{"pageNumber":"4231","pageRowStart":"105750","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184904,"records":[{"id":70194947,"text":"70194947 - 1992 - Comment and Reply on \"SeaMARC II mapping of transform faults in the Cayman Trough, Caribbean Sea\"","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-31T09:28:05","indexId":"70194947","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comment and Reply on \"SeaMARC II mapping of transform faults in the Cayman Trough, Caribbean Sea\"","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0382:CAROSI>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Edgar, N.T., Dillon, W.P., Rosencrantz, E., and Mann, P., 1992, Comment and Reply on \"SeaMARC II mapping of transform faults in the Cayman Trough, Caribbean Sea\": Geology, v. 20, no. 4, p. 382-384, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0382:CAROSI>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"382","endPage":"384","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350841,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a72e3eae4b0a9a2e9e08ef8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edgar, N. Terence","contributorId":14388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edgar","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"Terence","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":726252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosencrantz, Eric","contributorId":138732,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rosencrantz","given":"Eric","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mann, Paul","contributorId":57729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mann","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70196425,"text":"70196425 - 1992 - Gravity modelling across the Transantarctic Mountains, Northern Victoria Land","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-21T08:56:36","indexId":"70196425","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Gravity modelling across the Transantarctic Mountains, Northern Victoria Land","docAbstract":"<p><span>During GANOVEX V and GANOVEX VI, new gravity data were collected in northern Victoria Land. The GANOVEX V data cover the Mt. Melbourne 1:250.000 quadrangle, while the GANOVEX VI data Transantarctic Mountains south of the Drygalski Ice Tongue. The two data sets are connected by a coastal traverse. The measurements were constrained by satellite-positioned elevation (GPS) data and, in some cases, ice depth radar echo-sounding. Complete Bouguer corrections have been attempted to compensate for the effects of rugged terrain and surrounding ice. In the Mt. Melbourne quadrangle the regional gravity gradient is uniform, decreasing inland by&nbsp;</span><span>2.0 mgal/km. South of the Drygalski Ice Tongue the regional gradient is 3.0 mgal/km but becomes flat and variable inland over Beacon Supergroup rocks. Both profiles are consistent with a flexural uplift crustal model. A coast-parallel gravity profile reveals a long-wavelength anomaly of approximately 100 mgal amplitude, which is likely caused by a deep seated source. Gravity models suggest that crustal thickening on the order of 5.0 km to 5.5 km at the coastline between Terra Nova Bay and the region south of the ice tongue could account for the coastal anomaly. The increase in thickness might lie across two \"domains\" of different uplift, or perhaps in some way be related to a structure dating from the time of the Gondwana breakup.</span></p>","largerWorkTitle":"Recent Progress in Antarctic Earth Science: Terra Scientific Publishing Company","language":"English","publisher":"Terra Scientific Publishing Company","usgsCitation":"Redfield, T., and Behrendt, J.C., 1992, Gravity modelling across the Transantarctic Mountains, Northern Victoria Land, chap. <i>of</i> Recent Progress in Antarctic Earth Science: Terra Scientific Publishing Company, p. 535-544.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"535","endPage":"544","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353210,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.terrapub.co.jp/e-library/aes/"},{"id":353211,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Ross Sea","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2814e4b0da30c1bfd743","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Redfield, T.F.","contributorId":102278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redfield","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":732873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Behrendt, J. C.","contributorId":190262,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Behrendt","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":732874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70195421,"text":"70195421 - 1992 - On the age of the penultimate full glaciation of New England","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-23T09:43:08","indexId":"70195421","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the age of the penultimate full glaciation of New England","docAbstract":"<p>Tills that discontinuously underlie the late Wisconsinan till throughout New England represent the penultimate full glaciation of the region. In southern New England, the late Wisconsinan till and the tills that locally underlie it are informally referred to as upper and lower tills, respectively. For the most part, the ages of the lower tills are not firmly established, and regional correlations between occurrences of lower till, including those on Long Island, New York, are tenuous. Where a lower till underlies deposits having limiting middle Wisconsinan radiocarbon ages (e.g., the Montauk till member of the Manhassett Formation on Long Island at Port Washington, New York, and the lower till at New Sharon, Maine), many workers have assigned the till an early Wisconsinan age. However, lower tills throughout much of New England may be Illinoian or older in age and may correlate with a lower till exposed at Sankaty Head, Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, that is pre-Sangamonian in age. The till at Sankaty Head lies below marine beds containing marine faunas indicative of sea-water temperatures both warmer and slightly cooler than those off Nantucket today and that have uranium-thorium and amino-acid racemization (AAR) age estimates suggesting a Sangamonian age (marine oxygen-isotope stage 5).</p><p>The lower till at Sankaty Head and the Montauk till member on Long Island were deposited during a full glaciation of New England that was at least as extensive as the late Wisconsinan advance of the Laurentide ice. Global ice-volume data from the marine oxygen-isotope record and the late Pleistocene eustatic sea-level record inferred from raised coral terraces support an advance of this magnitude during marine oxygenisotope stage 6, but not during stage 4.</p><p>An early Wisconsinan age of the southern New England lower tills and, hence, of the penultimate glaciation there is problematic in terms of the pre-Sangamonian age of the lower till on Nantucket, and in terms of the late Pleistocene global ice-volume and sea-level records. An Illinoian age for the tills and for the penultimate full glaciation of New England is compatible with all the available evidence except some equivocal radiocarbon ages and AAR age estimates.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"The Last Interglacial-Glacial Transition in North America","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE270-p163","usgsCitation":"Oldale, R.N., and Colman, S., 1992, On the age of the penultimate full glaciation of New England: GSA Special Papers, v. 270, p. 163-170, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE270-p163.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"170","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":351588,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"270","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2815e4b0da30c1bfd749","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oldale, R. N.","contributorId":92680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oldale","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colman, S.M.","contributorId":32851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":38610,"text":"pp1228E - 1992 - Tertiary marine pelecypods of California and Baja California: Erycinidae through Carditidae","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-10T18:34:40.292051","indexId":"pp1228E","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1228","chapter":"E","title":"Tertiary marine pelecypods of California and Baja California: Erycinidae through Carditidae","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1228E","usgsCitation":"Moore, E.J., 1992, Tertiary marine pelecypods of California and Baja California: Erycinidae through Carditidae: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1228, iii, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1228E.","productDescription":"iii, 37 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":65427,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1228e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":399996,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93040.htm"},{"id":120526,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1228e/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","state":"Baja California, Baja California Sur, California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -109.86328125,\n              22.776181505086505\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.2041015625,\n              23.36242859340884\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.25878906249999,\n              24.78673454198888\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.73095703125,\n              26.80446076654616\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.15917968749999,\n              29.38217507514529\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.9501953125,\n              29.6880527498568\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.76318359375,\n              30.90222470517144\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.93896484374999,\n              31.409912194070973\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.76318359375,\n              31.765537409484374\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.7412109375,\n              32.62087018318113\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.41162109375,\n              32.95336814579932\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.697265625,\n              33.33970700424026\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.12597656249999,\n              34.32529192442733\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.6533203125,\n              35.0120020431607\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.0146484375,\n              39.095962936305476\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.0146484375,\n              42.049292638686836\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.45312499999999,\n              41.95131994679697\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.56298828125001,\n              40.17887331434696\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.9482421875,\n              36.10237644873644\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.4541015625,\n              33.97980872872457\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.32275390624999,\n              32.32427558887655\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.8505859375,\n              31.653381399664\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.68603515624999,\n              29.554345125748267\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.27978515625,\n              28.265682390146477\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.68603515624999,\n              28.43971381702788\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.47753906249999,\n              27.078691552927534\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.4560546875,\n              26.03704188651584\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.54394531249999,\n              24.50714328310284\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.654296875,\n              23.664650731631614\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.06103515625,\n              22.776181505086505\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.86328125,\n              22.776181505086505\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684fa0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Ellen James","contributorId":37742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Ellen","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70195040,"text":"70195040 - 1992 - Rare earth, major and trace element composition of Leg 127 sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-05T15:53:27","indexId":"70195040","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Rare earth, major and trace element composition of Leg 127 sediments","docAbstract":"<p>The relative effects of paleoceanographic and paleogeographic variations, sediment lithology, and diagenetic processes on the final preserved chemistry of Japan Sea sediments are evaluated by investigating the rare earth element (REE), major element, and trace element concentrations in 59 squeeze-cake whole-round and 27 physical-property sample residues from Sites 794, 795, and 797, cored during ODP Leg 127. </p><p>The most important variation in sedimentary chemical composition is the increase in SiO2 concentration through the Pliocene diatomaceous sequences, which dilutes most other major and trace element components by various degrees. This biogenic input is largest at Site 794 (Yamato Basin), moderately developed at Site 797 (Yamato Basin), and of only minor importance at Site 795 (Japan Basin), potentially reflecting basinal contrasts in productivity with the Yamato Basin recording greater biogenic input than the Japan Basin and with the easternmost sequence of Site 794 lying beneath the most productive waters. There are few systematic changes in solid-phase chemistry resulting from the opal-A/opal-CT or opal-CT/quartz silica phase transformations. Most major and trace element concentrations are controlled by the aluminosilicate fraction of the sediment, although the effects of diagenetic silica phases and manganese carbonates are of localized importance. </p><p>REE total abundances (IREE) in the Japan Sea are strongly dependent upon the paleoceanographic position of a given site with respect to terrigenous and biogenic sources. REE concentrations at Site 794 overall correspond well to aluminosilicate chemical indices and are strongly diluted by SiO2 within the upper Miocene-Pliocene diatomaceous sequence. Eu/Eu* values at Site 794 reach a maximum through the diatomaceous interval as well, most likely suggesting an association of Eu/Eu* with the siliceous component, or reflecting slight incorporation of a detrital feldspar phase. XREE at Site 795 also is affiliated strongly with aluminosilicate phases and yet is diluted only slightly by siliceous input. At Site 797, ΣRE E is not as clearly associated with the aluminosilicate fraction, is correlated moderately to siliceous input, and may be sporadically influenced by detrital heavy minerals originating from the nearby rifted continental fragment composing the Yamato Rise. </p><p>Ce/Ce* profiles at all three sites increase essentially monotonically with depth and record progressive diagenetic LREE fractionation. The observed Ce/Ce* increases are not responding to changes in the paleoceanographic oxygenation state of the overlying water, as there is no independent evidence to suggest the proper Oceanographic conditions. Ce/Ce* correlates slightly better with depth than with age at the two Yamato Basin sites. </p><p>The downhole increase in Ce/Ce* at Sites 794 and 797 is a passive response to the diagenetic transfer of LREE (except Ce) from sediment to interstitial water. At Site 795, the overall lack of correlation between Ce/Ce* and La/Y^ suggests that other processes mask the diagenetic behavior of all LREEs. First-order calculations of the Ce budget in Japan Sea waters and sediment indicate that ~20% of the excess Ce adsorbed by settling particles is recycled within the water column and that an additional -38% is recycled at or near the seafloor. Thus, because the remaining excess Ce is only -10% of the total Ce, there is not a large source of Ce to the deeply buried sediment, further suggesting that the downhole increase in Ce/Ce* is a passive response to diagenetic behavior of the other LREEs. The REE chemistry of Japan Sea sediment therefore predicts successive downhole addition of LREEs to deeply buried interstitial waters.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ocean Drilling Program","usgsCitation":"Murray, R., Buchholtz ten Brink, M.R., Brumsack, H., Gerlach, D.C., and Russ, G.P., 1992, Rare earth, major and trace element composition of Leg 127 sediments, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, v. 127/128, no. 1, p. 677-695.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"677","endPage":"695","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":351024,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              124.71679687499999,\n              29.916852233070173\n            ],\n            [\n              145.634765625,\n              29.916852233070173\n            ],\n            [\n              145.634765625,\n              46.98025235521883\n            ],\n            [\n              124.71679687499999,\n              46.98025235521883\n            ],\n            [\n              124.71679687499999,\n              29.916852233070173\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"127/128","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a797b95e4b00f54eb1f5e1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, R.W.","contributorId":6196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buchholtz ten Brink, Marilyn R.","contributorId":88021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchholtz ten Brink","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":726695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brumsack, Hans-Juergen","contributorId":61141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumsack","given":"Hans-Juergen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gerlach, David C.","contributorId":138786,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gerlach","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Russ, G. Price","contributorId":138787,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Russ","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Price","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70198233,"text":"70198233 - 1992 - Bristol Lake basin--a deep sedimentary basin along the Bristol-Danby trough, Mojave Desert","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-23T10:24:23","indexId":"70198233","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"Special Publication 92-2","title":"Bristol Lake basin--a deep sedimentary basin along the Bristol-Danby trough, Mojave Desert","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Old Routes to the Colorado","language":"English","publisher":"San Bernardino County Museum","usgsCitation":"Jachens, R., and Howard, K.A., 1992, Bristol Lake basin--a deep sedimentary basin along the Bristol-Danby trough, Mojave Desert, 3 p.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"59","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355873,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c111fdae4b034bf6a81b5d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jachens, R.C.","contributorId":55433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachens","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70196627,"text":"70196627 - 1992 - Diagenetic formation of bedded chert: Evidence from chemistry of the chert-shale couplet","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-20T14:05:28","indexId":"70196627","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diagenetic formation of bedded chert: Evidence from chemistry of the chert-shale couplet","docAbstract":"<p><span>Theories concerning the formation of bedded chert traditionally have emphasized either depositional or diagenetic processes. Major and rare earth element data from Franciscan assemblage (Mesozoic) and Claremont Formation (Miocene) bedded chert sequences, along with physical observations such as the presence of rare and highly corroded radiolarians in shale interbeds, are most consistent with a dominantly diagenetic origin of chert-shale couplets and are incompatible with many depositional theories. Chemical distributions between Franciscan and Claremont bedded chert=shale closely match chemical fractionations recorded by Monterey Formation and Deep Sea Drilling Project-sampled cherts formed by diagenetic SiO</span><sub>2</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>dissolution, transport, and reprecipitation, suggesting that diagenetic migration of SiO</span><sub>2</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>from proto-shale to proto-chert is also largely responsible for chert-shale couplets. Identical Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce*) found in immediately adjacent chert-shale layers indicate that turbidites or other transport mechanisms are not responsible for the alternating beds. Neither the chemistry of the chert-shale couplet nor the overall stratigraphy of the sequences is consistent with couplet formation being caused by productivity fluctuations. Chemical mass balance calculations reconstructing the total bulk sediment composition suggest that modern siliceous sequences do not contain enough labile biogenic SiO</span><sub>2</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>to form entire stratigraphies of bedded chert.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0271:DFOBCE>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Murray, R., Jones, D.L., and Buchholtz ten Brink, M.R., 1992, Diagenetic formation of bedded chert: Evidence from chemistry of the chert-shale couplet: Geology, v. 20, no. 3, p. 271-274, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0271:DFOBCE>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"274","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353629,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2814e4b0da30c1bfd73f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, Richard L.","contributorId":204374,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murray","given":"Richard L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":733811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, David L.","contributorId":61925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":733812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buchholtz ten Brink, Marilyn R.","contributorId":88021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchholtz ten Brink","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":733813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70195964,"text":"70195964 - 1992 - Holocene coastal development on the Florida peninsula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-09T13:54:28","indexId":"70195964","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3842,"text":"SEPM Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene coastal development on the Florida peninsula","docAbstract":"<p>The Florida peninsula contains five distinct coastal sections, each resulting from its own spectrum of coastal processes and sediment availability during a slowly rising, late Holocene sea level. The east coast barrier system is wave-dominated and has a large cuspate foreland (Cape Canaveral) near its middle. The Florida Keys and reef tract represent the only coastal carbonate system in the continental United States. An open-marine mangrove coast characterizes the low-energy, tide-dominated southwest part of the State. The central Gulf barrier system displays a mixed-energy morphology in a microtidal, low-energy setting. The open-coast marsh system of the Big Bend area that is north of the barrier system is also tide dominated, and is developed on a sediment-starved carbonate platform.</p><p>The oldest preserved coastal Holocene section is the Florida Keys area where, at about 6 to 8 ka, sequences accumulated during the Holocene. Most of the remainder of the peninsular coast is characterized by terrigenous sequences less than 3 ka. The younger sequences accumulated almost exclusively from reworking of older strata without benefit of additional sediment supply from land.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Coasts of the United States: Marine and Lacustrine Systems","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.2110/pec.92.48.0193","usgsCitation":"Davis, R., Hine, A.C., and Shinn, E., 1992, Holocene coastal development on the Florida peninsula: SEPM Special Publication, v. 48, p. 193-212, https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.92.48.0193.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"193","endPage":"212","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352377,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-82.821585,27.964443],[-82.829801,27.968469],[-82.823063,28.044758],[-82.836326,28.073193],[-82.830525,28.085293],[-82.826125,28.083793],[-82.813435,28.03716],[-82.815168,28.012547],[-82.821755,28.002494],[-82.815168,27.973721],[-82.821585,27.964443]]],[[[-81.582923,24.658732],[-81.562917,24.692912],[-81.535323,24.67954],[-81.51898,24.687818],[-81.5124,24.703737],[-81.476642,24.711244],[-81.469275,24.704286],[-81.459043,24.707355],[-81.451881,24.714518],[-81.456588,24.740097],[-81.451267,24.747464],[-81.432032,24.722908],[-81.421595,24.737641],[-81.430599,24.747259],[-81.425483,24.752989],[-81.392947,24.743371],[-81.38558,24.726182],[-81.36041,24.708788],[-81.319282,24.701238],[-81.309664,24.665017],[-81.298028,24.656774],[-81.332831,24.639528],[-81.395096,24.621062],[-81.401946,24.623564],[-81.403319,24.640294],[-81.414187,24.647167],[-81.448623,24.640172],[-81.470411,24.641985],[-81.480951,24.645121],[-81.47641,24.653197],[-81.480504,24.659757],[-81.49858,24.66498],[-81.505585,24.654609],[-81.511165,24.625135],[-81.54645,24.614895],[-81.602998,24.586444],[-81.664209,24.573143],[-81.685278,24.558739],[-81.81289,24.546468],[-81.814446,24.56358],[-81.811386,24.56975],[-81.800676,24.570989],[-81.794057,24.586],[-81.739241,24.589973],[-81.730473,24.58196],[-81.705364,24.597647],[-81.687017,24.592534],[-81.655735,24.616295],[-81.637087,24.621408],[-81.614829,24.642764],[-81.614529,24.650584],[-81.582923,24.658732]]],[[[-82.15068,24.576331],[-82.143075,24.593395],[-82.125268,24.597426],[-82.104187,24.588256],[-82.099417,24.572522],[-82.116787,24.549144],[-82.159439,24.548212],[-82.165206,24.552159],[-82.164426,24.563375],[-82.15068,24.576331]]],[[[-81.249799,24.673357],[-81.243232,24.673998],[-81.244761,24.669202],[-81.281778,24.65375],[-81.260006,24.674848],[-81.249799,24.673357]]],[[[-80.909954,24.781154],[-80.906288,24.769867],[-80.912042,24.76505],[-80.938543,24.767535],[-81.015933,24.719881],[-81.023794,24.716901],[-81.032447,24.727323],[-81.064554,24.715453],[-81.075855,24.704266],[-81.078439,24.692382],[-81.108041,24.688592],[-81.125371,24.708291],[-81.066816,24.723926],[-81.041797,24.742965],[-81.016918,24.734676],[-80.960129,24.764226],[-80.909954,24.781154]]],[[[-81.317673,24.75729],[-81.305468,24.756612],[-81.290801,24.736862],[-81.288259,24.720881],[-81.302984,24.714199],[-81.310744,24.727068],[-81.326844,24.728375],[-81.357417,24.756834],[-81.342695,24.75625],[-81.324637,24.76721],[-81.317673,24.75729]]],[[[-80.89054,24.791678],[-80.884572,24.791561],[-80.906874,24.783744],[-80.89054,24.791678]]],[[[-80.788263,24.824218],[-80.796053,24.81194],[-80.822342,24.812629],[-80.850338,24.8026],[-80.79278,24.843918],[-80.780564,24.84052],[-80.788263,24.824218]]],[[[-80.729275,24.865361],[-80.719977,24.864644],[-80.691762,24.885759],[-80.690354,24.881539],[-80.71185,24.863323],[-80.766966,24.836158],[-80.729275,24.865361]]],[[[-84.777208,29.707398],[-84.729836,29.738881],[-84.696726,29.76993],[-84.694939,29.761844],[-84.713747,29.74139],[-84.776954,29.692191],[-84.884632,29.652248],[-84.957779,29.612635],[-85.051033,29.586928],[-85.097082,29.625215],[-85.023501,29.597073],[-85.017205,29.604379],[-84.968314,29.617238],[-84.920333,29.648638],[-84.813352,29.687028],[-84.777208,29.707398]]],[[[-85.156415,29.679628],[-85.114268,29.688658],[-85.093902,29.684838],[-85.077237,29.670862],[-85.097218,29.633004],[-85.124913,29.628433],[-85.18453,29.663987],[-85.222546,29.678039],[-85.184776,29.68271],[-85.156415,29.679628]]],[[[-82.255777,26.703437],[-82.255159,26.70816],[-82.246535,26.706435],[-82.24251,26.694361],[-82.246535,26.683437],[-82.218342,26.626407],[-82.214337,26.602944],[-82.177541,26.502328],[-82.166042,26.489679],[-82.149368,26.477605],[-82.120046,26.473581],[-82.088423,26.455182],[-82.076924,26.466106],[-82.062551,26.470131],[-82.038403,26.456907],[-82.013913,26.452058],[-82.063114,26.425459],[-82.082915,26.422059],[-82.126671,26.436279],[-82.177017,26.471558],[-82.186441,26.489221],[-82.205523,26.566536],[-82.222131,26.590402],[-82.238872,26.636433],[-82.268007,26.682791],[-82.264351,26.698496],[-82.255777,26.703437]]],[[[-80.250581,25.34193],[-80.351399,25.190615],[-80.349855,25.168825],[-80.377084,25.130487],[-80.399767,25.108536],[-80.428318,25.095547],[-80.443375,25.076084],[-80.47387,25.060253],[-80.493881,25.038502],[-80.48912,25.031301],[-80.494781,25.023019],[-80.537995,24.990244],[-80.565831,24.958155],[-80.611693,24.93842],[-80.635571,24.913003],[-80.659395,24.897433],[-80.660198,24.90498],[-80.641306,24.914311],[-80.623866,24.931236],[-80.621658,24.944265],[-80.581131,24.964738],[-80.570813,24.962215],[-80.558785,24.971505],[-80.54411,24.999916],[-80.545971,25.01477],[-80.524498,25.016945],[-80.509136,25.028317],[-80.495569,25.047497],[-80.460652,25.078904],[-80.465496,25.086609],[-80.494715,25.102269],[-80.484188,25.10943],[-80.47748,25.107407],[-80.476174,25.099454],[-80.450399,25.088751],[-80.433575,25.106317],[-80.446473,25.151287],[-80.41326,25.137053],[-80.395467,25.150694],[-80.387164,25.170859],[-80.391909,25.19221],[-80.369965,25.206444],[-80.3498,25.210595],[-80.337345,25.231353],[-80.336159,25.261601],[-80.368186,25.282359],[-80.339421,25.290069],[-80.328746,25.28651],[-80.292567,25.314385],[-80.275961,25.344039],[-80.256982,25.361239],[-80.246307,25.398603],[-80.21428,25.416988],[-80.192336,25.473331],[-80.188778,25.50773],[-80.174544,25.518406],[-80.173951,25.482821],[-80.184033,25.468587],[-80.204198,25.412244],[-80.221991,25.397417],[-80.240376,25.347005],[-80.250581,25.34193]]],[[[-83.309455,30.634417],[-82.214839,30.568591],[-82.231916,30.55627],[-82.23582,30.537187],[-82.226933,30.510281],[-82.201416,30.485164],[-82.210291,30.42459],[-82.19294,30.378779],[-82.165192,30.358035],[-82.104834,30.368319],[-82.094687,30.360781],[-82.068533,30.359184],[-82.050069,30.362338],[-82.036825,30.377884],[-82.04199,30.403266],[-82.034005,30.422357],[-82.037209,30.434518],[-82.017779,30.475081],[-82.018361,30.531184],[-82.005477,30.563495],[-82.015708,30.601704],[-82.026941,30.606153],[-82.028499,30.621829],[-82.049507,30.655548],[-82.050432,30.676266],[-82.036426,30.706585],[-82.043795,30.729641],[-82.039634,30.747727],[-82.01266,30.761289],[-82.024035,30.783156],[-82.017051,30.791657],[-82.007865,30.792937],[-81.981273,30.776767],[-81.973856,30.778487],[-81.962534,30.796526],[-81.962175,30.818001],[-81.949787,30.827493],[-81.910926,30.815889],[-81.89572,30.821098],[-81.868608,30.792754],[-81.852626,30.794439],[-81.842058,30.78712],[-81.808529,30.790014],[-81.792769,30.784432],[-81.782653,30.769937],[-81.763372,30.77382],[-81.719927,30.744634],[-81.694778,30.748414],[-81.688925,30.741434],[-81.672824,30.738935],[-81.664598,30.746599],[-81.652123,30.742435],[-81.65177,30.732284],[-81.646137,30.727591],[-81.625098,30.733017],[-81.617663,30.722046],[-81.609495,30.720705],[-81.601206,30.728141],[-81.542675,30.713593],[-81.530531,30.722858],[-81.489537,30.7261],[-81.472597,30.713312],[-81.444124,30.709714],[-81.42742,30.69802],[-81.443099,30.600938],[-81.442564,30.555189],[-81.434064,30.522569],[-81.447087,30.503679],[-81.440108,30.497678],[-81.42601,30.496739],[-81.410809,30.482039],[-81.407008,30.42204],[-81.397422,30.400626],[-81.396407,30.34004],[-81.385505,30.273841],[-81.308978,29.96944],[-81.295268,29.928614],[-81.270442,29.883106],[-81.256711,29.784693],[-81.240924,29.739218],[-81.163581,29.55529],[-80.966176,29.14796],[-80.709725,28.756692],[-80.574868,28.585166],[-80.560973,28.530736],[-80.525094,28.459454],[-80.526732,28.451705],[-80.562877,28.437779],[-80.587813,28.410856],[-80.606874,28.336484],[-80.604214,28.257733],[-80.589975,28.17799],[-80.566432,28.09563],[-80.508871,27.970477],[-80.383695,27.740045],[-80.350553,27.628361],[-80.330956,27.597541],[-80.311757,27.524625],[-80.30117,27.500314],[-80.293171,27.500314],[-80.253665,27.37979],[-80.16147,27.192814],[-80.153375,27.169308],[-80.159554,27.163325],[-80.093909,27.018587],[-80.031362,26.796339],[-80.03212,26.77153],[-80.037462,26.76634],[-80.032862,26.700842],[-80.038863,26.569347],[-80.060564,26.444652],[-80.079865,26.264358],[-80.089365,26.231859],[-80.108995,26.088372],[-80.117778,25.986369],[-80.119684,25.841043],[-80.127987,25.772245],[-80.144,25.740812],[-80.154972,25.66549],[-80.160903,25.664897],[-80.176916,25.685062],[-80.166241,25.72895],[-80.184626,25.745557],[-80.197674,25.74437],[-80.240376,25.724206],[-80.267065,25.651849],[-80.296719,25.622195],[-80.305615,25.593134],[-80.302057,25.567632],[-80.313918,25.539164],[-80.328746,25.53264],[-80.339421,25.499427],[-80.337049,25.465621],[-80.328152,25.443084],[-80.320442,25.437153],[-80.326373,25.422919],[-80.32578,25.39801],[-80.306801,25.384369],[-80.31036,25.3731],[-80.335269,25.338701],[-80.374116,25.31735],[-80.418872,25.235532],[-80.495341,25.199463],[-80.569124,25.190117],[-80.669236,25.137837],[-80.777499,25.135047],[-80.82653,25.160478],[-80.838227,25.174791],[-80.858167,25.176576],[-80.899459,25.162337],[-80.900559,25.139755],[-80.970727,25.134084],[-80.999176,25.124222],[-81.049308,25.128322],[-81.079859,25.118797],[-81.141024,25.163868],[-81.146737,25.193139],[-81.171265,25.221609],[-81.16207,25.289833],[-81.148915,25.318067],[-81.151916,25.324766],[-81.140099,25.341117],[-81.12141,25.33875],[-81.117265,25.354953],[-81.128492,25.380511],[-81.150508,25.387255],[-81.146765,25.407577],[-81.168652,25.463848],[-81.208201,25.504937],[-81.204389,25.538908],[-81.209321,25.548611],[-81.225557,25.55847],[-81.240519,25.599041],[-81.240677,25.613629],[-81.253951,25.638181],[-81.290328,25.687506],[-81.328935,25.717233],[-81.346078,25.721473],[-81.343984,25.747668],[-81.361875,25.772715],[-81.340406,25.786631],[-81.352731,25.822015],[-81.386127,25.839906],[-81.394476,25.851834],[-81.417536,25.864954],[-81.441391,25.863761],[-81.458487,25.868929],[-81.473992,25.888411],[-81.508979,25.884037],[-81.511762,25.89676],[-81.527665,25.901531],[-81.584519,25.888808],[-81.644553,25.897953],[-81.663821,25.885605],[-81.678287,25.845301],[-81.68954,25.85271],[-81.713172,25.897568],[-81.727086,25.907207],[-81.73195,25.931506],[-81.749724,25.960463],[-81.747834,25.994273],[-81.762439,26.00607],[-81.801663,26.088227],[-81.820675,26.236735],[-81.833142,26.294518],[-81.868983,26.378648],[-81.91171,26.427158],[-81.964212,26.457957],[-81.969509,26.476505],[-82.008961,26.484052],[-82.01368,26.490829],[-82.00908,26.505203],[-82.024604,26.512677],[-82.043577,26.519577],[-82.06715,26.513252],[-82.07175,26.492554],[-82.105672,26.48393],[-82.111996,26.54085],[-82.137869,26.637441],[-82.181565,26.681712],[-82.17984,26.696661],[-82.173516,26.701836],[-82.139019,26.702986],[-82.125795,26.699536],[-82.106247,26.667339],[-82.099922,26.662739],[-82.093023,26.665614],[-82.084974,26.702411],[-82.066575,26.742657],[-82.061401,26.789228],[-82.055076,26.802452],[-82.059101,26.876621],[-82.090723,26.888694],[-82.093023,26.906518],[-82.090148,26.923191],[-82.061976,26.931241],[-82.063126,26.950214],[-82.076349,26.958263],[-82.107972,26.957688],[-82.117171,26.954239],[-82.137294,26.926066],[-82.162017,26.925491],[-82.175241,26.916867],[-82.156267,26.851898],[-82.147068,26.789803],[-82.151093,26.783479],[-82.172941,26.778879],[-82.17869,26.772555],[-82.221812,26.77198],[-82.232193,26.78288],[-82.251134,26.755881],[-82.259867,26.717398],[-82.269499,26.784674],[-82.289086,26.827784],[-82.351649,26.908384],[-82.445718,27.060634],[-82.477019,27.141231],[-82.539719,27.254326],[-82.569754,27.279452],[-82.569248,27.298588],[-82.597629,27.335754],[-82.642821,27.38972],[-82.691821,27.437218],[-82.714521,27.500415],[-82.745748,27.538834],[-82.708121,27.523514],[-82.710621,27.501715],[-82.706821,27.498415],[-82.686421,27.497215],[-82.683621,27.513115],[-82.674621,27.519614],[-82.65072,27.523115],[-82.632053,27.551908],[-82.612019,27.571231],[-82.611717,27.585283],[-82.584629,27.596021],[-82.570607,27.608882],[-82.558538,27.638678],[-82.514265,27.705588],[-82.494891,27.718963],[-82.477638,27.723004],[-82.482305,27.742649],[-82.434635,27.764355],[-82.418401,27.803187],[-82.402857,27.812671],[-82.393383,27.837519],[-82.402615,27.882602],[-82.413915,27.901401],[-82.451591,27.907506],[-82.460016,27.9116],[-82.462078,27.920066],[-82.478063,27.92768],[-82.491117,27.9145],[-82.488057,27.863566],[-82.46884,27.843295],[-82.47244,27.822559],[-82.511193,27.828015],[-82.553946,27.848462],[-82.552918,27.862702],[-82.538618,27.864901],[-82.529918,27.877501],[-82.542818,27.890601],[-82.531318,27.9039],[-82.533718,27.932999],[-82.553918,27.966998],[-82.576003,27.969424],[-82.62959,27.998474],[-82.678606,27.993715],[-82.684793,27.971824],[-82.720522,27.955798],[-82.724122,27.948098],[-82.720395,27.937199],[-82.710022,27.928299],[-82.691621,27.924899],[-82.685121,27.916299],[-82.628063,27.910397],[-82.63422,27.9037],[-82.63212,27.8911],[-82.61002,27.873501],[-82.567919,27.883701],[-82.566819,27.858002],[-82.598443,27.857582],[-82.586519,27.816703],[-82.622723,27.779868],[-82.63052,27.753905],[-82.62572,27.727006],[-82.63362,27.710607],[-82.652521,27.700307],[-82.677321,27.706207],[-82.679019,27.696054],[-82.713629,27.698661],[-82.718822,27.692007],[-82.721622,27.663908],[-82.712555,27.646647],[-82.698091,27.638858],[-82.705017,27.62531],[-82.733076,27.612972],[-82.739122,27.636909],[-82.738022,27.706807],[-82.746223,27.731306],[-82.760923,27.745205],[-82.783124,27.783804],[-82.828561,27.822254],[-82.846526,27.854301],[-82.851126,27.8863],[-82.840882,27.937162],[-82.831388,27.962117],[-82.824875,27.960201],[-82.821975,27.956868],[-82.838484,27.909111],[-82.832155,27.909242],[-82.805462,27.960201],[-82.792635,28.01116],[-82.792635,28.032307],[-82.782724,28.055894],[-82.781324,28.127591],[-82.790724,28.15249],[-82.808474,28.154803],[-82.805097,28.172181],[-82.797762,28.187789],[-82.762643,28.219013],[-82.764103,28.244345],[-82.759072,28.25402],[-82.746188,28.261192],[-82.732792,28.291933],[-82.73146,28.325075],[-82.706112,28.368057],[-82.706322,28.401325],[-82.697433,28.420166],[-82.684137,28.428019],[-82.674787,28.441956],[-82.680396,28.457194],[-82.665055,28.484434],[-82.669416,28.519879],[-82.656694,28.544814],[-82.66165,28.554143],[-82.654138,28.590837],[-82.664055,28.606584],[-82.674665,28.647588],[-82.668889,28.694302],[-82.712373,28.720921],[-82.698281,28.75701],[-82.730245,28.850155],[-82.688864,28.905609],[-82.702618,28.932955],[-82.723861,28.953506],[-82.735754,28.973709],[-82.737872,28.995703],[-82.758906,28.993277],[-82.764055,28.999707],[-82.753513,29.026496],[-82.759704,29.054192],[-82.783328,29.064619],[-82.780558,29.07358],[-82.816925,29.076215],[-82.823659,29.098902],[-82.801166,29.105103],[-82.799117,29.110647],[-82.805703,29.129848],[-82.804736,29.146624],[-82.827073,29.158425],[-82.974676,29.17091],[-82.991653,29.180664],[-83.018212,29.151417],[-83.019071,29.141324],[-83.030453,29.134023],[-83.053207,29.130839],[-83.056867,29.146263],[-83.068249,29.153135],[-83.061162,29.176113],[-83.087839,29.21642],[-83.074734,29.247975],[-83.077265,29.255331],[-83.089013,29.266502],[-83.107477,29.268889],[-83.128027,29.282733],[-83.169576,29.290355],[-83.17826,29.327916],[-83.175518,29.34469],[-83.200702,29.373855],[-83.202446,29.394422],[-83.218075,29.420492],[-83.240509,29.433178],[-83.272019,29.432256],[-83.294747,29.437923],[-83.311546,29.475666],[-83.33113,29.475594],[-83.356722,29.499901],[-83.370288,29.499901],[-83.379254,29.503558],[-83.383973,29.512995],[-83.400252,29.517242],[-83.405256,29.578319],[-83.39948,29.612956],[-83.414701,29.670536],[-83.436259,29.677389],[-83.455356,29.676444],[-83.483143,29.690478],[-83.483567,29.698542],[-83.493728,29.708388],[-83.537645,29.72306],[-83.566018,29.761434],[-83.584716,29.77608],[-83.585899,29.811754],[-83.595493,29.827984],[-83.618568,29.842336],[-83.63798,29.886073],[-83.679219,29.918513],[-83.788729,29.976982],[-83.82869,29.983187],[-83.845427,29.998068],[-83.93151,30.039068],[-83.931879,30.044175],[-83.991607,30.08392],[-84.000716,30.096209],[-84.024274,30.103271],[-84.06299,30.101378],[-84.083057,30.092286],[-84.10273,30.093611],[-84.11384,30.085478],[-84.124889,30.090601],[-84.167881,30.071422],[-84.179149,30.073187],[-84.19853,30.087937],[-84.237014,30.08556],[-84.247491,30.10114],[-84.256439,30.103791],[-84.272511,30.092358],[-84.270792,30.068094],[-84.277168,30.060263],[-84.297836,30.057451],[-84.315344,30.069492],[-84.358923,30.058224],[-84.365882,30.024588],[-84.361962,29.987739],[-84.3477,29.984123],[-84.343041,29.9751],[-84.333746,29.923721],[-84.343389,29.899539],[-84.349066,29.896812],[-84.378937,29.893112],[-84.423834,29.902996],[-84.443652,29.913785],[-84.451705,29.929085],[-84.494562,29.913957],[-84.511996,29.916574],[-84.535873,29.910092],[-84.603303,29.876117],[-84.647958,29.847104],[-84.65645,29.834277],[-84.692053,29.829059],[-84.755595,29.78854],[-84.868271,29.742454],[-84.881777,29.733882],[-84.888031,29.722406],[-84.901781,29.735723],[-84.877111,29.772888],[-84.893992,29.785176],[-84.90413,29.786279],[-84.91511,29.783303],[-84.93837,29.750211],[-84.964007,29.742422],[-84.968841,29.72708],[-84.993264,29.714961],[-85.037212,29.711074],[-85.072123,29.719027],[-85.121473,29.715854],[-85.177284,29.700193],[-85.22745,29.693633],[-85.259719,29.681296],[-85.319215,29.681494],[-85.343619,29.672004],[-85.347711,29.66719],[-85.344768,29.654793],[-85.380303,29.698485],[-85.397871,29.740498],[-85.413983,29.799865],[-85.417971,29.828855],[-85.413575,29.85294],[-85.405815,29.865817],[-85.392469,29.870914],[-85.405011,29.830151],[-85.405907,29.80193],[-85.37796,29.709621],[-85.353885,29.684765],[-85.317661,29.691286],[-85.31139,29.697557],[-85.302591,29.808094],[-85.31142,29.814373],[-85.317464,29.838894],[-85.336654,29.849295],[-85.363731,29.898915],[-85.405052,29.938487],[-85.425956,29.949888],[-85.487764,29.961227],[-85.509148,29.971466],[-85.571907,30.02644],[-85.588242,30.055543],[-85.601178,30.056342],[-85.69681,30.09689],[-85.775405,30.15629],[-85.9226,30.238024],[-86.089963,30.303569],[-86.222561,30.343585],[-86.2987,30.363049],[-86.412076,30.380346],[-86.50615,30.3823],[-86.632953,30.396299],[-86.750906,30.391881],[-86.909679,30.372423],[-87.206254,30.320943],[-87.267827,30.31548],[-87.295422,30.323503],[-87.518324,30.280435],[-87.452378,30.300201],[-87.450078,30.3111],[-87.50278,30.307301],[-87.504701,30.324039],[-87.49998,30.328957],[-87.459978,30.3363],[-87.452278,30.344099],[-87.451878,30.364999],[-87.438678,30.380798],[-87.440678,30.391498],[-87.429578,30.406498],[-87.403477,30.410198],[-87.366591,30.436648],[-87.370768,30.446865],[-87.399877,30.450997],[-87.425078,30.465596],[-87.434678,30.479196],[-87.431178,30.495795],[-87.447702,30.510458],[-87.446586,30.527068],[-87.43544,30.54914],[-87.418647,30.561837],[-87.406558,30.599928],[-87.397308,30.608728],[-87.393588,30.63088],[-87.397262,30.654351],[-87.406958,30.675165],[-87.449362,30.698913],[-87.466338,30.700835],[-87.481225,30.716508],[-87.502317,30.72159],[-87.511729,30.733535],[-87.532607,30.743489],[-87.545044,30.778666],[-87.581869,30.812403],[-87.600486,30.820627],[-87.605776,30.831304],[-87.615923,30.834693],[-87.634938,30.865886],[-87.592055,30.951492],[-87.589187,30.964464],[-87.599172,30.995722],[-87.571281,30.99787],[-85.998643,30.99287],[-85.002368,31.000682],[-85.004026,30.973468],[-84.980127,30.961286],[-84.983627,30.936986],[-84.971026,30.928187],[-84.936828,30.884683],[-84.935256,30.854328],[-84.928335,30.844263],[-84.936042,30.820671],[-84.928323,30.79309],[-84.918023,30.77809],[-84.920123,30.76599],[-84.914322,30.753591],[-84.896122,30.750591],[-84.864693,30.711542],[-83.309455,30.634417]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Florida\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","volume":"48","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2814e4b0da30c1bfd745","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Richard","contributorId":194019,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"Richard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hine, Albert C.","contributorId":87580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hine","given":"Albert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shinn, Eugene A.","contributorId":86708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shinn","given":"Eugene A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70194851,"text":"70194851 - 1992 - Varied records of early Wisconsinan alpine glaciation in the western United States derived from weathering-rind thicknesses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-23T15:30:09","indexId":"70194851","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Varied records of early Wisconsinan alpine glaciation in the western United States derived from weathering-rind thicknesses","docAbstract":"<p>Weathering-rind thicknesses were measured on volcanic clasts in sequences of glacial deposits in seven mountain ranges in the western United States and in the Puget lowland. Because the rate of rind development decreases with time, ratios of rind thicknesses provide limits on corresponding age ratios. In all areas studied, deposits of late Wisconsinan age are obvious; deposits of late Illinoian age (ca. 140 ka) also seem to be present in each area, although independent evidence for their numerical age is circumstantial. The weathering-rind data indicate that deposits that have intermediate ages between these two are common, and ratios of rind thicknesses suggest an early Wisconsinan age (about 60 to 70 ka) for some of the intermediate deposits. Three of the seven studied alpine areas (McCall, Idaho; Yakima Valley, Washington; and Lassen Peak, California) appear to have early Wisconsinan drift beyond the extent of late Wisconsinan ice. In addition, Mount Rainier and the Puget lowland, Washington, have outwash terraces but no moraines of early Wisconsinan age. The sequences near West Yellowstone, Montana; Truckee, California; and in the southern Olympic Mountains have no recognized moraines or outwash of this age. Many of the areas have deposits that may be of middle Wisconsinan age.</p><p>Differences in the relative extents of early Wisconsinan alpine glaciers are not expected from the marine oxygen-isotope record and are not explained by any simple trend in climatic variables or proximity to oceanic moisture sources. However, alpine glaciers could have responded more quickly and more variably than continental ice sheets to intense, short-lived climatic events, and they may have been influenced by local climatic or hypsometric effects. The relative sizes of early and late Wisconsinan alpine glaciers could also reflect differences between early and late Wisconsinan continental ice sheets and their regional climatic effects.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Last Interglacial-Glacial Transition in North America","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE270","isbn":"9780813722702","usgsCitation":"Clark, P., and Lea, P., 1992, Varied records of early Wisconsinan alpine glaciation in the western United States derived from weathering-rind thicknesses: GSA Special Papers, p. 269-278, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE270.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"278","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350548,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-122.421439,37.869969],[-122.41847,37.852721],[-122.446316,37.861046],[-122.421439,37.869969]]],[[[-122.3785,37.826505],[-122.369941,37.832137],[-122.362661,37.807577],[-122.3785,37.826505]]],[[[-120.248484,33.999329],[-120.043259,34.035806],[-120.046575,34.000002],[-120.011123,33.979894],[-119.978876,33.983081],[-119.97026,33.944359],[-120.121817,33.895712],[-120.168974,33.91909],[-120.224461,33.989059],[-120.248484,33.999329]]],[[[-119.789798,34.05726],[-119.637742,34.013178],[-119.612226,34.021256],[-119.59324,34.049625],[-119.52064,34.034262],[-119.560464,33.99553],[-119.758141,33.959212],[-119.873358,33.980375],[-119.884896,34.008814],[-119.876329,34.032087],[-119.923337,34.069361],[-119.789798,34.05726]]],[[[-120.46258,34.042627],[-120.390906,34.051994],[-120.370176,34.074907],[-120.358608,34.050235],[-120.331161,34.049097],[-120.302122,34.023574],[-120.454134,34.028081],[-120.46258,34.042627]]],[[[-118.524531,32.895488],[-118.605534,33.030999],[-118.569013,33.029151],[-118.496811,32.933847],[-118.353504,32.821962],[-118.394565,32.823978],[-118.425634,32.800595],[-118.496298,32.851572],[-118.524531,32.895488]]],[[[-118.500212,33.449592],[-118.370323,33.409285],[-118.305084,33.310323],[-118.325244,33.299075],[-118.374768,33.320065],[-118.465368,33.326056],[-118.48877,33.356649],[-118.478465,33.38632],[-118.48875,33.419826],[-118.570927,33.439351],[-118.60403,33.47654],[-118.54453,33.474119],[-118.500212,33.449592]]],[[[-119.543842,33.280329],[-119.465717,33.259239],[-119.429559,33.228167],[-119.476029,33.21552],[-119.545872,33.233406],[-119.578942,33.278628],[-119.543842,33.280329]]],[[[-117.032351,48.999188],[-104.048736,48.999877],[-104.039977,45.124988],[-104.040128,44.999987],[-104.057698,44.997431],[-104.053249,41.001406],[-102.051718,41.002377],[-102.04224,36.993083],[-114.0506,37.000396],[-114.046838,36.194069],[-114.09987,36.121654],[-114.120862,36.114596],[-114.114531,36.095217],[-114.148191,36.028013],[-114.252651,36.020193],[-114.314028,36.058165],[-114.30843,36.082443],[-114.372106,36.143114],[-114.405475,36.147371],[-114.446605,36.12597],[-114.458369,36.138586],[-114.502172,36.128796],[-114.511721,36.150956],[-114.572031,36.15161],[-114.736165,36.104367],[-114.755491,36.081601],[-114.730435,36.031317],[-114.743756,35.985095],[-114.731159,35.943916],[-114.67742,35.874728],[-114.70991,35.810185],[-114.695709,35.755986],[-114.705309,35.711587],[-114.683208,35.689387],[-114.689407,35.651412],[-114.653406,35.610789],[-114.665649,35.580428],[-114.656905,35.534391],[-114.677643,35.489742],[-114.604314,35.353584],[-114.569238,35.18348],[-114.578524,35.12875],[-114.644352,35.105904],[-114.602908,35.068588],[-114.636893,35.028367],[-114.635176,34.875003],[-114.586842,34.835672],[-114.552682,34.766871],[-114.46862,34.707573],[-114.422382,34.580711],[-114.380838,34.529724],[-114.378852,34.450376],[-114.335372,34.450038],[-114.229686,34.368908],[-114.176909,34.349306],[-114.138167,34.300936],[-114.134768,34.268965],[-114.229715,34.186928],[-114.287294,34.170529],[-114.320777,34.138635],[-114.411681,34.110031],[-114.43338,34.088413],[-114.438266,34.022609],[-114.535478,33.934651],[-114.508558,33.906098],[-114.518555,33.889847],[-114.503017,33.867998],[-114.529385,33.851755],[-114.527161,33.816191],[-114.494197,33.707922],[-114.531523,33.675108],[-114.525783,33.616588],[-114.5403,33.580615],[-114.524599,33.552231],[-114.588239,33.502453],[-114.643302,33.416745],[-114.725282,33.405048],[-114.698035,33.352442],[-114.729904,33.305745],[-114.672401,33.26047],[-114.688205,33.247966],[-114.673715,33.219245],[-114.678729,33.162948],[-114.707819,33.091102],[-114.68902,33.084036],[-114.66506,33.033908],[-114.641622,33.046896],[-114.618788,33.027202],[-114.516484,33.027572],[-114.494212,32.974262],[-114.467664,32.966861],[-114.48092,32.935252],[-114.464448,32.913129],[-114.468971,32.845155],[-114.528849,32.796307],[-114.526856,32.757094],[-114.615733,32.729427],[-114.69879,32.744846],[-114.717665,32.721654],[-117.124862,32.534156],[-117.136664,32.618754],[-117.168866,32.671952],[-117.213068,32.687751],[-117.246069,32.669352],[-117.25497,32.786948],[-117.28217,32.839547],[-117.25617,32.859447],[-117.25447,32.900146],[-117.315278,33.093504],[-117.469794,33.296417],[-117.547693,33.365491],[-117.59588,33.386629],[-117.645582,33.440728],[-117.715349,33.460556],[-117.784888,33.541525],[-117.927091,33.605521],[-118.132698,33.753217],[-118.1755,33.763617],[-118.187701,33.749218],[-118.181367,33.717367],[-118.258687,33.703741],[-118.411211,33.741985],[-118.428407,33.774715],[-118.394376,33.804289],[-118.392107,33.840915],[-118.460611,33.969111],[-118.519514,34.027509],[-118.569235,34.04164],[-118.744952,34.032103],[-118.805114,34.001239],[-118.854653,34.034215],[-118.938081,34.043383],[-119.088536,34.09831],[-119.130169,34.100102],[-119.227743,34.161728],[-119.278644,34.266902],[-119.388249,34.317398],[-119.461036,34.374064],[-119.559459,34.413395],[-119.671866,34.416096],[-119.709067,34.395397],[-119.794771,34.417597],[-119.873971,34.408795],[-120.008077,34.460447],[-120.141165,34.473405],[-120.471376,34.447846],[-120.511421,34.522953],[-120.581293,34.556959],[-120.622575,34.554017],[-120.645739,34.581035],[-120.60197,34.692095],[-120.637415,34.755895],[-120.610266,34.85818],[-120.647328,34.901133],[-120.670835,34.904115],[-120.629931,35.061515],[-120.644311,35.139616],[-120.704203,35.173206],[-120.74887,35.177795],[-120.756086,35.160459],[-120.856047,35.206487],[-120.89679,35.247877],[-120.862684,35.346776],[-120.884757,35.430196],[-120.907937,35.449069],[-121.003359,35.46071],[-121.101595,35.548814],[-121.166712,35.635399],[-121.284973,35.674109],[-121.314632,35.71331],[-121.332449,35.783106],[-121.462264,35.885618],[-121.503112,36.000299],[-121.574602,36.025156],[-121.680145,36.165818],[-121.826425,36.24186],[-121.888491,36.30281],[-121.903195,36.393603],[-121.9416,36.485602],[-121.932508,36.559935],[-121.978592,36.580488],[-121.929666,36.636959],[-121.889064,36.601759],[-121.860604,36.611136],[-121.814462,36.682858],[-121.788278,36.803994],[-121.862266,36.931552],[-121.930069,36.97815],[-121.972771,36.954151],[-122.012373,36.96455],[-122.050122,36.948523],[-122.105976,36.955951],[-122.20618,37.013949],[-122.284882,37.101747],[-122.337071,37.117382],[-122.367085,37.172817],[-122.405073,37.195791],[-122.419113,37.24147],[-122.40085,37.359225],[-122.452087,37.48054],[-122.467888,37.49814],[-122.499289,37.495341],[-122.516689,37.52134],[-122.517187,37.590637],[-122.501386,37.599637],[-122.494085,37.644035],[-122.514483,37.780829],[-122.485783,37.790629],[-122.478083,37.810828],[-122.398139,37.80563],[-122.375854,37.734979],[-122.356784,37.729505],[-122.391374,37.708331],[-122.374291,37.662206],[-122.386072,37.637662],[-122.35531,37.615736],[-122.378545,37.605592],[-122.262698,37.572866],[-122.196593,37.537196],[-122.168449,37.504143],[-122.116112,37.505386],[-122.111998,37.528851],[-122.147014,37.588411],[-122.163049,37.667933],[-122.246826,37.72193],[-122.253753,37.761218],[-122.329159,37.783173],[-122.333711,37.809797],[-122.301313,37.847758],[-122.309986,37.892755],[-122.33453,37.908791],[-122.385908,37.908136],[-122.430087,37.963115],[-122.399832,37.956009],[-122.367582,37.978168],[-122.363655,38.014166],[-122.340093,38.003694],[-122.283478,38.022674],[-122.262861,38.0446],[-122.273006,38.07438],[-122.314567,38.115287],[-122.39638,38.149976],[-122.439577,38.116923],[-122.489974,38.112014],[-122.497828,38.019402],[-122.448413,37.988313],[-122.488665,37.966714],[-122.480484,37.945443],[-122.503064,37.928753],[-122.43925,37.88392],[-122.480811,37.873448],[-122.479151,37.825428],[-122.505383,37.822128],[-122.656519,37.904519],[-122.70264,37.89382],[-122.727297,37.904626],[-122.821383,37.996735],[-122.882114,38.025273],[-122.956811,38.02872],[-122.981776,38.009119],[-122.976764,37.99568],[-123.024066,37.994878],[-122.949074,38.15406],[-122.991953,38.233185],[-122.968569,38.242879],[-122.977082,38.267902],[-123.024333,38.310573],[-123.063671,38.302178],[-123.068265,38.359865],[-123.128825,38.450418],[-123.331899,38.565542],[-123.441774,38.699744],[-123.514784,38.741966],[-123.725367,38.917438],[-123.738886,38.95412],[-123.711149,38.977316],[-123.690095,39.031157],[-123.822085,39.343857],[-123.81469,39.446538],[-123.766475,39.552803],[-123.787417,39.604552],[-123.792659,39.684122],[-123.829545,39.723071],[-123.851714,39.832041],[-123.907664,39.863028],[-123.930047,39.909697],[-124.035904,40.013319],[-124.079983,40.029773],[-124.080709,40.06611],[-124.110549,40.103765],[-124.187874,40.130542],[-124.363414,40.260974],[-124.347853,40.314634],[-124.373599,40.392923],[-124.409591,40.438076],[-124.329404,40.61643],[-124.137066,40.925732],[-124.112165,41.028173],[-124.125448,41.048504],[-124.153622,41.05355],[-124.165414,41.129822],[-124.1438,41.144686],[-124.106986,41.229678],[-124.063076,41.439579],[-124.081987,41.547761],[-124.135552,41.657307],[-124.147412,41.717955],[-124.164716,41.740126],[-124.19104,41.736079],[-124.255994,41.783014],[-124.208439,41.888192],[-124.214213,42.005939],[-124.299649,42.051736],[-124.34101,42.092929],[-124.377762,42.218809],[-124.410982,42.250547],[-124.434882,42.434916],[-124.390664,42.566593],[-124.401177,42.627192],[-124.413119,42.657934],[-124.45074,42.675798],[-124.473864,42.732671],[-124.510017,42.734746],[-124.552441,42.840568],[-124.456918,43.000315],[-124.38246,43.270167],[-124.400404,43.302121],[-124.315012,43.388389],[-124.233534,43.55713],[-124.150267,43.91085],[-124.1152,44.286486],[-124.084401,44.415611],[-124.067569,44.428582],[-124.079301,44.430863],[-124.084429,44.486927],[-124.067251,44.60804],[-124.082326,44.608861],[-124.058281,44.658866],[-124.074066,44.798107],[-124.025136,44.928175],[-124.004598,45.044959],[-124.015851,45.064759],[-123.989529,45.094045],[-123.975425,45.145476],[-123.964169,45.317026],[-123.972899,45.33689],[-124.007756,45.336813],[-123.973398,45.354791],[-123.965728,45.386242],[-123.976544,45.489733],[-123.957568,45.510399],[-123.939005,45.661923],[-123.943121,45.727031],[-123.982578,45.761815],[-123.962736,45.869974],[-123.993703,45.946431],[-123.941831,45.97566],[-123.927891,46.009564],[-123.947531,46.116131],[-124.024305,46.229256],[-124.001998,46.237316],[-123.987196,46.211521],[-123.854801,46.157342],[-123.841521,46.169824],[-123.866643,46.187674],[-123.636474,46.214359],[-123.613459,46.239228],[-123.586205,46.228654],[-123.548194,46.248245],[-123.547636,46.265595],[-123.669501,46.266832],[-123.680574,46.296025],[-123.700764,46.305278],[-123.766682,46.273499],[-123.806139,46.283588],[-123.875525,46.239787],[-123.909306,46.245491],[-123.974509,46.303063],[-124.020551,46.315737],[-124.044018,46.275925],[-124.080671,46.267239],[-124.057425,46.409315],[-124.069583,46.630651],[-124.048444,46.645827],[-124.035874,46.630822],[-124.052708,46.622796],[-124.023566,46.582559],[-124.026032,46.462978],[-123.990615,46.463019],[-123.988386,46.497008],[-123.97083,46.47537],[-123.943667,46.477197],[-123.894254,46.537028],[-123.955556,46.60357],[-123.960642,46.636364],[-123.921913,46.650262],[-123.923269,46.672708],[-123.851356,46.70256],[-123.84621,46.716795],[-123.898641,46.750205],[-123.916874,46.726739],[-123.974994,46.733391],[-123.966886,46.705184],[-124.003458,46.702337],[-124.092176,46.741624],[-124.108078,46.836388],[-124.138225,46.905534],[-124.093392,46.901168],[-124.089286,46.867716],[-124.073113,46.861493],[-124.049279,46.891253],[-123.985082,46.921916],[-123.86018,46.948556],[-123.898245,46.971927],[-124.012218,46.985176],[-124.005248,47.003915],[-124.026345,47.030187],[-124.122057,47.04165],[-124.151288,47.021112],[-124.124386,46.94387],[-124.180111,46.926357],[-124.169113,46.994508],[-124.182802,47.134041],[-124.236349,47.287287],[-124.319379,47.355559],[-124.355955,47.545698],[-124.425195,47.738434],[-124.47657,47.769671],[-124.489737,47.816988],[-124.625512,47.887963],[-124.672427,47.964414],[-124.696542,48.069274],[-124.687101,48.098657],[-124.731746,48.169997],[-124.696111,48.198599],[-124.690389,48.219745],[-124.705031,48.238774],[-124.684677,48.255228],[-124.65894,48.331057],[-124.730863,48.3762],[-124.716947,48.389776],[-124.599278,48.381035],[-124.395593,48.288772],[-124.272017,48.25441],[-124.238582,48.262471],[-124.101773,48.216883],[-124.107215,48.200082],[-124.050734,48.177747],[-123.981032,48.164761],[-123.672445,48.162715],[-123.628819,48.139279],[-123.590839,48.134949],[-123.551131,48.151382],[-123.507235,48.131807],[-123.440128,48.142014],[-123.441972,48.124259],[-123.424668,48.118065],[-123.332699,48.11297],[-123.239129,48.118217],[-123.133445,48.177276],[-123.143229,48.156633],[-123.06621,48.120469],[-123.038727,48.081138],[-122.929095,48.096244],[-122.917942,48.091535],[-122.927975,48.06665],[-122.877641,48.047025],[-122.849273,48.053808],[-122.878255,48.076072],[-122.882013,48.100779],[-122.833173,48.134406],[-122.760448,48.14324],[-122.748911,48.117026],[-122.801399,48.087561],[-122.770496,48.047897],[-122.74229,48.049324],[-122.733257,48.091232],[-122.68724,48.101662],[-122.669868,48.017217],[-122.723374,48.008095],[-122.718082,47.987739],[-122.6788,47.96793],[-122.681924,47.936415],[-122.651063,47.920985],[-122.646494,47.894771],[-122.610341,47.887343],[-122.650083,47.86386],[-122.69376,47.868002],[-122.683742,47.838773],[-122.748061,47.800546],[-122.758498,47.746036],[-122.811929,47.679861],[-122.832139,47.695511],[-122.790619,47.792597],[-122.820178,47.835904],[-122.815027,47.807493],[-122.845612,47.777474],[-122.896524,47.674838],[-122.97244,47.6149],[-123.106486,47.45817],[-123.15598,47.355745],[-123.140169,47.347496],[-123.111298,47.362619],[-123.120234,47.39149],[-122.967284,47.585685],[-122.856611,47.649615],[-122.754186,47.671612],[-122.740159,47.736228],[-122.714801,47.768176],[-122.608105,47.856728],[-122.573672,47.857582],[-122.588235,47.912923],[-122.616701,47.925139],[-122.617022,47.938987],[-122.549072,47.919072],[-122.513986,47.880807],[-122.506122,47.831745],[-122.482529,47.815511],[-122.495458,47.786692],[-122.470333,47.757109],[-122.488491,47.743605],[-122.554454,47.745704],[-122.543161,47.710941],[-122.504604,47.699136],[-122.518277,47.65132],[-122.493205,47.635122],[-122.49824,47.598242],[-122.479089,47.583654],[-122.543118,47.556326],[-122.547207,47.528257],[-122.494882,47.510265],[-122.530514,47.469041],[-122.551136,47.394456],[-122.537044,47.375896],[-122.573739,47.318419],[-122.547521,47.285344],[-122.611464,47.2181],[-122.697378,47.283969],[-122.671256,47.343774],[-122.632463,47.376394],[-122.725738,47.33047],[-122.749621,47.276408],[-122.644182,47.209177],[-122.711997,47.127681],[-122.771619,47.167109],[-122.832799,47.243412],[-122.799025,47.289306],[-122.803688,47.355071],[-122.821868,47.363069],[-122.822344,47.319763],[-122.863732,47.270221],[-122.838298,47.208353],[-122.858735,47.167955],[-122.814238,47.179482],[-122.775056,47.123114],[-122.67813,47.103866],[-122.590829,47.178107],[-122.527586,47.291531],[-122.547747,47.316403],[-122.4442,47.266723],[-122.409199,47.288556],[-122.443008,47.306333],[-122.324833,47.348521],[-122.328434,47.400621],[-122.355135,47.441921],[-122.383136,47.450521],[-122.361336,47.481421],[-122.396538,47.51522],[-122.398338,47.55012],[-122.421139,47.57602],[-122.339513,47.599113],[-122.429841,47.658919],[-122.37314,47.729219],[-122.394944,47.803318],[-122.33595,47.852306],[-122.307048,47.949117],[-122.230046,47.970917],[-122.224979,48.016626],[-122.343241,48.097631],[-122.363842,48.12393],[-122.362044,48.187568],[-122.395499,48.228551],[-122.449605,48.232598],[-122.441731,48.211776],[-122.479008,48.175703],[-122.358375,48.056133],[-122.4675,48.130353],[-122.486736,48.12095],[-122.512031,48.133931],[-122.53722,48.183745],[-122.530996,48.249821],[-122.480925,48.251706],[-122.466803,48.269604],[-122.406516,48.25183],[-122.371693,48.287839],[-122.408718,48.326413],[-122.533452,48.383409],[-122.554536,48.40604],[-122.557298,48.444438],[-122.649839,48.408526],[-122.678928,48.439466],[-122.654844,48.454087],[-122.657753,48.47294],[-122.689121,48.476849],[-122.710362,48.461584],[-122.712981,48.47879],[-122.684521,48.509123],[-122.606961,48.522152],[-122.568071,48.50821],[-122.537355,48.466749],[-122.471832,48.470724],[-122.498463,48.556206],[-122.534719,48.574246],[-122.495904,48.575927],[-122.482406,48.559653],[-122.44456,48.570115],[-122.425271,48.599522],[-122.500308,48.656163],[-122.519172,48.713095],[-122.490401,48.751128],[-122.535803,48.776128],[-122.596844,48.771492],[-122.637146,48.735708],[-122.612562,48.714932],[-122.615169,48.693839],[-122.673472,48.733082],[-122.645743,48.781538],[-122.693683,48.804475],[-122.709815,48.786205],[-122.717073,48.84719],[-122.793175,48.892927],[-122.751289,48.911239],[-122.746596,48.930731],[-122.822464,48.944911],[-122.75802,49.002357],[-117.032351,48.999188]]],[[[-122.519535,48.288314],[-122.618466,48.294159],[-122.623779,48.269431],[-122.652639,48.265081],[-122.668385,48.223967],[-122.63126,48.220686],[-122.588138,48.18594],[-122.54512,48.05255],[-122.516314,48.057181],[-122.525422,48.096537],[-122.513276,48.097538],[-122.431266,48.045001],[-122.376259,48.034457],[-122.349597,47.958796],[-122.380497,47.904023],[-122.431035,47.914732],[-122.446682,47.963155],[-122.47266,47.988449],[-122.546824,47.967215],[-122.541564,47.992998],[-122.607342,48.030992],[-122.593621,48.0472],[-122.614028,48.072788],[-122.598301,48.110616],[-122.609568,48.15186],[-122.633167,48.163281],[-122.677337,48.154587],[-122.693084,48.181509],[-122.770045,48.224395],[-122.673731,48.354683],[-122.664659,48.401508],[-122.60198,48.409907],[-122.585038,48.395166],[-122.585162,48.353304],[-122.506568,48.310041],[-122.519535,48.288314]]],[[[-122.474684,47.511068],[-122.452399,47.503471],[-122.460027,47.48686],[-122.433385,47.46643],[-122.437656,47.407424],[-122.373628,47.388718],[-122.437809,47.365606],[-122.453997,47.343337],[-122.51885,47.33332],[-122.526733,47.398581],[-122.474684,47.511068]]],[[[-122.695907,48.737273],[-122.618225,48.670721],[-122.609576,48.645018],[-122.673538,48.680809],[-122.691795,48.711498],[-122.718833,48.716818],[-122.715709,48.748672],[-122.695907,48.737273]]],[[[-123.035393,49.002154],[-123.028091,48.973943],[-123.083834,48.976139],[-123.090546,49.001976],[-123.035393,49.002154]]],[[[-122.800217,48.60169],[-122.801096,48.585425],[-122.771206,48.562426],[-122.788503,48.530393],[-122.779124,48.508911],[-122.816332,48.487841],[-122.81973,48.458843],[-122.802509,48.433098],[-122.874135,48.418196],[-122.893646,48.422655],[-122.889016,48.435947],[-122.928004,48.439966],[-122.91646,48.453263],[-122.926901,48.460874],[-123.039156,48.460003],[-123.119451,48.492576],[-123.163234,48.529544],[-123.173061,48.579086],[-123.203026,48.596178],[-123.178425,48.622115],[-123.107362,48.622451],[-123.101552,48.59782],[-123.048403,48.569216],[-122.987296,48.561895],[-123.034101,48.591767],[-123.048652,48.621002],[-122.941316,48.702904],[-122.894599,48.71503],[-122.743049,48.661991],[-122.809622,48.619035],[-122.800217,48.60169]]],[[[-123.197953,48.68466],[-123.106165,48.633473],[-123.237148,48.683466],[-123.197953,48.68466]]],[[[-123.025486,48.717966],[-123.009787,48.722291],[-123.005086,48.694342],[-123.021215,48.681416],[-123.042337,48.675663],[-123.047058,48.695772],[-123.070427,48.699971],[-123.025486,48.717966]]],[[[-122.649405,48.588457],[-122.578856,48.54813],[-122.572967,48.529028],[-122.649256,48.528769],[-122.649405,48.588457]]],[[[-122.714512,48.60878],[-122.670638,48.568812],[-122.68944,48.543903],[-122.717278,48.539739],[-122.73944,48.573893],[-122.714512,48.60878]]],[[[-122.699266,48.621115],[-122.674173,48.629944],[-122.657016,48.609891],[-122.699266,48.621115]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"California\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6857f4e4b06e28e9c65f40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Peter U.","contributorId":68994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Peter U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lea, P.D.","contributorId":96028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lea","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70195435,"text":"70195435 - 1992 - Numerical modelling of uplift and subsidence adjacent to the Transantarctic Mount front","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-14T15:26:02","indexId":"70195435","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Numerical modelling of uplift and subsidence adjacent to the Transantarctic Mount front","docAbstract":"<p>The Transantarctic Mountains form one of the largest rift shoulder uplifts in the world. Uplift of the mountains, and coeval subsidence in the Ross Embayment, are modelled with both elastic flexure equations and with the viscoelastic finite element method. Most of the geological constraints are adequately satisfied by the elastic flexure equations. Uplife of the Transantarctic Mountains requires an uplift force/unit area of about 200 MPa over an approximate 60 km zone at the edge of the East Antarctic plate. This uplift is attributed to a sum of the following three processes: thermal conduction of heat from the rifted west Antarctic lithosphere into the older, cratonic lithosphere of East Antarctica; an isostatic uplift linked to a normal fault that penetrates the whole lithosphere; and about 2 km of erosion that has occurred at the mountain front.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Recent Progress in  Antarctic Earth Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Sixth International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences","conferenceDate":"September 9-13, 1991","conferenceLocation":"Ranzan, Saitama, Japan","language":"English","publisher":"Terrapub","usgsCitation":"Stern, T., ten Brink, U., and Bott, M., 1992, Numerical modelling of uplift and subsidence adjacent to the Transantarctic Mount front, <i>in</i> Recent Progress in  Antarctic Earth Science, Ranzan, Saitama, Japan, September 9-13, 1991, p. 515-522.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"515","endPage":"522","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":351622,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":351621,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.terrapub.co.jp/e-library/aes/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2815e4b0da30c1bfd747","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stern, T.A.","contributorId":53544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":728598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bott, M.P.","contributorId":202503,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bott","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70182015,"text":"70182015 - 1992 - Contaminant transport in Massachusetts Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-26T19:49:54.259781","indexId":"70182015","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Contaminant transport in Massachusetts Bay","docAbstract":"<p><span>Construction of a new treatment plant and outfall to clean up Boston Harbor is currently one of the world's largest public works projects, costing about $4 billion. There is concern about the long-term impact of contaminants on Massachusetts Bay and adjacent Gulf of Maine because these areas are used extensively for transportation, recreation, fishing, and tourism, as well as waste disposal. Public concern also focuses on Stellwagen Bank, located on the eastern side of Massachusetts Bay, which is an important habitat for endangered whales. Contaminants reach Massachusetts Bay not only from Boston Harbor, but from other coastal communities on the Gulf of Maine, as well as from the atmosphere. Knowledge of the pathways, mechanisms, and rates at which pollutants are transported throughout these coastal environments is needed to address a wide range of management questions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Woods Hole, MA","doi":"10.3133/70182015","usgsCitation":"Butman, B., 1992, Contaminant transport in Massachusetts Bay, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/70182015.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335483,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335478,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/mass-bay/","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"Report"},{"id":399706,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_62342.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Massachusetts Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.5704345703125,\n              40.95501133048621\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.6807861328125,\n              40.95501133048621\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.6807861328125,\n              43.369119087738554\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.5704345703125,\n              43.369119087738554\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.5704345703125,\n              40.95501133048621\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a57713e4b057081a24eeed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butman, Bradford 0000-0002-4174-2073 bbutman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4174-2073","contributorId":943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"Bradford","email":"bbutman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70197710,"text":"70197710 - 1992 - 530 Ma zircon age for ophiolite from the New England orogen: Oldest rocks known from eastern Australia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-18T14:16:12","indexId":"70197710","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"530 Ma zircon age for ophiolite from the New England orogen: Oldest rocks known from eastern Australia","docAbstract":"<p>New ion microprobe data provide constraints on the timing of formation of ophiolitic rocks in the New England tectonic collage in eastern Australia. Results for analyses of magmatic zircons from plagiogranite of the Weraerai terrane ophiolite at Upper Bingara give a 206pb/238|j ag e Qf 53Q ± 6 Ma (2a). This plagiogranite is the oldest rock from eastern Australia yet identified. Existing tectonic models suggest that progressively younger crust was accreted to the eastern margin of Gondwanan Australia throughout the Paleozoic. This cannot be reconciled easily with the Cambrian age for these ophiolitic rocks, which are juxtaposed between Devonian terranes and are at least 1000 km east of the nearest lithologically similar rocks of comparable age. We speculate that younger, thin-skinned terranes may have been thrust westward over the continental freeboard of eastern Australia during the late Paleozoic. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0125:MZAFOF>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Aitchinson, J., Ireland, T.R., Blake, M.C., and Flood, P., 1992, 530 Ma zircon age for ophiolite from the New England orogen: Oldest rocks known from eastern Australia: Geology, v. 20, no. 2, p. 125-128, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0125:MZAFOF>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"128","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355133,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c111fdae4b034bf6a81b5d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aitchinson, J.C.","contributorId":205710,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aitchinson","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ireland, T. R.","contributorId":92456,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ireland","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blake, M. Clark Jr.","contributorId":56675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blake","given":"M.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Clark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Flood, P.G.","contributorId":205711,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Flood","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70197712,"text":"70197712 - 1992 - Kinematic evidence for extensional unroofing of the Franciscan Complex along the Coast Range Fault, Northern Diablo Range, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-18T14:34:46","indexId":"70197712","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kinematic evidence for extensional unroofing of the Franciscan Complex along the Coast Range Fault, Northern Diablo Range, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Franciscan metagraywacke immediately below the Del Puerto ophiolite, an outlier of the Coast Range ophiolite in the northern Diablo Range, was sheared during top‐to‐the‐east displacement on the Coast Range fault. This represents normal faulting and extensional offset. It was accompanied by attenuation of the Coast Range ophiolite and Great Valley sequence in the hanging wall along layer‐parallel normal faults that sole into the Coast Range fault. Extension occurred as the Franciscan Complex moved relatively west, out from under North American lithosphere and across the subducting ocean plate below. This effected a lengthening and thinning in the wedge of material above the down‐going plate, presumably in response to instability brought about by subduction shallowing (Krueger and Jones, 1989) and accretion of the Franciscan Central belt in the latest Cretaceous to early Paleocene. As a result, blueschist facies terranes of the uppermost part of the Franciscan Complex are now juxtaposed directly against hanging wall units that bear only low‐grade metamorphism.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91TC01880","usgsCitation":"Harms, T., Jayko, A.S., and Blake, M.C., 1992, Kinematic evidence for extensional unroofing of the Franciscan Complex along the Coast Range Fault, Northern Diablo Range, California: Tectonics, v. 11, no. 2, p. 228-241, https://doi.org/10.1029/91TC01880.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"228","endPage":"241","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355134,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c111fdae4b034bf6a81b5d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harms, T.A.","contributorId":18454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harms","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jayko, A. S. 0000-0002-7378-0330","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7378-0330","contributorId":18011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jayko","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blake, M. Clark Jr.","contributorId":56675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blake","given":"M.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Clark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70197140,"text":"70197140 - 1992 - Detection development needs for gas hydrates in sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-18T11:19:57","indexId":"70197140","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Detection development needs for gas hydrates in sediments","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"The Proceedings of  the Second (1992) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference","conferenceDate":"June 14-19, 1992","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA","language":"English","publisher":"International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers","publisherLocation":"Danvers, MA","usgsCitation":"Malone, R., and Dillon, W.P., 1992, Detection development needs for gas hydrates in sediments, <i>in</i> Proceedings International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, v. 2, San Francisco, CA, June 14-19, 1992, p. 660-668.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"660","endPage":"668","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354306,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2814e4b0da30c1bfd73d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Malone, R.D.","contributorId":205033,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Malone","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":735804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70196621,"text":"70196621 - 1992 - Physical oceanographic investigation of Massachusetts and Cape Cod Bays","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-20T12:11:36","indexId":"70196621","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Physical oceanographic investigation of Massachusetts and Cape Cod Bays","docAbstract":"<p>This physical oceanographic study of the Massachusetts Bays (fig. 1) was designed to provide for the first time a bay-wide description of the circulation and mixing processes on a seasonal basis. Most of the measurements were conducted between April 1990 and June 1991 and consisted of moored observations to study the current flow patterns (fig. 2), hydrographic surveys to document the changes in water properties (fig. 3), high-resolution surveys of velocity and water properties to provide information on the spatial variability of the flow, drifter deployments to measure the currents, and acquisition of satellite images to provide a bay-wide picture of the surface temperature and its spatial variability. A longterm objective of the Massachusetts Bays program is to develop an understanding of the transport of water, dissolved substances and particles throughout the bays. Because horizontal and vertical transport is important to biological, chemical, and geological processes in Massachusetts and Cape Cod Bays, this physical oceanographic study will have broad application and will improve the ability to manage and monitor the water and sediment quality of the Bays. </p><p>Key results are:</p><ul><li>There is a marked seasonal variation in stratification in the bays, from well mixed conditions during the winter to strong stratification in the summertime. The stratification acts as a partial barrier to exchange between the surface waters and the deeper waters and causes the motion of the surface waters to be decoupled from the more sluggish flow of the deep waters. </li><li>During much of the year, there is weak but persistent counterclockwise flow around the bays, made up of southwesterly flow past Cape Ann, southward flow along the western shore, and outflow north of Race Point. The data suggest that this residual flow pattern reverses in fall. Fluctuations caused by wind and density variations are typically larger than the long-term mean. </li><li>With the exception of western Massachusetts Bay, flushing of the Bays is largely the result of the mean throughflow. Residence time estimates of the surface waters range from 20-45 days. The deeper water has a longer residence time, but its value is difficult to estimate. There is evidence that the deep waters in Stellwagen Basin are not renewed between the onset of stratification and the fall cooling period.</li><li>Current measurements made near the new outfall site in western Massachusetts Bay suggest that water and material discharged there are not swept away in a consistent direction by a well-defined steady current but are mixed and transported by a variety of processes, including the action of tides, winds, and river inflow. One-day particle excursions are typically less than 10 km. The outfall is apparently located in a region to the west of the basin-wide residual flow pattern.</li><li>Observations in western Massachusetts Bay, near the location of the future Boston sewage outfall, show that the surficial sediments are episodically resuspended from the seafloor during storms. The observations suggest onshore transport of suspended material during tranquil periods and episodic offshore and southerly alongshore transport of resuspended sediments during storms. </li><li>The spatial complexity of the flow in the Massachusetts Bays is typical of nearshore areas that have irregular coastal shorelines and topography and currents that are forced locally by wind and river runoff as well as by the flow in adjacent regions. Numerical models are providing a mechanism to interpret the complex spatial flow patterns that cannot be completely resolved by field observations and to investigate key physical processes that control the physics of water and particle transport.<br></li></ul>","language":"English","publisher":"The Massachusetts Environmental Trust","usgsCitation":"Geyer, W.R., Gardner, G.B., Brown, W.S., Irish, J.D., Butman, B., Loder, T., and Signell, R.P., 1992, Physical oceanographic investigation of Massachusetts and Cape Cod Bays, 23 p.","productDescription":"23 p.","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353621,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachussetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod Bay, Massachussetts Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.4935302734375,\n              41.09591205639546\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.3072509765625,\n              41.09591205639546\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.3072509765625,\n              42.819580715795915\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.4935302734375,\n              42.819580715795915\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.4935302734375,\n              41.09591205639546\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2814e4b0da30c1bfd741","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geyer, W. Rockwell","contributorId":195908,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Geyer","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Rockwell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":733791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, George B.","contributorId":204370,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gardner","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":733792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Wendell S.","contributorId":204371,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Wendell","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":733793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Irish, James D.","contributorId":177134,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Irish","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":733794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Butman, Bradford 0000-0002-4174-2073 bbutman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4174-2073","contributorId":943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"Bradford","email":"bbutman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":733795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Loder, T.C.","contributorId":62817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loder","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":733796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Signell, Richard P. rsignell@usgs.gov","contributorId":1435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"Richard","email":"rsignell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":733797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70189554,"text":"70189554 - 1992 - Acid base accounting--An improved method of interpreting overburden chemistry to predict the quality of coal-mine drainage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-17T10:17:38","indexId":"70189554","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Acid base accounting--An improved method of interpreting overburden chemistry to predict the quality of coal-mine drainage","docAbstract":"<p>Acidic mine drainage (AMD), which results from the accelerated oxidation of pyrite (FeS<sub>2</sub> ) in mined coal and overburden, has contaminated thousands of miles of streams in the Appalachian region of the United States. Acid‐base accounting (ABA), which simplifies the complex hydrogeochemical system through use of a limited number of variables, commonly is used to predict the post‐mining occurrence of AMD. ABA involves the measurement of sulfur (S) and carbonate (CO<sub>3</sub>) concentrations in coal‐bearing rocks and the computation of overburden net‐neutralization potential (NNP) in units of tons of calcium carbonate per thousand tons of rock (tons CaCO3/1,000 ton) (Sobek and others, 1978). ABA was developed on the assumption that the stoichiometry of the following overall reaction of FeS<sub>2</sub> and CaCO<sub>3</sub> can be used to convert acid (H<sup>+</sup>) into units of CaCO<sub>3</sub>:</p><p>FeS<sub>2</sub> + CaCO<sub>3</sub> + 3.75 O<sub>2</sub> + 1.5 H<sub>2</sub>O --&gt; Fe(OH)<sub>3</sub> + 2 SO<sub>4</sub><sup>-2</sup> + 2 Ca<sup>+2</sup> + 2 CO<sub>2</sub>(g), (1)<br></p><p> where the H + from 1 mol (mole) of FeS2 [64 g (gram) of S] is neutralized by 2 mol of CaCO3 (200 g). This method presumes that gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2 ) will exsolve. Thus 3.125 g CaCO3 will neutralize the acid from 1 g S; or 31.25 tons of CaCO<sub>3</sub> will neutralize the acid from 1,000 tons of rock that contains 1.0 percent pyritic S. The total S concentration, in percent, is multiplied by 31.25 and is assumed to be pyritic and acid‐producing in order to compute maximum potential acidity (MPA) for comparison with neutralization potential (NP), in units of tons CaCO<sub>3</sub> /1,000 ton (Sobek and others, 1978). NNP is computed by subtracting mass‐ weighted MPA from NP (Smith and Brady, 1990). if the value of NNP is less than zero, the acid‐producing potential of the rock exceeds its neutralization potential and if mined, therefore, would be expected to produce AMD.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings Thirteenth Annual West Virginia Surface Mine Drainage Task Force Symposium","conferenceTitle":"Thirteenth Annual West Virginia Surface Mine Drainage Task Force Symposium","conferenceDate":"April 8-9, 1992","conferenceLocation":"Morgantown, WV","language":"English","publisher":"West Virginia Surface Mine Drainage Task Force","usgsCitation":"Brady, K., and Cravotta, C.A., 1992, Acid base accounting--An improved method of interpreting overburden chemistry to predict the quality of coal-mine drainage, <i>in</i> Proceedings Thirteenth Annual West Virginia Surface Mine Drainage Task Force Symposium, Morgantown, WV, April 8-9, 1992, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343925,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":343924,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wvmdtaskforce.com/past-symposium-papers/1992-symposium-papers/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"596dcca8e4b0d1f9f06275a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brady, Keith","contributorId":92764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"Keith","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cravotta, Charles A. III, 0000-0003-3116-4684 cravotta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3116-4684","contributorId":2193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"Charles","suffix":"III,","email":"cravotta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":705157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70187779,"text":"70187779 - 1992 - Correlation of pre-Carboniferous carbonate successions of northern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-07T21:18:19","indexId":"70187779","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Correlation of pre-Carboniferous carbonate successions of northern Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Fault-bounded successions of pre-Carboniferous (meta)carbonate rocks occur throughout northern Alaska. Successions studied in detail are those in the York Mountains (Seward Peninsula), the western and eastern Baird Mountains (western Brooks Range), the Snowden Mountain area (central Brooks Range), and the Sublik and Sadlerochit Mountains (eastern Brooks range); they are correlated on the basis of the lithofacies and conodont biostratigraphy. Available lithologic and biogeographic data are best explained by postulating that these successions accumulated on a single continental margin or platform that had faunal exchange with both Siberia and North America, rather than on a series of discrete platforms juxtaposed by later tectonic events.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings: 1992 international conference on Arctic margins (MMS 94-0040)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"1992 International Conference on Arctic Margins (ICAM)","conferenceDate":"September 2-3, 1992","conferenceLocation":"Anchorage, AK","language":"English","publisher":"Bureau of Ocean Energy Management","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","usgsCitation":"Dumoulin, J.A., and Harris, A.G., 1992, Correlation of pre-Carboniferous carbonate successions of northern Alaska, <i>in</i> Proceedings: 1992 international conference on Arctic margins (MMS 94-0040), Anchorage, AK, September 2-3, 1992, p. 65-69.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"69","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341744,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.boem.gov/ICAM-92-Stratigraphy-and-Paleogeography/"},{"id":341479,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Brooks Range, Eastern Baird Mountains, Sadlerochit Mountains, Seward Peninsula, Shublik Mountains, Western Baird Mountains, York Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -166.88232421875,\n              64.48226107017604\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.03662109375003,\n              64.33990785750463\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.88330078125,\n              64.28275952823394\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.56494140625,\n              64.65211223878967\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.697265625,\n              65.20146842127558\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.82958984375003,\n              65.79376869134228\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.77490234375,\n              66.45188654545451\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.01708984375,\n              66.74857729704034\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.89697265624997,\n              66.92144865580603\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.43603515625,\n              66.92144865580603\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.06298828124997,\n              67.07599342955437\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.08544921875,\n              67.41592709035463\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.63525390625,\n              67.66773695688526\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.00927734375,\n              67.8838152132209\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.13037109375003,\n              67.98287261799817\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.21826171875,\n              69.74094412836399\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.52587890625,\n              69.74094412836399\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.96533203125,\n              69.87745216350247\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.75634765625,\n              70.05809185371957\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.45947265625,\n              70.17765306430529\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.25048828125,\n              70.07307475707385\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.9755859375,\n              69.9830151028733\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.56884765625,\n              70.11048478105924\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.46972656249997,\n              70.23717539303026\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.84326171875,\n              70.17765306430529\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.59033203125,\n              70.19254975838888\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.11767578125,\n              70.32613725493574\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.95263671875,\n              70.45885925640684\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.677734375,\n              70.56880331763338\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.18310546875,\n              70.51757028140317\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.71044921875,\n              70.53222152642121\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.36962890625,\n              70.48823599130287\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.94091796875,\n              70.48823599130287\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.11669921875,\n              70.61990681823114\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.38037109374997,\n              70.72172636005789\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.33642578125,\n              70.86629056290494\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.95166015625,\n              70.90945598953132\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.78662109375,\n              70.90945598953132\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.57763671874997,\n              70.86629056290494\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.35791015625,\n              71.03839043883019\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.97314453125,\n              71.18066715300517\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.67626953125,\n              71.20899878425502\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.4453125,\n              71.35706654962706\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.95068359375,\n              71.35004128724437\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.43408203125,\n              71.10965785497814\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.65380859375,\n              70.96686407696843\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.35693359375,\n              70.85188122123132\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.92822265624997,\n              70.85188122123132\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.45556640625,\n              70.90945598953132\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.20263671875,\n              70.79413934642666\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.51025390625003,\n              70.60531901924371\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.94970703125,\n              70.42944002303408\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.56494140625,\n              70.29652611323709\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.04833984375,\n              70.37047384596995\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.35595703125,\n              70.23717539303026\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.61962890625,\n              70.08804686061242\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.10302734375,\n              69.89256519285392\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.32275390625,\n              69.66472343054369\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.32275390625,\n              69.41896782986908\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.49853515625,\n              69.24836532591726\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.46533203125,\n              69.0292793085448\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.60791015625,\n              68.90309728240705\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.70654296875,\n              68.96627862724742\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.70654296875,\n              68.82386587133152\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.70654296875,\n              68.47186403726951\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.01416015625003,\n              68.35059429645612\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.44287109375,\n              68.14703189961982\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.78369140625,\n              67.86726454036138\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.42138671875,\n              67.50016133802775\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.06982421875,\n              67.16142809660967\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.49853515625,\n              67.02458758377148\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.75146484375,\n              66.85244636494534\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.70751953125,\n              66.69647781801481\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.44384765625003,\n              66.43432338383212\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.13623046875,\n              66.32868478255796\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.92724609375003,\n              66.20487571945456\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.58642578125,\n              66.24031184756058\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.54248046875,\n              66.45188654545451\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.49853515625,\n              66.55700652350038\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.46533203125,\n              66.67908684186773\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.30029296875,\n              66.59194802140539\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.00341796875,\n              66.41674787052295\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.66259765624997,\n              66.24031184756058\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.27783203125003,\n              66.00908582293678\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.62939453124997,\n              65.86574214713855\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.37646484375,\n              65.63109034100295\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.24462890625003,\n              65.50385357555169\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.14599609374997,\n              65.17380608397224\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.01416015625003,\n              64.87693823228865\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.70654296875,\n              64.74601725111455\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.88232421875,\n              64.48226107017604\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"591eb2e4e4b0a7fdb4418bac","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Thurston, Dennis K.","contributorId":147113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thurston","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696073,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fujita, Kazuya","contributorId":15654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fujita","given":"Kazuya","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696074,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, Anita G.","contributorId":50162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Anita","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70197377,"text":"70197377 - 1992 - Patterns and rates of sedimentation in Chesapeake Bay during the Holocene rise in sea level","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-31T11:05:02","indexId":"70197377","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Patterns and rates of sedimentation in Chesapeake Bay during the Holocene rise in sea level","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary coastal systems of the United States","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","usgsCitation":"Colman, S., Halka, J., and Hobbs, C., 1992, Patterns and rates of sedimentation in Chesapeake Bay during the Holocene rise in sea level, chap. <i>of</i> Quaternary coastal systems of the United States, v. 48, p. 101-111.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"111","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354626,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15a54de4b092d9651e22c5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Fletcher, Charles H.","contributorId":30286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Charles H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736922,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wehmiller, J.F.","contributorId":37891,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wehmiller","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736923,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Colman, S.M.","contributorId":32851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halka, J.P.","contributorId":27551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halka","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hobbs, C.","contributorId":205321,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hobbs","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70186285,"text":"70186285 - 1992 - Seismic noise on Rarotonga: Surface versus downhole","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T14:27:30","indexId":"70186285","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3879,"text":"Eos, Earth and Space Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic noise on Rarotonga: Surface versus downhole","docAbstract":"<p>Seismic noise data are presented from the new Global Seismographic Network station, RAR, on the Island of Rarotonga in the South Pacific. Data from the first new borehole site in the GSN are compared with a surface vault installation. Initial indications from the data show that borehole siting on a small island significantly reduces long-period (&gt;20 s) horizontal seismic noise levels during the daytime, but little or no improvement is evident at periods shorter than 20 s or on the vertical component.</p><p>The goal of the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) GSN program is broad, uniform coverage of the Earth with a 128-station network. To achieve this goal and provide coverage in oceanic areas, many stations will be sited on islands. A major siting consideration for these new stations is whether to build a surface vault or drill a borehole. Neither option is inexpensive. The costs for drilling a cased hole and a borehole sensor are large, but the benefit of a borehole site is that seismic noise is reduced during certain periods when a surface installation may be subject to wind, weather, and thermal effects. This benefit translates into recording greater numbers of smaller earthquakes and higher signal-to-noise ratio.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/91EO00405","usgsCitation":"Butler, R., and Hutt, C., 1992, Seismic noise on Rarotonga: Surface versus downhole: Eos, Earth and Space Science News, v. 73, no. 51, p. 548-549, https://doi.org/10.1029/91EO00405.","productDescription":"2 p. ","startPage":"548","endPage":"549","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339069,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"51","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f92e4b09da67997ed2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butler, Rhett","contributorId":190323,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Butler","given":"Rhett","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hutt, C. R. 0000-0001-9033-9195","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9033-9195","contributorId":61910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutt","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016770,"text":"70016770 - 1992 - Evidence from the Lamarck granodiorite for rapid late Cretaceous crust formation in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-16T16:03:20.475444","indexId":"70016770","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence from the Lamarck granodiorite for rapid late Cretaceous crust formation in California","docAbstract":"Strontium and neodymium isotopic data for rocks from the voluminous 90-million-year-old Lamarck intrusive suite in the Sierra Nevada batholith, California, show little variation across a compositional range from gabbro to granite. Data for three different gabbro intrusions within the suite are identical within analytical error and are consistent with derivation from an enriched mantle source. Recognition of local involvement of enriched mantle during generation of the Sierran batholith modifies estimates of crustal growth rates in the United States. These data indicate that parts of the Sierra Nevada batholith may consist almost entirely of juvenile crust added during Cretaceous magmatism.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.258.5090.1924","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Coleman, D., Glazner, A.F., and Frost, T.P., 1992, Evidence from the Lamarck granodiorite for rapid late Cretaceous crust formation in California: Science, v. 258, no. 5090, p. 1924-1926, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.258.5090.1924.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1924","endPage":"1926","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224943,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.84971092187912,\n              40.682426369481675\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.30521585481407,\n              39.015193402193255\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.6236660191375,\n              35.6697022757497\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.61279314106328,\n              35.53493864991903\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.38618729460639,\n              37.33398204688285\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.00292800241671,\n              38.97516455668262\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.35278903916493,\n              40.7684998748025\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.84971092187912,\n              40.682426369481675\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"258","issue":"5090","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d5be4b0c8380cd52f8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coleman, D.S.","contributorId":57607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glazner, A. F.","contributorId":91639,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Glazner","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frost, T. P.","contributorId":49797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frost","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016825,"text":"70016825 - 1992 - Synchronism of the Siberian Traps and the Permian-Triassic boundary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-16T16:10:54.51475","indexId":"70016825","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Synchronism of the Siberian Traps and the Permian-Triassic boundary","docAbstract":"<p><span>Uranium-lead ages from an ion probe were taken for zircons from the ore-bearing Noril'sk I intrusion that is comagmatic with, and intrusive to, the Siberian Traps. These values match, within an experimental error of ±4 million years, the dates for zircons extracted from a tuff at the Permian-Triassic (P-Tr) boundary. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the P-Tr extinction was caused by the Siberian basaltic flood volcanism. It is likely that the eruption of these magmas was accompanied by the injection of large amounts of sulfur dioxide into the upper atmosphere, which may have led to global cooling and to expansion of the polar ice cap. The P-Tr extinction event may have been caused by a combination of acid rain and global cooling as well as rapid and extreme changes in sea level resulting from expansion of the polar ice cap.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.258.5089.1760","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Campbell, I., Czamanske, G., Fedorenko, V., Hill, R., and Stepanov, V., 1992, Synchronism of the Siberian Traps and the Permian-Triassic boundary: Science, v. 258, no. 5089, p. 1760-1763, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.258.5089.1760.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1760","endPage":"1763","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224899,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"258","issue":"5089","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba33ce4b08c986b31fc19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, I.H.","contributorId":21287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"I.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Czamanske, Gerald K.","contributorId":104907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czamanske","given":"Gerald K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fedorenko, V.A.","contributorId":59961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fedorenko","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hill, R.I.","contributorId":44672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"R.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stepanov, V.","contributorId":7013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stepanov","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70207084,"text":"70207084 - 1992 - Strain accumulation across the Wasatch Fault near Ogden, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-28T14:20:09.043883","indexId":"70207084","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-05T14:11:18","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strain accumulation across the Wasatch Fault near Ogden, Utah","docAbstract":"<p><span>Deformation of a 70 by 40‐km trilateration network spanning the north trending Wasatch fault near Ogden, Utah, has been monitored from 1972 through 1990. All but nine of the 200 measurements are consistent with deformation that is linear in time. We presume that those nine observations are contaminated by some blunder in making the measurements and that deformation is linear in time. The strain rate over the 1972–1990 interval across a 40‐km‐wide zone west of the Wasatch fault (hanging wall block) is adequately approximated by a 0.04 ± 0.01 μstrain/yr N85°E±5° uniaxial extension. Adequate coverage of the footwall block is available only over the 1981–1990 interval, and the strain rate across a 30‐km‐wide zone there is approximated by a 0.07 ± 0.03 μstrain/yr N20°E±12° uniaxial extension. The observed extension of the hanging wall block in the direction normal to fault strike suggests that the Wasatch fault may be listric; a planar fault would produce a zone of contraction normal to the fault at the surface of the hanging wall block. The component of extension parallel to fault strike observed on the footwall block is unexplained.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91JB02798","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., Lisowski, M., and Prescott, W., 1992, Strain accumulation across the Wasatch Fault near Ogden, Utah: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 97, no. B2, p. 2071-2083, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JB02798.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2071","endPage":"2083","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370011,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Wasatch Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -112.181396484375,\n              41.541477666790286\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.43408203124999,\n              41.53325414281322\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.6043701171875,\n              41.33970040774419\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.3846435546875,\n              41.075210270566636\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.291259765625,\n              40.98819156349393\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.7913818359375,\n              40.967455873296714\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.566162109375,\n              41.44684402008925\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.63208007812499,\n              41.566141964768384\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.181396484375,\n              41.541477666790286\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"97","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70207080,"text":"70207080 - 1992 - Interseismic deformation at the Nankai Trough, Japan, subduction zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-28T14:17:38.148527","indexId":"70207080","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-05T13:31:26","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interseismic deformation at the Nankai Trough, Japan, subduction zone","docAbstract":"<p><span>Uplift along the coast of southwestern Japan following the 1944 Tonankai (</span><i>M<sub>s</sub></i><span>&nbsp;= 8.0) and 1946 Nankaido (</span><i>M<sub>s</sub></i><span>&nbsp;= 8.2) earthquakes has been inferred from the 1950–1985 tide gage records. Although uplift rates vary with geographic position, the temporal dependence at each site can be described as the superposition of an exponentially decaying (time constant ∼5 years) transient, significant only in the first decade postseismic, and a steady interseismic rate. The steady interseismic uplift rate is defined only over the 1956–1985 interval, but the linearity in time ofthat uplift record is such that uplift over the remainder of the interseismic cycle (∼80 years) might reasonably be expected to occur at the same rate. Moreover, the spatial pattern and magnitude of the steady uplift rate are reasonably close to those predicted by a simple dislocation model of subduction. However, the currently observed steady uplift rate is not consistent with the uplift rate inferred from geodetic leveling for the final half of the previous earthquake cycle. Thus, either the hypothesis of a steady interseismic uplift rate after the first decade postseismic is wrong or the strain accumulation pattern for one earthquake need not be the same as for the preceding earthquake on the same segment.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/92JB00810","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., and Thatcher, W.R., 1992, Interseismic deformation at the Nankai Trough, Japan, subduction zone: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 97, no. B7, p. 11117-11135, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JB00810.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"11117","endPage":"11135","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370006,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              129.462890625,\n              31.12819929911196\n            ],\n            [\n              139.833984375,\n              31.12819929911196\n            ],\n            [\n              139.833984375,\n              37.64903402157866\n            ],\n            [\n              129.462890625,\n              37.64903402157866\n            ],\n            [\n              129.462890625,\n              31.12819929911196\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"97","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thatcher, Wayne R. 0000-0001-6324-545X thatcher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6324-545X","contributorId":2599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"Wayne","email":"thatcher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70207078,"text":"70207078 - 1992 - Coulomb plasticity within the fault zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-28T14:12:15.595091","indexId":"70207078","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-05T13:25:06","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coulomb plasticity within the fault zone","docAbstract":"<p><span>We represent a well‐developed fault by a layer of granular material (fault gouge) confined between two competent fault blocks. Slip on such a fault involves plastic shearing of the fault gouge. That is, the fault gouge behaves as a Coulomb material, and the plastic flow is accomplished by slip on the two sets of Coulomb shears appropriate to the stress state and the frictional properties of the gouge. Neither set of Coulomb shears is coplanar with the fault zone. Generally, the initial plastic flow is self arresting, and increased shear stress is required to drive further shear. But as the shear stress is increased a stress state is reached within the gouge in which the plane of maximum shear stress is parallel to the plane of the fault zone. Then the fault gouge shears at whatever rate is required to keep the shear stress across the fault from increasing further as was demonstrated experimentally by&nbsp;</span><i>Mandl et al.</i><span>&nbsp;[1977]. In a mature fault previous slip cycles have presumably left the fault gouge in a stress state such that the plane of maximum shear is parallel to the fault plane. Then, with additional shear loading, unlimited shear deformation is possible at the shear stress corresponding to the onset of Coulomb failure, and the fault appears to slip as if friction on the plane of the fault were less than on planes of other orientations. Slip on the fault does not imply that the fault plane coincides with a Coulomb shear as is sometimes assumed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/92GL02370","usgsCitation":"Byerlee, J., and Savage, J.C., 1992, Coulomb plasticity within the fault zone: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 19, no. 23, p. 2341-2344, https://doi.org/10.1029/92GL02370.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"2341","endPage":"2344","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370004,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Byerlee, J.D.","contributorId":69982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerlee","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016880,"text":"70016880 - 1992 - A tsunami about 1000 years ago in Puget Sound, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-16T16:22:38.910592","indexId":"70016880","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A tsunami about 1000 years ago in Puget Sound, Washington","docAbstract":"<p><span>Water surged from Puget Sound sometime between 1000 and 1100 years ago, overrunning tidal marshes and mantling them with centimeters of sand. One overrun site is 10 kilometers northwest of downtown Seattle; another is on Whidbey Island, some 30 kilometers farther north. Neither site has been widely mantled with sand at any other time in the past 2000 years. Deposition of the sand coincided—to the year or less—with abrupt, probably tectonic subsidence at the Seattle site and with landsliding into nearby Lake Washington. These findings show that a tsunami was generated in Puget Sound, and they tend to confirm that a large shallow earthquake occurred in the Seattle area about 1000 years ago.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.258.5088.1614","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Atwater, B., and Moore, A., 1992, A tsunami about 1000 years ago in Puget Sound, Washington: Science, v. 258, no. 5088, p. 1614-1617, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.258.5088.1614.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1614","endPage":"1617","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":495739,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1231020","text":"External Repository"},{"id":224901,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Puget Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.65886846523934,\n              49.00731757648293\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.65886846523934,\n              47.1048310775121\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.15457987611427,\n              47.1048310775121\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.15457987611427,\n              49.00731757648293\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.65886846523934,\n              49.00731757648293\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"258","issue":"5088","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e607e4b0c8380cd470f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Atwater, Brian F. atwater@usgs.gov","contributorId":149872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atwater","given":"Brian F.","email":"atwater@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":374745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, A.L.","contributorId":70931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}