The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation, conducted a study of extreme flood potential for Texas. Potential extreme peak discharges, derived from the relation between documented extreme peak discharges and their contributing drainage areas, can provide valuable information concerning the maximum expected peak discharge that could occur at a stream site. Documented extreme peak discharges and associated data were aggregated for 832 sites with and without streamflow-gaging stations in natural basins in Texas.
A potential extreme peak discharge curve was developed for each of 11 hydrologic regions in Texas and for the State as a whole, based on documented extreme peak discharges and associated contributing drainage areas. The curve envelops, for a large range of drainage areas, the largest documented extreme peak discharges. Potential extreme peak discharges estimated from the curves were compared to probable maximum flood peak discharges estimated from various simulation models.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri954249","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Asquith, W.H., and Slade, R.M., 1995, Documented and potential extreme peak discharges and relation between potential extreme peak discharges and probable maximum flood peak discharges in Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4249, Report: iii, 58 p.; 1 Plate: 24.00 x 23.92 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954249.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 58 p.; 1 Plate: 24.00 x 23.92 inches","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db636121","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Asquith, William H. 0000-0002-7400-1861 wasquith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-1861","contributorId":1007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asquith","given":"William","email":"wasquith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slade, Raymond M. Jr.","contributorId":46487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slade","given":"Raymond","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23587,"text":"ofr95463 - 1995 - Hydrologic data for the Weldon Spring chemical plant site and vicinity property, St. Charles County, Missouri, 1989-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-12T22:58:12.015201","indexId":"ofr95463","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-463","title":"Hydrologic data for the Weldon Spring chemical plant site and vicinity property, St. Charles County, Missouri, 1989-95","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95463","usgsCitation":"Kleeschulte, M., 1995, Hydrologic data for the Weldon Spring chemical plant site and vicinity property, St. Charles County, Missouri, 1989-95: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-463, iii, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95463.","productDescription":"iii, 68 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410340,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18480.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":52879,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0463/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156925,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0463/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","county":"St. Charles County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.8,\n 38.752\n ],\n [\n -90.8,\n 38.653\n ],\n [\n -90.66,\n 38.653\n ],\n [\n -90.66,\n 38.752\n ],\n [\n -90.8,\n 38.752\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ce4b07f02db60825b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kleeschulte, M. J.","contributorId":73222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleeschulte","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25705,"text":"wri954061 - 1995 - Physical and hydrologic properties of outcrop samples from a nonwelded to welded tuff transition, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:18","indexId":"wri954061","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4061","title":"Physical and hydrologic properties of outcrop samples from a nonwelded to welded tuff transition, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"Quantitative material-property data are needed to describe lateral and vertical spatial variability of physical and hydrologic properties and to model ground-water flow and radionuclide transport at the potential Yucca Mountain nuclear-waste repository site in Nevada. As part of ongoing site characterization studies of Yucca Mountain directed toward this understanding of spatial variability, laboratory measurements of porosity, bull* and particle density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and sorptivity have been obtained for a set of outcrop samples that form a systematic,two dimensional grid that covers a large exposure of the basal Tiva Canyon Tuff of the Paintbrush Group of Miocene age at Yucca Mountain. The samples form a detailed vertical grid roughly parallel to the transport direction of the parent ash flows, and they exhibit material-property varia- tions in an interval of major lithologic change overlying a potential nuclear-waste repository at Yucca Mountain. The observed changes in hydrologic properties were systematic and consistent with the changes expected for the nonwelded to welded transition at the base of a major ash-flow sequence. Porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and sorptivity decreased upward from the base of the Tiva Canyon Tuff, indicating the progressive compaction of ash- rich volcanic debris and the onset of welding with increased overburden pressure from the accumulating ash-flow sheet. The rate of decrease in the values of these material properties varied with vertical position within the transition interval. In contrast, bulk-density values increased upward, a change that also is consistent with progressive compaction and the onset of welding. Particle-density values remained almost constant throughout the transition interval, probably indicating compositional (chemical) homogeneity.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954061","usgsCitation":"Rautman, C., Flint, L.E., Flint, A.L., and Istok, J., 1995, Physical and hydrologic properties of outcrop samples from a nonwelded to welded tuff transition, Yucca Mountain, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4061, iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm. [PGS - 28 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954061.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm. [PGS - 28 p.]","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123938,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4061/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54467,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4061/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685c1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rautman, C.A.","contributorId":46979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rautman","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, L. E. 0000-0002-7868-441X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":38180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"L.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flint, A. L.","contributorId":102453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Istok, J.D.","contributorId":34165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Istok","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":28357,"text":"wri944104 - 1995 - Estimates of ground-water recharge rates for two small basins in central Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-13T17:15:40.938301","indexId":"wri944104","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4104","title":"Estimates of ground-water recharge rates for two small basins in central Nevada","docAbstract":"Estimates of ground-water recharge rates developed from hydrologic modeling studies are presented for 3-Springs and East Stewart basins. two small basins (analog sites) located in central Nevada. The analog-site studies were conducted to aid in the estimation of recharge to the paleohydrologic regime associated with ground water in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain under wetter climatic conditions. The two analog sites are located to the north and at higher elevations than Yucca Mountain, and the prevailing (current) climatic conditions at these sites is thought to be representative of the possible range of paleoclimatic conditions in the general area of Yucca Mountain during the Quaternary. Two independent modeling approaches were conducted at each of the analog sites using observed hydrologic data on precipitation, temperature, solar radiation stream discharge, and chloride-ion water chemistry for a 6-year study period (October 1986 through September 1992). Both models quantify the hydrologic water-balance equation and yield estimates of ground-water recharge, given appropriate input data. The first model uses a traditional approach to quantify watershed hydrology through a precipitation-runoff modeling system that accounts for the spatial variability of hydrologic inputs, processes, and responses (outputs) using a dailycomputational time step. The second model is based on the conservative nature of the dissolved chloride ion in selected hydrologic environments, and its use as a natural tracer allows the computation of acoupled, water and chloride-ion, mass-balance system of equations to estimate available water (sum ofsurface runoff and groundwater recharge). Results of the modeling approaches support the conclusion that reasonable estimates of average-annual recharge to ground water range from about 1 to 3 centimeters per year for 3-Springs basin (the drier site), and from about 30 to 32 centimeters per year for East Stewart basin (the wetter site). The most reliable results are those derived from a reduced form of the chloride-ion model because they reflect integrated, basinwide processes in terms of only three measured variables: precipitation amount, precipitation chemistry, and streamflow chemistry.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944104","usgsCitation":"Lichty, R., and McKinley, P.W., 1995, Estimates of ground-water recharge rates for two small basins in central Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4104, iv, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944104.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123589,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4104/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57161,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4104/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":466115,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47994.htm","text":"3-Springs basin","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":466116,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47995.htm","text":"East Stewart Creek basin","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118,\n 38.5\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 37.75\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 37.75\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 38.5\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 38.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db64869b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lichty, R.W.","contributorId":46987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lichty","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKinley, P. W.","contributorId":16414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKinley","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26197,"text":"wri944038 - 1995 - Conceptualization and simulation of runoff generation from rainfall for three basins in Thurston County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:33","indexId":"wri944038","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4038","title":"Conceptualization and simulation of runoff generation from rainfall for three basins in Thurston County, Washington","docAbstract":"A method to conceptualize and simulate the generation of runoff from rainfall was applied to three small drainage basins in north-central Thurston County, Washington. Because the study basins face continued urban development, this method was developed to provide a technique for assessing the effects of alternative urban-development plans on runoff characteristics. A conceptual model of runoff generation and three numerical simulation models, called basin models, were constructed for the study basins. Hydrologic Simulation Program- FORTRAN was the program used to construct the basin models. The basin models were constructed using parameter values based on qualitative rainfall- runoff relations defined in the conceptual model. The features of the conceptual model, incorporated in the basin models, were assessed by calibration and evaluation of the basin models with observed streamflow data collected from March 1988 through March 1990. The simulation results from the basin models generally confirmed the study's conceptual model of runoff generation. Absolute differences between simulated and observed streamflows were less than 6 percent for total runoff volumes, equal to or less than 32 percent for daily mean discharges, less than 32 percent for storm runoff volumes, and less than 33 percent for peak discharges. Although the conceptual model adequately described runoff generation from rainfall, it did not adequately describe the actual flow paths from land segments to streams.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944038","usgsCitation":"Berris, S., 1995, Conceptualization and simulation of runoff generation from rainfall for three basins in Thurston County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4038, vi, 149 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944038.","productDescription":"vi, 149 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4038/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54992,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4038/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db6980f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berris, S.N.","contributorId":46570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berris","given":"S.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68089,"text":"ha730B - 1995 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 1, California, Nevada","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":68089,"text":"ha730B - 1995 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 1, California, Nevada","indexId":"ha730B","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 1, California, Nevada"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":68687,"text":"ha730 - 2000 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States","indexId":"ha730","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":68687,"text":"ha730 - 2000 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States","indexId":"ha730","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-30T15:09:11","indexId":"ha730B","displayToPublicDate":"1996-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"730","chapter":"B","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 1, California, Nevada","docAbstract":"California and Nevada compose Segment 1 of the Ground Water Atlas of the United States. Segment 1 is a region of pronounced physiographic and climatic contrasts. From the Cascade Mountains and the Sierra Nevada of northern California, where precipitation is abundant, to the Great Basin in Nevada and the deserts of southern California, which have the most arid environments in the United States, few regions exhibit such a diversity of topography or environment.
Since the discovery of gold in the mid-1800's, California has experienced a population, industrial, and agricultural boom unrivaled by that of any other State. Water needs in California are very large, and the State leads the United States in agricultural and municipal water use. The demand for water exceeds the natural water supply in many agricultural and nearly all urban areas. As a result, water is impounded by reservoirs in areas of surplus and transported to areas of scarcity by an extensive network of aqueducts.
Unlike California, which has a relative abundance of water, development in Nevada has been limited by a scarcity of recoverable freshwater. The Truckee, the Carson, the Walker, the Humboldt, and the Colorado Rivers are the only perennial streams of significance in the State. The individual basin-fill aquifers, which together compose the largest known ground-water reserves, receive little annual recharge and are easily depleted. Nevada is sparsely populated, except for the Las Vegas, the Reno-Sparks, and the Carson City areas, which rely heavily on imported water for public supplies. Although important to the economy of Nevada, agriculture has not been developed to the same degree as in California due, in large part, to a scarcity of water. Some additional ground-water development might be possible in Nevada through prudent management of the basin-fill aquifers and increased utilization of ground water in the little-developed carbonate-rock aquifers that underlie the eastern one-half of the State. The potential problem of withdrawals in excess of natural recharge, however, will require careful management of ground-water withdrawals.
","largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha730B","isbn":"0607767553","usgsCitation":"Planert, M., and Williams, J.S., 1995, Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 1, California, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 730, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha730B.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"B1","endPage":"B28","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":186225,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/730b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":11479,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/ha730/ch_b/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":115250,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/730b/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"68.30 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Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"730","chapter":"C","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 2, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah","docAbstract":"This chapter of the Ground Water Atlas of the United States describes the aquifers in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. These four States, which comprise Segment 2 of this Atlas, are located in the Southwestern United States and extend from the rolling grasslands of the Great Plains on the east across the Rocky Mountains and Continental Divide to the desert basins of the Southwest. The 425,000-square-mile area ranges in altitude from about 14,400 feet above sea level in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado to about 100 feet near the lower Colorado River in southwestern Arizona. All the ground water in Segment 2 ultimately is derived from infiltration of precipitation, which varies considerably with the altitude and topography of the area.
The Great Plains Physiographic Province of the Central United States extends into eastern Colorado and New Mexico (fig. 1), where flat to rolling prairie (fig. 2) with scattered hills and bluffs gradually rises westward to 5,000 to 7,000 feet above sea level and abruptly gives way to the frontal ranges of the Rocky Mountains in the Southern Rocky Mountain and Basin and Range Physiographic Provinces. West of the frontal ranges in Colorado and northern New Mexico are additional and higher mountain ranges generally oriented north-south but with many spurs and extensions oriented in other directions. The many ranges of the Rocky Mountains are separated by valleys and high mountain parks (fig. 3). Colorado contains about three-fourths of the Nation's land area above 10,000 feet and has 53 mountain peaks higher than 14,000 feet. Most of these high peaks are located near the Continental Divide (fig. 1), which extends approximately north-south through central Colorado and western New Mexico. The altitude of the divide decreases in southern New Mexico to less than 4,500 feet in a few areas.
Farther westward, the mountains are less prevalent and are interspersed with broad structural basins. These basins and the broad valleys of the middle Colorado River and its tributaries form the irregular intermontane topography of the Colorado Plateaus Physiographic Province (fig. 4). Plateaus and high mesas are formed where the surface has been dissected by rugged canyons carved by the Colorado River and its tributaries (fig. 5). The largest of these canyons-the Grand Canyon-extends about 220 miles southwestward from the mouth of the Little Colorado River in Arizona and ranges from 4 to 18 miles in width and from 2,700 to 5,700 feet in depth below the rim.
Small mountain ranges and intervening broad desert valleys of the Basin and Range Physiographic Province are prevalent to the west and south of the Colorado Plateaus in western Utah, southern Arizona, and southern New Mexico (fig. 1). These mountain ranges generally protrude 3,000 to 6,000 feet above the surrounding valley floor (fig. 6) and commonly extend from 20 to 50 miles in a north or northwesterly direction.
Small parts of the Middle Rocky Mountains and Wyoming Basin Physiographic Provinces extend into northwestern Colorado and northeastern Utah (fig. 1). The topography, geology, and hydrology of the two areas are described in Chapter 1 of this Atlas.
Four of the Nation's major river systems have headwaters in the mountainous areas of Segment 2. The South Platte River of the Missouri River system drains the eastern slope of northern Colorado; the Arkansas River and its tributary, the Canadian River, drain southeastern Colorado and northeastern New Mexico; the Rio Grande and its tributary, the Pecos River, drain south-central Colorado and central New Mexico; and the Colorado River and its tributaries drain Arizona, eastern Utah, Northwestern New Mexico, and western Colorado (fig. 1). Western Utah is drained by numerous streams that terminate in local desert basins, the Great Salt Lake, or other local lakes and reservoirs. Because the Great Salt Lake lies in the Great Basin, which is the largest closed basin in North America, it has no outlet to the sea. The salinity of the lake water is about 20 percent or about 6 times the salinity of seawater.
Most of Segment 2 is sparsely populated. The average population density of counties is less than 8 persons per square mile in about 65 percent of the four-State area (fig. 7). Population densities range from less than 0.5 person per square mile in a few rural counties to more than 4 ,000 persons per square mile in populous urban areas. The 1990 population of the four States was about 10 million; almost 70 percent of this population was in Arizona and Colorado. Most land in Segment 2 is undeveloped forest grassland, or desert shrubland, much of which is used for livestock grazing. Land used for production of commercial crops primarily is in eastern Colorado and eastern New Mexico.
","largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha730C","isbn":"0607860685","usgsCitation":"Robson, S.G., and Banta, E., 1995, Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 2, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 730, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha730C.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"C1","endPage":"C32","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":11480,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/ha730/ch_c/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":115248,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/730c/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"84.59 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66de52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robson, Stanley G.","contributorId":73187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robson","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Banta, Edward R.","contributorId":49820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banta","given":"Edward R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44890,"text":"wri954134 - 1995 - Development of a 14-digit hydrologic coding scheme and boundary data set for New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-27T14:34:50","indexId":"wri954134","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4134","title":"Development of a 14-digit hydrologic coding scheme and boundary data set for New Jersey","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri954134","usgsCitation":"Ellis, W.H., and Price, C.V., 1995, Development of a 14-digit hydrologic coding scheme and boundary data set for New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4134, 1 map : col. ; 113 x 67 cm., folded in envelope 31 x 23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954134.","productDescription":"1 map : col. ; 113 x 67 cm., folded in envelope 31 x 23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169962,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268448,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4134/plate-1.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db667151","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, William H. wellis@usgs.gov","contributorId":179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"William","email":"wellis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Price, Curtis V. 0000-0002-4315-3539 cprice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4315-3539","contributorId":983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"Curtis","email":"cprice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":68000,"text":"ha733 - 1995 - Hydrologic aspects of Hurricane Hugo in South Carolina, September 1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-07T13:40:36","indexId":"ha733","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"733","title":"Hydrologic aspects of Hurricane Hugo in South Carolina, September 1989","docAbstract":"Hurricane Hugo, with winds in excess of 135 miles per hour(mi/h), made landfall near Charleston, S.C., early on the morning of September 22, 1989. It was the most destructive hurricane ever experienced in South Carolina. The storm caused 35 deaths and $7 billion in property damage in South Carolina (Purvis, 1990).
This report documents some hydrologic effects of Hurricane Hugo along the South Carolina coast. The report includes maps showing storm-tide stage and profiles of the maximum storm-tide stages along the outer coast. Storm-tide stage frequency information is presented and changes in beach morphology and water quality of coastal streams resulting from the storm are described.
The hydrologic investigations atlas shows the areas in and around Iowa City, Iowa, that were flooded by the Iowa River in 1993. This map also depicts the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 100-year flood boundaries. The drainage basin of the Iowa River at Iowa City received well over 100 percent of normal rainfall in June, July, and August, 1993. At the Cedar Rapids airport, located about 20 miles north-northwest of Iowa City, July rainfall was 414 percent of normal. The discharges at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations on the Iowa River upstream of Coralville Reservoir, just downstream from Coralville Reservoir, and at Iowa City are shown. A profile of the maximum water-surface elevations of the 1993 flood in Iowa City and vicinity is higher than the FEMA 100-year flood profile. The water-surface elevation of Coralville Reservoir is shown from June 29-September 18, 1993.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha735B","usgsCitation":"Schaap, B.D., and Harvey, C.A., 1995, Delineation of flooding within the upper Mississippi River Basin, 1993 — Flood of June 29-September 18, 1993, in Iowa City and vicinity, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 735, 1 Plate: 41.50 × 44.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha735B.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 41.50 × 44.00 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190191,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":89262,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/735b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400347,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16200.htm"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Iowa","city":"Iowa City","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.583,\n 41.55\n ],\n [\n -91.494,\n 41.55\n ],\n [\n -91.494,\n 41.75\n ],\n [\n -91.583,\n 41.75\n ],\n [\n -91.583,\n 41.55\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671c54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaap, Bryan D.","contributorId":63438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaap","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harvey, Craig A.","contributorId":103325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44780,"text":"wri924128 - 1995 - Hydrology of the unconfined aquifer system in the upper Maurice River basin and adjacent areas in Gloucester County, New Jersey, 1986-87","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-20T21:54:43.42017","indexId":"wri924128","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4128","title":"Hydrology of the unconfined aquifer system in the upper Maurice River basin and adjacent areas in Gloucester County, New Jersey, 1986-87","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924128","usgsCitation":"Lacombe, P., and Rosman, R., 1995, Hydrology of the unconfined aquifer system in the upper Maurice River basin and adjacent areas in Gloucester County, New Jersey, 1986-87: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4128, 5 Plates: 54.00 x 40.59 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924128.","productDescription":"5 Plates: 54.00 x 40.59 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170688,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":82111,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4128/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82110,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4128/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82107,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4128/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":414396,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47682.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":82109,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4128/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82108,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4128/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United states","state":"New Jersey","county":"Gloucester County","otherGeospatial":"upper Maurice River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.3225,\n 39.8014\n ],\n [\n -75.3225,\n 39.4917\n ],\n [\n -74.8814,\n 39.4917\n ],\n [\n -74.8814,\n 39.8014\n ],\n [\n -75.3225,\n 39.8014\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc78e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lacombe, Pierre J. placombe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacombe","given":"Pierre J.","email":"placombe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosman, Robert 0000-0001-5042-1872 rrosman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5042-1872","contributorId":2846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosman","given":"Robert","email":"rrosman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":68633,"text":"ha735A - 1995 - Delineation of flooding within the upper Mississippi River basin — Flood of July 30, 1993, in Jefferson City and vicinity, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-18T21:15:20.61996","indexId":"ha735A","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"735","chapter":"A","title":"Delineation of flooding within the upper Mississippi River basin — Flood of July 30, 1993, in Jefferson City and vicinity, Missouri","docAbstract":"This report provides Missouri River flood-peak elevation data and delineates the areal extent of flooding in Jefferson City and vicinity, Missouri, for July 30, 1993. The July 1993 flood is compared with the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) 100- and 500-year flood profiles. This report is one of a series of U.S. Geological Survey reports to document the flooding within the upper Mississippi River Basin in 1993 and to improve the technical base on which flood-plain management decisions can be made by other agencies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Richmond, Virginia","doi":"10.3133/ha735A","usgsCitation":"Alexander, T.W., 1995, Delineation of flooding within the upper Mississippi River basin — Flood of July 30, 1993, in Jefferson City and vicinity, Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 735, 1 Plate: 41.94 × 31.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha735A.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 41.94 × 31.00 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":185779,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":394471,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16199.htm"},{"id":90299,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/735a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Missouri","city":"Jefferson City","otherGeospatial":"Upper Mississippi River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.233,\n 38.542\n ],\n [\n -92.083,\n 38.542\n ],\n [\n -92.083,\n 38.625\n ],\n [\n -92.233,\n 38.625\n ],\n [\n -92.233,\n 38.542\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab3e4b07f02db66fd22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alexander, Terry W.","contributorId":21193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30222,"text":"wri954028 - 1995 - Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Aguadilla to Rio Camuy area, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri954028","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4028","title":"Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Aguadilla to Rio Camuy area, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"The aquifers of the Aguadilla to Rio Camuy area, in the northwestern part of Puerto Rico, are the least developed of those on the north coast, and relatively little information is available concerning the ground-water system. The present study, which was part of a comprehensive appraisal of the ground-water resources of the North Coast Province, attempts to interpret the hydrology of the area within the constraints of available data. The study area consists of an uplifted rolling plain that is 200 to 400 feet above sea level and a heavily forested, karst upland. The only major streams in the area are the Rfo Camuy and the Rio Guajataca. Most water used in the area is obtained from Lago de Guajataca, just south of the study area, and ground-water use is minimal (less than 5 million gallons per day). Sedimentary rocks of Tertiary age, mainly limestone and calcareous clays, comprise the aquifers of the Aguadilla to Rio Camuy area. The rocks generally dip from 4 to 7 degrees to the north, and the total sedimentary rock sequence may be as much as 6,000 feet thick near the Atlantic coast. Baseflows for the Rio Camuy are 58 cubic feet per second near Bayaney and 72 cubic feet per second near Hatillo. The ground-water discharge to the Rio Camuy between these stations is estimated to be 15 cubic feet per second, or 2.6 cubic feet per second per linear mile. The flow of the Rio Guajataca is regulated by the Guajataca Dam at Lago de Guajataca. Ground-water discharge to the Rio Guajataca between the dam and the coast is estimated to be about 17 cubic feet per.second, based on the average ground-water discharge per linear mile estimated for the Rio Camuy. Both water-table and artesian aquifers are present in the Aguadilla to Rio Camuy area; how-ever, most ground water occurs within the watertable aquifer, which was the primary focus of this study. The top of the confining unit, below the water-table aquifer, generally is within the unnamed upper member of the Cibao Formation; however, it is within the Los Puertos Formation in the eastern part of the study area. The water-table aquifer primarily is composed of rocks of the Aymam6n Limestone and the Los Puertos Formation. The estimated saturated thickness of the water-table aquifer ranges from zero at the southern limit of the aquifer to more than 600 feet south of Isabela. Hydraulic conductivity of the Aymam6n Limestone, based on specific-capacity test data for seven wells, ranges from about 1 to about 25 feet per day and averages 7.5 feet per day. Hydraulic conductivity of the Los Puertos Formation, based on specific-capacity test data for four wells, generally was less than 7 feet. per day. The average hydraulic-conductivity value for both the Aymam6n Limestone and the Los Puertos Formation, based on specific-capacity test data, is estimated to be about 6.0 feet per day. These hydraulic-conductivity values are much less than average values for the water-table aquifer reported for other parts of the North Coast Province. Transmissivity values, based on the average hydraulic-conductivity value for the aquifer derived from specific-capacity tests, range from zero to about 4,000 feet squared per day; however, these values were adjusted upward during model calibration. Ground water generally moves from the highlands in the south toward the sea to the north and west, and locally, to streams. A major groundwater divide extends from the southeastern corner of the study area to the northwest, and separates flow north and east into the study area from flow to the southwest toward the Rio Culebrinas. Nearly all recharge to the aquifer is from infiltration of rainfall into the karst uplands. Discharge from the aquifer primarily occurs as leakage to streams and to the sea, and to a lesser degree as flow to wells. A two-layer, three-dimensional, steady-state, numerical model was constructed to simulateground-water flow in the water-table aquifer between Aguadilla and the R/o Camuy area. A basic a","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954028","usgsCitation":"Tucci, P., and Martinez, M., 1995, Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Aguadilla to Rio Camuy area, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4028, iv, 39 p. :ill. (1 col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954028.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p. :ill. (1 col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119400,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4028/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59005,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4028/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605068","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tucci, Patrick ptucci@usgs.gov","contributorId":926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucci","given":"Patrick","email":"ptucci@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":202885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martinez, M.I.","contributorId":12895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinez","given":"M.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26235,"text":"wri954056 - 1995 - Precipitation depth-duration and frequency characteristics for Antelope Valley, Mojave Desert, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:24","indexId":"wri954056","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4056","title":"Precipitation depth-duration and frequency characteristics for Antelope Valley, Mojave Desert, California","docAbstract":"Methods to evaluate changes in the volume of storm runoff from drainage basins that are likely to be urbanized are needed by land-use planning agencies to establish criteria for the design of flood-control systems. To document the changes in runoff volume of basins that may be urbanized, nine small basins that are considered representative of varying hydrologic conditions in Antelope Valley, California, were selected for detailed study. Precipitation and stream-gaging stations were established and data were collected for the period 1990-93. The data collected at these U.S. Geological Survey stations were supplemented by data collected at 35 Long-term precipitation stations operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works. These data will be used to calibrate and verify rainfall-runoff models for the nine basins. Results of the model runs will then be used as a guide for estimating basin runoff characteristics throughout Antelope Valley. Annual precipitation in Antelope Valley ranges from more than 20 inches in the mountains to less than 4 inches on the valley floor. Most precipitation in the valley falls during the months of December through March, but cyclonic storms in the fall and convectional storms in the summer sometimes occur. The duration of most storms ranges from 1 to 8 days, but most of the precipitation usually occurs within the first 2 days. Many parts of the valley have been affected by storms with precipitation depths that equal or exceed 0.60 inch per hour. The storms of January 1943 and March 1983 were the most intense storms of record, with recurrence intervals greater than 100 years in some parts of the valley. Depth-duration ratios were calculated by disaggregating daily total precipitation data for intervals of 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, and 18 hours for storms that occurred during 1990-93. The hourly total precipitation data were then disaggregated at 5-minute intervals. A comparison of the depth-duration data collected during 1990-93 at the Geological Survey stations with the data collected at the other stations indicated that the 1990-93 data are not representative of historical storms. Therefore, depth-duration ratios developed using these data should be considered preliminary for use in disaggregating the historical hourly data for Antelope Valley. Annual maximum 24-hour precipitation records were used to calculate precipitation depth-frequency relations for 23 stations in the valley using the log Pearson type III distribution. These calculations indicate that the storms of January 1943 and March 1983 were the most intense of record in the valley with recurrence intervals greater than 100 years.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Report Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954056","usgsCitation":"Blodgett, J.C., 1995, Precipitation depth-duration and frequency characteristics for Antelope Valley, Mojave Desert, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4056, iv, 33 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954056.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157553,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4056/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55035,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4056/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680be9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blodgett, J. C.","contributorId":32154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blodgett","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25478,"text":"wri954263 - 1995 - Environmental Setting and Implications on Water Quality, Upper Colorado River Basin, Colorado and Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:07","indexId":"wri954263","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4263","title":"Environmental Setting and Implications on Water Quality, Upper Colorado River Basin, Colorado and Utah","docAbstract":"The Upper Colorado River Basin in Colorado and Utah is 1 of 60 study units selected for water-quality assessment as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment program, which began full implementation in 1991. Understanding the environmental setting of the Upper Colorado River Basin study unit is important in evaluating water-quality issues in the basin. Natural and human factors that affect water quality in the basin are presented, including an overview of the physiography, climatic conditions, general geology and soils, ecoregions, population, land use, water management and use, hydrologic characteristics, and to the extent possible aquatic biology. These factors have substantial implications on water-quality conditions in the basin. For example, high concentrations of dissolved solids and selenium are present in the natural background water conditions of surface and ground water in parts ofthe basin. In addition, mining, urban, and agricultural land and water uses result in the presence of certain constituents in the surface and ground water of the basin that can detrimentally affect water quality. The environmental setting of the study unit provides a framework of the basin characteristics, which is important in the design of integrated studies of surface water, ground water, and biology. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954263","usgsCitation":"Apodaca, L.E., Driver, N.E., Stephens, V.C., and Spahr, N.E., 1995, Environmental Setting and Implications on Water Quality, Upper Colorado River Basin, Colorado and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4263, vi, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954263.","productDescription":"vi, 33 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118943,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4263/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54204,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4263/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.25,37.75 ], [ -109.25,41 ], [ -105.5,41 ], [ -105.5,37.75 ], [ -109.25,37.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602487","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Apodaca, Lori E. lapodaca@usgs.gov","contributorId":1844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Apodaca","given":"Lori","email":"lapodaca@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Driver, Nancy E.","contributorId":67858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driver","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stephens, Verlin C.","contributorId":34479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"Verlin","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spahr, Norman E. nspahr@usgs.gov","contributorId":1977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spahr","given":"Norman","email":"nspahr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":193846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":26551,"text":"wri954262 - 1995 - Assessment of intrinsic bioremediation of jet fuel contamination in a shallow aquifer, Beaufort, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T12:48:20","indexId":"wri954262","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4262","title":"Assessment of intrinsic bioremediation of jet fuel contamination in a shallow aquifer, Beaufort, South Carolina","docAbstract":"Field and laboratory studies show that microorganisms indigenous to the ground-water system underlying Tank Farm C, Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort, S.C., degrade petroleum hydrocarbons under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic conditions, sediments from the shallow aquifer underlying the site mineralized radiolabeled (14C) toluene to 14CO2 with first-order rate constants of about -0.29 per day. Sediments incubated under anaerobic conditions mineralized radiolabeled toluene more slowly, with first-order rate constants of -0.001 per day. Although anaerobic rates of biodegradation are low, they are significant in the hydrologic and geochemical context of the site. Because of low hydraulic conductivities (1.9-9.1 feet per day) and low hydraulic gradients (about 0.004 feet per feet), ground water flows slowly (approximately 20 feet per year) at this site. Furthermore, aquifer sediments contain organic-rich peat that has a high sorptive capacity. Under these conditions, hydrocarbon contaminants have moved no further than 10 feet downgradient of the jet fuel free product. Digital solute-transport simulations, using the range of model parameters measured at the site, show that dissolved contaminants will be completely degraded before they are discharged from the aquifer into adjacent surface-water bodies. These results show that natural attenuation processes are containing the migration of soluble hydrocarbons, and that intrinsic bioremediation is a potentially effective remedial strategy at this site.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954262","usgsCitation":"Chapelle, F., Landmeyer, J., and Bradley, P., 1995, Assessment of intrinsic bioremediation of jet fuel contamination in a shallow aquifer, Beaufort, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4262, vi, 30 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954262.","productDescription":"vi, 30 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55418,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4262/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126665,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4262/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Beaufort","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.980224609375,\n 32.287132632616384\n ],\n [\n -80.5462646484375,\n 32.287132632616384\n ],\n [\n -80.5462646484375,\n 32.54681317351514\n ],\n [\n -80.980224609375,\n 32.54681317351514\n ],\n [\n -80.980224609375,\n 32.287132632616384\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671d65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapelle, Frank","contributorId":96236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"Frank","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landmeyer, J. E.","contributorId":91140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":23624,"text":"ofr94348 - 1995 - Simulation of stage and the the hydrologic budget of Devils Lake, Sauk County, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-16T15:26:12","indexId":"ofr94348","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-348","title":"Simulation of stage and the the hydrologic budget of Devils Lake, Sauk County, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Water clarity of Devils Lake, in the Driftless Area of southwestern Wisconsin, has been decreasing because of blue-green algal blooms. An understanding of the hydrology of Devils Lake is needed to develop a mitigation plan to reduce phosphorus input. A model was developed to test the current understanding of the hydrology of the lake including stage and hydrologic budget and to estimate the effects of proposed mitigation plans on lake stage.
\nDaily lake stage was simulated in the model by summing estimates of hydrologic-budget components. The Devils Lake hydrologic-budget components are precipitation on the lake surface, evaporation from the lake surface, runoff (consisting of overland flow to the lake and an intermittent stream flowing into the lake), and ground-water flow into and out of the lake.
\nThe model was calibrated to measured lake stage for the period 1980-92. Simulated stage compares reasonably well with historical stage data for Devils Lake. The root mean square of the differences of simulated and measured daily lake stages for the period 1980-92 is 0.83 foot. Simulated lake stage is very sensitive to small changes in runoff and evaporation coefficients, and ground-waterflow rates used in the model.
\nThe average model-calculated annual amounts of each hydrologic-budget component for the 1980-92 simulation period, in order of increasing volume, are evaporation (791 acre-feet), precipitation (973 acre-feet), runoff (1,107 acre-feet), and net ground-water flow, which is out of the lake (1,323 acre-feet).
\nThree mitigation plans were simulated. Mitigation plan 3, which includes the addition of water from a basin adjacent to the northeastern side of the Devils Lake Basin, allows for withdrawals of hypolimnetic water and maintaining lake stage closer to optimal levels than would result without mitigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94348","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and the town of Baraboo","usgsCitation":"Krohelski, J.T., and Batten, W.G., 1995, Simulation of stage and the the hydrologic budget of Devils Lake, Sauk County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-348, iv, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94348.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p.","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154912,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0348/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52901,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0348/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Sauk County","city":"Baraboo","otherGeospatial":"Devil's Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.791259765625,\n 43.3601336603352\n ],\n [\n -89.791259765625,\n 43.44544148221772\n ],\n [\n -89.66629028320312,\n 43.44544148221772\n ],\n [\n -89.66629028320312,\n 43.3601336603352\n ],\n [\n -89.791259765625,\n 43.3601336603352\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f2119","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krohelski, J. T.","contributorId":59046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohelski","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":190440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Batten, W. G.","contributorId":89504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batten","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":190441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29015,"text":"wri954227 - 1995 - User's guide to PHREEQC, a computer program for speciation, reaction-path, advective-transport, and inverse geochemical calculations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-17T17:39:21.669947","indexId":"wri954227","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4227","title":"User's guide to PHREEQC, a computer program for speciation, reaction-path, advective-transport, and inverse geochemical calculations","docAbstract":"PHREEQC is a computer program written in the C programming language that is designed to perform a wide variety of aqueous geochemical calculations. PHREEQC is based on an ion-association aqueous model and has capabilities for (1) speciation and saturation-index calculations, (2) reaction-path and advective-transport calculations involving specified irreversible reactions, mixing of solutions, mineral and gas equilibria surface-complex-ation reactions, and ion-exchange reactions, and (3) inverse modeling, which finds sets of mineral and gas mole transfers that account for composition differences between waters, within specified compositional uncertainties.
PHREEQC is derived from the Fortran program PHREEQE, but it has been completely rewritten in C with the addition many new capabilities. New features include the capabilities to use redox couples to distribute redox elements among their valence states in speciation calculations; to model ion-exchange and surface-complex-ation reactions; to model reactions with a fixed-pressure, multicomponent gas phase (that is, a gas bubble); to calculate the mass of water in the aqueous phase during reaction and transport calculations; to keep track of the moles of minerals present in the solid phases and determine automatically the thermodynamically stable phase assemblage; to simulate advective transport in combination with PHREEQC's reaction-modeling capability; and to make inverse modeling calculations that allow for uncertainties in the analytical data. The user interface is improved through the use of a simplified approach to redox reactions, which includes explicit mole-balance equations for hydrogen and oxygen; the use of a revised input that is modular and completely free format; and the use of mineral names and standard chemical symbolism rather than index numbers. The use of (2) eliminates nearly all limitations on army sizes, including numbers of elements, aqueous species, solutions, phases, and lengths of character strings. A new equation solver that optimizes a set of equalities subject to both equality and inequality constraints is used to determine the thermodynamically stable set of phases in equilibrium with a solution. A more complete Newton-Raphson formulation, master-species switching, and scaling of the algebraic equations reduce the number of failures of the numerical method in PHREEQC relative to PHREEQE.
This report presents the equations that are the basis for chemical equilibrium and inverse-modeling calculations in PHREEQC, describes the input for the program, and presents twelve examples that demonstrate most of the program's capabilities.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri954227","usgsCitation":"Parkhurst, D., 1995, User's guide to PHREEQC, a computer program for speciation, reaction-path, advective-transport, and inverse geochemical calculations: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4227, viii, 143 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954227.","productDescription":"viii, 143 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159501,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4227/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57880,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4227/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db603f85","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parkhurst, D.L.","contributorId":12474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22685,"text":"ofr95727 - 1995 - Watershed boundaries and digital elevation model of Oklahoma derived from 1:100,000-scale digital topographic maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-30T14:52:33.338316","indexId":"ofr95727","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-727","title":"Watershed boundaries and digital elevation model of Oklahoma derived from 1:100,000-scale digital topographic maps","docAbstract":"This document provides a general description of the procedures used to develop the data sets included on this compact disc. This compact disc contains watershed boundaries for Oklahoma, a digital elevation model, and other data sets derived from the digital elevation model. The digital elevation model was produced using the ANUDEM software package, written by Michael Hutchinson and licensed from the Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies at The Australian National University. Elevation data (hypsography) and streams (hydrography) from digital versions of the U.S. Geological Survey 1:100,000-scale topographic maps were used by the ANUDEM package to produce a hydrologically conditioned digital elevation model with a 60-meter cell size. This digital elevation model is well suited for drainage-basin delineation using automated techniques.\r\nAdditional data sets include flow-direction, flow-accumulation, and shaded-relief grids, all derived from the digital elevation model, and the hydrography data set used in producing the digital elevation model. The watershed boundaries derived from the digital elevation model have been edited to be consistent with contours and streams from the U.S. Geological Survey 1:100,000-scale topographic maps. The watershed data set includes boundaries for 11-digit Hydrologic Unit Codes (watersheds) within Oklahoma, and 8-digit Hydrologic Unit Codes (cataloging units) outside Oklahoma. Cataloging-unit boundaries based on 1:250,000-scale maps outside Oklahoma for the Arkansas, Red, and White River basins are included. The other data sets cover Oklahoma, and where available, portions of 1:100,000-scale quadrangles adjoining Oklahoma.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95727","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Cederstrand, J., and Rea, A.H., 1995, Watershed boundaries and digital elevation model of Oklahoma derived from 1:100,000-scale digital topographic maps: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-727, 1 computer laser optical disk ;4 3/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95727.","productDescription":"1 CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":503671,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0727/ofr95727.zip","text":"CD-ROM","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":154626,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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H.","contributorId":58301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44766,"text":"wri934097 - 1995 - Estimated withdrawals and use of freshwater in Vermont, 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-13T20:22:31.514816","indexId":"wri934097","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4097","title":"Estimated withdrawals and use of freshwater in Vermont, 1990","docAbstract":"Estimated freshwater withdrawals during 1990 in Vermont totaled about 632 million gallons per day. The largest withdrawals were for thermoelectric- power generation (82 percent), industrial use (7 percent), and public supply (6 percent). Most withdrawals, 587 million gallons per day, were made from surface-water sources as compared to 44.9 million gallons per day from ground-water sources. The largest withdrawals were in the Upper Connecticut-Mascomo River Basin (525 million gallons per day). About 17,700 million gallons per day were used instream for hydroelectric-poser generation, the largest of which were in the Upper Connecticut-Mascoma and Otter River Basins. Other information describing water-use patters is shown in tables, bar graphs, pie charts, maps, and accompanying text. The data are aggregated by river basin (hydrologic cataloging unit), and all amounts are reports in million gallons per day.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934097","usgsCitation":"Horn, M., and Medalie, L., 1995, Estimated withdrawals and use of freshwater in Vermont, 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4097, 1 Plate: 39.25 x 32.75 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934097.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 39.25 x 32.75 inches","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110264,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649f6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horn, M.A.","contributorId":92223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horn","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medalie, Laura 0000-0002-2440-2149 lmedalie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-2149","contributorId":3657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medalie","given":"Laura","email":"lmedalie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30574,"text":"wri954185 - 1995 - Analysis of streamflow characteristics for streams on the island of Tutuila, American Samoa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-02T16:17:38","indexId":"wri954185","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4185","title":"Analysis of streamflow characteristics for streams on the island of Tutuila, American Samoa","docAbstract":"Several methods for estimating streamflow characteristics for low and peak flows for streams on Tutuila, American Samoa are presented. These methods, derived from frequency, flow-duration, and regression analyses, allow the user to compute estimates for the 7-day low flow with 2-year and 10-year recurrence intervals; the median flow; the mean flow; and the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50, and 100- year peak flood flows at gaged and ungaged streams. In addition, frequency techniques using the log-Pearson type III distribution were also used to compute for gaged sites the 1-, 7-, 14-, 30-, 60-, 90-, 120-, and 183-day low flows with 2-, 5-, 10-, and 20-year recurrence intervals; the 1-, 7-, 15-, 30- day high flows with 2-, 5-, 10-, and 25-year recurrence intervals; and the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100- year peak flows. The regression equations and estimated streamflow characteristics are based on streamflow data collected from 1958 through 1990 at 11 continuous-record gaging stations with 9 to 32 years of record, 75 low-flow partial-record stations, and 49 miscellaneous sites.
Low-flow regression analysis using the baseflow index basin characteristic provided results with standard errors of estimate ranging from 13.3 to 43.8 percent. These standard errors are comparable to the average values at the low-flow partial-record stations. Regional analysis, using the method of residuals, divided Tutuila into two hydrologic regions which correspond to differences in geology. Peak-flow regression equations had coefficients of determination ranging from 0.60 to 0.66 and standard errors of estimate ranging from 44.0 to 47.4 percent. The large standard errors result from the large variability of flood peaks compared with drainage area. The geology of Tutuila also affects the magnitude of observed flood peaks.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954185","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Government of American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency, and American Samoa Power Authority","usgsCitation":"Wong, M.F., 1995, Analysis of streamflow characteristics for streams on the island of Tutuila, American Samoa: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4185, Report: v, 168 p.; 1 Plate: 20.99 x 16.95 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954185.","productDescription":"Report: v, 168 p.; 1 Plate: 20.99 x 16.95 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F.","contributorId":43815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28247,"text":"wri954233 - 1995 - Synthesis of nutrient and sediment data for watersheds within the Chesapeake Bay drainage basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-29T19:16:52.99799","indexId":"wri954233","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4233","title":"Synthesis of nutrient and sediment data for watersheds within the Chesapeake Bay drainage basin","docAbstract":"Nutrient and sediment data collected by Federal and state agencies from 1972 through 1992 at 1,058 surface-water sites in nontidal parts of the Chesapeake Bay Basin were compiled into a large database. Adequate nutrient, sediment, and streamflow data were not available to compute annual loads for all sites because water-quality monitoring at many of the sites was either short term or noncontinuous or because stream-flow was not measured. Annual nutrient and sediment loads were calculated at a total of 127 sites. Annual loads of dissolved nitrate were calculated for 108 sites, but total nitrogen loads could be calculated for only 48 of these sites because ammonia plus organic nitrogen data were not available for many of these 108 sites. Annual loads of total phosphorus were calculated for 99 sites, and annual loads of suspended sediment were calculated for 33 sites. Loads could be calculated for only a very few sites in the Juniata River Basin (a tributary to the Susquehanna River), the York River Basin, the middle and lower reaches of the James River, and the nontidal parts of the eastern shore of the Bay.\r\n\r\n Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial data sets of land use, physiographic province, rock type, and watershed delineation were compiled for the entire Chesapeake Bay Basin (approximately 64,000 square miles). The nutrient- and sediment-yield were evaluated with respect to land use, physiographic province, rock type, and hydrologic characteristics. During years that the mean streamflow was about equal to the long-term mean streamflow, the Susquehanna River contributed about 50 percent of the freshwater, 66 percent of the total nitrogen, and 40 percent of the total phosphorus transported by tributaries to the Bay. Nutrient and sediment data were available for less than 18 percent of the predominantly agricultural areas underlain by siliciclastic rock and for less than 35 percent of the predominantly agricultural areas underlain by either carbonate rock or unconsolidated rock. Nutrient and sediment data were available for about 91 percent of the predominantly forested areas underlain by siliciclastic rock. Spatial and temporal gaps in the water-quality data and GIs data sets limited some data analysis. Correlations of annual yields or nutrients and sediment with respect to land use, physiographic province, and rock type indicated (1) basins with larger percentages of agricultural land had larger nutrient and sediment yields, (2) basins with larger percentages of forest land had smaller nutrient and sediment loads, (3) the largest total nitrogen yields were from agricultural basins underlain by carbonate rock, (4) yields or nutrients from urban basins were substantially less than yields from agricultural basins, and (5) basins with small amounts of agricultural and urban land had relatively small nutrient and sediment yields.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954233","usgsCitation":"Langland, M., Lietman, P., and Hoffman, S.A., 1995, Synthesis of nutrient and sediment data for watersheds within the Chesapeake Bay drainage basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4233, vi, 121 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954233.","productDescription":"vi, 121 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":391176,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48317.htm"},{"id":159212,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4233/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57073,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4233/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay drainage basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.1904296875,\n 38.41916639395372\n ],\n [\n -75.223388671875,\n 38.64261790634527\n ],\n [\n -75.35522460937499,\n 38.79690830348427\n ],\n [\n 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A.","contributorId":19575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":44885,"text":"wri954093 - 1995 - Water-surface profile and flood boundaries for the computed 100-year flood, Rosebud Creek, Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:56","indexId":"wri954093","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4093","title":"Water-surface profile and flood boundaries for the computed 100-year flood, Rosebud Creek, Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation, Montana","docAbstract":"Hydrologic and hydraulic evaluations of Rosebud Creek were made to determine the magnitude of the 100-year flood and the extent of flooding that would occur as the result of this flood. The magnitude of the 100-year flood was determined to range from 2,620 to 3,980 ft3/s, depending on location. Field surveys were made at 149 cross sections along a 39-mile reach of Rosebud Creek. An additional 33 cross sections along the same reach were synthesized. Data from the surveys were used to calculate the water-surface elevation at each cross section using a computer program (WSPRO) developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. The water-surface profile of the computed 100-year flood elevations was then drawn. The profile also shows the streambed elevation and the location of the bridges and cross sections. The computed 100-year flood elevation at each cross section was used to delineate the width of the flood plain at that section. Flood boundaries between cross sections were interpolated using contour lines on topographic maps.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri954093","usgsCitation":"Omang, R.J., 1995, Water-surface profile and flood boundaries for the computed 100-year flood, Rosebud Creek, Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4093, 1 map on 2 sheets : col. ; sheets 89 x 94 cm. and 97 x 90 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954093.","productDescription":"1 map on 2 sheets : col. ; sheets 89 x 94 cm. and 97 x 90 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":134565,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":82241,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4093/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82242,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4093/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4d66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Omang, R. J.","contributorId":31365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Omang","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25575,"text":"wri954139 - 1995 - Hydrogeology and water quality at the management systems evaluation area near Piketon, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-09T22:03:28.347265","indexId":"wri954139","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4139","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality at the management systems evaluation area near Piketon, Ohio","docAbstract":"This report presents the results of a study by the U.S. Geological Survey, The Ohio State University, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture to describe the hydrology, water quality, and geochemical factors controlling water quality at the Ohio Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA). The Ohio MSEA is located on a 650-acre farm in the Scioto River Valley in Pike County, south-central Ohio. The farm is underlain by an incised bedrock valley filled with about 70 feet of sand and gravel outwash deposits that are covered by a veneer of silty clay alluvium and silty loam and sandy loam soils. Outwash sediment are composed predominantly of dolomite, quartz, and calcite, and have a median organic carbon concentration of 0.39 weight percent. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the sediment based on results of multiple-well aquifer tests ranges from 400 to 560 feet per day. Ground-water flow is from east to west-southwest at an average velocity of 1.5 to 2.5 feet per day. Ground water and surface water at the site are highly interconnected. Big Beaver Creek recharges the outwash aquifer along the eastern edge of the study area, and ground water discharges to the Scioto River at the western edge of the study area. High-stage events on the Scioto River cause frequent flow reversals in the aquifer that allow streamwater to travel a maximum observed distance of 190 feet inland. A zone of oxidizing waters (characterized by high dissolved oxygen concentration and Eh) is found in shallow ground water for several hundred feet adjacent to Big Beaver Creek and the Scioto River. This zone of oxidizing ground water is caused by the periodic inflow of surface waters to the aquifer. A ground-water budget for the study area indicates that the aquifer received 17.7 inches of recharge during water year 1992; of this amount, 72 percent originated as infiltrating precipitation, 28 percent as infiltration of surface water from Big Beaver Creek, and 0.2 percent as leakage from bedrock. Areal variation in water quality is caused by areal differences in the relative importance of these three recharge sources. The effects of bedrock leakage are evident only in the northeast corner of the study area. Here, deep outwash waters are transitional in composition between the calcium magnesium bicarbonate waters found elsewhere in the outwash aquifer and the calcium sodium chloride waters of the bedrock aquifer. Mixing calculations indicate that these deep outwash waters are composed of as much as 26 percent bedrock water. In the southern part of the MSEA, ground water is diluted by surface water from Big Beaver Creek as it recharges the aquifer through a sand and gravel streambed. At the northeast corner of the MSEA, however, Big Beaver Creek flows across a shale streambed through which no infiltration occurs. Redox reactions in the outwash aquifer control variations in aquifer chemistry with depth. From the water table to about 40 feet below land surface, oxidizing conditions are characterized by the presence of dissolved oxygen and nitrates in ground water, Eh greater than 200 millivolts, ferrihydrite coatings on sediment grains, and the absence of dissolved iron and manganese. From about 40 feet below land surface to the base of the aquifer, reducing conditions are characterized by dissolved oxygen concentrations less than 2 mg/L, Eh less than 200 millivolts, and the presence of dissolved iron and manganese. Denitrification in the reducing zone naturally remediates anthropogenic nitrate contamination of the aquifer while oxidizing pyrite in the aquifer sediment.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri954139","usgsCitation":"Jagucki, M.L., Finton, C.D., Springer, A.E., and Bair, E., 1995, Hydrogeology and water quality at the management systems evaluation area near Piketon, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4139, vii, 117 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954139.","productDescription":"vii, 117 p.","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":411594,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48239.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124878,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4139/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54294,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4139/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","city":"Piketon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.02476524225692,\n 39.05708700203755\n ],\n [\n -83.06035253063361,\n 39.05708700203755\n ],\n [\n -83.06035253063361,\n 39.01848388151214\n ],\n [\n -83.02476524225692,\n 39.01848388151214\n ],\n [\n -83.02476524225692,\n 39.05708700203755\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6251e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jagucki, Martha L. 0000-0003-3798-8393 mjagucki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3798-8393","contributorId":1794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jagucki","given":"Martha","email":"mjagucki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finton, Christopher D.","contributorId":97145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finton","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Springer, Abraham E.","contributorId":76278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Springer","given":"Abraham","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bair, E. Scott","contributorId":73231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bair","given":"E. Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":24259,"text":"ofr95741 - 1995 - Tritium and radioactive carbon (14C) analyses of gas collected from unsaturated sediments next to a low-level radioactive-waste burial site south of Beatty, Nevada, April 1994 and July 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-07T10:54:14","indexId":"ofr95741","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-741","displayTitle":"Tritium and radioactive carbon (14C) analyses of gas collected from unsaturated sediments next to a low-level radioactive-waste burial site south of Beatty, Nevada, April 1994 and July 1995","title":"Tritium and radioactive carbon (14C) analyses of gas collected from unsaturated sediments next to a low-level radioactive-waste burial site south of Beatty, Nevada, April 1994 and July 1995","docAbstract":"Tritium activities in water vapor and radioactive carbon (14C) activities in carbon dioxide were determined in gas samples pumped from small-diameter air ports installed in a test hole within the unsaturated sediments next to a commercial burial site for low-level radioactive waste south of Beatty, Nevada. In April 1994, gas samples were collected from test hole UZB-2, which was drilled about 350 feet south of the southwest corner of the fence enclosing the burial site. The test hole is part of a study to determine the depth to which atmospheric air circulates through the unsaturated sediments at the desert site. Laboratory results completed in May 1995 show activities of tritium and 14C were greater than expected, with measured tritium in the water vapor as high as 762 tritium units at a depth of 79 feet and measured 14C in carbon dioxide as high as 1,700 percent modern carbon at a depth of 18 feet.
In July 1995, the uppermost five air ports in test hole UZB-2 were resampled. In addition, water vapor was collected for tritium analyses at a distant test hole, and water vapor for tritium analyses and carbon dioxide for 14C analyses were collected from three depths at the research shaft about 200 feet north of test hole UZB-2, and at two shallow probes (depth of 5.5 feet) next to the fence enclosing the burial site. Analyses of samples collected in the upper 112 feet from test hole UZB-2 in July 1995 show the same distribution of tritium and 14C as analyses of samples collected in April 1994, except that activities were somewhat greater in July. The greatest activities of tritium and 14C were measured from a shallow probe next to the fence with activities of 29,400 tritium units and 517,000 percent modern carbon, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Carson City, NV","doi":"10.3133/ofr95741","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Prudic, D.E., and Striegl, R.G., 1995, Tritium and radioactive carbon (14C) analyses of gas collected from unsaturated sediments next to a low-level radioactive-waste burial site south of Beatty, Nevada, April 1994 and July 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-741, iii, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95741.","productDescription":"iii, 7 p.","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155054,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0741/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53386,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0741/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","city":"Beatty","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa Desert Research Site","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-115.9082,39.1615],[-115.5191,38.9578],[-115.4725,38.9325],[-115.4433,38.9162],[-115.3694,38.8769],[-115.363,38.874],[-115.242,38.8093],[-115.0969,38.7309],[-115.0777,38.721],[-115.0604,38.7107],[-115.0291,38.6937],[-114.999,38.6777],[-114.9996,38.592],[-114.9997,38.4315],[-114.9994,38.3894],[-115.0004,38.0507],[-115.1185,38.0508],[-115.1436,38.0508],[-115.326,38.0515],[-115.3453,38.0514],[-115.4003,38.051],[-115.4587,38.0506],[-115.6394,38.0512],[-115.6581,38.051],[-115.8404,38.0504],[-115.8931,38.0507],[-115.8938,37.723],[-115.8969,37.5498],[-115.8975,37.2796],[-115.8982,37.1926],[-115.8942,36.8425],[-115.8941,36.686],[-115.8945,36.6702],[-115.8949,36.598],[-115.8949,36.5962],[-115.8946,36.5858],[-115.8947,36.5005],[-115.8945,36.4806],[-115.8949,36.462],[-115.8944,36.457],[-115.8948,36.3087],[-115.8945,36.2923],[-115.8943,36.1957],[-115.8945,36.1608],[-115.8948,36.1163],[-115.8948,36.0927],[-115.895,36.0015],[-115.9178,36.0192],[-115.9518,36.0457],[-115.9925,36.0773],[-116.049,36.1211],[-116.0624,36.1314],[-116.1039,36.1636],[-116.1287,36.1829],[-116.1702,36.2152],[-116.173,36.2174],[-116.2311,36.2626],[-116.2834,36.3028],[-116.2954,36.3122],[-116.3752,36.373],[-116.5107,36.4764],[-116.5247,36.4871],[-116.5589,36.5131],[-116.574,36.5245],[-116.5946,36.54],[-116.6556,36.5867],[-116.6583,36.5888],[-116.6764,36.6024],[-116.706,36.6248],[-116.7895,36.6877],[-116.8424,36.7276],[-116.8453,36.7298],[-116.8806,36.7568],[-116.8912,36.7648],[-116.9237,36.7891],[-116.9641,36.8193],[-116.9783,36.8299],[-116.981,36.8319],[-117.0046,36.8495],[-117.164,36.9688],[-117.1639,36.9698],[-117.1637,37.0182],[-117.164,37.0894],[-117.1642,37.171],[-117.1641,37.1909],[-117.1641,37.1936],[-117.1665,37.6995],[-117.1664,37.714],[-117.1663,37.7285],[-117.1663,37.7435],[-117.1662,37.7585],[-117.1657,38.0019],[-117.2198,38.0482],[-117.2397,38.0483],[-117.239,38.0641],[-117.2408,38.0705],[-117.2653,38.0932],[-117.6896,38.4731],[-118.0197,38.7599],[-118.197,38.9154],[-118.1972,38.9993],[-117.8559,39.0746],[-117.7748,39.092],[-117.7008,39.1058],[-117.6409,39.1149],[-117.5946,39.1231],[-117.4742,39.1431],[-117.3823,39.1562],[-117.3609,39.1585],[-117.3318,39.1629],[-117.3063,39.1634],[-117.2849,39.1633],[-117.1995,39.1632],[-117.0856,39.1628],[-117.0322,39.1626],[-117.0144,39.1626],[-116.9871,39.1625],[-116.9158,39.1631],[-116.7562,39.1622],[-116.7301,39.1625],[-116.5996,39.1616],[-116.5859,39.162],[-116.4815,39.1616],[-116.3497,39.1618],[-116.2358,39.1616],[-116.0548,39.1624],[-115.9082,39.1615]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Nye\",\"state\":\"NV\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6979d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":191582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":191583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}