -88.9892578125,\n 28.34306490482549\n ],\n [\n -88.505859375,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n -90.65917968749999,\n 30.486550842588485\n ],\n [\n -90.791015625,\n 32.13840869677249\n ],\n [\n -89.82421875,\n 34.08906131584994\n ],\n [\n -88.9453125,\n 35.96022296929667\n ],\n [\n -88.9453125,\n 37.579412513438385\n ],\n [\n -89.912109375,\n 39.70718665682654\n ],\n [\n -89.384765625,\n 41.57436130598913\n ],\n [\n -90.966796875,\n 44.05601169578525\n ],\n [\n -95.2294921875,\n 45.89000815866184\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a625d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brinton, T.I. Jr.","contributorId":102333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brinton","given":"T.I.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barbarino, J.R.","contributorId":94336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barbarino","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peartt, D.B.","contributorId":9912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peartt","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Antweiler, Ronald C. 0000-0001-5652-6034 antweil@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-6034","contributorId":1481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Antweiler","given":"Ronald","email":"antweil@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":24259,"text":"ofr95741 - 1995 - Tritium and radioactive carbon (14C) analyses of gas collected from unsaturated sediments next to a low-level radioactive-waste burial site south of Beatty, Nevada, April 1994 and July 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-07T10:54:14","indexId":"ofr95741","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-741","displayTitle":"Tritium and radioactive carbon (14C) analyses of gas collected from unsaturated sediments next to a low-level radioactive-waste burial site south of Beatty, Nevada, April 1994 and July 1995","title":"Tritium and radioactive carbon (14C) analyses of gas collected from unsaturated sediments next to a low-level radioactive-waste burial site south of Beatty, Nevada, April 1994 and July 1995","docAbstract":"Tritium activities in water vapor and radioactive carbon (14C) activities in carbon dioxide were determined in gas samples pumped from small-diameter air ports installed in a test hole within the unsaturated sediments next to a commercial burial site for low-level radioactive waste south of Beatty, Nevada. In April 1994, gas samples were collected from test hole UZB-2, which was drilled about 350 feet south of the southwest corner of the fence enclosing the burial site. The test hole is part of a study to determine the depth to which atmospheric air circulates through the unsaturated sediments at the desert site. Laboratory results completed in May 1995 show activities of tritium and 14C were greater than expected, with measured tritium in the water vapor as high as 762 tritium units at a depth of 79 feet and measured 14C in carbon dioxide as high as 1,700 percent modern carbon at a depth of 18 feet.
In July 1995, the uppermost five air ports in test hole UZB-2 were resampled. In addition, water vapor was collected for tritium analyses at a distant test hole, and water vapor for tritium analyses and carbon dioxide for 14C analyses were collected from three depths at the research shaft about 200 feet north of test hole UZB-2, and at two shallow probes (depth of 5.5 feet) next to the fence enclosing the burial site. Analyses of samples collected in the upper 112 feet from test hole UZB-2 in July 1995 show the same distribution of tritium and 14C as analyses of samples collected in April 1994, except that activities were somewhat greater in July. The greatest activities of tritium and 14C were measured from a shallow probe next to the fence with activities of 29,400 tritium units and 517,000 percent modern carbon, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Carson City, NV","doi":"10.3133/ofr95741","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Prudic, D.E., and Striegl, R.G., 1995, Tritium and radioactive carbon (14C) analyses of gas collected from unsaturated sediments next to a low-level radioactive-waste burial site south of Beatty, Nevada, April 1994 and July 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-741, iii, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95741.","productDescription":"iii, 7 p.","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155054,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0741/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53386,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0741/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","city":"Beatty","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa Desert Research Site","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-115.9082,39.1615],[-115.5191,38.9578],[-115.4725,38.9325],[-115.4433,38.9162],[-115.3694,38.8769],[-115.363,38.874],[-115.242,38.8093],[-115.0969,38.7309],[-115.0777,38.721],[-115.0604,38.7107],[-115.0291,38.6937],[-114.999,38.6777],[-114.9996,38.592],[-114.9997,38.4315],[-114.9994,38.3894],[-115.0004,38.0507],[-115.1185,38.0508],[-115.1436,38.0508],[-115.326,38.0515],[-115.3453,38.0514],[-115.4003,38.051],[-115.4587,38.0506],[-115.6394,38.0512],[-115.6581,38.051],[-115.8404,38.0504],[-115.8931,38.0507],[-115.8938,37.723],[-115.8969,37.5498],[-115.8975,37.2796],[-115.8982,37.1926],[-115.8942,36.8425],[-115.8941,36.686],[-115.8945,36.6702],[-115.8949,36.598],[-115.8949,36.5962],[-115.8946,36.5858],[-115.8947,36.5005],[-115.8945,36.4806],[-115.8949,36.462],[-115.8944,36.457],[-115.8948,36.3087],[-115.8945,36.2923],[-115.8943,36.1957],[-115.8945,36.1608],[-115.8948,36.1163],[-115.8948,36.0927],[-115.895,36.0015],[-115.9178,36.0192],[-115.9518,36.0457],[-115.9925,36.0773],[-116.049,36.1211],[-116.0624,36.1314],[-116.1039,36.1636],[-116.1287,36.1829],[-116.1702,36.2152],[-116.173,36.2174],[-116.2311,36.2626],[-116.2834,36.3028],[-116.2954,36.3122],[-116.3752,36.373],[-116.5107,36.4764],[-116.5247,36.4871],[-116.5589,36.5131],[-116.574,36.5245],[-116.5946,36.54],[-116.6556,36.5867],[-116.6583,36.5888],[-116.6764,36.6024],[-116.706,36.6248],[-116.7895,36.6877],[-116.8424,36.7276],[-116.8453,36.7298],[-116.8806,36.7568],[-116.8912,36.7648],[-116.9237,36.7891],[-116.9641,36.8193],[-116.9783,36.8299],[-116.981,36.8319],[-117.0046,36.8495],[-117.164,36.9688],[-117.1639,36.9698],[-117.1637,37.0182],[-117.164,37.0894],[-117.1642,37.171],[-117.1641,37.1909],[-117.1641,37.1936],[-117.1665,37.6995],[-117.1664,37.714],[-117.1663,37.7285],[-117.1663,37.7435],[-117.1662,37.7585],[-117.1657,38.0019],[-117.2198,38.0482],[-117.2397,38.0483],[-117.239,38.0641],[-117.2408,38.0705],[-117.2653,38.0932],[-117.6896,38.4731],[-118.0197,38.7599],[-118.197,38.9154],[-118.1972,38.9993],[-117.8559,39.0746],[-117.7748,39.092],[-117.7008,39.1058],[-117.6409,39.1149],[-117.5946,39.1231],[-117.4742,39.1431],[-117.3823,39.1562],[-117.3609,39.1585],[-117.3318,39.1629],[-117.3063,39.1634],[-117.2849,39.1633],[-117.1995,39.1632],[-117.0856,39.1628],[-117.0322,39.1626],[-117.0144,39.1626],[-116.9871,39.1625],[-116.9158,39.1631],[-116.7562,39.1622],[-116.7301,39.1625],[-116.5996,39.1616],[-116.5859,39.162],[-116.4815,39.1616],[-116.3497,39.1618],[-116.2358,39.1616],[-116.0548,39.1624],[-115.9082,39.1615]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Nye\",\"state\":\"NV\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6979d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":191582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":191583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23765,"text":"ofr95825 - 1995 - Results of geophysical investigations near the Norman, Oklahoma, Municipal Landfill, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T12:56:09","indexId":"ofr95825","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-825","title":"Results of geophysical investigations near the Norman, Oklahoma, Municipal Landfill, 1995","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English ","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr95825","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Lucius, J., and Bisdorf, R., 1995, Results of geophysical investigations near the Norman, Oklahoma, Municipal Landfill, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-825, 125 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95825.","productDescription":"125 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":52994,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0825/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156372,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0825/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","county":"Cleveland County","city":"Norman","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-97.6733,35.3763],[-97.4076,35.3771],[-97.1442,35.3742],[-97.1405,35.202],[-97.1433,35.2021],[-97.1432,34.9305],[-97.1504,34.9302],[-97.1544,34.9312],[-97.1622,34.9295],[-97.1701,34.9305],[-97.1869,34.9303],[-97.1936,34.9309],[-97.2041,34.936],[-97.213,34.9421],[-97.2208,34.9454],[-97.2263,34.9464],[-97.2314,34.9446],[-97.236,34.9397],[-97.2388,34.9397],[-97.2482,34.9458],[-97.2527,34.9472],[-97.2622,34.9492],[-97.2666,34.9506],[-97.2711,34.9534],[-97.2743,34.9575],[-97.2771,34.9603],[-97.2798,34.9617],[-97.286,34.9627],[-97.2927,34.9628],[-97.2984,34.9615],[-97.3029,34.9607],[-97.3096,34.9594],[-97.3164,34.959],[-97.3214,34.9586],[-97.3265,34.9583],[-97.331,34.9588],[-97.3376,34.9625],[-97.3437,34.9667],[-97.3475,34.9717],[-97.3497,34.9759],[-97.3506,34.9863],[-97.3484,35.0103],[-97.3505,35.0154],[-97.3538,35.0204],[-97.3542,35.0281],[-97.3543,35.0459],[-97.3489,35.0644],[-97.351,35.0699],[-97.3548,35.0758],[-97.3609,35.0818],[-97.3653,35.0842],[-97.376,35.0852],[-97.3799,35.0834],[-97.3833,35.0826],[-97.3878,35.0826],[-97.3934,35.0845],[-97.3984,35.0869],[-97.4034,35.0906],[-97.4072,35.0952],[-97.4077,35.0984],[-97.4071,35.1015],[-97.4059,35.106],[-97.4047,35.1101],[-97.4046,35.1138],[-97.4051,35.1174],[-97.4056,35.1219],[-97.4066,35.1274],[-97.407,35.1329],[-97.4086,35.1379],[-97.4119,35.1411],[-97.4169,35.1434],[-97.4237,35.144],[-97.427,35.1445],[-97.4315,35.1464],[-97.4359,35.1496],[-97.4398,35.1524],[-97.4437,35.1556],[-97.4453,35.1583],[-97.4469,35.1611],[-97.448,35.1638],[-97.4502,35.1661],[-97.4546,35.1698],[-97.4619,35.1744],[-97.4791,35.1865],[-97.4879,35.1925],[-97.4974,35.2003],[-97.5035,35.2031],[-97.5198,35.2033],[-97.5248,35.2052],[-97.5326,35.2117],[-97.5443,35.2177],[-97.5515,35.2255],[-97.5598,35.2315],[-97.5631,35.2352],[-97.5636,35.2384],[-97.5636,35.2402],[-97.5613,35.2429],[-97.5583,35.2483],[-97.5594,35.2542],[-97.5599,35.2574],[-97.5552,35.2669],[-97.5539,35.2732],[-97.5577,35.2805],[-97.5638,35.2892],[-97.5671,35.2934],[-97.5749,35.2953],[-97.591,35.3073],[-97.5933,35.3082],[-97.5973,35.3037],[-97.6035,35.3047],[-97.6086,35.3057],[-97.6142,35.303],[-97.6193,35.3031],[-97.6332,35.3137],[-97.6393,35.3192],[-97.6443,35.326],[-97.6481,35.3306],[-97.6531,35.3339],[-97.6565,35.3357],[-97.6683,35.3368],[-97.6729,35.335],[-97.6733,35.3763]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Cleveland\",\"state\":\"OK\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ce4b07f02db613c96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucius, J.E.","contributorId":12501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucius","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bisdorf, R.J.","contributorId":42960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bisdorf","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23831,"text":"ofr95737 - 1995 - Assessment of the subsurface hydrology of the UIC-NARL main camp, near Barrow, Alaska, 1993-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:01","indexId":"ofr95737","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-737","title":"Assessment of the subsurface hydrology of the UIC-NARL main camp, near Barrow, Alaska, 1993-94","docAbstract":"Imikpuk Lake serves as the drinking-water source for the Ukpeagvik Inupiat Corporation-National Arctic Research Laboratory (UIC-NARL, formerly known as the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory) near Barrow, Alaska. Previously acceptable hazardous-waste disposal practices and accidental releases of various fuels and solvents during the past several decades have resulted in contamination of soil and ground water in the vicinity of the lake. As part of an assessment of the risk that subsurface contamination poses to the quality of water in the lake, the subsurface hydrology of the UIC-NARL main camp was examined. The study area is located approximately 530 kilometers north of the Arctic Circle, on the northern coast of Alaska, and the short annual thaw season and the presence of shallow, areally continuous permafrost restrict hydrologic processes. A transient ground-water system is present within the active layer-the shallow subsurface layer that thaws each summer and refreezes each winter. Water-level and thaw-depth data collected during the summers of 1993 and 1994 show that the configurations of both the water table and the subsurface frost govern the ground- water flow system in the UIC-NARL main camp and indicate that recharge to and discharge from the system are small. Spatial irregularities in the vertical extent of the active layer result from variations in land-surface elevation, variations in soil type, and the presence of buildings and other structures that either act as a heat source or block heat transfer to and from the subsurface. Distinct features in the active-layer hydrologic system in the UIC-NARL main camp include a permafrost ridge, which generally acts as a flow-system divide between the Arctic Ocean and inland water bodies; a mound in the water table, which indicates increased impedance to ground- water flow toward Imikpuk Lake and acts as a flow-system divide between the lake and Middle Salt Lagoon; and a depression in the water table, which suggests a local breach in the permafrost ridge that allows some ground water to flow directly from the main camp to the Arctic Ocean. Similar thaw depths and water-table elevations were measured during the summers of 1993 and 1994, and little change occurred in the thickness of the ground-water zone between mid- and late-thaw- season measurements. These data suggest that the system is in a state of quasi-equilibrium and that ground-water discharge is small. The observed drop in the water table as the active layer develops over the summer is probably largely the result of evapotranspiration losses rather than system outflow.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95737","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, K.A., and Solin, G., 1995, Assessment of the subsurface hydrology of the UIC-NARL main camp, near Barrow, Alaska, 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-737, iv, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95737.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0737/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53043,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0737/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671d0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarthy, K. A.","contributorId":107309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Solin, G. L.","contributorId":106132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solin","given":"G. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22028,"text":"ofr95831 - 1995 - Preliminary compilation of descriptive geoenvironmental mineral deposit models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-07T11:12:19","indexId":"ofr95831","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-831","title":"Preliminary compilation of descriptive geoenvironmental mineral deposit models","docAbstract":"Summary: This book was released in paper form in June, 1996. After its release, it was converted to digital form as Adobe Acrobat (.pdf) files using Acrobat version 2.1. The Acrobat presentation you are accessing is a facsimile of the published book. A few minor editorial changes were made to the book to correct errors and some of the figures have been enhanced. The figures are the same as those in the book, but some have been reprocessed or redrafted and others converted from grayscale to color to make them more useable. In January 2004, the book was enhanced with the creation of a Navigation page, plus the addition of links, web links and bookmarks to improve ease of use.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr95831","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"du Bray, E.A., 1995, Preliminary compilation of descriptive geoenvironmental mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-831, ii, 272 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95831.","productDescription":"ii, 272 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":8083,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/ofr-95-0831/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":152994,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0831/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51494,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0831/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c727","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"du Bray, Edward A. 0000-0002-4383-8394 edubray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4383-8394","contributorId":755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"du Bray","given":"Edward","email":"edubray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25575,"text":"wri954139 - 1995 - Hydrogeology and water quality at the management systems evaluation area near Piketon, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-09T22:03:28.347265","indexId":"wri954139","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4139","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality at the management systems evaluation area near Piketon, Ohio","docAbstract":"This report presents the results of a study by the U.S. Geological Survey, The Ohio State University, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture to describe the hydrology, water quality, and geochemical factors controlling water quality at the Ohio Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA). The Ohio MSEA is located on a 650-acre farm in the Scioto River Valley in Pike County, south-central Ohio. The farm is underlain by an incised bedrock valley filled with about 70 feet of sand and gravel outwash deposits that are covered by a veneer of silty clay alluvium and silty loam and sandy loam soils. Outwash sediment are composed predominantly of dolomite, quartz, and calcite, and have a median organic carbon concentration of 0.39 weight percent. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the sediment based on results of multiple-well aquifer tests ranges from 400 to 560 feet per day. Ground-water flow is from east to west-southwest at an average velocity of 1.5 to 2.5 feet per day. Ground water and surface water at the site are highly interconnected. Big Beaver Creek recharges the outwash aquifer along the eastern edge of the study area, and ground water discharges to the Scioto River at the western edge of the study area. High-stage events on the Scioto River cause frequent flow reversals in the aquifer that allow streamwater to travel a maximum observed distance of 190 feet inland. A zone of oxidizing waters (characterized by high dissolved oxygen concentration and Eh) is found in shallow ground water for several hundred feet adjacent to Big Beaver Creek and the Scioto River. This zone of oxidizing ground water is caused by the periodic inflow of surface waters to the aquifer. A ground-water budget for the study area indicates that the aquifer received 17.7 inches of recharge during water year 1992; of this amount, 72 percent originated as infiltrating precipitation, 28 percent as infiltration of surface water from Big Beaver Creek, and 0.2 percent as leakage from bedrock. Areal variation in water quality is caused by areal differences in the relative importance of these three recharge sources. The effects of bedrock leakage are evident only in the northeast corner of the study area. Here, deep outwash waters are transitional in composition between the calcium magnesium bicarbonate waters found elsewhere in the outwash aquifer and the calcium sodium chloride waters of the bedrock aquifer. Mixing calculations indicate that these deep outwash waters are composed of as much as 26 percent bedrock water. In the southern part of the MSEA, ground water is diluted by surface water from Big Beaver Creek as it recharges the aquifer through a sand and gravel streambed. At the northeast corner of the MSEA, however, Big Beaver Creek flows across a shale streambed through which no infiltration occurs. Redox reactions in the outwash aquifer control variations in aquifer chemistry with depth. From the water table to about 40 feet below land surface, oxidizing conditions are characterized by the presence of dissolved oxygen and nitrates in ground water, Eh greater than 200 millivolts, ferrihydrite coatings on sediment grains, and the absence of dissolved iron and manganese. From about 40 feet below land surface to the base of the aquifer, reducing conditions are characterized by dissolved oxygen concentrations less than 2 mg/L, Eh less than 200 millivolts, and the presence of dissolved iron and manganese. Denitrification in the reducing zone naturally remediates anthropogenic nitrate contamination of the aquifer while oxidizing pyrite in the aquifer sediment.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri954139","usgsCitation":"Jagucki, M.L., Finton, C.D., Springer, A.E., and Bair, E., 1995, Hydrogeology and water quality at the management systems evaluation area near Piketon, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4139, vii, 117 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954139.","productDescription":"vii, 117 p.","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":411594,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48239.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124878,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4139/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54294,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4139/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","city":"Piketon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.02476524225692,\n 39.05708700203755\n ],\n [\n -83.06035253063361,\n 39.05708700203755\n ],\n [\n -83.06035253063361,\n 39.01848388151214\n ],\n [\n -83.02476524225692,\n 39.01848388151214\n ],\n [\n -83.02476524225692,\n 39.05708700203755\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6251e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jagucki, Martha L. 0000-0003-3798-8393 mjagucki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3798-8393","contributorId":1794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jagucki","given":"Martha","email":"mjagucki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finton, Christopher D.","contributorId":97145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finton","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Springer, Abraham E.","contributorId":76278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Springer","given":"Abraham","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bair, E. Scott","contributorId":73231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bair","given":"E. Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":27438,"text":"wri944145 - 1995 - Evaluation of ground-water flow and hydrologic budget for Lake Five-O, a seepage lake in northwestern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:25","indexId":"wri944145","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4145","title":"Evaluation of ground-water flow and hydrologic budget for Lake Five-O, a seepage lake in northwestern Florida","docAbstract":"Temporal and spatial distributions of ground-water inflow to, and leakage from Lake Five-O, a softwater, seepage lake in northwestern Florida, were evaluated using hydrologic data and simulation models of the shallow ground-water system adjacent to the lake. The simulation models indicate that ground-water inflow to the lake and leakage from the lake to the ground-water system are the dominant components in the total inflow (precipitation plus ground-water inflow) and total outflow (evaporation plus leakage) budgets of Lake Five-O. Simlulated ground-water inflow and leakage were approximately 4 and 5 times larger than precipitation inputs and evaporative losses, respectively, during calendar years 1989-90. Exchanges of water between Lake Five-O and the ground-water system were consistently larger than atmospheric-lake exchanges. A consistent pattern of shallow ground-water inflow and deep leakage was also evident throughout the study period. The mean time of travel from ground-water that discharges at Lake Five-O (time from recharge at the water table to discharge at the lake) was estimated to be within a range of 3 to 6 years. Flow-path evaluations indicated that the intermediate confining unit probably has a negligible influence on the geochemistry of ground-water inflow to Lake Five-O. The hydrologic budgets and flow-path evaluations provide critical information for developing geochemical budgets for Lake Five-O and for improving the understanding of the relative importance of various processes that regulate the acid-neutralizing capacity of softwater seepage lakes in Florida.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944145","usgsCitation":"Grubbs, J.W., 1995, Evaluation of ground-water flow and hydrologic budget for Lake Five-O, a seepage lake in northwestern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4145, vi, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944145.","productDescription":"vi, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2122,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri944145","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_94_4145.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688d3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grubbs, J. W.","contributorId":77139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grubbs","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25461,"text":"wri954104 - 1995 - Effects of 1992 farming systems on ground-water quality at the management systems evaluation area near Princeton, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-07T11:26:08","indexId":"wri954104","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4104","title":"Effects of 1992 farming systems on ground-water quality at the management systems evaluation area near Princeton, Minnesota","docAbstract":"The Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA) program was a multiscale, interagency initiative to evaluate the effects of agricultural systems on water quality in the midwest corn belt. The primary objective of the Minnesota MSEA was to evaluate the effects of ridge-tillage practices in a corn and soybean farming system on ground-water quality. The 65-hectare Minnesota MSEA was located in the Anoka Sand Plain near the town of Princeton, Minnesota. Three fanning systems were evaluated: corn-soybean rotation with ridge-tillage (areas B and D), sweet corn-potato rotation (areas A and C), and field corn in consecutive years (continuous corn; area E). Water samples were collected four different times per year from a network of 22 multiport wells and 29 observation wells installed in the saturated zone beneath and adjacent to the cropped areas.
\nBromide and chloride were used as tracers of water recharged through the cropped areas during 1992. Bromide applied in May 1992 was first detected above background levels between August 1992 and April 1993. Thus, the time of travel of water and bromide moving through the unsaturated zone during 1992 ranged from 3 to 11 months. Chloride applied to area C (sweet corn) in April 1992 was first detected above the residual levels of 1991 chloride applications in April 1993, 12 months after the chemical was applied. Chloride applies to areas A, B, D, and E in April 1992 was not detected above the residual effects from 1991 chloride applications.
\nNitrogen (N) fertilizer applied in 1992 on area C (potatoes) was first detected above background concentrations and the residual effects of the 1991 farming practices in April 1993, 12 months after application. Effects of 1992 N fertilizer applications on area E (continuous com) generally could not be distinguished from the effects of downgradient of area E were consistently greater than background concentrations during August 1992 through April 1993. These concentrations greater than background levels indicate that some N fertilizer applied to the continuous com crop during 1991 reached the water table. Nitrogen fertilizer applied on areas A, B, and D during 1992 could not be distinguished from the residual effects of the 1991 fanning practices but were detected above background concentrations.
\nAtrazine concentrations beneath the cropped areas were generally indistinguishable from background concentrations. Atrazine was detected in 58 percent of the 361 ground water samples collected beneath cropped and buffer areas during June 1992 through April 1993. Most detections were at trace levels, between the detection limit of 0.01 micrograms per liter (μg/L) and the reporting limit of 0.04 μg/L. De-ethylatrazine (DEA) was detected more frequently during June 1992 through April 1993 (78 percent of the 361 samples) and in greater concentrations than any other herbicide or herbicide metabolite, with a median concentration of 0.07 μg/L. The maximum DEA concentration of 0.77 μg/L was detected near the water table in the middle of area E (continuous corn) during April 1993. The likely source of this DEA detection was application of atrazine to area E during 1991-93. Additional data will be needed to conclusively evaluate whether atrazine applied as part of the MSEA farming systems reached the water table.
\nResults indicate that the effects of the 1992 potassium-chloride and N fertilizer applications were reduced compared to the effects of 1991 applications. The most important factors associated with these differences were lower chemical application rates and lower recharge rates during 1992 than during 1991. Some of the chloride and N fertilizer applied to the cropped areas in 1992 likely did not reach the saturated zone in 1993 due to a 60-percent reduction in recharge compared to 1991. Therefore, analysis of data from additional years will be required to fully evaluate the effects of the fanning systems on ground-water quality.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri954104","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, University of Minnesota Department of Soil Science, and the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","usgsCitation":"Delin, G., Landon, M., Lamb, J., and Dowdy, R., 1995, Effects of 1992 farming systems on ground-water quality at the management systems evaluation area near Princeton, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4104, iv, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954104.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122796,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4104/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54191,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4104/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Princeton","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.62557411193848,\n 45.52306687976779\n ],\n [\n -93.62557411193848,\n 45.532086387683606\n ],\n [\n -93.61398696899414,\n 45.532086387683606\n ],\n [\n -93.61398696899414,\n 45.52306687976779\n ],\n [\n -93.62557411193848,\n 45.52306687976779\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6252d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landon, M.K. 0000-0002-5766-0494","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":69572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"M.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lamb, J.A.","contributorId":95898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dowdy, R.H.","contributorId":92275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowdy","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}