No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr94524","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Brinton, T., Barbarino, J., Peartt, D., Taylor, H.E., and Antweiler, R.C., 1995, Concentration and transport data for dissolved inorganic constituents in water collected during seven cruises on the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries, July 1987-June 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-524, vi, 102 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94524.","productDescription":"vi, 102 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51231,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0524/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0524/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.2294921875,\n 45.89000815866184\n ],\n [\n -96.50390625,\n 46.07323062540835\n ],\n [\n -95.185546875,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -92.7685546875,\n 43.58039085560784\n ],\n [\n -90.4833984375,\n 41.73852846935917\n ],\n [\n -91.4501953125,\n 39.30029918615029\n ],\n [\n -91.23046875,\n 35.137879119634185\n ],\n [\n -92.0654296875,\n 31.541089879585808\n ],\n [\n -91.7578125,\n 29.305561325527698\n ],\n [\n -88.9892578125,\n 28.34306490482549\n ],\n [\n -88.505859375,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n -90.65917968749999,\n 30.486550842588485\n ],\n [\n -90.791015625,\n 32.13840869677249\n ],\n [\n -89.82421875,\n 34.08906131584994\n ],\n [\n -88.9453125,\n 35.96022296929667\n ],\n [\n -88.9453125,\n 37.579412513438385\n ],\n [\n -89.912109375,\n 39.70718665682654\n ],\n [\n -89.384765625,\n 41.57436130598913\n ],\n [\n -90.966796875,\n 44.05601169578525\n ],\n [\n -95.2294921875,\n 45.89000815866184\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a625d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brinton, T.I. Jr.","contributorId":102333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brinton","given":"T.I.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barbarino, J.R.","contributorId":94336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barbarino","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peartt, D.B.","contributorId":9912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peartt","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Antweiler, Ronald C. 0000-0001-5652-6034 antweil@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-6034","contributorId":1481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Antweiler","given":"Ronald","email":"antweil@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":25575,"text":"wri954139 - 1995 - Hydrogeology and water quality at the management systems evaluation area near Piketon, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-09T22:03:28.347265","indexId":"wri954139","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4139","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality at the management systems evaluation area near Piketon, Ohio","docAbstract":"This report presents the results of a study by the U.S. Geological Survey, The Ohio State University, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture to describe the hydrology, water quality, and geochemical factors controlling water quality at the Ohio Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA). The Ohio MSEA is located on a 650-acre farm in the Scioto River Valley in Pike County, south-central Ohio. The farm is underlain by an incised bedrock valley filled with about 70 feet of sand and gravel outwash deposits that are covered by a veneer of silty clay alluvium and silty loam and sandy loam soils. Outwash sediment are composed predominantly of dolomite, quartz, and calcite, and have a median organic carbon concentration of 0.39 weight percent. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the sediment based on results of multiple-well aquifer tests ranges from 400 to 560 feet per day. Ground-water flow is from east to west-southwest at an average velocity of 1.5 to 2.5 feet per day. Ground water and surface water at the site are highly interconnected. Big Beaver Creek recharges the outwash aquifer along the eastern edge of the study area, and ground water discharges to the Scioto River at the western edge of the study area. High-stage events on the Scioto River cause frequent flow reversals in the aquifer that allow streamwater to travel a maximum observed distance of 190 feet inland. A zone of oxidizing waters (characterized by high dissolved oxygen concentration and Eh) is found in shallow ground water for several hundred feet adjacent to Big Beaver Creek and the Scioto River. This zone of oxidizing ground water is caused by the periodic inflow of surface waters to the aquifer. A ground-water budget for the study area indicates that the aquifer received 17.7 inches of recharge during water year 1992; of this amount, 72 percent originated as infiltrating precipitation, 28 percent as infiltration of surface water from Big Beaver Creek, and 0.2 percent as leakage from bedrock. Areal variation in water quality is caused by areal differences in the relative importance of these three recharge sources. The effects of bedrock leakage are evident only in the northeast corner of the study area. Here, deep outwash waters are transitional in composition between the calcium magnesium bicarbonate waters found elsewhere in the outwash aquifer and the calcium sodium chloride waters of the bedrock aquifer. Mixing calculations indicate that these deep outwash waters are composed of as much as 26 percent bedrock water. In the southern part of the MSEA, ground water is diluted by surface water from Big Beaver Creek as it recharges the aquifer through a sand and gravel streambed. At the northeast corner of the MSEA, however, Big Beaver Creek flows across a shale streambed through which no infiltration occurs. Redox reactions in the outwash aquifer control variations in aquifer chemistry with depth. From the water table to about 40 feet below land surface, oxidizing conditions are characterized by the presence of dissolved oxygen and nitrates in ground water, Eh greater than 200 millivolts, ferrihydrite coatings on sediment grains, and the absence of dissolved iron and manganese. From about 40 feet below land surface to the base of the aquifer, reducing conditions are characterized by dissolved oxygen concentrations less than 2 mg/L, Eh less than 200 millivolts, and the presence of dissolved iron and manganese. Denitrification in the reducing zone naturally remediates anthropogenic nitrate contamination of the aquifer while oxidizing pyrite in the aquifer sediment.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri954139","usgsCitation":"Jagucki, M.L., Finton, C.D., Springer, A.E., and Bair, E., 1995, Hydrogeology and water quality at the management systems evaluation area near Piketon, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4139, vii, 117 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954139.","productDescription":"vii, 117 p.","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":411594,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48239.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124878,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4139/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54294,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4139/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","city":"Piketon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.02476524225692,\n 39.05708700203755\n ],\n [\n -83.06035253063361,\n 39.05708700203755\n ],\n [\n -83.06035253063361,\n 39.01848388151214\n ],\n [\n -83.02476524225692,\n 39.01848388151214\n ],\n [\n -83.02476524225692,\n 39.05708700203755\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6251e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jagucki, Martha L. 0000-0003-3798-8393 mjagucki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3798-8393","contributorId":1794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jagucki","given":"Martha","email":"mjagucki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finton, Christopher D.","contributorId":97145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finton","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Springer, Abraham E.","contributorId":76278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Springer","given":"Abraham","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bair, E. Scott","contributorId":73231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bair","given":"E. Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":28229,"text":"wri954024 - 1995 - Ground-water quality in agricultural areas, Anoka Sand Plain Aquifer, east-central Minnesota, 1984-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T13:07:04","indexId":"wri954024","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4024","title":"Ground-water quality in agricultural areas, Anoka Sand Plain Aquifer, east-central Minnesota, 1984-90","docAbstract":"Ground-water quality in the Anoka Sand Plain aquifer was studied as part of the multiscale Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA) study by collecting water samples from shallow wells during August through November 1990. The sampling was conducted to: (1) aid in selection of the MSEA research area; (2) facilitate comparison of results at the MSEA research area to the regional scale; and (3) evaluate changes in ground-water quality in the Anoka Sand Plain aquifer since a previous study during 1984 through 1987. Samples were collected from 34 wells screened in the upper 6 meters of the surficial aquifer and located in cultivated agricultural areas. Water temperature, pH, specific conductance, and presence or absence of triazine herbicides were determined at all sites and samples from selected wells were analyzed for concentrations of dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, major cations and anions, nutrients, and selected herbicides and herbicide metabolites. The results of the study indicate that the water-quality of some shallow ground water in areas of predominantly agricultural land use has been affected by applications of nitrogen fertilizers and the herbicide atrazine.
\nConcentrations of nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen (nitrate-N) in 19 samples ranged from less than the detection limit of 0.1 to 21 milligrams per liter (mg/L) with a median of 10 mg/L. Concentrations of nitrate-N were not significantly correlated with depth below the water table or dissolved oxygen but were significantly correlated with concentrations of chloride. Concentrations of nitrate-N during 1990 were generally similar to concentrations measured during 1984 through 1987. Changes in concentrations of nitrate-N during 1984 through 1990 were likely related to variations in recharge or other site-specific factors.
\nImmunoassay analyses were used as screening tools to detect the presence of triazine herbicides. All samples in which triazine herbicides were detected by immunoassay, and selected samples in which triazine herbicides were not detected by immunoassay, were analyzed for selected herbicides and herbicide metabolites by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). There was an excellent correspondence between concentrations of triazine herbicides indicated by immunoassay and concentrations of atrazine measured by GC/MS, indicating that the immunoassay method was a valuable qualitative to semi-quantitative tool for evaluating the presence and approximate concentration of atrazine.
\nThe combined results of immunoassay and GC/MS analyses indicate that atrazine was detected in 11 of the 34 wells with a median concentration less than the immunoassay detection limit of 0.1 micrograms per liter (μg/L). Atrazine was detected in 11 of the 17 samples analyzed by GC/MS at concentrations ranging from the detection limit of 0.05 to 0.81 μg/L with a median of 0.09 μg/L. Atrazine metabolite de-ethylatrazine (DEA) was the most frequently detected herbicide or herbicide metabolite and generally was present at the greatest concentrations. There were detections of DEA in 13 of the 17 samples analyzed at concentrations ranging from the detection limit of 0.05 to 1.12 μg/L with a median of 0.15 μg/L. Concentrations of DEA were significantly correlated with concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and specific conductance. The atrazine metabolite de-isopropylatrazine and the herbicide metolachlor both were detected in 1 of the 17 wells. The frequency of detection and the concentrations of atrazine in shallow ground water during 1990 were very similar to results of sampling conducted in 1984.
\nConcentrations of atrazine and DEA generally were greater near the water table and decreased or were not detected in deeper wells. All of the samples in which atrazine and DEA were detected also had increased (greater than 3 mg/L) nitrate-N concentrations. However, not all samples with increased concentrations of nitrate-N had detections of atrazine or DEA. This likely indicates either that there were sources of nitrate-N other than cultivated fields on which both atrazine and nitrogen were applied or that nitrate-N reached ground water more readily than atrazine or DEA.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri954024","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the University of Minnesota Department of Soil Science and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service","usgsCitation":"Landon, M., and Delin, G., 1995, Ground-water quality in agricultural areas, Anoka Sand Plain Aquifer, east-central Minnesota, 1984-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4024, iv, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954024.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology 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45.6073128014868 ], [ -94.14596557617188, 45.6082735094011 ], [ -94.1693115234375, 45.627484212338246 ], [ -94.17617797851561, 45.64668833372338 ], [ -94.130859375, 45.678360745353004 ], [ -94.11026000976562, 45.70713829853578 ], [ -94.10751342773438, 45.72823242650626 ], [ -94.11026000976562, 45.766564985445 ], [ -94.11575317382812, 45.77997516219392 ], [ -94.11712646484375, 45.80487122128867 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db69792d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landon, M.K. 0000-0002-5766-0494","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":69572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"M.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25619,"text":"wri954213 - 1995 - An isotope hydrology study of the Kilauea volcano area, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-15T08:27:01","indexId":"wri954213","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4213","title":"An isotope hydrology study of the Kilauea volcano area, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Isotope tracer methods were used to determine flow paths, recharge areas, and relative age for ground water in the Kilauea volcano area on the Island of Hawaii. Stable isotopes in rainfall show three distinct isotopic gradients with elevation, which are correlated with trade-wind, rain shadow, and high-elevation climatological patterns. Temporal variations in isotopic composition of precipitation are controlled more by the frequency of large storms than b.y seasonal temperature fluctuations. Consistency in results between two separate areas with rainfall caused by tradewinds and thermally-driven upslope airflow suggests that isotopic gradients with elevation may be similar on other islands in the tradewind belt, especially the other Hawaiian Islands, which have similar climatology and temperature lapse rates. Areal contrasts in ground-water stable isotopes and tritium indicate that the volcanic ri~ zones compartmentalize the regional ground-water system. Tritium levels in ground water within and downgradient of Kilauea's ri~ zones indicate relatively long residence times. Part of Kilauea's Southwest Ri~ Zone appears to act as a conduit for water from higher elevation, but there is no evidence for extensive down-ri~ flow in the lower East Ri~ Zone.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/wri954213","usgsCitation":"Scholl, M.A., Ingebritsen, S.E., Janik, C.J., and Kauahikaua, J.P., 1995, An isotope hydrology study of the Kilauea volcano area, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4213, v, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954213.","productDescription":"v, 44 p.","numberOfPages":"49","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":54364,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4213/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124012,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4213/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683b73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scholl, M. A.","contributorId":86365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ingebritsen, S. E.","contributorId":8078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingebritsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Janik, C. J.","contributorId":10795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janik","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kauahikaua, J. P.","contributorId":69992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25461,"text":"wri954104 - 1995 - Effects of 1992 farming systems on ground-water quality at the management systems evaluation area near Princeton, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-07T11:26:08","indexId":"wri954104","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4104","title":"Effects of 1992 farming systems on ground-water quality at the management systems evaluation area near Princeton, Minnesota","docAbstract":"The Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA) program was a multiscale, interagency initiative to evaluate the effects of agricultural systems on water quality in the midwest corn belt. The primary objective of the Minnesota MSEA was to evaluate the effects of ridge-tillage practices in a corn and soybean farming system on ground-water quality. The 65-hectare Minnesota MSEA was located in the Anoka Sand Plain near the town of Princeton, Minnesota. Three fanning systems were evaluated: corn-soybean rotation with ridge-tillage (areas B and D), sweet corn-potato rotation (areas A and C), and field corn in consecutive years (continuous corn; area E). Water samples were collected four different times per year from a network of 22 multiport wells and 29 observation wells installed in the saturated zone beneath and adjacent to the cropped areas.
\nBromide and chloride were used as tracers of water recharged through the cropped areas during 1992. Bromide applied in May 1992 was first detected above background levels between August 1992 and April 1993. Thus, the time of travel of water and bromide moving through the unsaturated zone during 1992 ranged from 3 to 11 months. Chloride applied to area C (sweet corn) in April 1992 was first detected above the residual levels of 1991 chloride applications in April 1993, 12 months after the chemical was applied. Chloride applies to areas A, B, D, and E in April 1992 was not detected above the residual effects from 1991 chloride applications.
\nNitrogen (N) fertilizer applied in 1992 on area C (potatoes) was first detected above background concentrations and the residual effects of the 1991 farming practices in April 1993, 12 months after application. Effects of 1992 N fertilizer applications on area E (continuous com) generally could not be distinguished from the effects of downgradient of area E were consistently greater than background concentrations during August 1992 through April 1993. These concentrations greater than background levels indicate that some N fertilizer applied to the continuous com crop during 1991 reached the water table. Nitrogen fertilizer applied on areas A, B, and D during 1992 could not be distinguished from the residual effects of the 1991 fanning practices but were detected above background concentrations.
\nAtrazine concentrations beneath the cropped areas were generally indistinguishable from background concentrations. Atrazine was detected in 58 percent of the 361 ground water samples collected beneath cropped and buffer areas during June 1992 through April 1993. Most detections were at trace levels, between the detection limit of 0.01 micrograms per liter (μg/L) and the reporting limit of 0.04 μg/L. De-ethylatrazine (DEA) was detected more frequently during June 1992 through April 1993 (78 percent of the 361 samples) and in greater concentrations than any other herbicide or herbicide metabolite, with a median concentration of 0.07 μg/L. The maximum DEA concentration of 0.77 μg/L was detected near the water table in the middle of area E (continuous corn) during April 1993. The likely source of this DEA detection was application of atrazine to area E during 1991-93. Additional data will be needed to conclusively evaluate whether atrazine applied as part of the MSEA farming systems reached the water table.
\nResults indicate that the effects of the 1992 potassium-chloride and N fertilizer applications were reduced compared to the effects of 1991 applications. The most important factors associated with these differences were lower chemical application rates and lower recharge rates during 1992 than during 1991. Some of the chloride and N fertilizer applied to the cropped areas in 1992 likely did not reach the saturated zone in 1993 due to a 60-percent reduction in recharge compared to 1991. Therefore, analysis of data from additional years will be required to fully evaluate the effects of the fanning systems on ground-water quality.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri954104","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, University of Minnesota Department of Soil Science, and the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","usgsCitation":"Delin, G., Landon, M., Lamb, J., and Dowdy, R., 1995, Effects of 1992 farming systems on ground-water quality at the management systems evaluation area near Princeton, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4104, iv, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954104.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122796,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4104/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54191,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4104/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Princeton","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.62557411193848,\n 45.52306687976779\n ],\n [\n -93.62557411193848,\n 45.532086387683606\n ],\n [\n -93.61398696899414,\n 45.532086387683606\n ],\n [\n -93.61398696899414,\n 45.52306687976779\n ],\n [\n -93.62557411193848,\n 45.52306687976779\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6252d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landon, M.K. 0000-0002-5766-0494","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":69572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"M.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lamb, J.A.","contributorId":95898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dowdy, R.H.","contributorId":92275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowdy","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":27438,"text":"wri944145 - 1995 - Evaluation of ground-water flow and hydrologic budget for Lake Five-O, a seepage lake in northwestern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:25","indexId":"wri944145","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4145","title":"Evaluation of ground-water flow and hydrologic budget for Lake Five-O, a seepage lake in northwestern Florida","docAbstract":"Temporal and spatial distributions of ground-water inflow to, and leakage from Lake Five-O, a softwater, seepage lake in northwestern Florida, were evaluated using hydrologic data and simulation models of the shallow ground-water system adjacent to the lake. The simulation models indicate that ground-water inflow to the lake and leakage from the lake to the ground-water system are the dominant components in the total inflow (precipitation plus ground-water inflow) and total outflow (evaporation plus leakage) budgets of Lake Five-O. Simlulated ground-water inflow and leakage were approximately 4 and 5 times larger than precipitation inputs and evaporative losses, respectively, during calendar years 1989-90. Exchanges of water between Lake Five-O and the ground-water system were consistently larger than atmospheric-lake exchanges. A consistent pattern of shallow ground-water inflow and deep leakage was also evident throughout the study period. The mean time of travel from ground-water that discharges at Lake Five-O (time from recharge at the water table to discharge at the lake) was estimated to be within a range of 3 to 6 years. Flow-path evaluations indicated that the intermediate confining unit probably has a negligible influence on the geochemistry of ground-water inflow to Lake Five-O. The hydrologic budgets and flow-path evaluations provide critical information for developing geochemical budgets for Lake Five-O and for improving the understanding of the relative importance of various processes that regulate the acid-neutralizing capacity of softwater seepage lakes in Florida.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944145","usgsCitation":"Grubbs, J.W., 1995, Evaluation of ground-water flow and hydrologic budget for Lake Five-O, a seepage lake in northwestern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4145, vi, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944145.","productDescription":"vi, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2122,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri944145","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_94_4145.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688d3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grubbs, J. W.","contributorId":77139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grubbs","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":31931,"text":"ofr95704 - 1995 - Potentiometric surface of the upper Floridan Aquifer, west-central Florida, May 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-24T10:53:53","indexId":"ofr95704","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-704","title":"Potentiometric surface of the upper Floridan Aquifer, west-central Florida, May 1995","docAbstract":"The Floridan aquifer system consists of the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers separated by a middle confining unit. The middle confining unit and the Lower Floridan aquifer generally contain highly mineralized water. In most reports on the hydrology of southwest Florida, the term \"Floridan aquifer\" has been applied to the water-bearing rocks, herin referred to as the Upper Floridan aquifer. The Upper Floridan aquifer is a productive aquifer and supplies more than 10 times the amount of water pumped from either the surfical aquifer system of the intermediate aquifer system in most of the study area (Duerr and other, 1988).
This map report depicts the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in May 1995. The potentipmetric surface represents to the level to which water will rise in tightly cased wells that tap a confined aquifer system. The surface is mapped by determining the altitude of water levels in a network of wells and is represented on maps by contours that connect point of equal altitude. This map represents water-level conditions near the end of the dry season when ground-water withdrawals for agricultural use are usually high. The cumulative rainfall for the study area was 2.98 inches above average for the period from June 1994 through May 1995 (Southwest Florida Water Management District, 1995)
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr95704","usgsCitation":"Metz, P.A., and Stelman, K.A., 1995, Potentiometric surface of the upper Floridan Aquifer, west-central Florida, May 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-704, 1 map ; 72 x 60 cm., folded to 24 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95704.","productDescription":"1 map ; 72 x 60 cm., folded to 24 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":19574,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0704/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":163812,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"1","country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682c63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Metz, Patricia A. pmetz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metz","given":"Patricia","email":"pmetz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":270,"text":"FLWSC-Tampa","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stelman, K. A.","contributorId":51341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stelman","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44885,"text":"wri954093 - 1995 - Water-surface profile and flood boundaries for the computed 100-year flood, Rosebud Creek, Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:56","indexId":"wri954093","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4093","title":"Water-surface profile and flood boundaries for the computed 100-year flood, Rosebud Creek, Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation, Montana","docAbstract":"Hydrologic and hydraulic evaluations of Rosebud Creek were made to determine the magnitude of the 100-year flood and the extent of flooding that would occur as the result of this flood. The magnitude of the 100-year flood was determined to range from 2,620 to 3,980 ft3/s, depending on location. Field surveys were made at 149 cross sections along a 39-mile reach of Rosebud Creek. An additional 33 cross sections along the same reach were synthesized. Data from the surveys were used to calculate the water-surface elevation at each cross section using a computer program (WSPRO) developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. The water-surface profile of the computed 100-year flood elevations was then drawn. The profile also shows the streambed elevation and the location of the bridges and cross sections. The computed 100-year flood elevation at each cross section was used to delineate the width of the flood plain at that section. Flood boundaries between cross sections were interpolated using contour lines on topographic maps.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri954093","usgsCitation":"Omang, R.J., 1995, Water-surface profile and flood boundaries for the computed 100-year flood, Rosebud Creek, Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4093, 1 map on 2 sheets : col. ; sheets 89 x 94 cm. and 97 x 90 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954093.","productDescription":"1 map on 2 sheets : col. ; sheets 89 x 94 cm. and 97 x 90 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":134565,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":82241,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4093/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82242,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4093/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4d66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Omang, R. J.","contributorId":31365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Omang","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27185,"text":"wri954091 - 1995 - Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow near Los Alamos, north-central New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:26","indexId":"wri954091","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4091","title":"Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow near Los Alamos, north-central New Mexico","docAbstract":"An existing model was modified in recognition of new \r\ngeohydrologic interpretations and adjusted to simulate \r\nhydrographs in well fields in the Los Alamos area. Hydraulic-head\r\ndrawdowns at the Buckman well field resulting from two projected\r\nground-water-withdrawal alternatives were estimated with the \r\nmodified model.\r\n\r\n The Chaquehui formation (informal usage) is the main new \r\nfeature of recent hydrologic interpretations for the Los Alamos \r\narea. The Chaquehui occupies a 'channel' that was eroded or \r\nfaulted into the Tesuque Formation, and the Chaquehui is more \r\npermeable than the Tesuque. The Chaquehui is a major producing \r\nzone in the Pajarito Mesa well field and to a lesser extent in\r\nthe Guaje well field.\r\n\r\n Model modification included splitting the four layers of the\r\nMcAda-Wasiolek model (McAda, D.P., and Wasiolek, Maryann, 1988, \r\nSimulation of the regional geohydrology of the Tesuque aquifer \r\nsystem near Santa Fe, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-\r\nResources Investigations Report 87-4056, 71 p.) into eight layers\r\nto better simulate vertical ground-water movement. Other model \r\nmodifications were limited as much as possible to the area of \r\ninterest near Los Alamos and consisted mainly of adjusting \r\nhydraulic-conductivity values representing the Tesuque Formation,\r\nChaquehui formation (informal usage), and Puye Formation, and \r\nadjusting simulated recharge along the Pajarito Fault Zone west \r\nof Los Alamos. Adjustments were based mainly on simulation of \r\nfluctuations in measured hydraulic heads near Los Alamos.\r\n\r\n Two possible alternative plans for replacing Guaje well field \r\nproduction were suggested by Los Alamos National Laboratory. In \r\nthe first plan (Guaje alternative), the Guaje field would be \r\nrenewed with four new wells replacing the existing production \r\nwells in the Guaje field. In the second plan (Pajarito-Otowi \r\nalternative), the Guaje well field would be retired and its\r\nformer production would be made up by additional withdrawals from the \r\nPajarito Mesa and Otowi well fields. A projection for each of \r\nthese alternatives was made through 2012 using the new eight-\r\nlayer model. In the Guaje field, projected hydraulic heads at the\r\nend of 2012 were as much as 50 feet lower with the Guaje \r\nalternative; in the Pajarito Mesa field, hydraulic heads were as\r\nmuch as 12 feet higher with the Guaje alternative. At the western\r\nend of the Los Alamos well field, projected hydraulic heads were\r\nabout 20 feet higher with the Guaje alternative; at the eastern \r\nend of the Los Alamos field, the difference between alternatives\r\nwas much less. At the Buckman field, projected hydraulic heads \r\nwere about 2 feet higher with the Guaje alternative because the \r\nBuckman field is closer to the Pajarito Mesa field than to the \r\nGuaje field. \r\n\r\n Ways of improving the understanding of the flow system \r\ninclude developing a more accurate representation of the \r\nstructure and extent of the Tesuque Formation, Chaquehui \r\nformation, and Puye Formation of the Santa Fe Group and obtaining\r\nmore detailed geologic and hydrologic data for the Chaquehui and\r\nPuye. Data that describe water chemistry, hydraulic head, and \r\ndegree of saturation would be valuable for determining the \r\nlocation and quantity of recharge on the Pajarito Plateau, \r\nespecially along the west side of the Plateau and in canyon \r\nbottoms. Chloride concentrations in soil at the top of the \r\nBandelier Tuff could be used to verify the concept that \r\nevapotranspiration accounts for nearly all precipitation over a \r\nlarge area of the plateau.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, [Water Resources Division, New Mexico District] ;\r\nCan be purchased from U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri954091","usgsCitation":"Frenzel, P.F., 1995, Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow near Los Alamos, north-central New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4091, vi, 92 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954091.","productDescription":"vi, 92 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124047,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4091/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56059,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4091/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8c49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frenzel, P. F.","contributorId":98726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frenzel","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25895,"text":"wri954231 - 1995 - Technique for estimating the 2- to 500-year flood discharges on unregulated streams in rural Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-10T10:49:52","indexId":"wri954231","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4231","title":"Technique for estimating the 2- to 500-year flood discharges on unregulated streams in rural Missouri","docAbstract":"A generalized least-squares regression technique was used to relate the 2- to 500-year flood discharges from 278 selected streamflow-gaging stations to statistically significant basin characteristics. The regression relations (estimating equations) were defined for three hydrologic regions (I, II, and III) in rural Missouri. Ordinary least-squares regression analyses indicate that drainage area (Regions I, II, and III) and main-channel slope (Regions I and II) are the only basin characteristics needed for computing the 2- to 500-year design-flood discharges at gaged or ungaged stream locations. The resulting generalized least-squares regression equations provide a technique for estimating the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 500-year flood discharges on unregulated streams in rural Missouri. The regression equations for Regions I and II were developed from stream-flow-gaging stations with drainage areas ranging from 0.13 to 11,500 square miles and 0.13 to 14,000 square miles, and main-channel slopes ranging from 1.35 to 150 feet per mile and 1.20 to 279 feet per mile. The regression equations for Region III were developed from streamflow-gaging stations with drainage areas ranging from 0.48 to 1,040 square miles. Standard errors of estimate for the generalized least-squares regression equations in Regions I, II, and m ranged from 30 to 49 percent.
","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","publisherLocation":"Richmond, Virginia","doi":"10.3133/wri954231","usgsCitation":"Alexander, T.W., and Wilson, G.L., 1995, Technique for estimating the 2- to 500-year flood discharges on unregulated streams in rural Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4231, iv, 33 p.: maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954231.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p.: maps ;28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686262","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alexander, Terry W.","contributorId":21193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, Gary L. gwilson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Gary","email":"gwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26584,"text":"wri954097 - 1995 - Geochemical processes in ground water resulting from surface mining of coal at the Big Sky and West Decker Mine areas, southeastern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-08T21:55:11.888669","indexId":"wri954097","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4097","title":"Geochemical processes in ground water resulting from surface mining of coal at the Big Sky and West Decker Mine areas, southeastern Montana","docAbstract":"A potential hydrologic effect of surface mining of coal in southeastern Montana is a change in the quality of ground water. Dissolved-solids concen- trations in water in spoils aquifers generally are larger than concentrations in water in the coal aquifers they replaced; however, laboratory experiments have indicated that concentrations can decrease if ground water flows from coal-mine spoils to coal. This study was conducted to determine if decreases in concentrations occur onsite and, if so, which geochemical processes caused the decreases. Solid-phase core samples of spoils, unmined over- burden, and coal, and ground-water samples were collected from 16 observation wells at two mine areas. In the Big Sky Mine area, changes in ground- water chemistry along a flow path from an upgradient coal aquifer to a spoils aquifer probably were a result of dedolomitization. Dissolved-solids concentrations were unchanged as water flowed from a spoils aquifer to a downgradient coal aquifer. In the West Decker Mine area, dissolved-solids concentrations apparently decreased from about 4,100 to 2,100 milligrams per liter as water moved along an inferred flow path from a spoils aquifer to a downgradient coal aquifer. Geochemical models were used to analyze changes in water chemistry on the basis of results of solid-phase and aqueous geochemical characteristics. Geochemical processes postulated to result in the apparent decrease in dissolved-solids concentrations along this inferred flow path include bacterial reduction of sulfate, reverse cation exchange within the coal, and precipitation of carbonate and iron-sulfide minerals.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954097","usgsCitation":"Clark, D., 1995, Geochemical processes in ground water resulting from surface mining of coal at the Big Sky and West Decker Mine areas, southeastern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4097, vi, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954097.","productDescription":"vi, 80 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123515,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4097/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55453,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4097/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":465912,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48202.htm","text":"Big Sky Mine area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465913,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48203.htm","text":"West Decker Mine area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Big Sky and West Decker Mine areas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107,\n 46\n ],\n [\n -107,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -106,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -106,\n 46\n ],\n [\n -107,\n 46\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adefa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, D.W.","contributorId":22765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24693,"text":"ofr94480 - 1995 - Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, 1991-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:29","indexId":"ofr94480","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-480","title":"Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, 1991-93","docAbstract":"This report contains hydrologic and climatic data that describe the status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia. Data are presented from January 1991 through December 1993. This report concentrates on data from fourth quarter 1993, and references historic data from 1991 and 1992. Total rainfall for 1993 was 95 inches which is 10 percent below the mean annual rainfall of 106 inches. In comparison, total rainfalls in 1992 and 1991 were 93 inches and 130 inches, respectively. Ground-water withdrawal has averaged 954,000 gallons per day during 1993, while with- drawals in 1992 and 1991 averaged 936,000 gallons per day and 927,000 gallons per day, respectively. In each of the five areas of ground-water produc- tion, withdrawals have remained steady since 1991. At the end of December 1993, the chloride concen- tration of the composite water supply was 36 milligrams per liter, well below the 250 milligrams per liter secondary drinking water standard established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chloride concentrations of the composite water supply during the last quarter (October through December 1993) ranged between 35 and 75 milligrams per liter. Chloride concentrations in monitoring wells at Cantonment and Air Operations decreased during the last quarter (October through December 1993) after having risen progressively during the previous quarter (July through September 1993). There has been a general trend of increasing chloride concentrations in the deeper monitoring wells since the 1992 dry season, which began in March 1992. A fuel spill at Air Operations caused the shutdown of ten wells in May 1991. Four of the wells resumed pumping for water supply purposes in April 1992. The remaining six wells are being used to hydraulically contain and divert fuel migration.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nFor sale by the Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94480","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Torikai, J., 1995, Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, 1991-93: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-480, v, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94480.","productDescription":"v, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158180,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0480/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53726,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0480/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de895","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torikai, J.D.","contributorId":93926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torikai","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24694,"text":"ofr95387 - 1995 - Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1992 through December 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:28","indexId":"ofr95387","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-387","title":"Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1992 through December 1994","docAbstract":"This report contains hydrologic and climatic data that describe the status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia. Data presented are from January 1992 through December 1994. This report concentrates on data from October through December 1994, and references previous data from 1992 through 1994. Cumulative rainfall for October through December 1994 was 55 inches which is higher than the mean cumulative rainfall of about 31 inches for the same 3 months. Total rainfall for 1994 was 131 inches which is 24 percent higher than the mean annual rainfall of 106 inches. In com- parison, total rainfall in 1992 and 1993 were 93 inches and 95 inches, respectively. Ground-water withdrawal during October through December 1994 averaged 903,000 gallons per day, while the annual withdrawal in 1994 was 942,700 gallons per day. Annual withdrawals in 1992 and 1993 averaged 935,900 gallons per day and 953,800 gallons per day, respectively. At the end of December 1994, the chloride concentration of the composite water supply was 28 milligrams per liter, well below the 250 milligrams per liter secondary drinking-water standard established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chloride concentrations of the composite water supply from October through December 1994 ranged between 28 and 86 milligrams per liter. Chloride concentration of ground water in monitoring wells at Cantonment and Air Operations decreased in November and December, and seems to have leveled off by the end of the year. Although chloride concen- trations have decreased during the fourth quarter of 1994, there has been a general trend of increasing chloride concentrations in the deeper monitoring wells since the 1992 dry season, which began in March 1992. A fuel leak at Air Operations caused the shutdown of ten wells in May 1991. Four of the wells resumed pumping for water-supply purposes in April 1992. The remaining six wells are being used to hydraulically contain and divert fuel migration by recirculating 150,000 gallons of water each day.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nFor sale by the Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr95387","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Torikai, J., 1995, Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1992 through December 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-387, v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95387.","productDescription":"v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157821,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0387/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53727,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0387/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699e54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torikai, J.D.","contributorId":93926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torikai","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25731,"text":"wri954110 - 1995 - Quantity and quality of ground-water discharge to the South Platte River, Denver to Fort Lupton, Colorado, August 1992 through July 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:13","indexId":"wri954110","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4110","title":"Quantity and quality of ground-water discharge to the South Platte River, Denver to Fort Lupton, Colorado, August 1992 through July 1993","docAbstract":"Water-quality studies conducted by the Metro Wastewater Reclamation District have indicated that during low flow in segments of the South Platte River between Denver and Fort Lupton, concentrations of dissolved oxygen are less than minimum concen- trations set by the State of Colorado. Low dissolved-oxygen concentrations are observed in two reaches of the river-they are about 3.3 to 6.4 miles and 17 to 25 miles downstream from the Metro Waste- water Reclamation District effluent outfalls. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen recover between these two reaches. Studies conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey have indicated that ground-water discharge to the river may contribute to these low dissolved-oxygen concentrations. As a result, an assessment was made of the quantity and quality of ground-water discharge to the South Platte River from Denver to Fort Lupton. Measurements of surface- water and ground-water discharge and collections of surface water and ground water for water-quality analyses were made from August 1992 through January 1993 and in May and July 1993. The quantity of ground-water discharge to the South Platte River was determined indirectly by mass balance of surface-water inflows and outflows and directly by instantaneous measurements of ground-water discharge across the sediment/water interface in the river channel. The quality of surface water and ground water was determined by sampling and analysis of water from the river and monitoring wells screened in the alluvial aquifer adjacent to the river and by sampling and analysis of water from piezometers screened in sediments underlying the river channel. The ground-water flow system was subdivided into a large-area and a small-area flow system. The precise boundaries of the two flow systems are not known. However, the large-area flow system is considered to incorporate all alluvial sediments in hydrologic connection with the South Platte River. The small- area flow system is considered to incorporate the alluvial aquifer in the vicinity of the river. Flow-path lengths in the large-area flow system were considered to be on the order of hundreds of feet to more than a mile, whereas in the small-area flow system, they were considered to be on the order of feet to hundreds of feet. Mass-balance estimates of incremental ground-water discharge from the large- area flow system ranged from -27 to 17 cubic feet per second per mile in three reaches of the river; the median rate was 4.6 cubic feet per second per mile. The median percentage of surface-water discharge derived from ground-water discharge in the river reaches studied was 13 percent. Instantaneous measurements of ground-water discharge from the small-area flow system ranged from -1,360 to 1,000 cubic feet per second per mile, with a median value of -5.8 cubic feet per second per mile. Hourly measurements of discharge from the small-area flow system indicated that the high rates of discharge were transient and may have been caused by daily fluctuations in river stage due to changing effluent-discharge rates from the Metro Wastewater Reclamation District treatment plant. Higher river stages caused surface water to infiltrate bed sediments underlying the river channel, and lower river stages allowed ground water to discharge into the river. Although stage changes apparently cycled large quantities of water in and out of the small- area flow system, the process probably provided no net gain or loss of water to the river. In general, mass balance and instantaneous measurements of ground-water discharge indicated that the ground- water flow system in the vicinity of the river consisted of a large-area flow system that provided a net addition of water to the river and a small- area flow system that cycled water in and out of the riverbed sediments, but provided no net addition of water to the river. The small-area flow system was superimposed on the large-area flow system. The median values of pH and dissolved oxygen ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954110","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P., Lull, K., Dennehy, K., and Collins, J., 1995, Quantity and quality of ground-water discharge to the South Platte River, Denver to Fort Lupton, Colorado, August 1992 through July 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4110, v, 71 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954110.","productDescription":"v, 71 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157131,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4110/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54491,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4110/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54492,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4110/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a57e4b07f02db62e4fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, P.B. 0000-0001-7452-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":10762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lull, K.J.","contributorId":19591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lull","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dennehy, K.F.","contributorId":41841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennehy","given":"K.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Collins, J.A.","contributorId":72412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":29519,"text":"wri924093 - 1995 - Simulation of streamflow and sediment transport in two surface-coal-mined basins in Fayette County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-16T21:33:46.050946","indexId":"wri924093","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4093","title":"Simulation of streamflow and sediment transport in two surface-coal-mined basins in Fayette County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The Hydrological Simulation Program - Fortran (HSPF) was used to simulate streamflow and sediment transport in two surface-mined basins of Fayette County, Pa. Hydrologic data from the Stony Fork Basin (0.93 square miles) was used to calibrate HSPF parameters. The calibrated parameters were applied to an HSPF model of the Poplar Run Basin (8.83 square miles) to evaluate the transfer value of model parameters. The results of this investigation provide information to the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Bureau of Mining and Reclamation, regarding the value of the simulated hydrologic data for use in cumulative hydrologic-impact assessments of surface-mined basins. \r\n The calibration period was October 1, 1985, through September 30, 1988 (water years 1986-88). The simulated data were representative of the observed data from the Stony Fork Basin. Mean simulated streamflow was 1.64 cubic feet per second compared to measured streamflow of 1.58 cubic feet per second for the 3-year period. The difference between the observed and simulated peak stormflow ranged from 4.0 to 59.7 percent for 12 storms. The simulated sediment load for the 1987 water year was 127.14 tons (0.21 ton per acre), which compares to a measured sediment load of 147.09 tons (0.25 ton per acre). The total simulated suspended-sediment load for the 3-year period was 538.2 tons (0.30 ton per acre per year), which compares to a measured sediment load of 467.61 tons (0.26 ton per acre per year). \r\n\r\n The model was verified by comparing observed and simulated data from October 1, 1988, through September 30, 1989. The results obtained were comparable to those from the calibration period. The simulated mean daily discharge was representative of the range of data observed from the basin and of the frequency with which specific discharges were equalled or exceeded.\r\n\r\n The calibrated and verified parameters from the Stony Fork model were applied to an HSPF model of the Poplar Run Basin. The two basins are in a similar physical setting. Data from October 1, 1987, through September 30, 1989, were used to evaluate the Poplar Run model. In general, the results from the Poplar Run model were comparable to those obtained from the Stony Fork model. The difference between observed and simulated total streamflow was 1.1 percent for the 2-year period. The mean annual streamflow simulated by the Poplar Run model was 18.3 cubic feet per second. This compares to an observed streamflow of 18.15 cubic feet per second. For the 2-year period, the simulated sediment load was 2,754 tons (0.24 ton per acre per year), which compares to a measured sediment load of 3,051.2 tons (0.27 ton per acre per year) for the Poplar Run Basin. Cumulative frequency-distribution curves of the observed and simulated streamflow compared well. The comparison between observed and simulated data improved as the time span increased. Simulated annual means and totals were more representative of the observed data than hourly data used in comparing storm events.\r\n\r\n The structure and organization of the HSPF model facilitated the simulation of a wide range of hydrologic processes. The simulation results from this investigation indicate that model parameters may be transferred to ungaged basins to generate representative hydrologic data through modeling techniques.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924093","usgsCitation":"Sams, J.I., and Witt, E., 1995, Simulation of streamflow and sediment transport in two surface-coal-mined basins in Fayette County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4093, vi, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924093.","productDescription":"vi, 52 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":406891,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47658.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58357,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4093/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159722,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4093/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Fayette County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.6,\n 39.75\n ],\n [\n -79.425,\n 39.75\n ],\n [\n -79.425,\n 40.0667\n ],\n [\n -79.6,\n 40.0667\n ],\n [\n -79.6,\n 39.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e492de4b07f02db57ef5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sams, J. I. III","contributorId":50548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sams","given":"J.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Witt, E. C. III","contributorId":105746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witt","given":"E. C.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24695,"text":"ofr94479 - 1995 - Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1992 through June 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:28","indexId":"ofr94479","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-479","title":"Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1992 through June 1994","docAbstract":"This report contains hydrologic and climatic data that describe the status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia. Data are presented from January 1992 through June 1994. This report concentrates on data from 1994, and references historic data from 1992 and 1993. Total rainfall for the first half of 1994 was 51 inches which is 48 percent of the mean annual rainfall of 106 inches. In comparison, total rainfall for the first six months of 1993 and 1992 was 56 inches and 51 inches, respectively. Annual rainfall totals in 1993 and 1992 were 95 inches and 93 inches, respectively. Ground-water withdrawal has averaged 975,000 gallons per day through June 1994, while withdrawals in 1993 and 1992 averaged 954,000 gallons per day and 936,000 gallons per day, respectively. In each of the five areas of ground- water production, withdrawals have remained steady since 1991. At the end of June 1994, the chloride concentration of the composite water supply was 68 milligrams per liter, well below the 250 milligrams per liter secondary drinking water standard established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chloride concentrations of the composite water supply from January through June 1994 ranged between 37 and 90 milligrams per liter. Chloride concentration of ground water in monitoring wells at Cantonment and Air Operations have increased very slightly since March 1994 coinciding with the start of the dry season. There has been a general trend of increasing chloride concentrations in the deeper monitoring wells since the 1992 dry season, which began in March 1992. A fuel spill at Air Operations caused the shutdown of ten wells in May 1991. Four of the wells resumed pumping for water-supply purposes in April 1992. The remaining six wells are being used to hydraulically contain and divert fuel migration.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nFor sale by the Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94479","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Torikai, J., 1995, Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1992 through June 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-479, v, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94479.","productDescription":"v, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0479/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53728,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0479/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db69764b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torikai, J.D.","contributorId":93926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torikai","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24692,"text":"ofr94306 - 1995 - Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data through September 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:29","indexId":"ofr94306","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-306","title":"Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data through September 1993","docAbstract":"This report contains hydrologic and climatic data that describe the status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia. Data are presented through September 1993, one month into the annual wet season. At the end of September 1993, the chloride concentration of the composite water supply was 66 milligrams per liter, well below the 250 milligrams per liter secondary drinking water standard established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Most of the production wells appeared to be operating at levels consistent with past operations. Several wells at Air Operations remain out of service while they are being used to hydraulically divert the nearby fuel spill. Rainfall thus far in 1993 is 8 percent below the mean annual rainfall of 106 inches. This follows a year when rainfall was 12 percent below the mean annual rainfall. Withdrawal has averaged 856,000 gallons per day during 1993, a decrease from the 1992 average of 936,000 gallons per day. The chloride concentration of pumped water rose during the current quarter (July through September 1993) in most areas, coincident with the annual dry season (March through August). This continues a general trend of increasing chloride concentration that has persisted for more than a year, beginning in the 1992 dry season. Chloride concentration rose progressively during the current quarter in monitoring wells at Cantonment and Air Operations. Chloride concentrations in the deeper monitoring wells have generally been increasing since 1992. A fuel spill at Air Operations caused the shutdown of ten wells in May 1991. Four of the wells have resumed pumping to the water supply, but water from the remaining six wells is being used to hydraulically contain and divert fuel migration.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nFor sale by the Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94306","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Torikai, J., 1995, Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data through September 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-306, v, 51 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94306.","productDescription":"v, 51 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158179,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0306/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53725,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0306/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df2b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torikai, J.D.","contributorId":93926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torikai","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24710,"text":"ofr95375 - 1995 - Real-Time Mapping alert system; characteristics and capabilities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:24","indexId":"ofr95375","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-375","title":"Real-Time Mapping alert system; characteristics and capabilities","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has an extensive hydrologic network that records and transmits precipitation, stage, discharge, and other water-related data on a real-time basis to an automated data processing system. Data values are recorded on electronic data collection platforms at field sampling sites. These values are transmitted by means of orbiting satellites to receiving ground stations, and by way of telecommunication lines to a U.S. Geological Survey office where they are processed on a computer system. Data that exceed predefined thresholds are identified as alert values. The current alert status at monitoring sites within a state or region is of critical importance during floods, hurricanes, and other extreme hydrologic events. This report describes the characteristics and capabilities of a series of computer programs for real-time mapping of hydrologic data. The software provides interactive graphics display and query of hydrologic information from the network in a real-time, map-based, menu-driven environment.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95375","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Torres, L., Lambert, S., and Liebermann, T., 1995, Real-Time Mapping alert system; characteristics and capabilities: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-375, iv, 18 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95375.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157518,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0375/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53742,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0375/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db64474c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torres, L.A.","contributorId":19195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torres","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lambert, S.C.","contributorId":92289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambert","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liebermann, T.D.","contributorId":23569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liebermann","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24696,"text":"ofr95118 - 1995 - Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1992 through September 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:28","indexId":"ofr95118","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-118","title":"Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1992 through September 1994","docAbstract":"This report contains hydrologic and climatic data that describe the status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia. Data are presented from January 1992 through September 1994. This report concentrates on data from July through September 1994, and references historic data from 1992 through June 1994. Total rainfall for the first nine months of 1994 was about 77 inches which is 72 percent of the mean annual rainfall of 106 inches. In comparison, total rainfall for the first nine months of 1992 and 1993 was 67 inches and 69 inches, respectively. Annual rainfall totals in 1992 and 1993 were 93 inches and 95 inches, respectively. Ground-water withdrawal during July through September 1994 has averaged 919,400 gallons per day, while annual withdrawals in 1992 and 1993 averaged 935,900 gallons per day and 953,800 gallons per day, respectively. At the end of September 1994, the chloride concentration of the composite water supply was 56 milligrams per liter, well below the 250 milligrams per liter secondary drinking-water standard established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chloride concentrations of the composite water supply from July through September 1994 ranged between 51 and 78 milligrams per liter. Chloride concentration of ground water in monitoring wells at Cantonment and Air Operations increased in July and August, but have leveled off or decreased in September. There has been a general trend of increasing chloride concentrations in the deeper monitoring wells since the 1992 dry season, which began in March 1992. A fuel leak at Air Operations caused the shutdown of ten wells in May 1991. Four of the wells resumed pumping for water-supply purposes in April 1992. The remaining six wells are being used to hydraulically contain and divert fuel migration by recirculating 150,000 gallons of water each day.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nFor sale by the Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr95118","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Torikai, J., 1995, Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1992 through September 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-118, v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95118.","productDescription":"v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0118/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53729,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0118/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697578","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torikai, J.D.","contributorId":93926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torikai","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28047,"text":"wri954055 - 1995 - Methods to estimate annual mean spring discharge to the Snake River between Milner Dam and King Hill, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-22T13:14:41","indexId":"wri954055","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4055","title":"Methods to estimate annual mean spring discharge to the Snake River between Milner Dam and King Hill, Idaho","docAbstract":"Many individual springs and groups of springs discharge water from volcanic rocks that form the north canyon wall of the Snake River between Milner Dam and King Hill. Previous estimates of annual mean discharge from these springs have been used to understand the hydrology of the eastern part of the Snake River Plain. Four methods that were used in previous studies or developed to estimate annual mean discharge since 1902 were (1) water-budget analysis of the Snake River; (2) correlation of water-budget estimates with discharge from 10 index springs; (3) determination of the combined discharge from individual springs or groups of springs by using annual discharge measurements of 8 springs, gaging-station records of 4 springs and 3 sites on the Malad River, and regression equations developed from 5 of the measured springs; and (4) a single regression equation that correlates gaging-station records of 2 springs with historical water-budget estimates. Comparisons made among the four methods of estimating annual mean spring discharges from 1951 to 1959 and 1963 to 1980 indicated that differences were about equivalent to a measurement error of 2 to 3 percent. The method that best demonstrates the response of annual mean spring discharge to changes in ground-water recharge and discharge is method 3, which combines the measurements and regression estimates of discharge from individual springs.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954055","usgsCitation":"Kjelstrom, L., 1995, Methods to estimate annual mean spring discharge to the Snake River between Milner Dam and King Hill, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4055, iv, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954055.","productDescription":"iv, 9 p.","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123596,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4055/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56885,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4055/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Snake River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115.25,42.0 ], [ -115.25,43.0 ], [ -114.0,43.0 ], [ -114.0,42.0 ], [ -115.25,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a55e4b07f02db62d060","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kjelstrom, L.C.","contributorId":89104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kjelstrom","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24698,"text":"ofr95722 - 1995 - Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1993 through June 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:28","indexId":"ofr95722","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-722","title":"Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1993 through June 1995","docAbstract":"This report contains hydrologic and climatic data that describe the status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia. Data presented are from January 1993 through June 1995, although the report focuses on hydrologic events from April through June 1995. Cumulative rainfall for April through June 1995 was about 14 inches which is 70 percent of the mean cumulative rainfall of about 20 inches for the same 3 months in a year. April through June is within the annual dry season. Rainfall for each month was below average from the respective mean monthly rainfall. All mean rainfall values are calculated for the fixed base period 1951-90. Ground-water withdrawal during April through June 1995 averaged 833,700 gallons per day. Withdrawal for the same 3 months in 1994 averaged 950,000 gallons per day. At the end of June 1995, the chloride concentration of the composite water supply was 57 milligrams per liter, well below the 250 milligrams per liter secondary drinking-water standard established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chloride concentrations of the composite water supply from April through June 1995 ranged between 26 and 62 milligrams per liter. Chloride concentration of ground water in monitoring wells at Cantonment and Air Operations increased since April 1995, with water from the deepest monitoring wells increasing in chloride concentra- tion by about 1000 milligrams per liter. A fuel leak at Air Operations caused the shutdown of ten wells in May 1991. Four of the wells resumed pumping for water-supply purposes in April 1992. The remaining six wells are being used to hydraulically contain and divert fuel migration away from water-supply wells by recirculating about 150,000 gallons of water each day.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nFor sale by the Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr95722","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Torikai, J., 1995, Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1993 through June 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-722, v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95722.","productDescription":"v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157835,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0722/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53731,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0722/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bf31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torikai, J.D.","contributorId":93926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torikai","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24604,"text":"ofr93639 - 1995 - Measurements of evapotranspiration, surface-energy fluxes, weather variables, and water-table depths in the closed basin of the San Luis Valley, Alamosa County, Colorado, 1985-88","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-07T11:02:12","indexId":"ofr93639","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-639","title":"Measurements of evapotranspiration, surface-energy fluxes, weather variables, and water-table depths in the closed basin of the San Luis Valley, Alamosa County, Colorado, 1985-88","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr93639","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Stannard, D., and Weaver, H.L., 1995, Measurements of evapotranspiration, surface-energy fluxes, weather variables, and water-table depths in the closed basin of the San Luis Valley, Alamosa County, Colorado, 1985-88: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-639, iv, 61 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93639.","productDescription":"iv, 61 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157680,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0639/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53651,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0639/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Alamosa County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-105.4581,37.7517],[-105.454,37.7472],[-105.4517,37.744],[-105.4506,37.7376],[-105.4518,37.7304],[-105.4571,37.7213],[-105.4607,37.7177],[-105.4712,37.7083],[-105.4759,37.7019],[-105.48,37.6938],[-105.4795,37.6906],[-105.4766,37.6856],[-105.4755,37.6802],[-105.4761,37.6747],[-105.4767,37.6711],[-105.4785,37.6634],[-105.4785,37.6625],[-105.4815,37.6566],[-105.4903,37.6349],[-105.4915,37.6286],[-105.4916,37.6227],[-105.4928,37.6186],[-105.4974,37.6159],[-105.4992,37.6141],[-105.498,37.6118],[-105.4917,37.6041],[-105.4929,37.6],[-105.4958,37.5982],[-105.4958,37.591],[-105.4872,37.576],[-105.4896,37.5746],[-105.5036,37.5611],[-105.5421,37.5254],[-105.5468,37.5204],[-105.5503,37.5177],[-105.5596,37.5096],[-105.5969,37.478],[-105.6016,37.4735],[-105.661,37.4234],[-105.6947,37.3963],[-105.7406,37.3583],[-105.7441,37.3551],[-105.7476,37.3551],[-105.7591,37.3551],[-105.8194,37.3553],[-105.9282,37.3549],[-106.0376,37.3554],[-106.0377,37.3998],[-106.0383,37.4905],[-106.0383,37.5199],[-106.0383,37.5761],[-106.0389,37.66],[-106.0384,37.7479],[-105.9267,37.7475],[-105.8149,37.7482],[-105.7078,37.7489],[-105.6374,37.7492],[-105.6182,37.7496],[-105.5198,37.7506],[-105.5163,37.7506],[-105.5,37.751],[-105.4581,37.7517]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Alamosa\",\"state\":\"CO\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db61128d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stannard, D.I.","contributorId":100884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weaver, H. L.","contributorId":58679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30259,"text":"wri954113 - 1995 - Ground-Water Availability from the Hawi Aquifer in the Kohala Area, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:15","indexId":"wri954113","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4113","title":"Ground-Water Availability from the Hawi Aquifer in the Kohala Area, Hawaii","docAbstract":"A ground-water study consisting of test-well drilling, aquifer tests, and numerical simulation was done to investigate ground-water availability in the basal part of the Hawi aquifer between the western drainage divide of Pololu Valley and Upolu Point in Kohala, Hawaii. The test-well drilling provided information on geology, water levels, water quality, vertical extent of the freshwater, and the thickness of the freshwater-saltwater transition zone in that aquifer. A total of 12 test wells were drilled at eight locations. Aquifer tests were done at five locations to estimate the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer. Using information on the distribution of recharge, vertical extent of freshwater, hydraulic conductivity, and geometry of the basal aquifer, a numerical model was used to simulate the movement of water into, through, and out of the basal aquifer, and the effect of additional pumping on the water levels in the aquifer.\r\n\r\nResults of the modeling indicate that ground-water withdrawal of 20 million gallons per day above the existing withdrawal of 0.6 million gallons per day from the basal aquifer is hydrologically feasible, but that spacing, depth, and pumping rates of individual wells are important. If pumping is concentrated, the likelihood of saltwater intrusion is increased. The additional withdrawal of 20 million gallons per day would result in a reduction of ground-water discharge to the ocean by an amount equal to pumpage. Although model-calculated declines in water-level outside the area of pumping are small, pumping could cause some reduction of streamflow near the mouth of Pololu Stream.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri954113","usgsCitation":"Underwood, M.R., Meyer, W., and Souza, W.R., 1995, Ground-Water Availability from the Hawi Aquifer in the Kohala Area, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4113, vi, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954113.","productDescription":"vi, 57 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123867,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4113/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59048,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4113/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db5457af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Underwood, Mark R.","contributorId":45354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Underwood","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, William","contributorId":87538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Souza, William R.","contributorId":90295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Souza","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}