During the 1951 field season, U. S. Geological Survey Navy Oil Unit party 1 conducted stratigraphic and structural studies of the rocks in the area between the westernmost fork of the Shaviovik River and the East Kuparuk River. This area is drained by the Sagavanirktok River and its major tributaries; the Echooka River, the Ivishak River, and Lupine River. Owing to the nature of the investigation, the studies were confined to a relatively narrow geographic strip, rarely exceeding a distance of 20 miles north of the northernmost occurrence of the Lisburne limestone of the Brooks Range province. The work was thus conducted in an area of approximately 2,000 square miles, which lies wholly within the Brooks and Arctic Foothill provinces; within this area approximately 1,000 square miles was mapped geologically.
The party consisted of six men: A. S. Keller and R. L. Detterman, geologists; I. W. Marine and D. E. Reed, field assistants; L. G. Barbin, cook-field assistant; and T. F. Derrington, weasel mechanic. The party utilized 3 weasels for transportation of equipment and personnel during the season, during which time 15 camps ware established. Work was initiated on the Shaviovik River on May 24, 1951, and the party concluded its investigations on the Kuparuk River drainage on August 24, 1951.
In 1947, G. Gryc and E. H. Lathram conducted reconnaissance studies of the rocks in the vicinity of camps 12-15 (pl. 1); and during the same year, G. Gryn visited outcrops on the Ivishak River in the vicinity of camps 6-7 (pl. 1). These studies were made by the Navy Oil Unit of the U. S. Geological Survey in conjunction with the investigations of NPR-4. No other work of a geologic nature had been done in the area in the past.
The primary objective of the 1951 party was the correlation of the Mesozoic and upper Paleozoic strata of the foothills province west of the Itkillik River, with that of the Shaviovik and Canning Rivers region. A secondary objective was to determine the cause of the pronounced northeasterly swing in the trend of the Brooks Range front in the Sagavanirktok drainage and to determine the structural implications of this swing.
The area was mapped at a scale of 1:20,000 on vertical photographs and transferred to trimetrogon drainage maps at a scale of 1:48,000 and 1:96, 00. An altimeter traverse was carried concurrently with the geologic mapping.
Structural and stratigraphic studies of tha rocks in the Siksikpuk and Nanushuk Rivers area were conducted by Navy Oil Unit party 2 during the summer field season of 1950. The field party consisted of two geologists, two field assistants, a cook, and a weasel mechanic. Three weasels were used for transportation of equipment and personnel.
The area examined covers approximately 1,000 square miles of the Arctic Foothills province and lies between the Itkillik River on the east and the Chandler River on the west. The area is drained by the Itkillik, Nanushuk, Anaktuvuk, Siksikpuk, and Chandler Rivers.
The mapped area adjoins the Okpikruak and Kiruktagiak Rivers area 1/ to the west.
The primary objective of the geologic work in this area was detailed stratigraphic study of pre-Nanushuk group rocks in the Southern Foothills belt as a supplement to the Work begun in the Okpikruak and Kiruktagiak Rivers area in 1949. A secondary objective was areal mapping and structural studies for the purpose of delimiting structures favorable for drilling tests of the Lisburne limestone.
Parts of this area had been reconnoitered by members of the U. S. Geological Survey in previous years. In 1901 F. C. Schrader traversed the Anaktuvuk River, In 1945 R. E. Fellows, R. M. Chapman, and C. T. Bressler visited outcrops along the northern margin of the area in the vicinity of the Anaktuvuk River and Kanayut Creek. E. J. Webber and R. L. Detterman examined a few of the cutbanks along the Nanushuk River in 1947; and in 1949 A. L. Bowsher, Sr., and J. T. Dutro mapped an outlier of Lisburne limestone north of Nanushuk Lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70210451","usgsCitation":"Patton, W.W., and Keller, A.S., 1951, Stratigraphy and structure of the upper Siksikpuk - Nanushuk Rivers area: Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska 42, Report: 20 p.; 6 Plates: 55.47 x 33.90 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/70210451.","productDescription":"Report: 20 p.; 6 Plates: 55.47 x 33.90 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401218,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210451/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401217,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210451/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401216,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210451/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401215,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210451/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401214,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210451/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401213,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210451/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401212,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210451/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":396582,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210451/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":375321,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74621.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"upper Siksikpuk - Nanushuk Rivers area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.4,\n 69.25\n ],\n [\n -152.4,\n 69.75\n ],\n [\n -149.8667,\n 69.75\n ],\n [\n -149.8667,\n 69.25\n ],\n [\n -152.4,\n 69.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patton, William W. Jr.","contributorId":107355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":836515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keller, A. Samuel","contributorId":287142,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keller","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Samuel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":836516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3858,"text":"cir104 - 1951 - Water resources of southeastern Bucks County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-25T20:10:22.091338","indexId":"cir104","displayToPublicDate":"1951-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"104","title":"Water resources of southeastern Bucks County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"This report has been prepared as a contribution to the development of southeastern Bucks County, Pa. It summarizes available information on the water resources of this 90-square mile area and evaluates current supplies. Future development of the area may change both the available quantity and the quality of the water supply. The effective development of the area demands a continuing knowledge of the water used and the potential quantity and quality of water available from both underground and surface sources. The area is strategically important to a great industrial section of the Bast. Its eastern boundary is a 26-mile segment of the Delaware River along the extreme southeastern border of Bucks County, Pa. (fig. 1). The present.population of the area is about 40,000, including 24,800 in Bristol Borough and Township and 6,770 in Morrisville. The area is traversed by both the Pennsylvania and the Reading Railroads and also by U.S. Highways 1 and 13. These are main transportation routes connecting the great market outlets of Philadelphia and New York. The Delaware River'is navigable from Morrisville to the sea. The area is only a short distance upstream from the Port of Philadelphia, which ranks second only to New York as the most important seaport in the United States. The area is mostly flat, open land 10 to 60 feet above mean sea level. It contains several large Industries, concentrated chiefly in the Bristol area (pi. 1). There are also scattered industries in the Morrisville, Langhorne, and Bensalem areas. However, Bucks County retains some of the characteristics of a farming region. Truck farming and gardening are still carried on to a considerable extent. Along Delaware River below Morrisville the mining of sand and gravel is an Important industry. The facts summarized in this report have been accumulated over a period of 25 years or more by Federal, State, and local agencies in connection with Investigations for other purposes. Most of the data used in this report have been obtained by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters, the Pennsylvania Department of Internal Affairs, the Pennsylvania Department of Commerce, and State Planning Board, the City of Philadelphia, the Corps of Engineers, and the Interstate Commission on the Delaware River Basin. This report was prepared in the Water Resources Division of the U.S.Geological Survey by Jack B. Qraham, District Geologist; John W. Mangan, District Engineer; and Walter F. White, Jr., District Chemist, under the general direction of C. G. Paulsen, Chief Hydraulic Engineer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir104","usgsCitation":"Graham, J., Mangan, J., and White, W.F., 1951, Water resources of southeastern Bucks County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 104, Report: i, 21 p.; 1 Plate: 19.85 x 11.88 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/cir104.","productDescription":"Report: i, 21 p.; 1 Plate: 19.85 x 11.88 inches","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":420173,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23934.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":30938,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1951/0104/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":117886,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1951/0104/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30939,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1951/0104/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Bucks County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.667,\n 40.25\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 40.25\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 40.05\n ],\n [\n -74.667,\n 40.05\n ],\n [\n -74.667,\n 40.25\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602ee0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graham, Jack B.","contributorId":15182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"Jack B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mangan, John W.","contributorId":26677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangan","given":"John W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, Walter F.","contributorId":52159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":72039,"text":"tem121 - 1951 - Apache Trail uranium prospect, White Signal district, Grant County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-28T13:35:30","indexId":"tem121","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T12:44:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":338,"text":"Trace Elements Memorandum","code":"TEM","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"121","title":"Apache Trail uranium prospect, White Signal district, Grant County, New Mexico","docAbstract":"The Apache Trail uranium prospect in the White Signal district, Grant County. N. Mex., was mapped by the Geological Survey in May 1950. Pre-Cambrian granite is cut by a diabase dike and a parallel quartz-hematite vein, both of which strike easterly and dip 60 to 65 degrees north. Small quantities of copper carbonates and bismuth-gold ore have been mined. The quartz-hematite vein is moderately radioactive and, although no uranium minerals were seen, two samples contained about 0.01 percent uranium. The diabase dike locally contains torbernite. Two samples of diabase contained about 0.04 percent uranium.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tem121","usgsCitation":"Bauer, H.L., 1951, Apache Trail uranium prospect, White Signal district, Grant County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Memorandum 121, Report: 11 p.; Plate 2: 22.65 inches x 11.92 inches; Plate 3: 26.70 inches x 9.33 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/tem121.","productDescription":"Report: 11 p.; Plate 2: 22.65 inches x 11.92 inches; Plate 3: 26.70 inches x 9.33 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":279179,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0121/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":282972,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0121/report.pdf"},{"id":282974,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0121/plate-3.pdf"},{"id":282973,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0121/plate-2.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Grant County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -108.367767,32.591913 ], [ -108.367767,32.607387 ], [ -108.334208,32.607387 ], [ -108.334208,32.591913 ], [ -108.367767,32.591913 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"528c96aae4b0c629af44dd95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bauer, Herman L. Jr.","contributorId":16484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauer","given":"Herman","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70094973,"text":"70094973 - 1951 - Preliminary report on the geology and ground-water supply of the Newark, New Jersey, area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-26T11:57:25","indexId":"70094973","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T09:47:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":136,"text":"Special Report (New Jersey Division of Water Policy and Supply)","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"10","title":"Preliminary report on the geology and ground-water supply of the Newark, New Jersey, area","docAbstract":"In the Newark area, ground water is used chiefly for industrial cooling, air-conditioning, general processing, and for sanitary purposes. A small amount is used in the manufacture of beverages. Total ground-water pumpage in Newark is estimated at not less than 20,000,000 gallons daily.
\nThe Newark area is underlain by formations of Recent, Pleistocene and Triassic age, and the geology and hydrologic properties of these formations are discussed. Attention is called to the important influence of a buried valley in the rock floor beneath the Newark area on the yield of wells located within it. Data on the fluctuation of the water levels and the variation in pumpage are presented, and their significance discussed. The results of a pumping test made during the investigation were inconclusive. The beneficial results of artificially recharging the aquifers in one part of the area are described.
\nThe intrusion of salt water into certain parts of the ground-water body is described and graphically portrayed by a map showing the chloride concentration of the ground water in various parts of the City. Insofar as available data permit, the chemical quality of the ground water is discussed and records are given of the ground-water temperatures in various parts of the City.
\nThere has been marked lowering of the water table in the eastern part of the area, accompanied by salt water intrusion, indicating that the safe yield of the formations in this part of Newark has probably been exceeded. It is recommended that the study of the ground-water resources of this area be continued, and that artificial recharging of the aquifers be increased over as wide an area as possible.
","language":"English","publisher":"New Jersey Deptartment of Conservation and Economic Development, Division of Water Policy and Supply","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Herpers, H., and Barksdale, H.C., 1951, Preliminary report on the geology and ground-water supply of the Newark, New Jersey, area: Special Report (New Jersey Division of Water Policy and Supply) 10, 52 p.","productDescription":"52 p.","numberOfPages":"53","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":282811,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70094973.jpg"},{"id":284824,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70094973/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","city":"Newark","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -74.251324,40.673903 ], [ -74.251324,40.788139 ], [ -74.112787,40.788139 ], [ -74.112787,40.673903 ], [ -74.251324,40.673903 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53559529e4b0120853e8c156","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herpers, Henry","contributorId":8378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herpers","given":"Henry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barksdale, Henry C.","contributorId":11463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barksdale","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000228,"text":"1000228 - 1951 - Status of the lake trout fishery in Lake Superior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-20T16:23:41.920026","indexId":"1000228","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Status of the lake trout fishery in Lake Superior","docAbstract":"The production of lake trout in the United States waters of Lake Superior was low (only 1,465,000 pounds) in 1879, the first year for which there is a record. Expansion of the fishery must have started soon thereafter, for the take was 3,488,000 pounds in 1885, the next year for which we have statistics, and averaged 3,416,000 pounds in 1885–1892. The years after 1892 can be divided readily into three general periods with average yields as follows: 1893–1907–4,599,000 pounds; 1908–1925–2,168,000 pounds; 1926–1949–3,049,000 pounds. A take of 3 million pounds can be held as “normal” in the modern fishery. During the three periods just listed the percentage contributions of the individual states to the United States total (as computed from the averages for individual periods) ranged from 65.1 to 71.5 for Michigan, 17.5 to 25.6 for Wisconsin, and from 9.3 to 11.0 for Minnesota.
In the Canadian (Province of Ontario) waters of Lake Superior the average annual output of lake trout rose from 309,000 pounds in 1871–1882 to 900,000 pounds in 1883–1893, 1,567,000 pounds in 1894–1903, and 2,189,000 pounds in 1904–1918. This last period of relatively high yield was followed by two intervals of successively lower average catches–1,691,000 pounds in 1919–1929 and 1,395,000 pounds in 1930–1949.
For the combined United States and Canadian waters of Lake Superior the general trends in the production of lake trout can be described by the following averages: 1879–1,653,000 pounds: 1885–1892–4,325,000 pounds; 1893–1907–6,236,000 pounds; 1908–1949–4,403,000 pounds.
The short‐term fluctuations of production during the more recent years give evidence of periodicity in the output of lake trout in Michigan, Ontario, and in the entire lake. Furthermore, these periodic fluctuations tended to be similar in Michigan and Ontario waters. The coefficient of correlation (r) between production in Michigan and Ontario in 1920–1949 (after elimination of trend in the statistics for both areas) had the significant value of 0.456. This correlation suggests that Michigan and Ontario fishermen exploit a common stock or stocks subject to similar fluctuations.
Statistics on the production of lake trout in 5 of the 6 statistical districts of the State of Michigan waters of Lake Superior (see Fig. 2 for boundaries of the districts) in 1885 suggest that in most areas the fishery was then in the process of development. Even in 1891–1908 when the general level of production was high, there is evidence that during certain periods the catch in some areas was influenced strongly by factors (such as accessibility to market) other than the natural productivity of the waters. Comparisons of the average annual output of lake trout in the individual districts in 1891–1908 and 1929–1943 (the base period for our modern statistical analysis) reveal an enormous decrease in the Whitefish Bay region (S‐6) from 916,000 pounds in 1891–1908 to only 177,000 pounds in 1929–1943, a substantial drop (from 655,000 pounds to 385,000 pounds) in the Marquette‐Munising area (S‐4), and a small decrease (from 141,000 pounds to 138,000 pounds) in the Black River‐Ontonagon district (S‐2). Among the remaining districts the average yearly take increased from 322,000 pounds in 1891–1908 to 354,000 pounds in 1929–1943 at Isle Royal (S‐1), from 428,000 pounds to 501,000 pounds in the Grand Marais district (S‐5), and from 422,000 pounds to 506,000 pounds in the Keweenaw area (S‐3). These changes in the catch resulted in a westward shifting of production centers. Districts S‐1, S‐2, and S‐3 which together contributed only 30.7 percent of the 1891–1908 catch accounted for 48.4 percent of the take in 1929–1943.
The 1929–1949 production in all districts exhibited periodic fluctuations that were characterized by peaks in the middle 1930ˈs and middle 1940ˈs.
The indices of abundance or availability as computed from records of the catch of lake trout per unit of fishing effort showed periodic fluctuations in all districts of the State of Michigan waters similar to those of production (the peaks and the intervening minima fell a little earlier in the curves of abundance than in the production curves). For the combined districts the abundance of lake trout, expressed as a percentage of the 1929–1943 mean, stood at 108 in 1929, dropped to 100 in 1931, rose to a 21‐year high of 137 in 1934, decreased to 80 in 1940, increased again to 107 in 1944 and then fell to the 21‐year low of 65 in 1949 (this last decline was interrupted by a small increase in 1947).
The 1929–1949 fluctuations in abundance were similar in the 5 mainland districts (S‐2 through S‐6). The coefficients of correlation (r) were significant for all 10 pairings and those for the 4 easterly districts (S‐3 through S‐6) were extremely high (p < 0.001 for all 6 values). Thus we have evidence that the fishermen along the mainland exploit common stocks or stocks in which the factors controlling availability are the same or subject to closely similar fluctuations. The fluctuations in abundance in S‐1 were correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with those in S‐2 but otherwise appeared to be independent of conditions along the mainland.
The distinctly cyclic fluctuations that characterized the statistics on production and abundance were much less apparent in the 1929–1949 data on fishing intensity in the State of Michigan districts. In districts S‐3, S‐4, and S‐5 a possible tendency toward a cyclic fluctuation seems to have been obscured by a long‐term upward trend that was becoming stronger toward the end of the 21‐year period. For the combined districts the level of fishing pressure was consistently high after 1943. Over the 6‐year period, 1944–1949, fishing intensity expressed as a percentage of the 1929–1943 mean averaged 142; for the most recent 4 years, 1946–1949 the average intensity index was 151.
On the whole, the 1929–1949 production of lake trout in the State of Michigan waters of Lake Superior was unreliable as an indicator of changes in abundance. The coefficient of correlation between the fluctuations of catch and abundance was, to be sure, positive and significant in S‐1 (p < 0.05) and S‐6 (p < 0.01), but in the remaining districts and for the combined districts the values of the coefficient were far below the level of significance.
The failure of production to serve better as an indicator of changes in abundance can be attributed to the negative correlation that existed between abundance and fishing intensity (values of r highly significant in every district but S‐6 and for the combined districts). The relationship suggests that fishermen have increased their fishing pressure in order to maintain their production during the recent years of declining abundance.
The condition of the lake trout fishery of the State of Michigan waters of Lake Superior must be termed unhealthy and the outlook for the future is not good. Production in 1949 stood at 106 percent of the 1929–1943 mean, but this level of yield was made possible only by fishing intensity that was 162 percent of average; the abundance index in 1949 was only 65. Certainly the stocks of lake trout are in a poor state to withstand the threatened inroads of sea lampreys which have been taken from all parts of Lake Superior and are known to have established spawning runs at least as far west as the Keweenaw Peninsula.
The Oahe Unit, in the James River basin in eastern South Dakota, extends for about 100 miles north and south and is 20 to 80 miles wide, having the river as its east border. The Oahe irrigation project is planned to supply water to 750,000 to 1,500,000 acres of the most suitable land within the area.
\nThe studies that have been undertaken in the Oahe area by the Ground Water Division of the U. S. Geological Survey form a part of the investigations which are being carried on by several bureaus of the Department of the Interior and other government agencies for the conservation, control and utilization of the water resources of the Missouri River Basin.
\nThe field studies on which the present report is based were made during May 1947 through November 1948 and cover about 1,890 square miles in the southern part of the Oahe area. Data were collected on the character of the surficial geological deposits, and on the occurrence, movement, quantity, and quality of the groundwater supplies.
\nThe report describes the several water-bearing formations and presents nine typical logs of deep artesian wells. The records of fluctuation of the water table in 168 wells in or near the Oahe area are listed. Tabulated inventory of 3,257 wells and springs includes information on the observation wells and on all other wells that were noted within the area examined.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr50104","usgsCitation":"Waring, G., and Bush, W., 1950, Progress report on the geology and ground-water hydrology of part of the Oahe Unit, James River Division, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 50-104, Report: 272 p.; 7 plates: 40.87 x 22.64 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr50104.","productDescription":"Report: 272 p.; 7 plates: 40.87 x 22.64 inches","numberOfPages":"285","temporalStart":"1947-05-01","temporalEnd":"1948-11-30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289658,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":289652,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1950/0104/plate-2.pdf"},{"id":289650,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1950/0104/plate-1-north.pdf"},{"id":289651,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1950/0104/plate-1-south.pdf"},{"id":289653,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1950/0104/plate-3.pdf"},{"id":289654,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1950/0104/plate-4-north.pdf"},{"id":289657,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1950/0104/report.pdf"},{"id":289655,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1950/0104/plate-4-south.pdf"},{"id":289656,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1950/0104/plate-5.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"James River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100.01,42.48 ], [ -100.01,45.95 ], [ -96.44,45.95 ], [ -96.44,42.48 ], [ -100.01,42.48 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65de23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waring, Gerald A.","contributorId":88341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waring","given":"Gerald A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bush, W.H.","contributorId":8000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":4188,"text":"cir94 - 1950 - Coal resources of the United States, A progress report, November 1, 1950","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-14T14:10:40","indexId":"cir94","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94","title":"Coal resources of the United States, A progress report, November 1, 1950","docAbstract":"Interest in the quantity and quality of the coal reserves of the United States has increased greatly since the end of World War II, principally because of the growing realization that the ultimate reserves of petroleum and natural gas, although largely undefined, still. have finite limits. With the greatly increased use of petroleum and natural gas, it has become further apparent that the reserves of these two fuels, whatever their ultimate limits may prove to be, are being consumed at a rate far surpassing that anticipated a few years ago. At some time in the future, therefore, the contribution of coal to the total production of energy in this country must inevitably be enlarged to include some of the needs now served by petroleum and natural gas.
Although coal-bearing rocks cover 14 percent of the total area of the United States (fig. 1) and contain enormous reserves, it is equally apparent that reserves of coal also have limits. In the extensively mined sections in the East it is already increasingly difficult to locate new areas containing thick beds of high-rank and high-quality coal to replace areas that have been mined out. Furthermore, a considerable part of the total reserves of the United States consists of coal of lignite and subbituminous ranks and coal contained in thin beds that can be mined only with great difficulty and expense. At the present time, therefore, the depletion of reserves of high-rank and high-quality coal, particularly the Eastern coal that is suitable for the manufacture of metallurgical coke, is a more serious problem than the percentage depletion of the total coal reserves.
Recognizing the need for more detailed estimates of coal reserves than those that have been available in the past, the U. S. Geological Survey is now preparing a reappraisal of the coal reserves of the United States in which primary emphasis is placed on the amounts of coal in separate categories according to rank,thickness of coal, and thickness of overburden. Many of the state geological surveys in coal-producing areas are also preparing new appraisals of coal reserves. The increasing volume of geologic data available on the occurrence of coal and the detailed and careful methods now employed in calculating reserves should ultimately provide a more reliable estimate for the coal reserves of the United States than has been obtainable previously, although much additional work remains to be done.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir94","usgsCitation":"Averitt, P., and Berryhill, L.R., 1950, Coal resources of the United States, A progress report, November 1, 1950: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 94, ii, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir94.","productDescription":"ii, 33 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":31302,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1950/0094/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.76 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":120879,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1950/0094/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aedef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Averitt, Paul","contributorId":12464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Averitt","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berryhill, Louise R.","contributorId":37727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berryhill","given":"Louise","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":52982,"text":"ofr50101 - 1950 - Second progress report on the cooperative investigation of springs and stream flow in the Tecolote Tunnel area of Santa Barbara County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-15T07:15:42","indexId":"ofr50101","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"50-101","title":"Second progress report on the cooperative investigation of springs and stream flow in the Tecolote Tunnel area of Santa Barbara County, California","docAbstract":"This report represents the second of a series of progress reports giving the results of discharge measurements made at more than 100 locations in the Santa Ynez Mountains from the Refugio Canyon on the west to the San Marcos Pass and Painted Cave area on the east. The flow in all the developed springs and headwater streams within this area, here designated as the Tecolote Tunnel Area of the purpose of this report, is generally measured monthly. The primary purpose of this second progress report is to make available to the public all factual data regarding the flow at these locations obtained since the preparation of the first progress report, issued in May 1949.
\nThe raccoons, genus Procyon, colloquially known as “coons,” belong to the carnivorous family Procyonidae, which also includes the American genera Nasua, Nasuella, Bassaricyon, and Potos, and the Old World genera Ailurus and Ailuropoda of the subfamily Ailurinae.
\nThe members of the Procyon lotor group (subgenus Procyon), with a transcontinental range from southern Canada to Panama, except in parts of the Rocky Mountain region, and including those inhabiting several distant islands, are among the most familiar and characteristic of North American mammals. This group is not known to occur south of Panama. It is overlapped in the Isthmian region by the so-called crab-eating raccoons of the subgenus Euprocyon, which range from that northern limit as far south as Paraguay in South America. The raccoons have been greatly reduced in numbers or have disappeared in many formerly wooded sections, owing to clearing and intensive human occupation. Despite adverse conditions, however, they have maintained themselves in many places with remarkable tenacity. Trapping for other fur bearers may have reduced the northern fringe to some extent, but the general range of the group has been little diminished. At the present time raccoons reach their northern limit in regular occurrence on Vancouver Island, B. C.
\nThe continental forms of the subgenus Procyon constitute a compact assemblage of closely allied geographic races all assignable to Procyon lotor. Complete intergradation is evident in numerous cases and the relative value and combination of characters presented indicate such close relationships that it can safely be assumed where lack of material leaves gaps in the known ranges.
\nIn the present revision of the raccoons are treated the North American continental species as far as the eastern border of Panama and the species on outlying islands along both the Atlantic and the Pacific coasts. Thirty species and subspccics are recognized. Twenty-nine of these are assigned to the subgenus Procyon and one to the subgenus Euproc yon.
\nThe revision is based mainly on a study of raccoon material in the collection of Biological Surveys, Fish and Wildlife Service, and in other collections in the United States National Museum. These and 358 specimens borrowed from other museums make a total of 1,337 examined. The assemblage included the types or topotypes of most of the known species and subspecies.
\nFor the loan of specimens the writer is especially indebted to Dr. Thomas Barbour, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. ; the late Dr. Joseph Grinnell, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley, Calif.; Dr. W. H. Osgood, Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, Ill.; Dr. H. E. Anthony, American Museum of Natural History, New York City; Dr. R. M. Anderson, National Museum of Canada, Ottawa, Canada; the late Oldfield Thomas of the British Museum (Natural History) ; Francis Kermode, Provincial Museum, Vancouver, British Columbia; Dr. L. R. Dice, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; and the late D. R. Dickey, Pasadena, Calif. Grateful acknowledgment is also due to Percy Shufeldt, La Cueva, N. Vex., for the generous donation of specimens collected by him in Campeche, Mexico. Notes on his examination of specimens in the British Museum have been kindly furnished by Dr. Remington Kellogg, United States National Museum, Washington, D. C. Stanley P. Young, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D. C., generously supplied the photograph for the frontispiece.
\nDr. E. W. Nelson became keenly interested in the raccoons, as shown by his work on those inhabiting the Florida Keys (1930a).' During the same time and in the following year new subspecies were described jointly by Nelson and the writer in preparation for a revision of the group; but other projects claimed attention and our collaboration could not be carried beyond this preliminary stage
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Goldman, E.A., and Jackson, H., 1950, Raccoons of North and Middle America: North American Fauna 60, vi, 153 p.","productDescription":"vi, 153 p.","numberOfPages":"161","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175264,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":22648,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.fwspubs.org/toc/nafa//60","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db68599f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldman, Edward A.","contributorId":27113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldman","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackson, Hartley H.T.","contributorId":85642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"Hartley H.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":69112,"text":"om119 - 1950 - Geology of the eastern part of the Piceance Creek basin, Rio Blanco and Garfield Counties, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-27T13:45:25","indexId":"om119","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":329,"text":"Oil and Gas Investigation Map","code":"OM","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"119","title":"Geology of the eastern part of the Piceance Creek basin, Rio Blanco and Garfield Counties, Colorado","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/om119","usgsCitation":"Duncan, D., and Belser, C., 1950, Geology of the eastern part of the Piceance Creek basin, Rio Blanco and Garfield Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Oil and Gas Investigation Map 119, Plate: 50.39 x 31.40 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/om119.","productDescription":"Plate: 50.39 x 31.40 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191799,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":104895,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5265.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"5265"}],"scale":"96000","country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Garfield County, Rio Blanco County","otherGeospatial":"Piceance Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.8750,\n 39.6653\n ],\n [\n -108.3750,\n 39.6653\n ],\n [\n -108.3750,\n 40.0000\n ],\n [\n -107.8750,\n 40.0000\n ],\n [\n -107.8750,\n 39.6653\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c838","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duncan, D.C.","contributorId":56996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duncan","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":279663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belser, Carl","contributorId":83938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belser","given":"Carl","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":279664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39222,"text":"pp222 - 1950 - Geology and paleontology of the Santa Maria district, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-21T11:31:47","indexId":"pp222","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"222","title":"Geology and paleontology of the Santa Maria district, California","docAbstract":"Stratigraphy, paleontology, and geologic history.-A basement' consisting of igneous rocks of the Jurassic(?) Franciscan formation and sediments of the Upper Jurassic Knoxville formation, and formations of Tertiary and Quaternary age are exposed in the Santa Maria district. The outcrop section, exclusive of the Franciscan, has a maximum thickness of about 10,000 feet, the subsurface section about 27,000 feet. At no locality, however, is either outcrop or subsurface section as thick as the total maxima for the formations.
\nThe outcrop Franciscan is made up of altered basalt, gabbro (generally- greatly altered), and minor areas of peridotite and serpentine.
\nThe marine Knoxville formation, consisting of shale, thin-bedded calcareous sandstone, and conglomerate, was deposited on the igneous rocks of the Franciscan. It has an outcrop thickness of about 500 feet and a known subsurface thickness of at least 1,250 feet. Aucella cf. A. piochii, which occurs in both outcrop and subsurface sections, suggests late Jurassic age.
\nThe Franciscan and Knoxville were probably uplifted during Taliaferro's Diablan orogeny at the close of the Jurassic and formed a land area that presumably endured during early Cretaceous and perhaps during much of late Cretaceous time. If sediments were laid down while 10,000 feet of Upper Cretaceous were deposited in the adjoining San Rafael Mountains, they were eroded following uplift at the close of the Cretaceous, when Reed and Hollister's San Rafael uplift was formed. The district is inferred to have been part of a Franciscan and Knoxville land area at the south border of the San Rafael uplift during all of early Tertiary time.
\nThe known history of the district as part of a Tertiary basin began in the early Miocene(?), possibly a little earlier or possibly 3: little later, when the nonmarine sediments of the early Miocene(?) Lospe formation were deposited. The Lospe formation has a maximum thickness of 2, 700 feet, and is made up of coarse-grained reddish sandstone and conglomerate, and greenish sandstone, gypsiferous siltstone, and mudstone. White tuff is a minor but conspicuous constituent. The Lospe formation overlies the Knoxville, or· overlaps it and rests on the Franciscan.
\nThe first known Tertiary invasion of the sea took place immediately thereafter in early middle Miocene time, and from then on until approximately the end of the Pliocene the sea occupied continuously at least most of the region. The extent of the Miocene basin is not certainly known, but it was part of an extensive· basin that has been designated the Santa Barbara embayment.
\nThe early middle Miocene Point Sal formation is the earliest marine Tertiary formation. It has an outcrop thickness of as much as 1,500 feet and a maximum subsurface thickness of 3,600 feet, and consists of siltstone, mudstone, and thin beds of sandstone. The Point Sal formation overlies the Lospe formation without marked discontinuity, or overlaps it and rests on Knoxville or Franciscan. It contains a large foraminiferal fauna representing the Siphogenerina hughesi zone, or the lower part of Kleinpell's Relizian stage.
\nThe Monterey shale overlies the Point Sal formation without noticeable discontinuity, or overlaps all the older sedimentary formations and rests on the Franciscan. It has a maximum outcrop thickness of 2,100 feet, but is as much as 5,000 feet thick in some subsurface sections. The Monterey is divided into three mapped members. The lower member is characterized by phosphatic shale and somewhat porcelaneous shale; the middle member by chert and cherty shale; and the upper member by porcelaneous shale, or by both porcelaneous shale and diatomaceous strata. The lower member contains Foraminifera representing the upper part of Kleinpell's Relizian stage and all of his Luisian stage, the middle member a few species indicating the lower part of his Mohnian stage, and the upper member a fauna representing the upper part of the Bolivina hughesi zone, at the top of the Mohnian, and in part a younger unnamed faunal division; that is, the Monterey is of late middle and late Miocene age.
\nThe diverse stratigraphic relations of the Lospe and Point Sal formations and Monterey shale along the borders of the Franciscan rocks forming Point Sal Ridge are inferred to be the result of repeated movements during Miocene time in the area of basement rocks west of the district, presumably extending westward beyond the present coast.
\nToward the close of the Miocene, low ridges appeared on the floor of the sea, ridges that grew during Pliocene time and were destined to become anticlines. At the same time deformation took place in the northeastern part of the district, and elsewhere on some anticlines, or on other structural highs bounded by faults. In those areas the Sisquoc formation overlies the Monterey shale with marked discordance; elsewhere there is no discordance.
\nTwo facies of the Sisquoc formation are mapped: a marginal sandstone facies, designated the Tinaquaic sandstone member, and a basin facies. The Tinaquaic sandstone member is 1,400 feet thick and contains megafossils of middle Pliocene age (also early Pliocene just east of the mapped area). It is unconformable on the Monterey. The basin facies, at least 3,000 feet thick in outcrop sections and 5,000 in some subsurface sections, consists of diatomaceous mudstone, other types of diatomaceous ·strata, somewhat porcelaneous mudstone, and porcelaneous shale-deposits that are ordinarily characteristic of the Monterey shale. Even in areas where the two formations are lithologically indistinguishable and conformable, a field basis for differentiating them has been established. The basin facies of the Sisquoc conformably overlies the Monter.ey in outcrop sections, but in some subsurface sections the formations are unconformable, and on the north limb of the Santa Maria Valley syncline the basin facies of the Sisquoc overlaps the Monterey onto the basement, thus forming the overlap trap for the oil in the Monterey in the Santa Maria Valley field. The lower and middle parts of the basin facies contain Foraminifera of the Bolivina obliqua zone. Kleinpell assigned that zone to the lower part of his late upper Miocene Delmontian stage. Assignment to the upper Delmontian, however, appears to be preferable. The upper few hundred feet of the basin facies contain Foraminifera similar to those in the overlying Foxen mudstone and megafossils of middle Pliocene affinities. The basin facies is therefore considered late upper Miocene to middle Pliocene.
\nThe submarine ridges were growing during Pilocene time. The Foxen mudstone is missing on them and in the northeastern part of the district. On the north limb of the Santa Maria Valley syncline, the Foxen overlaps the Sisquoc formation and rests on the basement. In the basins between the submarine ridges, the mudstone, siltstone, and fine-grained sandstone of the Foxen (800 feet thick in outcrop sections and as much as 2, 750 in subsurface sections) overlie conformably the Sisquoc formation. In some of the areas where the Foxen is missing as a lithologic unit, it appears to be represented by condensed deposits of phosphatic pellets, mapped with the underlying or overlying Formation, depending on the matrix, or by a condensed section of fine-grained sand, mapped with lithologically indistinguishable sand in the basal part of the overlying formation. Though foraminifera are abundant in the Foxen mudstone, relatively few species are represented. Those from the lower part of the formation may be of middle Pliocene age. Megafossils from the upper part of the Foxen are considered late Pliocene. The formation is therefore assigned to the middle(?) and upper Pliocene.
\nMovements during Pliocene time in the basement area west of Point Sal Ridge are indicated by the occurrence in the western Casmalia Hills of coarse detritus from the Monterey in the upper part of the Sisquoc formation and in the Foxen mudstone.
\nDuring late Pliocene time, when the Careaga sandstone was deposited, the Pliocene sea had its greatest extent. The region then flooded may be referred to as the Santa Maria basin. Throughout most of the district two mapped members of the Careaga sandstone are differentiated: the Cebada fine-grained member, which has a maximum outcrop thickness of 1,000 feet, and the Graciosa coarse-grained member, 50 to 425 feet thick. Mild deformation continued during the late Pliocene. The Cebada fine-grained member is missing on the embryonic anticlines, where it is overlapped by the Graciosa coarse-grained member. Both members of the Careaga sandstone contain a large megafauna.
\nThe nonmarine Paso Robles formation conformably overlies the Careaga sandstone. The Paso Robles consists chiefly of sand and gravel, but clay, marl, and limestone are the most characteristic constituents. The maximum outcrop thickness is 2,000 feet, the estimated maximum subsurface thickness 4,500 feet. The Paso Robles fresh-water fauna is meager, consisting of a few species similar to living forms. The formation is currently assigned to the interval including late Pliocene and early Pleistocene(?). The age assignment late Pliocene(?) and early Pleistocene, however, may be preferable for the Santa Maria district.
\nThen followed the only period of strong general deformation in the known Tertiary and Pleistocene history of the district. The present structural features of the district were formed at that time, and the submarine ridges appeared as fully formed anticlines. Dating of the deformation is uncertain, because of uncertainty concerning the age of the Paso Robles formation. It is, however, without much doubt of the same age as the welldated strong middle Pleistocene deformation in the Ventura basin.
\nTerrace deposits, laid down on both wave-cut and stream-cut platforms, are rather arbitrarily assigned to the late Pleistocene. The oldest and most extensive terrace deposits, not more than 100 feet thick, are designated the Orcutt sand. The Orcutt sand itself is tilted as much as 12° on the limbs of anticlines and is faulted on the north limb of the Graciosa anticline, indicating renewed growth of the anticlines, presumably in late Pleistocene time. Terrace deposits apparently younger than the Orcutt sand are arched in a low anticline west of lower Foxen Canyon.
\nStructure.-Santa Maria Valley is the boundary between two structural provinces. To the north, valleys and hills are either synclines or anticlines. To the south, on the contrary, major valleys coincide generally with major synclines, and the hills are anticlinal. Santa Maria Valley itself is a syncline. Unlike valleys farther south in the district, however, it lies athwart an older uplift. Also unlike most of the valleys farther south, the axis of the syncline is not in the middle of the valley, but is far to the south near the bordering hills. Indeed, in the western Casmalia Hills, the anticline in the bordering hills is overturned and overrides the axis of the syncline.
\nThe major structural features of the district have a general west-northwestward trend parallel to the trend of the basin. Minor westward-trending and northward-trending folds and faults, however, extend across the trend of the major features. The district includes areas of wide, open folds and also areas of narrow, closely spaced, and steeply tilted folds, as well as some major overturned anticlines, most of the latter overturned northward. The closely spaced folds coincide almost invariably with outcrops of the Monterey shale and Point Sal formation.
\nPhysiography.-The surface on which the terrace deposits, designated the Orcutt sand, were deposited is extensive but is locally deformed, and only remnants are preserved. Toward the coast it changes from a stream-cut surface to a wave-cut surface.
\nIn the coastal area three main marine terraces are recognized: the high terrace (altitude about 800 feet), the intermediate terrace (altitude about 600 feet), and the low terrace (altitude 50 to 125 feet).
\nAn indurated layer is present at or near the surface at many localities scattered throughout the district. It is suggested that the indurated layer is an ancient hardpan, the incomplete skeleton of a former soil profile developed on a former surface of less relief than the present surface.
\nSand dunes extend inland from the coast at the north and south borders of the mapped area. They are classified under three age groups: old, intermediate, and modern. The old dunes, which have a protective cover of natural vegetation and are now inactive, are far more extensive than those of the other two groups. They cover many square miles on a terrace bordering Santa Maria Valley, and extend 20 miles inland. It has not been determined whether their inactivity is due to a cutting off of the supply of sand, or to a climatic change.
\nOccurrence of oil.--Oil has been produced in the Santa Maria district since 1901, the total production to the end of 1947 being 269,657,000 barrels. Throughout the district most of the oil is heavy. Seven producing fields are located in the mapped area. In order of discovery from oldest to youngest the fields are as follows: Orcutt, Lompoc, West Cat Canyon, East Cat Canyon, Casmalia, Gato Ridge, and Santa Maria Valley. The Santa Maria Valley field is the largest in both area and productive capacity. It is the largest overlap field in coastal California, and one of the last major fields found in the State up to 1947. The Las Flores (Monterey) pool is transforming the West Cat Canyon field into one of the major fields of the district.
\nThe Monterey shale is the chief oil-bearing formation, and the principal reservoir in the Monterey consists of fractured chert and cherty shale. Sand in the Sisquoc formation is the sole reservoir in the minor East Cat Canyon field and in the Pliocene pool of the West Cat Canyon field.
\nThe Point Sal formation yields some oil in the southeastern part of the Santa Maria Valley field (the only part of that field where the formation is present) and a recent well in the Casmalia field is producing a small amount of relatively light oil from the Point Sal. The Lospe formation is also productive in a recent well in the Casmalia field. The Knoxville formation is productive in three areas in the northern part of the Santa Maria Valley field. The Point Sal formation offers the greatest promise for deeper-zone production. The Lospe and Knoxville formations can no longer be ignored in areas where younger marine formations overlap against them.
\nOil possibilities in undeveloped areas.--Two matters weigh heavily in prospecting in the Santa Maria district: the degree of fracturing of chert and cherty shale in the Monterey shale, and the gravity of the oil. Other things being equal, the productivity of the Monterey varies directly with the amount of fracturing. Very heavy oil, too heavy to produce commercially under present conditions, has befln found ii the Monterey in the northeastern part of the district, where five discoveries (one east of the mapped area) have been made in recent years.
\nAmong areas of possible interest, three appear to be favorable for prospecting on the basis of surface geology: an area east of Foxen Canyon, where oil may be trapped in the basal part of the Tinaquaic sandstone member of the Sisquoc formation by westward overlap of successively higher Tinaquaic strata onto the Monterey shale; an area so1tth of the I ... ions Head fault, where oil may be trapped by the fault; and the offshore extension of the north border of Point Sal Ridge, where oil may possibly be trapped in the Monterey by overlap of the Sisquoc formation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp222","usgsCitation":"Woodring, W., and Bramlette, M., 1950, Geology and paleontology of the Santa Maria district, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 222, Report: iv, 185 p.; 6 Plates: 54.50 x 38.25 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp222.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 185 p.; 6 Plates: 54.50 x 38.25 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"197","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":312613,"rank":301,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0222/plate-1-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1-1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1-1"},{"id":312614,"rank":302,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0222/plate-1-2.pdf","text":"Plate 1-2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1-2"},{"id":312615,"rank":303,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0222/plate-1-3.pdf","text":"Plate 1-3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1-3"},{"id":312616,"rank":304,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0222/plate-1-4.pdf","text":"Plate 1-4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1-4"},{"id":312617,"rank":305,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0222/plate-1-5.pdf","text":"Plate 1-5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1-5"},{"id":312618,"rank":306,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0222/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 2"},{"id":66870,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0222/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":120507,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0222/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Maria","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.1700439453125,\n 32.55144352864431\n ],\n [\n -91.1700439453125,\n 32.55144352864431\n ],\n [\n -91.16455078125,\n 32.55144352864431\n ],\n [\n -91.16455078125,\n 32.55144352864431\n ],\n [\n -91.1700439453125,\n 32.55144352864431\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.7781982421875,\n 34.6241677899049\n ],\n [\n -120.7781982421875,\n 35.06597313798418\n ],\n [\n -120.08056640625,\n 35.06597313798418\n ],\n [\n -120.08056640625,\n 34.6241677899049\n ],\n [\n -120.7781982421875,\n 34.6241677899049\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db684354","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodring, W. P.","contributorId":48230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodring","given":"W. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bramlette, M. N.","contributorId":105727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bramlette","given":"M. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":607,"text":"wsp1082 - 1950 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1947, Part II, South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:08","indexId":"wsp1082","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1082","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1947, Part II, South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1082","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1950, Surface water supply of the United States, 1947, Part II, South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1082, xi, 544 p. :ill. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1082.","productDescription":"xi, 544 p. :ill. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1082/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25170,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1082/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db6968a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":14090,"text":"ofr5039 - 1950 - Lead and zinc deposits of the Beetown area, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-08T13:45:03.127382","indexId":"ofr5039","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"50-39","title":"Lead and zinc deposits of the Beetown area, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"The Beetown area, in Grant County, Wisconsin, in the Northwestern part of the Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead district, lies in the western part of T. 4 N., R. 4 W., and the eastern part of T. 4 N., R. 5 W. The village of Beetown is at about its center.
Recent geologic investigations in the area by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, indicate that further prospecting for both lead and zinc ore is justified. This brief preliminary paper discusses geologic features of the lead and the zinc deposits. It is one of several areas within the district chosen for detailed geologic study because surface indications and past production suggest that the area may contain undiscovered lead and zinc deposits. This report is based on field work that began in July 1947 and continued at intervals until September 1949.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5039","usgsCitation":"Heyl, A.V., Lyons, E.J., and Theiler, J.J., 1950, Lead and zinc deposits of the Beetown area, Wisconsin (Superceded by: B-1015-G, P-309 and MF-3): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 50-39, Report: 24 p.; 1 Plate: 44.35 x 38.34 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5039.","productDescription":"Report: 24 p.; 1 Plate: 44.35 x 38.34 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147139,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1950/0039/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":462682,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1950/0039/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":462683,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1950/0039/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Grant County","city":"Beetown","otherGeospatial":"Beetown lead-zinc area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -90.93333333333334,42.76722222222222 ], [ -90.93333333333334,42.80138888888889 ], [ -90.83388888888888,42.80138888888889 ], [ -90.83388888888888,42.76722222222222 ], [ -90.93333333333334,42.76722222222222 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Superceded by: B-1015-G, P-309 and MF-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6448e4b0b290850ff5ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heyl, Allen Van Jr.","contributorId":44164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heyl","given":"Allen","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Van","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lyons, Erwin J.","contributorId":87124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"Erwin","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Theiler, John J.","contributorId":106505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theiler","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":13473,"text":"ofr5162 - 1950 - Gypsiferous deposits on Sheep Mountain, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13473,"text":"ofr5162 - 1950 - Gypsiferous deposits on Sheep Mountain, Alaska","indexId":"ofr5162","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"title":"Gypsiferous deposits on Sheep Mountain, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":57002,"text":"b989C - 1953 - Gypsiferous deposits on Sheep Mountain, Alaska","indexId":"b989C","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Gypsiferous deposits on Sheep Mountain, Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":57002,"text":"b989C - 1953 - Gypsiferous deposits on Sheep Mountain, Alaska","indexId":"b989C","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"title":"Gypsiferous deposits on Sheep Mountain, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-07T21:08:25.880452","indexId":"ofr5162","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"51-62","title":"Gypsiferous deposits on Sheep Mountain, Alaska","docAbstract":"Gypsiferous deposits occur on the south side of Sheep fountain, 112 miles northeast of Anchorage via the Glenn Highway. Sheep Mountain is a high east trending, ridge, approximately 10 miles long and 3 miles wide. It is bordered on the west by Caribou Creek and on the east by Tahneta Pass. To the north it is isolated from the Tahneta Mountains by the valley of Caribou and Squaw Creeks, and from the Chugach Mountains to the south by the valley of the Matanuska River.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5162","usgsCitation":"Eckhart, R.A., 1950, Gypsiferous deposits on Sheep Mountain, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 51-62, Report: 21 p.; 2 Plates: 15.04 x 16.78 inches and 26.79 x 27.57 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5162.","productDescription":"Report: 21 p.; 2 Plates: 15.04 x 16.78 inches and 26.79 x 27.57 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":425483,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1951/0062/figure-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":425482,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1951/0062/figure-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":425481,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1951/0062/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":145924,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1951/0062/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"12120","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Sheep Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148.65162373386443,\n 62.04521381918309\n ],\n [\n -148.65162373386443,\n 61.470170252415215\n ],\n [\n -146.4880161864463,\n 61.470170252415215\n ],\n [\n -146.4880161864463,\n 62.04521381918309\n ],\n [\n -148.65162373386443,\n 62.04521381918309\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a127","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eckhart, Richard A.","contributorId":23551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eckhart","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":71165,"text":"tei61 - 1950 - Reconnaissance for trace elements in North Dakota and eastern Montana. Part 1. Geology and radioactivity. Part 2. Reserves and summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T14:15:50","indexId":"tei61","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"61","title":"Reconnaissance for trace elements in North Dakota and eastern Montana. Part 1. Geology and radioactivity. Part 2. Reserves and summary","docAbstract":"A reconnaissance for sources of radioactive material in North Dakota and eastern Montana was made in 1948. This reconnaissance was followed by a more detailed survey of parts of Golden Valley and Slope counties, southwestern North Dakota, in June 1949.
\nThe radioactivity of representative sections of all formations known to be exposed in the area and of three manganiferous spring deposits was determined with portable Geiger-Mueller counters. At 86 localities 82 samples were taken of these formations and also of 10 ground and surface waters.
\nOnly the lignites in the upper part of the Sentinel Butte member of the Fort Union formation in the southwestern part of N. Dak. contained more than 0.005 per cent equivalent to U3O8 . The ground and surface waters tested were for the most part non-radioactive. Water sample number 291 from locality 100, however, contained 0.17 parts per million U3O8.
\nThe radioactive lignites of N. Dak. appear to be limited to the higher buttes, such as Sentinel, Flat Top (Square Top), Bullion, H-T(Black), and White(Chalky) Buttes. One to five lignite beds are found in a 90-foot stratigraphic interval near the top of the Sentinel Butte member of the Fort Union formation, and from about 40 to 140 feet beneath the base of the overlying White River formation. The thickness of the beds ranges from a few inches to over six feet. The nomenclature, and therefore correct correlation, of all the beds above the middle part of the Sentinel Butte member is in doubt. The lignites and associated sand and clay beds are believed to be either equivalent to, or close to the base of, the Eocene Golden Valley formation.
\nThe exact mode of origin of the uranium in the lignite is not known. Uranium may have accumulated in swamps at the same time as the organic debris, or it may have been introduced by ground water after the formation of lignite. In either case carbon or carbon compounds apparently caused the precipitation or fixation of uranium. Further work is needed to determine the origin of this type of uranium deposit.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei61","usgsCitation":"Wyant, D., and Beroni, E.P., 1950, Reconnaissance for trace elements in North Dakota and eastern Montana. Part 1. Geology and radioactivity. Part 2. 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Valley\",\"state\":\"ND\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db644200","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wyant, Donald G.","contributorId":75950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wyant","given":"Donald G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beroni, Ernest P.","contributorId":9347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beroni","given":"Ernest","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70222238,"text":"70222238 - 1950 - Preliminary report on selected sections of Lisburne Limestone, Brooks Range, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-31T22:09:22.569709","indexId":"70222238","displayToPublicDate":"1950-11-01T16:24:31","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5963,"text":"Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"31","subseriesTitle":"Preliminary Report","title":"Preliminary report on selected sections of Lisburne Limestone, Brooks Range, Alaska","docAbstract":"Location: - This report describes sections of the Lisburne limestone studied in the foothills and northern mountains of the Brooks Range, Alaska. The area covered extends along the front of the range from Sagavanirktok Lake (68°28' N. - 149°25' W.) west to the head of the Kukpowruk River (68°25' N. - 162°40' W.). The southernmost point in the area is at the head of Alapah Creek (68°11' N. - 150°40' W.) and the northernmost point is on Lisburne Ridge just west of the Etivluk River (68°36' N. - 156°40' W.).
Field work was done by the authors at Sagavanirktok Lake, Kanayut Lake, Alapah Creek, the Anaktuvuk and Tiglukpuk Creek, and Chandler Lake. Brief visits were made to the Lisburne Ridge just north and west of the junction of the Nigu and Etivluk Rivers and to outcrops of Lisburne limestone along the Kiligwa River (68°30' N. - 158°35' W.). Data from other areas included in this report were collected by other field parties of the U. S. Geological Survey. A. L. Bowsher, Sr. .and J. T. Dutro, Jr. studied the Lisburne limestone at Kanayut Lake, Nanushuk Lake, and Itkillik Lake in 19491/ .W. W. Patton, Jr. and Irving L. Tailleur described the Lisburne limestone exposed in the northern Brooks Range along the Kiruktagiak River 2/ and the Okokmilage River 3/ in1949, and I. L. Tailleur and Bion H. Kent have supplied data on the Etivluk-Kiligwa Rivers area from their field work of 1950 4/. R. M. Chapman, G. D. Eberlein, and C. D. Reynolds measured sections of Lisburne limestone at Kurupa Lake and on the east fork of the Etivluk River in 1950 5/. E. G. Sable and M. D. Mangus measured the section on Iligluruk Creek near the head of the Kokolik River in 1950 6/,, and Chapman end Sable measured the section at the head of the Kukpowrok River in 1949 7/.
Structural and stratigraphic studies of the rocks in the Siksikpuk and Nanushuk Rivers area were conducted by Navy Oil Unit party No. 2 during the summer field season of 1950. The field party consisted of six men: two geologists; two field assistants; a cook; and a weasel mechanic. Three weasels were used for transportation of equipment and personnel.
The area examined covers approximately 1;000 square miles of the Arctic Foothills province and lies between the Itkillik River on the east and the Chandler River on the west. The area is drained by the Nanushuk, Anaktuvuk, Siksikpuk; and Chandler Rivers.
The mapped area adjoins the Okpikruak and Kiruktagiak Rivers area1/ to the west.
The primary objective of the geologic work in this area was detailed stratigraphic study of pre-Nanushuk group rocks in the Southern Foothills belt as a supplement to the work begun in the Okpikruak and Kiruktagiak Rivers area in 1949. A secondary objective was areal mapping and structural studies for the purpose of delimiting structures favorable for drilling tests of the Lisburne limestone.
Parts of this area had been reconnoitered by members of the U. S. Geological Survey in previous years. In 1901 F. C. Schrader traversed the Anaktuvuk River, In 1945 R. E. Fellows, R. M. Chapman, and C. T. Bressler visited outcrops along the northern margin of the area in the vicinity of the Anaktuvuk River and Kanayut Creek, E. J. Webber and R. L. Detterman examined a few of the cutbanke along the Nanushuk River in 1947 and in 1949. A. L. Bowsher, Sr.; and J, T. Dutro mapped an outlier of Lisburne limestone north of Nanushuk Lake during the 1949 field season.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70222234","usgsCitation":"Keller, A.S., 1950, Preliminary report on the stratigraphy and structure of the upper Siksikpuk - Nanushuk Rivers area: Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska 30, Report: 21 p.; 6 Plates: 55.58 x 34.26 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/70222234.","productDescription":"Report: 21 p.; 6 Plates: 55.58 x 34.26 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":396880,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222234/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":387345,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74579.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":401463,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222234/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401462,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222234/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401461,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222234/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401460,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222234/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401459,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222234/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401458,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222234/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401457,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222234/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"upper Siksikpuk - Nanushuk Rivers area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.2167,\n 69.25\n ],\n [\n -149.950,\n 69.25\n ],\n [\n -149.950,\n 69.75\n ],\n [\n -152.2167,\n 69.75\n ],\n [\n -152.2167,\n 69.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keller, A. Samuel","contributorId":287142,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keller","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Samuel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70222233,"text":"70222233 - 1950 - Preliminary report on the stratigraphy and structure of the upper Utukok and Kokolik Rivers area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-31T21:41:59.909402","indexId":"70222233","displayToPublicDate":"1950-11-01T15:55:03","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5963,"text":"Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"29","subseriesTitle":"Preliminary Report","title":"Preliminary report on the stratigraphy and structure of the upper Utukok and Kokolik Rivers area","docAbstract":"U. S. Geological Survey Navy Oil Unit Party I examined the surface geology of the area of the upper Utukok River and east fork of the Kokolik River from June 28 to September 3, 1950. The party consisted of six men: E. G. Sable and M. D. Mangus, geologists; C. L. Hummel and F. H. Shannon, field assistants; R. D. Gerard, cook; and L. E. Hall, weasel mechanic. Three weasels were used for transportation in the field.
The area examined approximates 1,000 square miles and is in the extreme southwest corner of Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4. It is bounded on the west by Iligluruk Creek (east fork of the Kokolik) and on the east by Driftwood Creek. With the exception of Driftwood Creek, major streams were ascended to their headwaters in the De Long Mountains. A traverse southward over the Utukok-Kugururok Rivers divide was successfully completed, providing a \"tie-in\" with the work of Navy Oil Unit Party 7. Several traverses were made 8 miles north of the Driftwood anticline and to the west fork of the Colville River.
The objectives of this part of the summer's work were (1) the geologic mapping and stratigraphic study of the rocks exposed in this area, and (2) measurement of stratigraphic thicknesses of sediments older than those exposed in the Driftwood anticline. Geology was plotted on vertical and trimetrogon oblique aerial photographs. Altitudes were established by altimeter traverses.
The northern part of this area was previously investigated by members of the Navy Oil Unit. In 1947 R. M. Thompson and W. L. Barksdale1/ visited outcrops along the Utukok River, and in 1949 R. M. Chapman and E. G. Sable2/ examined exposures along the Kokolik River. (See fig. 1, index map.)
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70222233","usgsCitation":"Mangus, M.D., 1950, Preliminary report on the stratigraphy and structure of the upper Utukok and Kokolik Rivers area: Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska 29, Report: 18 p.; 2 Plates: 36.56 x 32.26 inches and 27.26 x 34.29 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/70222233.","productDescription":"Report: 18 p.; 2 Plates: 36.56 x 32.26 inches and 27.26 x 34.29 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387344,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74578.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":401471,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222233/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401470,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222233/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401469,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222233/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":396879,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70222233/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"upper Utukok and Kokolik Rivers area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -162,\n 68.45\n ],\n [\n -160.25,\n 68.45\n ],\n [\n -160.25,\n 69\n ],\n [\n -162,\n 69\n ],\n [\n -162,\n 68.45\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mangus, Marvin D.","contributorId":81556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangus","given":"Marvin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210447,"text":"70210447 - 1950 - Stratigraphy and structure of the Aupuk anticline","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-26T18:53:58.817918","indexId":"70210447","displayToPublicDate":"1950-11-01T15:29:12","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5963,"text":"Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"38","title":"Stratigraphy and structure of the Aupuk anticline","docAbstract":"In addition to conducting an examination of the surface geology in the Southern Foothills province between the Killik River and east fork of the Etivluk River, Navy Oil Unit Party No. 5 was requested to map the Aupuk anticline during the 1950 field season, for the purpose of evaluating the petroleum possibilities thereof from the standpoints of favorable statigraphy and possible structural closure. Field mapping of the Aupuk anticline began on August 1, and about 1 month was devoted to the study. Party personnel consisted of G. Donald Eberlein and Charles D. Reynolds, geologists, W. L. D'Olier and W. D. Carter, field assistants, Richard Olson, camp cook, and Max H. Davis, weasel mechanic. Robort M. Chapman, geologist, visited the party for 1 week early in August to help start the work and shared, with Eberlein, the responsibilities associated with the final compilation of this report.
Three weasels were used for daily transportation to the field and for moving camp. A 10-foot Link boat equipped with 5 hp. outboard motor was used to cross the Colville River. As field work progressed from west to east it became apparent that the camp equipment and weasels would have to be gotten across the Colville River if field work was to be completed by early September. This crossing was effected without incident at a point approximately 10 miles below the confluence of the Kurupa and Colville Rivers on August 26. The party reached Umiat on September 5.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70210447","usgsCitation":"Eberlein, G., Chapman, R., and Reynolds, C.D., 1950, Stratigraphy and structure of the Aupuk anticline: Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska 38, Report: 13 p.; 3 Plates: 52.43 x 21.77 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/70210447.","productDescription":"Report: 13 p.; 3 Plates: 52.43 x 21.77 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401180,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210447/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401179,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210447/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401178,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210447/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401177,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210447/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":375317,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74617.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":396578,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210447/report_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aupuk anticline","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.3833,\n 68.95\n ],\n [\n -154.150,\n 68.95\n ],\n [\n -154.150,\n 69.1167\n ],\n [\n -155.3833,\n 69.1167\n ],\n [\n -155.3833,\n 68.95\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eberlein, G. Donald","contributorId":52564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberlein","given":"G. Donald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":836506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapman, Robert M.","contributorId":81888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"Robert M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":836507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reynolds, Charles D.","contributorId":287141,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":836508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70210462,"text":"70210462 - 1950 - The subsurface stratigraphy and structure of the Simpson area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-26T21:13:01.061466","indexId":"70210462","displayToPublicDate":"1950-11-01T15:29:07","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5963,"text":"Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"25","subseriesTitle":"Special Report","title":"The subsurface stratigraphy and structure of the Simpson area","docAbstract":"During the summer of 1949, 12 core tests were drilled in the vicinity of Simpson Seep No. 2 on the east side of the Simpson peninsula. These tests were drilled in an attempt to determine the origin of the Simpson oil seeps and to evaluate the petroleum possibilities of the area. These holes failed to satisfy the objective for which they were drilled, but did define a nearly north-south linear ridge of essentially unconsolidated sand enclosed by a monotonous sequence of clay shale. A gas-bearing horizon and good oil shows were encountered on the crest of the ridge in the vicinity of Seep No. 2 during the 1949 drilling season. In November 1949 the Operating Committee approved the drilling of additional core holes in this area to resolve the complex geologic problems encountered by the shellow drilling of the previous season. Four additional tests had been completed by November 1, 1950, and a fifth is now in progress. Drilling completed thus far in 1950 has resulted in more accurate delineation of the sand ridge, and a flowing oil well has been discovered on the west edge of the ridge near Seep No. 3.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70210462","usgsCitation":"Roberts, T.G., and Robinson, F., 1950, The subsurface stratigraphy and structure of the Simpson area: Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska 25, Report: 7 p.; 2 Enclosures: 30.68 x 53.96 inches and 10.34 x 12.72 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/70210462.","productDescription":"Report: 7 p.; 2 Enclosures: 30.68 x 53.96 inches and 10.34 x 12.72 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401269,"rank":5,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210462/enclosure-2.pdf","text":"Enclosure 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401268,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210462/enclosure-1.pdf","text":"Enclosure 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401267,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210462/report.pdf"},{"id":375332,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74628.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":396723,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210462/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Simpson area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.8083,\n 70.9222\n ],\n [\n -154.550,\n 70.9222\n ],\n [\n -154.550,\n 71.0333\n ],\n [\n -154.8083,\n 71.0333\n ],\n [\n -154.8083,\n 70.9222\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roberts, Thomas G.","contributorId":287779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roberts","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, Florence","contributorId":88016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Florence","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210446,"text":"70210446 - 1950 - Review of the stratigraphy and structure of the Gubik anticline","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-26T18:34:01.3777","indexId":"70210446","displayToPublicDate":"1950-11-01T15:15:23","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5963,"text":"Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"37","title":"Review of the stratigraphy and structure of the Gubik anticline","docAbstract":"At the direction of Ralph L. Miller, a special study was made of part of the Gubik anticline east of the Colville River. The purpose of this study was two fold; first, the examine the field evidence bearing on east plunge, second, to attempt to establish the continuity of the anticlinal axis from the Colville River to the Anaktuvuk River. The results of this study and a summary of results of the study of part of the anticline west of the Colville River by Stefansson and Thurrell 1/ are presented below.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70210446","usgsCitation":"Fischer, W., and Kover, A.N., 1950, Review of the stratigraphy and structure of the Gubik anticline: Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska 37, 3 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70210446.","productDescription":"3 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401176,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210446/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":396577,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210446/report_thumb.jpg"},{"id":375316,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74616.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Gubik anticline","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -151.8333,\n 69.4167\n ],\n [\n -151,\n 69.4167\n ],\n [\n -151,\n 69.5\n ],\n [\n -151.8333,\n 69.5\n ],\n [\n -151.8333,\n 69.4167\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fischer, William A.","contributorId":47787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"William A.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":836504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kover, Allan N.","contributorId":90809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kover","given":"Allan","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":836505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210445,"text":"70210445 - 1950 - Stratigraphy and structure of the area of the upper Meade River, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-31T20:12:30.446821","indexId":"70210445","displayToPublicDate":"1950-04-01T15:00:49","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5963,"text":"Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"36","title":"Stratigraphy and structure of the area of the upper Meade River, Alaska","docAbstract":"The stratigraphic evidence in the upper Meade River area includes zones B to D of the Nanushuk group (Cretaceous). Zones B and C are not differentiated in mapping and description. South of the Meade River 2,100 feet of zones B-C and 1,500 feet of zone D are exposed. North of the fault zone along the Meade River, the only rocks present, estimated not over 1,000 feet thick, are zone D beds which may be at least in part younger than the zone D rocks south of the Meade River. Sands which barely meet the minimum requirements for potential reservoir beds are present in both zones.
South of the Meade River the Kigalik anticline and the Falcon Creek anticline, both sharp-crested folds, trend east. The intervening synclines are broad with low dips on the flanks. Along the Meade River the major structure is a zone of reverse faults, about three-fourths of a mile wide, which brings rocks of zones B-C on the south opposite rocks of zone D on the north. Minimum displacement in this zone is 1,000 feet at longitude 157° 50'W. and 300 feet near the gas-seep lake. North of the fault zone, the Meade River anticline is a rather low fold, so poorly exposed that closure cannot be detected by surface geologic methods.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70210445","usgsCitation":"Whittington, C.L., and Keller, S.A., 1950, Stratigraphy and structure of the area of the upper Meade River, Alaska: Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska 36, Report: 8 p. ; 3 Firgures: 17.71 x 29.40 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/70210445.","productDescription":"Report: 8 p. ; 3 Firgures: 17.71 x 29.40 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":375315,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74615.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":396576,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210445/report_thumb.jpg"},{"id":401172,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210445/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401173,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210445/figure-1.pdf","text":"Figure 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401175,"rank":6,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210445/figure-3.pdf","text":"Figure 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401174,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210445/figure-2.pdf","text":"Figure 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"upper Meade River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159,\n 69.333\n ],\n [\n -157,\n 69.333\n ],\n [\n -157,\n 69.75\n ],\n [\n -159,\n 69.75\n ],\n [\n -159,\n 69.333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whittington, Charles L.","contributorId":52642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whittington","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":836502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keller, Samuel A.","contributorId":287140,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keller","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":836503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210444,"text":"70210444 - 1950 - Stratigraphy and structure of the Okpikruak and Kiruktagiak Rivers area, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-25T22:05:22.342923","indexId":"70210444","displayToPublicDate":"1950-04-01T14:43:18","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5963,"text":"Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"34","title":"Stratigraphy and structure of the Okpikruak and Kiruktagiak Rivers area, Alaska","docAbstract":"Navy Oil Unit Party 4, during the summer field season of 1949, examined the surface geology of the area of the Okpikruak and Kiruktagiak Rivers. The party consisted of six men: two geologists, two field assistants, a weasel mechanic, and a cook. Three weasels were used for transportation in the field.
The area covered is bounded on the west by the Okpikruak River, on the east by the Chandler River, and on the south by the north front of the Brooks Range. Tuktu Bluff on the Chandler River and its westward extension forms the northern boundary. The area is drained by the Chandler, Kiruktagiak, Ayiyak, Okokmilaga, and Okpikruak Rivers.
The objectives of this summer's work was the geologic mapping and stratigraphic study of the rocks that crop out in this area. All outcrops were visited and the geology was plotted on vertical and trimetrogon oblique aerial photographs. Altitudes were established by an altimeter traverse.
Parts of this area had been investigated previously by members of the Navy Oil Unit. During the summer of 1945 George Gryc, E. J. Webber, and Karl Stefansson visited outcrops along the. Chandler and Kiruktagiak Rivers and in the vicinity of Castle Mountain.
In the same year L. A. Warner and C. E. Kirschner examined outcrops along the Okpikruak River in conjunction with their survey of the Klink and Colville Rivers. R. L. Detterman included detailed stratigraphic studies of cutbanks near the confluence of the Kiruktagiak and Chandler Rivers in his geological mapping of the lower Chandler during the summer of 1948.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70210444","usgsCitation":"Patton, W.W., and Tailleur, I.L., 1950, Stratigraphy and structure of the Okpikruak and Kiruktagiak Rivers area, Alaska: Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska 34, Report: 18 p.; 3 Plates: 16.24 x 34.87 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/70210444.","productDescription":"Report: 18 p.; 3 Plates: 16.24 x 34.87 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401119,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210444/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401118,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210444/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":375314,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74613.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":396574,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210444/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":401116,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210444/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401117,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210444/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Okpikruak and Kiruktagiak Rivers area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.333,\n 68.35\n ],\n [\n -153.75,\n 68.35\n ],\n [\n -153.75,\n 68.7444\n ],\n [\n -152.333,\n 68.7444\n ],\n [\n -152.333,\n 68.35\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patton, William W. Jr.","contributorId":107355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":836500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tailleur, Irvin L.","contributorId":105304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tailleur","given":"Irvin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":836501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70104145,"text":"ofr5043D - 1950 - Geologic interpretations of seismic data relocation Routes 15 and 20 in Sturbridge, Mass.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-15T06:35:56","indexId":"ofr5043D","displayToPublicDate":"1950-01-01T14:06:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"50-43","chapter":"D","title":"Geologic interpretations of seismic data relocation Routes 15 and 20 in Sturbridge, Mass.","docAbstract":"The proposed improvements at the junction of Routes 15 and 20, Sturbridge, Massachusetts, requires a cut of considerable magnitude for the relocation of east-bound Route 20 between stations 158 and 167. Geologic and seismic studies were made of the site for the purpose of determining the position of the bedrock surface, the kinds of material to be excavated, and the relationships of these materials to each other.
\nThe work was performed in November 1949 as a part of a cooperative program of the Massachusetts Department of Public Works and the United States Geological Survey.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA","doi":"10.3133/ofr5043D","usgsCitation":"May, J.E., and Linehan, D., 1950, Geologic interpretations of seismic data relocation Routes 15 and 20 in Sturbridge, Mass.: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 50-43, 3 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5043D.","productDescription":"3 p.","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287175,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1950/0043-D/report.pdf"},{"id":287176,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1950/0043-D/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","city":"Sturbridge","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.135687,42.028723 ], [ -72.135687,42.174597 ], [ -72.02387,42.174597 ], [ -72.02387,42.028723 ], [ -72.135687,42.028723 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5375e206e4b010920bbdedad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"May, James E.","contributorId":85255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Linehan, Daniel","contributorId":36998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linehan","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}