Blocks of medium-grained granodiorite to 4 m, and minor diabase, quartz diorite, granite, aplite and granophyre, are common in ejecta of the ∼6,900 yrBP calderaforming eruption of Mount Mazama. The blocks show degrees of melting from 0–50 vol%. Because very few have adhering juvenile magma, it is thought that the blocks are fragments of the Holocene magma chamber's walls. Primary crystallisation of granodiorite produced phenocrystic pl + hyp + aug + mt + il + ap + zc, followed by qz + hb + bt + alkali feldspar (af). Presence of fluid inclusions in all samples implies complete crystallisation before melting. Subsolidus exchange with meteoric hydrothermal fluids before melting is evident in δ18O values of −3·4+4·9‰ for quartz and plagioclase in partially melted granodiorites (fresh lavas from the region have δ18O values of +5·8−+7·0‰); δ18O values of unmelted granodiorites from preclimatic eruptive units suggest hydrothermal exchange began between ∼70 and 24 ka. Before eruption, the granitic rocks equilibrated at temperatures, estimated from Fe-Ti oxide compositions, of up to ∼1000°C for c. 102–104 years at a minimum pressure of 100-180 MPa. Heating caused progressive breakdown or dissolution of hb, af, bt, and qz, so that samples with the highest melt fractions have residual pl + qz and new or re-equilibrated af + hyp + aug + mt + il in high-silica rhyolitic glass (75-77% SiO2). Mineral compositions vary systematically with increasing temperature. Hornblende is absent in rocks with Fe-Ti oxide temperatures >870°C, and bt above 970°C. Oxygen isotope fractionation between qz, pl, and glass in partially fused granodiorite also is consistent with equilibration at T≥900°C (Δ18Oqz.pl = +0·7 ± 0·5‰). Element partitioning between glass and crystals reflects the large fraction of refractory pl, re-equilibration of af and isolation or incomplete dissolution of accessory phases. Ba and REE contents of analysed glass separates can be successfully modelled by observed degrees of partial melting of granodiorite, but Rb, Sr and Sc concentrations cannot. Several samples have veins of microlite-free glass 1–5 mm thick that are compositionally and physically continuous with intergranular melt and which apparently formed after the climactic eruption began. Whole-rock H2O content, microprobe glass analysis sums near 100% and evidence for high temperature suggest liquids in the hotter samples were nearly anhydrous. The occurrence of similar granodiorite blocks at all azimuths around the 8 × 10 km caldera implies derivation from one pluton. Compositional similarity between granodiorite and pre-Mazama rhyodacites suggests that the pluton may have crystallised as recently as 0·4 Ma; compositional data preclude crystallisation from the Holocene chamber. The history of crystallisation, hydrothermal alteration, and remelting of the granitic rocks may be characteristic of shallow igneous systems in which the balance between hydrothermal cooling and magmatic input changes repeatedly over intervals of 104-106 years.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/S0263593300007732","usgsCitation":"Bacon, C.R., 1992, Partially melted granodiorite and related rocks ejected from Crater Lake caldera, Oregon: Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh, v. 83, no. 1-2, p. 27-47, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300007732.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"47","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416864,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Crater Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.13760566049098,\n 42.90696619768107\n ],\n [\n -122.1224849496381,\n 42.909734964953174\n ],\n [\n -122.11222446727353,\n 42.90142829003196\n ],\n [\n -122.09224352793234,\n 42.90182387136207\n ],\n [\n -122.08576322328119,\n 42.906570649347316\n ],\n [\n -122.07334263936632,\n 42.90736174347748\n ],\n [\n -122.0679423854903,\n 42.91329462584088\n ],\n [\n -122.05768190312598,\n 42.92318149401794\n ],\n [\n -122.04580134459854,\n 42.93267139498096\n ],\n [\n -122.0501215476994,\n 42.94453171515221\n ],\n [\n -122.04310121766053,\n 42.95204206964834\n ],\n [\n -122.04418126843595,\n 42.96113232534424\n ],\n [\n -122.05552180157542,\n 42.96745518947486\n ],\n [\n -122.06902243626544,\n 42.97496274656825\n ],\n [\n -122.07226258859116,\n 42.98365456251537\n ],\n [\n -122.10466411184723,\n 42.97851863796396\n ],\n [\n -122.10790426417267,\n 42.98246938723648\n ],\n [\n -122.12734517812642,\n 42.98128418911077\n ],\n [\n -122.153806422119,\n 42.96745518947486\n ],\n [\n -122.1710872345222,\n 42.95322783132744\n ],\n [\n -122.1732473360725,\n 42.93108984635148\n ],\n [\n -122.16190680293303,\n 42.91527212638644\n ],\n [\n -122.13760566049098,\n 42.90696619768107\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"83","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-11-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bacon, Charles R. 0000-0002-2165-5618 cbacon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":2909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"Charles","email":"cbacon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70126940,"text":"70126940 - 1992 - Cypress Creek National Wildlife Refuge biological concept plan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-25T10:35:40","indexId":"70126940","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T10:34:09","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"Cypress Creek National Wildlife Refuge biological concept plan","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Roelle, J.E., and Hamilton, D.B., 1992, Cypress Creek National Wildlife Refuge biological concept plan, 32 p.","productDescription":"32 p.","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294486,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","otherGeospatial":"Cypress Creek National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89.274907,37.076961 ], [ -89.274907,37.378777 ], [ -89.021332,37.378777 ], [ -89.021332,37.076961 ], [ -89.274907,37.076961 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54252ea9e4b0e641df8a6f3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roelle, J. E.","contributorId":91066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hamilton, D. B.","contributorId":79553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":33561,"text":"b2023 - 1992 - The Phosphoria Formation: its geochemical and biological environment of deposition","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":57056,"text":"b2023A - 1992 - A normative-calculation prodecure used to determine mineral abundances in rocks from the Montpelier Canyon section of the Phosphoria Formation, Idaho; a tool in deciphering the minor-element geochemistry of sedimentary rocks","indexId":"b2023A","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"A normative-calculation prodecure used to determine mineral abundances in rocks from the Montpelier Canyon section of the Phosphoria Formation, Idaho; a tool in deciphering the minor-element geochemistry of sedimentary rocks"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33561,"text":"b2023 - 1992 - The Phosphoria Formation: its geochemical and biological environment of deposition","indexId":"b2023","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"The Phosphoria Formation: its geochemical and biological environment of deposition"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":57063,"text":"b2023B - 1994 - Geochemistry of the Phosphoria Formation at Montpelier Canyon, Idaho; environment of deposition","indexId":"b2023B","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Geochemistry of the Phosphoria Formation at Montpelier Canyon, Idaho; environment of deposition"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33561,"text":"b2023 - 1992 - The Phosphoria Formation: its geochemical and biological environment of deposition","indexId":"b2023","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"The Phosphoria Formation: its geochemical and biological environment of deposition"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-14T10:37:05","indexId":"b2023","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T10:33:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2023","title":"The Phosphoria Formation: its geochemical and biological environment of deposition","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/b2023","usgsCitation":"U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992, The Phosphoria Formation: its geochemical and biological environment of deposition: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2023, https://doi.org/10.3133/b2023.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289872,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Phosphoria Formation","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.3812,42.2654 ], [ -111.3812,42.3814 ], [ -111.1624,42.3814 ], [ -111.1624,42.2654 ], [ -111.3812,42.2654 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c4fc84e4b0b58d96eeb641"} ,{"id":70127888,"text":"70127888 - 1992 - Use of remote sensing and GIS to identify Flamingo habitat in the Argentine Altiplano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-07T00:33:44.930956","indexId":"70127888","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T10:27:50","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1121,"text":"Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of remote sensing and GIS to identify Flamingo habitat in the Argentine Altiplano","docAbstract":"The Argentine altiplano is a remote area which has never been adequately mapped. It is an arid region with harsh climate, little vegetation, sparse population, and an average elevation of over 3,500 feet. Little is known about the large populations of three species of flamingos which nest and feed in the altiplano lakes. In a study funded by the National Geographic Society satellite data (Landsat MSS and TM data) were used to map the location of major water bodies and to analyze the spectral characteristics of the aquatic ecosystems in the altiplano. A comparison of the two images revealed dramatic changes in the size, depth, and spectral reflectance of the lakes utilized by the flamingos.","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","usgsCitation":"Boyle, S.C., Hoffer, R.M., Boyle, T.P., and Bucher, E.H., 1992, Use of remote sensing and GIS to identify Flamingo habitat in the Argentine Altiplano: Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, v. 73, no. 2, 1 p.","productDescription":"1 p.","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294779,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Argentina","otherGeospatial":"Altiplano","volume":"73","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542e698de4b092f17df5ab0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyle, Susan C.","contributorId":16768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyle","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoffer, Roger M.","contributorId":67025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffer","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boyle, Terence P.","contributorId":79037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyle","given":"Terence","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bucher, Enrique H.","contributorId":10349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bucher","given":"Enrique","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70138180,"text":"70138180 - 1992 - Variations in the reflectivity of the moho transition zone beneath the Midcontinent Rift System of North America: results from true amplitude analysis of GLIMPCE data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T19:13:10","indexId":"70138180","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T10:15:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations in the reflectivity of the moho transition zone beneath the Midcontinent Rift System of North America: results from true amplitude analysis of GLIMPCE data","docAbstract":"True amplitude processing of The Great Lakes International Multidisciplinary Program on Crustal Evolution seismic reflection data from the Midcontinent Rift System of North America shows large differences in the reflectivity of the Moho transition zone beneath the axial rift, beneath the rift flanks, and outside of the rift. The Moho reflection from the axial rift has a discontinuous, diffractive character marginally stronger (several decibels) than an otherwise transparent lower crust and upper mantle. Beneath the axial rift, Moho is interpreted to be a synrift igneous feature. Beneath the rift flanks, the reflectivity of the Moho transition is generally well developed with two identifiable boundaries, although in places it is weakly reflective to nonreflective, similar to Moho outside the rift. The two boundaries are interpreted as the base of essentially intact, although stretched, prerift Archean crust (upper boundary) and new synrift Moho 1-2 s (6-7 km) deeper (lower boundary). Beneath the rift flanks, the layered reflection Moho transition results from the preexisting crustal composition and fabric modified by synrift igneous processes and extensional tectonic/metamorphic processes. The geologic evidence for extensive basaltic magmatism in the rift is the basis for interpreting the Moho signature as a Keweenawan structure that has been preserved for 1.1 b.y. Extension and magmatism appear to enhance reflectivity in the lower crust and Moho transition zone only where stretching factors are moderate (rift flanks) and not where they are extreme (axial rift). This leads to the prediction that the reflectivity across analogous volcanic passive continental margins should be greatest beneath the moderately stretched continental shelves and should decrease towards the ocean-continent boundary.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Richmond, VA","doi":"10.1029/91JB02572","usgsCitation":"Hutchinson, D.R., Lee, M.W., Behrendt, J.C., Cannon, W.F., and Mann, A.G., 1992, Variations in the reflectivity of the moho transition zone beneath the Midcontinent Rift System of North America: results from true amplitude analysis of GLIMPCE data: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 97, no. B4, p. 4721-4737, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JB02572.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"4721","endPage":"4737","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297275,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94,\n 40.5\n ],\n [\n -76,\n 40.5\n ],\n [\n -76,\n 50\n ],\n [\n -94,\n 50\n ],\n [\n -94,\n 40.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"97","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c82e4b08de9379b384b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutchinson, Deborah R. 0000-0002-2544-5466 dhutchinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2544-5466","contributorId":521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Deborah","email":"dhutchinson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Myung W. mlee@usgs.gov","contributorId":779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Myung","email":"mlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Behrendt, John C. jbehrendt@usgs.gov","contributorId":25945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrendt","given":"John","email":"jbehrendt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cannon, William F. 0000-0002-2699-8118 wcannon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2699-8118","contributorId":1883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"William","email":"wcannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mann, Adrian G. 0000-0003-1689-8524 adriangreen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1689-8524","contributorId":4328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mann","given":"Adrian","email":"adriangreen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70243350,"text":"70243350 - 1992 - Source region of a granite batholith: Evidence from lower crustal xenoliths and inherited accessory minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-09T15:29:36.780462","indexId":"70243350","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T10:14:37","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5770,"text":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Source region of a granite batholith: Evidence from lower crustal xenoliths and inherited accessory minerals","docAbstract":"Like many granites, the Late Cretaceous intrusives of the eastern Mojave Desert, California, have heretofore provided useful but poorly focused images of their source regions. New studies of lower crustal xenoliths and inherited accessory minerals are sharpening these images.
Xenoliths in Tertiary dykes in this region are the residues of an extensive partial melting event. Great diversity in their composition reflects initial heterogeneity (both igneous and sedimentary protoliths) and varying amounts of melt extraction (from <10% to >70%). Mineral assemblages and thermobarometry suggest that the melting event occurred at T ≥ 750°C at a depth of about 40 km. Present-day Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic ratios indicate a Mojave Proterozoic heritage, but unrealistic model ages demonstrate the late Phanerozoic adjustment of parent/daughter ratios. A link between these xenoliths and the Late Cretaceous granites, though not fully documented, is probable; in any case, they provide invaluable clues concerning a crustal melting event, recording information about nature of source material (heterogeneous, supracrustal-rich), conditions of melting (moderately deep, moderately high T, accompanied by partial dehydration), and melt extraction (highly variable, locally extensive).
The Old Woman-Piute granites contain a large fraction of inherited zircon and monazite. A SHRIMP ion probe investigation shows that these zircons record a Proterozoic history similar to that which affected the Mojave region. Zonation patterns in zircons, and to a lesser extent monazites and xenotimes, document multiple phases of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary growth and degradation, commonly several in a single grain. Low Y in portions of the cores of inherited zircons and monazites and in monazites and outer portions of zircons from the xenoliths appear to indicate growth in equilibrium with abundant garnet.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/S0263593300007744","usgsCitation":"Miller, C., Hanchar, J.M., Wooden, J., Bennett, V.C., Harrison, T.M., Wark, D.A., and Foster, D.A., 1992, Source region of a granite batholith: Evidence from lower crustal xenoliths and inherited accessory minerals: Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh, v. 83, no. 1-2, p. 49-62, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300007744.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"62","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416862,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mojave Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.83356467988116,\n 34.8279676819143\n ],\n [\n -118.04513335337579,\n 34.41775123340372\n ],\n [\n -117.68170986448735,\n 34.37161513150107\n ],\n [\n -117.45255654829927,\n 34.25689606372363\n ],\n [\n -116.78161975031,\n 34.173673842669956\n ],\n [\n -116.06036390313116,\n 33.75633064149888\n ],\n [\n -115.67457589184934,\n 33.76097902741604\n ],\n [\n -115.08750717902925,\n 33.467639120929206\n ],\n [\n -114.46689168261973,\n 33.714483827633686\n ],\n [\n -114.50602959680751,\n 33.830674557637394\n ],\n [\n -114.47807394381609,\n 33.872464627919\n ],\n [\n -114.50602959680751,\n 33.95598340376327\n ],\n [\n -114.39979811544019,\n 34.016251590137855\n ],\n [\n -114.39420698484184,\n 34.090369120879245\n ],\n [\n -114.25442871988476,\n 34.14591472525245\n ],\n [\n -114.10346819373096,\n 34.25227509432112\n ],\n [\n -114.1481972385171,\n 34.349269472593306\n ],\n [\n -114.3215222870643,\n 34.464592814087354\n ],\n [\n -114.37184246244878,\n 34.48763839822264\n ],\n [\n -114.36625133185042,\n 34.53831627224551\n ],\n [\n -114.43893602962831,\n 34.67177373090276\n ],\n [\n -114.47248281321775,\n 34.736124658560016\n ],\n [\n -114.55075864159399,\n 34.78665097545071\n ],\n [\n -114.56753203338869,\n 34.83714635899972\n ],\n [\n -114.62344333937153,\n 34.89219692881092\n ],\n [\n -114.64021673116657,\n 35.00676718739375\n ],\n [\n -115.99886146654998,\n 36.084901936918754\n ],\n [\n -116.45174304501134,\n 35.89942757249506\n ],\n [\n -116.62506809355821,\n 36.02161826416021\n ],\n [\n -116.99967384364332,\n 35.98543332595766\n ],\n [\n -117.49169333629246,\n 35.86771765454857\n ],\n [\n -117.84393456398453,\n 36.301487877656825\n ],\n [\n -118.05639752671951,\n 36.21582758206627\n ],\n [\n -117.9557571759502,\n 35.67264984719334\n ],\n [\n -118.15144674689012,\n 35.59539813627521\n ],\n [\n -118.12908222449705,\n 35.28564569120178\n ],\n [\n -118.28004275065084,\n 35.14861175210852\n ],\n [\n -118.83356467988116,\n 34.8279676819143\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"83","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-11-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Calvin F.","contributorId":18437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Calvin F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanchar, John M.","contributorId":190636,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hanchar","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wooden, Joseph L.","contributorId":32209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"Joseph L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bennett, Victoria C.","contributorId":190637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bennett","given":"Victoria","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harrison, T. 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This record provides age control for several geomagnetic polarity reversals that occurred during three periods of intense ignimbrite volcanism: 36.8-33.5 Ma, 32.7-31.4 Ma, 29.1-26.9 Ma. The relative timing of these polarity reversals permits four possible correlations with the geomagnetic polarity time scale (GPTS). The preferred correlation yields calibration ages for Chron C10R (28.0-29.0 Ma) and Chron C13R (34.4-33.1 Ma) that indicate an Eocene-Oligocene boundary age near 33.4 Ma, some 0.3-0.6 m.y. younger than boundary ages indicated by other recently proposed GPTS calibrations based on terrestrial and marine sedimentary sequences.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0459:COTLEO>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"McIntosh, W.C., Geissman, J.W., Chapin, C., Kunk, M.J., and , C., 1992, Calibration of the latest Eocene-Oligocene geomagnetic polarity time scale using 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dated ignimbrites: Geology, v. 20, no. 5, p. 459-463, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0459:COTLEO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"459","endPage":"463","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370926,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McIntosh, W. C.","contributorId":68039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntosh","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Geissman, J. W.","contributorId":105760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapin, C.E.","contributorId":84511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapin","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":" Christopher D. Henry","contributorId":126897,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"given":"Christopher D. 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A.","contributorId":13163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pielke","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, T. J.","contributorId":26234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kittel, Timothy G.F.","contributorId":66612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kittel","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"G.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cram, J. M.","contributorId":78260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cram","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chase, T. 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G.","contributorId":42534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70127881,"text":"70127881 - 1992 - Contribution of fish community metrics to the index of biotic integrity in two Ozark rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-02T09:57:59","indexId":"70127881","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T09:55:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contribution of fish community metrics to the index of biotic integrity in two Ozark rivers","docAbstract":"Flow regime, energy source, water quality, and habitat structure within stream systems play major roles in controlling the structure of resident fish communities (Gorman and Karr, 1978; Karr and Dudley, 1981; Schlosser, 1982). Based on the hypothesis that there are predictable relationships between stream variables and fish community structure, overall stream condition has been assessed using indices such as the Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) (Karr, 1981; Karr et al., 1986). The IBI integrates a wide range of information pertaining to fish community structure that reflects the prevailing chemical, physical, and biological condition of the stream. Assessments made using the IBI have been correlated to actual stream conditions and appear to be sensitive to a wide range of environmental degradation (Fausch et al., 1990).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Indicators","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4615-4659-7_19","usgsCitation":"Hoefs, N.J., and Boyle, T.P., 1992, Contribution of fish community metrics to the index of biotic integrity in two Ozark rivers: Ecological Indicators, v. 1, no. 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J.","contributorId":103973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, R.L.","contributorId":47305,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17860,"text":"Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":502578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70243306,"text":"70243306 - 1992 - Growth of grain contacts in halite by solution-transfer: Implications for diagenesis, lithification, and strength recovery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-08T15:02:12.178998","indexId":"70243306","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T09:51:11","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5944,"text":"International Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth of grain contacts in halite by solution-transfer: Implications for diagenesis, lithification, and strength recovery","docAbstract":"Lithification of a sediment to form a rock may involve cementation, diagenetic reactions, or compaction under load. In these experiments, convex halite lenses were pressed against fiat halite plates at 50° C in a specially designed microscope stage. A saturated brine surrounded the samples, which were observed during the experiment in transmitted and reflected light. No time-dependent convergence was observed between the two crystals, even at mean normal stresses of up to 14 M Pa at the contact. In all experiments, however, the contact (or neck) between the two crystals grew with time as material dissolved from the surrounding lens surfaces, diffused through the pore fluid, and precipitated at the neck. Neck growth rates did not appear to correlate with the applied load, but did systematically increase as the misorientation between the two crystals decreased. Our analysis of the shapes of fluid inclusions formed along the grain boundary within the neck suggests that the grain boundary energy is about 1.8 times greater than the fluid-solid interfacial energy. Neck growth appears to be driven by the reduction of interfacial energy rather than by mechanical loads. Assuming that the interfacial energy is isotropic, and incorporating some geometric simplifications, two models of neck growth were formulated. The rate-controlling steps in the models were either precipitation or diffusion in the pore fluid. The data fit either model equally well. Both models predict that neck growth rate will be rapid at first but will decrease with time, as was observed. Neck growth will lead to an increase in real area of contact between grains in a granular aggregate even without the introduction of supersaturated solutions and may be important in the induration of sediments and the strengthening of fault gouge.
The role of tidal dispersion is reassessed, based on a consideration of the relevant physical mechanisms, particularly those elucidated by numerical simulations of tide-induced dispersion. It appears that the principal influence of tidal currents on dispersion occurs at length scales of the tidal excursion and smaller; thus the effectiveness of tidal dispersion depends on the relative scale of the tidal excursion to the spacing between major bathymetric and shoreline features. In estuaries where the typical spacing of topographic features is less than the tidal excursion, tidal dispersion may contribute significantly to the overall flushing. In estuaries and embayments in which the typical spacing between major features is larger than the tidal excursion, the influence of tidal dispersion will be localized, and it will not markedly contribute to overall flushing. Tidal dispersion is most pronounced in regions of abrupt topographic changes such as headlands and inlets, where flow separation occurs. The strong strain rate in the region of flow separation tends to stretch patches of fluid into long filaments, which are subsequently rolled up and distorted by the transient eddy field. The dispersion process accomplished by the tides varies strongly as a function of position and tidal phase and thus does not lend itself to parameterization by an eddy diffusion coefficient.
","language":"English","publisher":"Chesapeake Biological Laboratory","publisherLocation":"Solomons, MD","doi":"10.2307/1352684","usgsCitation":"Geyer, W., and Signell, R.P., 1992, A reassessment of the role of tidal dispersion in estuaries and bays: Estuaries, v. 15, no. 2, p. 97-108, https://doi.org/10.2307/1352684.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"108","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297273,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":297272,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.2307/1352684"}],"volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b1fe4b08de9379b325e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geyer, W. 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Montmorillonite, the weakest of the clay minerals, undergoes a gradual phase transition to illite with depth. In order to compare the shear stresses supported by these two minerals with those thought to exist along the San Andreas, we have measured the frictional sliding behavior of pure montmorillonite, mixed montmorillonite/illite and pure illite as a function of effective pressure, simulating burial to seismogenic depths. Strength measurements verify that the effective pressure law for friction holds for these minerals under all conditions. That is, the measured stresses were a function of the effective pressure, Pc - Pp, independent of the choice of confining and pore pressure. This relation, common for many other rock types, was previously untested for these clays under most conditions. Results show that dry samples were consistently stronger than saturated samples, and that strength increased with increasing illite content. In addition, the coefficient of friction increased as a function of pressure for the montmorillonite gouge, but was independent of pressure for the illite gouge. This behavior may be explained by the presence of loosely bonded interlayer water in the montmorillonite, which is squeezed out at higher pressures, changing the frictional characteristics of the clay. The nonexpanding illite was not affected in this way. For the montmorillonite-to-illite compositional profile, an average shear stress of 60 MPa was determined for crustal conditions to 15 km, assuming a normal hydrostatic gradient. If montmorillonite remains stable at depth, the resulting average shear stress is reduced to 30 MPa. In either case, these values are above the 10-20 MPa shear stress limit along the San Andreas inferred from heat flow constraints. Strength may be reduced to in-situ levels if fluid pressures become greater than hydrostatic within the gouge zone.
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1992 - Changes in chemical characteristics of water in selected wetlands in the Cottonwood Lake area, North Dakota, U.S.A., 1967-1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T12:12:41","indexId":"70073658","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T09:16:08","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"seriesTitle":{"id":436,"text":"National Hydrology Research Institute Symposium","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":12}},"seriesNumber":"7","title":"Changes in chemical characteristics of water in selected wetlands in the Cottonwood Lake area, North Dakota, U.S.A., 1967-1989","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquatic ecosystems in semi-arid regions: implications for resource management: August 27-30, 1990, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"conferenceTitle":"Aquatic Ecosystems in Semi-arid Regions: Implications for Resource Management","conferenceDate":"1990-08-27T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada","language":"English","publisher":"National Hydrology Research Institute","publisherLocation":"Saskatoon, Canada","usgsCitation":"LaBaugh, J.W., and Swanson, G.A., 1992, Changes in chemical characteristics of water in selected wetlands in the Cottonwood Lake area, North Dakota, U.S.A., 1967-1989: National Hydrology Research Institute Symposium 7, 14 p.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"162","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281303,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","county":"Stutsman County","otherGeospatial":"Cottonwood Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -99.4828,46.6294 ], [ -99.4828,47.3272 ], [ -98.4396,47.3272 ], [ -98.4396,46.6294 ], [ -99.4828,46.6294 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd506de4b0b290850f3550","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Robarts, R.D.","contributorId":72343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robarts","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509743,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bothwell, Max L.","contributorId":113297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothwell","given":"Max","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509744,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"LaBaugh, James W. 0000-0002-4112-2536 jlabaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4112-2536","contributorId":1311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaBaugh","given":"James","email":"jlabaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swanson, George A.","contributorId":49654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70138175,"text":"70138175 - 1992 - SeaMARC II mapping of transform faults in the Cayman Trough, Caribbean Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-15T17:45:46.427388","indexId":"70138175","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T09:15:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"SeaMARC II mapping of transform faults in the Cayman Trough, Caribbean Sea","docAbstract":"SeaMARC II maps of the southern wall of the Cayman Trough between Honduras and Jamaica show zones of continuous, well-defined fault lineaments adjacent and parallel to the wall, both to the east and west of the Cayman spreading axis. These lineaments mark the present, active traces of transform faults which intersect the southern end of the spreading axis at a triple junction. The Swan Islands transform fault to the west is dominated by two major lineaments that overlap with right-stepping sense across a large push-up ridge beneath the Swan Islands. The fault zone to the east of the axis, named the Walton fault, is more complex, containing multiple fault strands and a large pull-apart structure. The Walton fault links the spreading axis to Jamaican and Hispaniolan strike-slip faults, and it defines the southern boundary of a microplate composed of the eastern Cayman Trough and western Hispaniola. The presence of this microplate raises questions about the veracity of Caribbean plate velocities based primarily on Cayman Trough opening rates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0690:SIMOTF>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rosencrantz, E., and Mann, P., 1992, SeaMARC II mapping of transform faults in the Cayman Trough, Caribbean Sea: Geology, v. 19, no. 7, p. 690-693, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0690:SIMOTF>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"690","endPage":"693","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":297267,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Caribbean Sea, Cayman Trough","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.60498046875,\n 16.235772090429855\n ],\n [\n -78.06884765624999,\n 16.235772090429855\n ],\n [\n -78.06884765624999,\n 21.94304553343818\n ],\n [\n -87.60498046875,\n 21.94304553343818\n ],\n [\n -87.60498046875,\n 16.235772090429855\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c4ce4b08de9379b370b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosencrantz, Eric","contributorId":138732,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rosencrantz","given":"Eric","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mann, Paul","contributorId":57729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mann","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70127873,"text":"70127873 - 1992 - A physiological process model for aquatic plant growth: model development and growth chamber experimentation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-02T09:15:25","indexId":"70127873","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T09:13:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"A physiological process model for aquatic plant growth: model development and growth chamber experimentation","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Unit Cooperative Agreement No. 14-16-0009-1552","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Coughenour, M.B., and Chen, D.X., 1992, A physiological process model for aquatic plant growth: model development and growth chamber experimentation, 41 p.","productDescription":"41 p.","numberOfPages":"41","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294758,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542e691ce4b092f17df5a6fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coughenour, M. B.","contributorId":26233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coughenour","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chen, D. X.","contributorId":104413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"X.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}