Preemergent herbicides and their metabolites, particularly atrazine, deethylatrazine, and metolachlor, persisted from 1989 to 1990 in the majority of rivers and streams in the midwestern United States. In spring, after the application of herbicides, the concentrations of atrazine, alachlor, and simazine were frequently 3-10 times greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level (MCL). The concentration of herbicides exceeded the MCLs both singly and in combination. Two major degradation products of atrazine (deisopropylatrazine and deethylatrazine) also were found in many of the streams. The order of persistence of the herbicides and their metabolites in surface water was atrazine > deethylatrazine > metolachlor > alachlor > deisopropylatrazine > cyanazine. Storm runoff collected at several sites exceeded the MCL multiple times during the summer months as a function of stream discharge, with increased concentrations during times of increased streamflow. It is proposed that metabolites of atrazine may be used as indicators of surface-water movement into adjacent alluvial aquifers.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00036a016","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Thurman, E.M., Goolsby, D.A., Meyer, M.T., Mills, M.S., Pomes, M., and Kolpin, D.W., 1992, A reconnaissance study of herbicides and their metabolites in surface water of the midwestern united states using immunoassay and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 26, no. 12, p. 2440-2447, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00036a016.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2440","endPage":"2447","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224800,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-87.800477,42.49192],[-87.812461,42.232278],[-87.511043,41.696535],[-87.187651,41.629653],[-86.616978,41.896625],[-86.321803,42.310743],[-86.208309,42.762789],[-86.540916,43.633158],[-86.25395,44.64808],[-86.066745,44.905685],[-85.780439,44.977932],[-85.540497,45.210169],[-85.641652,44.810816],[-85.520205,44.960347],[-85.477423,44.813781],[-85.355478,45.282774],[-84.91585,45.393115],[-85.110884,45.526285],[-84.94565,45.708621],[-85.011433,45.757962],[-84.204218,45.627116],[-84.095905,45.497298],[-83.488826,45.355872],[-83.291346,45.062597],[-83.435822,45.000012],[-83.277213,44.7167],[-83.335248,44.357995],[-83.890145,43.934672],[-83.909479,43.672622],[-83.618602,43.628891],[-83.227093,43.981003],[-82.833103,44.036851],[-82.643166,43.852468],[-82.423086,42.988728],[-82.509935,42.637294],[-82.648776,42.550401],[-82.630922,42.64211],[-82.780817,42.652232],[-83.431103,41.757457],[-82.481214,41.381342],[-81.69325,41.514161],[-80.533774,41.973475],[-80.518991,40.638801],[-80.667957,40.582496],[-80.619297,40.26517],[-80.88036,39.620706],[-81.656138,39.277355],[-81.874857,38.881174],[-82.068864,38.984878],[-82.318111,38.457876],[-82.569368,38.406258],[-82.923694,38.750076],[-83.301951,38.598178],[-83.512571,38.701716],[-83.762445,38.652103],[-84.212904,38.805707],[-84.445242,39.114461],[-84.744149,39.147458],[-84.888873,39.066376],[-84.816506,38.80532],[-85.448862,38.713368],[-85.415272,38.555416],[-85.816164,38.282969],[-86.042354,37.958018],[-86.33281,38.182938],[-86.634271,37.843845],[-86.810913,37.99715],[-87.065388,37.810481],[-87.402632,37.942267],[-87.666522,37.827455],[-87.921744,37.907885],[-88.158374,37.639948],[-88.063311,37.515755],[-88.450127,37.411717],[-88.490068,37.067874],[-89.058036,37.188767],[-89.171881,37.068184],[-89.202607,36.601576],[-89.343753,36.630991],[-89.429311,36.481875],[-89.55264,36.577178],[-89.527029,36.341679],[-89.703511,36.243412],[-89.615128,36.113816],[-89.733095,36.000608],[-90.368718,35.995812],[-90.075934,36.281485],[-90.157136,36.484317],[-94.617919,36.499414],[-94.699735,36.998805],[-102.000447,36.993249],[-102.051614,41.002377],[-104.039238,41.001502],[-104.048807,48.933636],[-95.153711,48.998903],[-95.153314,49.384358],[-94.974286,49.367738],[-94.555835,48.716207],[-93.741843,48.517347],[-92.984963,48.623731],[-92.634931,48.542873],[-92.698824,48.494892],[-92.341207,48.23248],[-92.066269,48.359602],[-91.542512,48.053268],[-90.88548,48.245784],[-90.703702,48.096009],[-89.489226,48.014528],[-90.86827,47.5569],[-92.058888,46.809938],[-91.942988,46.679939],[-90.880358,46.957661],[-90.78804,46.844886],[-90.920813,46.637432],[-90.398478,46.575832],[-88.982483,46.99883],[-88.400224,47.379551],[-87.816958,47.471998],[-87.730804,47.449112],[-88.349952,47.076377],[-88.462349,46.786711],[-88.167373,46.9588],[-87.915943,46.909508],[-87.619747,46.79821],[-87.366767,46.507303],[-86.850111,46.434114],[-86.188024,46.654008],[-84.964652,46.772845],[-84.969464,46.47629],[-84.177428,46.52692],[-84.097766,46.256512],[-84.247687,46.17989],[-83.931175,46.017871],[-83.63498,46.103953],[-83.49484,45.999541],[-84.345451,45.946569],[-84.656567,46.052654],[-84.820557,45.868293],[-85.047028,46.020603],[-85.528403,46.087121],[-85.663966,45.967013],[-86.278007,45.942057],[-86.687208,45.634253],[-86.532989,45.882665],[-86.92106,45.697868],[-87.018902,45.838886],[-88.027103,44.578992],[-87.943801,44.529693],[-87.428144,44.890738],[-87.021088,45.296541],[-87.73063,43.893862],[-87.910172,43.236634],[-87.800477,42.49192]]],[[[-88.684434,48.115785],[-88.447236,48.182916],[-89.022736,47.858532],[-89.255202,47.876102],[-88.684434,48.115785]]],[[[-86.880572,45.331467],[-86.956192,45.351179],[-86.82177,45.427602],[-86.880572,45.331467]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Iowa\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"26","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e53ae4b0c8380cd46bfe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thurman, E. Michael","contributorId":9636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":759258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mills, M. S.","contributorId":96279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pomes, M.L.","contributorId":84393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pomes","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kolpin, Dana W. 0000-0002-3529-6505 dwkolpin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-6505","contributorId":1239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana","email":"dwkolpin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":759259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70016751,"text":"70016751 - 1992 - Bluff recession rates along the Lake Michigan shoreline in Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-03T00:33:20.152207","indexId":"70016751","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1115,"text":"Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bluff recession rates along the Lake Michigan shoreline in Illinois","docAbstract":"For two time periods, 1872-1937 and 1937-1987, rates of retreat vary from 10 to 75 cm/yr between discrete segments of bluffs (defined by lithology) and between time periods for a given bluff segment. The average retreat rates for the entire area, however, do not vary significantly between the two time periods and are approximately 20-25 cm/yr. The temporally constant regional retreat rates and the regular shape of the local shoreline indicate that a long-term uniform rate of retreat prevails and that local variations in rates balance out through time to produce long-term parallel (in map view) bluff retreat in the area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association of Engineering Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gseegeosci.xxix.2.103","usgsCitation":"Jibson, R., and Staude, J., 1992, Bluff recession rates along the Lake Michigan shoreline in Illinois: Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists, v. 29, no. 2, p. 103-117, https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.xxix.2.103.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"117","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224655,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.38584704896901,\n 42.53173013124035\n ],\n [\n -88.38584704896901,\n 41.47041149636533\n ],\n [\n -87.10044665834381,\n 41.47041149636533\n ],\n [\n -87.10044665834381,\n 42.53173013124035\n ],\n [\n -88.38584704896901,\n 42.53173013124035\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1efe4b0c8380cd4aee8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jibson, R.W.","contributorId":8467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jibson","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Staude, J.-M.","contributorId":19712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staude","given":"J.-M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016750,"text":"70016750 - 1992 - Tale of three prospects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:51","indexId":"70016750","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Tale of three prospects","docAbstract":"Most high-temperature, hydrothermal-convection systems probably are heated by bodies of magma (and/or hot plutons), whose presence is suggested by geologically young, if not active volcanism. Study of a young volcanic area provides information about the general thermal status of the underlying heat source, and detailed information about the time-space-volume-composition (TSVC) characteristics for a volcanic area can help define temperature at least semi-quantitatively when interpreted within the framework of published magma-cooling models. Thus, TSVC study is a fairly powerful and cost effective tool in the pre-drilling phase of an exploration program in young volcanic terrane. Examples are described for Coso, California; Agua de Pau, Azores; and Tecuamburro, Guatemala.","largerWorkTitle":"Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council","conferenceTitle":"1992 Annual Meeting of the Geothermal Resources Council","conferenceDate":"4 October 1992 through 7 October 1992","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA, United States","issn":"01935933","usgsCitation":"Duffield, W.A., 1992, Tale of three prospects, in Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council, v. 16, San Diego, CA, USA, 4 October 1992 through 7 October 1992, p. 145-152.","startPage":"145","endPage":"152","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224654,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba3c3e4b08c986b31fe9d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Anon","contributorId":128316,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Anon","id":536348,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Duffield, Wendell A.","contributorId":14363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"Wendell","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016693,"text":"70016693 - 1992 - Pesticide residues in ground water of the San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T16:55:34.713704","indexId":"70016693","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pesticide residues in ground water of the San Joaquin Valley, California","docAbstract":"Upper Cretaceous rocks of the Kuskokwim Group are exposed in a large region of southwestern Alaska and are mainly composed of deformed turbidite deposits that contain few fossils other than inoceramid bivalves. This paper documents the taxonomy of the inoceramids in the Kuskokwim Group, develops an inoceramid biostratigraphy based on known ranges in other regions, and analyzes biogeographic patterns, paleoecology, and depositional history of the Kuskokwim Group.
Most of the inoceramid bivalves present in the Kuskokwim Group are of Cenomanian and Turonian age, and an assemblage of species typical of late Turonian age rocks is particularly well developed. Only two localities appear to be as young as Santonian age. The following 16 species or subspecies are discussed and illustrated in detail: Birostrina tamurai Matsumoto and Noda, Inoceramus virgatus Schlüter, I. pennatulus Pergament, I. pictus minus Matsumoto, I. cf. I. yabei Nagao and Matsumoto, I.? sp. aff. I. costatus Nagao and Matsumoto, I. hobetsensis Nagao and Matsumoto, I. longealatus Tröger, I. frechi Flegel, I. waltersdorfensis waltersdorfensis Andert, I. cf. I. waltersdorfensis hannovrensis Heinz, I. kuskokwimensis n. sp., Mytiloides cf. M. opalensis (Böse), M. teraokai (Matsumoto and Noda), M. cf. M. incertus (Jimbo), and Sphenoceramus naumanni (Yokoyama). In addition, a specimen with affinities to Mytiloides striatoconcentricus carpathicus (Simionescu) and a specimen that may belong to the I. (Cremnoceramus?) rotundatus–I. (C.) erectus lineage are illustrated.
Most of the taxa present in the Kuskokwim region are found in other regions of the North Pacific, particularly Japan and eastern Siberia, or are found throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Only one species, I. kuskokwimensis n. sp., is new and may be endemic. North Pacific taxa are predominant in the Kuskokwim region, but intervals near the Cenomanian–Turonian Stage boundary and in the upper Turonian contain taxa characteristic of Europe and the Western Interior basin of North America; some of these taxa have not been recorded previously in the North Pacific region. Turonian heteromorph ammonite assemblages associated with inoceramids in the finer grained facies of the Kuskokwim region are similar to those found in coeval rocks of Japan and Germany.
The depositional area of the Kuskokwim Group can be broken into two northeast-trending subbasins, the Kuskokwim River subbasin to the northwest and the Mulchatna River subbasin to the southeast, connected by the Nushagak Hills corridor. Within the Kuskokwim River subbasin, deposition apparently started earlier in the north (middle Cenomanian) than in the south (late Cenomanian to early Turonian), and prograding deltaic sedimentation along the western margin also appears to have started earlier in the north. No marine fossils younger than latest Turonian to earliest Coniacian are known from the Kuskokwim River subbasin. The youngest fossils identified are Santonian in age and are from deep-water deposits in the Nushagak Hills corridor. Few fossils are known from the Mulchatna River subbasin and age control is limited.
Paleomagnetic data are presented for a 50-m-thick sequence of Oxfordian to Tithonian sedimentary rocks conformably overlying Upper Jurassic pillow basalt within the Coast Range ophiolite at Stanley Mountain, California. These new data are similar in direction and polarity to previously published paleomagnetic data for the pillow basalt. The Jurassic sedimentary rocks were deposited during a mixed-polarity interval of the geomagnetic field, and uniformity of the remanent magnetization within the entire section of pillow basalt and sedimentary rocks indicates later remagnetization. Remagnetization of the Coast Range ophiolite is interpreted to have occurred during accretion to the continental margin, possibly by burial and low-temperature alteration related to this event. Similar paleolatitudes calculated for the ophiolite (11° ±3°) and for mid-Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of the Stanley Mountain terrane at Figueroa Mountain (6° ±5°) are consistent with remagnetization of the ophiolite at low paleo-latitudes. Uniform-polarity directions for other remnants of ophiolite in southern California and elsewhere along the Pacific coast imply that these rocks were also overprinted, and their magnetic inclinations suggest remagnetization at low paleolatitudes as well. The Coast Range ophiolite at Stanley Mountain is thus inferred to have been remagnetized along the North American margin near 10°N paleolatitude between earliest and mid-Cretaceous time and subsequently transported northward by strike-slip faulting related to relative motions between the Farallon, Kula, Pacific, and North American plates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0503:ROTCRO>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Hagstrum, J.T., 1992, Remagnetization of the Coast Range ophiolite at Stanley Mountain, California, during accretion near 10°N paleolatitude: Geology, v. 20, no. 6, p. 503-506, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0503:ROTCRO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"503","endPage":"506","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa6c1e4b0c8380cd8502d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hagstrum, Jonathan T. 0000-0002-0689-280X jhag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0689-280X","contributorId":3474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagstrum","given":"Jonathan","email":"jhag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":374217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016682,"text":"70016682 - 1992 - An improved method for field extraction and laboratory analysis of large, intact soil cores","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-14T06:02:06","indexId":"70016682","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An improved method for field extraction and laboratory analysis of large, intact soil cores","docAbstract":"Various methods have been proposed for the extraction of large, undisturbed soil cores and for subsequent analysis of fluid movement within the cores. The major problems associated with these methods are expense, cumbersome field extraction, and inadequate simulation of unsaturated flow conditions. A field and laboratory procedure is presented that is economical, convenient, and simulates unsaturated and saturated flow without interface flow problems and can be used on a variety of soil types. In the field, a stainless steel core barrel is hydraulically pressed into the soil (30-cm diam. and 38 cm high), the barrel and core are extracted from the soil, and after the barrel is removed from the core, the core is then wrapped securely with flexible sheet metal and a stainless mesh screen is attached to the bottom of the core for support. In the laboratory the soil core is set atop a porous ceramic plate over which a soil-diatomaceous earth slurry has been poured to assure good contact between plate and core. A cardboard cylinder (mold) is fastened around the core and the empty space filled with paraffin wax. Soil cores were tested under saturated and unsaturated conditions using a hanging water column for potentials ≤0. Breakthrough curves indicated that no interface flow occurred along the edge of the core. This procedure proved to be reliable for field extraction of large, intact soil cores and for laboratory analysis of solute transport.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2134/jeq1992.00472425002100020017x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Tindall, J., Hemmen, K., and Dowd, J., 1992, An improved method for field extraction and laboratory analysis of large, intact soil cores: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 21, no. 2, p. 259-263, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1992.00472425002100020017x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"259","endPage":"263","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225123,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea70e4b0c8380cd48870","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tindall, J.A.","contributorId":25711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tindall","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hemmen, K.","contributorId":57322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemmen","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dowd, J.F.","contributorId":47926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowd","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016672,"text":"70016672 - 1992 - Identification of persisten anionic surfactant-derived chemicals in sewage effluent and groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:48","indexId":"70016672","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Identification of persisten anionic surfactant-derived chemicals in sewage effluent and groundwater","docAbstract":"Preparative isolation and fractionation procedures coupled with spectrometric analyses were used to identify surfactant-derived contaminants in sewage effluent and sewage-contaminated groundwater from a site located on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Anionic surfactants and their biodegradation intermediates were isolated from field samples by ion exchange and fractionated by solvent extraction and adsorption chromatography. Fractions were analyzed by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Carboxylated residues of alkylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants were detected in sewage effluent and contaminated groundwater. Linear alkylbenzenesulfonates (LAS) were identified in sewage effluent and groundwater. Groundwater LAS composition suggested preferential removal of select isomers and homologs due to processes of biodegradation and partitioning. Tetralin and indane sulfonates (DATS), alicyclic analogs of LAS, were also identified in field samples. Although DATS are a minor portion of LAS formulations, equivalent concentrations of LAS and DATS in groundwater suggested persistence of alicyclic contaminant structures over those of linear structure. Sulfophenyl-carboxylated (SPC) LAS biodegradation intermediates were determined in sewage effluent and groundwater. Homolog distributions suggested that SPC containing 3-10 alkyl-chain carbons persist during infiltration and groundwater transport. Surfactant-derived residues detected in well F300-50 groundwater have a minimum residence time in the range of 2.7-4.6 yr. LAS detected in groundwater at 500 m from infiltration has been stable over an estimated 50-500 half lives.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","language":"English","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Field, J., Leenheer, J., Thorn, K.A., Barber, L., Rostad, C., Macalady, D., and Daniel, S., 1992, Identification of persisten anionic surfactant-derived chemicals in sewage effluent and groundwater, in Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 9, no. 1-2, p. 55-78.","startPage":"55","endPage":"78","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224983,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3835e4b0c8380cd614ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Field, J.A.","contributorId":27616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leenheer, J.A.","contributorId":75123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thorn, K. 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II","contributorId":6097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"L.B.","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rostad, C.","contributorId":8622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rostad","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Macalady, D.L.","contributorId":76468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macalady","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Daniel, S.R.","contributorId":28379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniel","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70162564,"text":"70162564 - 1992 - Tectonic framework of the Northern California continental margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-09T15:39:39","indexId":"70162564","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonic framework of the Northern California continental margin","docAbstract":"The northern coast of California is one of the most seismically active regions in the continental United States. This activity is largely due to tectonic forces resulting from differing relative motions between three extensive lithospheric plates that meet in this region. These crustal plates are bounded by long fault systems-the Cascadia subduction zone, the San Andreas fault system, and the Mendocino fault- that accommodate these differences in plate motion and that are capable of periodically producing damaging earthquakes. Historic earthquake locations are concentrated in the victinity of the tectonically unstable intersection of these tthree plates and their bounding fault systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Clarke, S.H., 1992, Tectonic framework of the Northern California continental margin: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 23, no. 3, p. 94-100.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"94","endPage":"100","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314891,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon; California","otherGeospatial":"Mendocino triple junction","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.4091796875,\n 43.20517581723733\n ],\n [\n -123.33251953125,\n 43.141078106345844\n ],\n [\n -122.87109375,\n 39.36827914916014\n ],\n [\n -125.958251953125,\n 39.172658670429946\n ],\n [\n -127.452392578125,\n 39.095962936305504\n ],\n [\n -127.85888671875,\n 43.35713822211053\n ],\n [\n -124.4091796875,\n 43.20517581723733\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a8a6cde4b0b28f1184dc18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clarke, S. H. Jr.","contributorId":44913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clarke","given":"S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70162682,"text":"70162682 - 1992 - The Landers earthquake; preliminary instrumental results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-16T16:08:58","indexId":"70162682","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Landers earthquake; preliminary instrumental results","docAbstract":"Early on the morning of June 28, 1992, millions of people in southern California were awakened by the largest earthquake to occur in the western United States in the past 40 yrs. At 4:58 a.m PDT (local time), faulting associated with the magnitude 7.3 earthquake broke through to earth's surface near the town of Landers, California. the surface rupture then propagated 70km (45 mi) to the north and northwest along a band of faults passing through the middle of the Mojave Desert. Fortunately, the strongest shaking occurred in uninhabited regions of the Mojave Desert. Still one child was killed in Yucca Valley, and about 400 people were injured in the surrounding area. the desert communities of Landers, Yucca Valley, and Joshua Tree in San Bernardino Country suffered considerable damage to buildings and roads. Damage to water and power lines caused problems in many areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Jones, L., Mori, J., and Hauksson, E., 1992, The Landers earthquake; preliminary instrumental results: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 23, no. 5, p. 200-208.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"200","endPage":"208","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":315008,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.55096435546875,\n 35.19850043580171\n ],\n [\n -116.89453125,\n 35.28150065789119\n ],\n [\n -116.0870361328125,\n 34.068587174791965\n ],\n [\n -116.54296874999999,\n 34.00030430441023\n ],\n [\n -117.54272460937499,\n 33.87953701355924\n ],\n [\n -117.67181396484376,\n 35.19401151791166\n ],\n [\n -117.55096435546875,\n 35.19850043580171\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ab49d5e4b07ca61bfea603","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, L.","contributorId":26084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":590126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mori, J.","contributorId":24923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mori","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":590127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hauksson, E.","contributorId":10932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hauksson","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":590128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70162563,"text":"70162563 - 1992 - The ten-year eruption of Kilauea Volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-09T15:30:47","indexId":"70162563","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The ten-year eruption of Kilauea Volcano","docAbstract":"The Pu'u 'O' o-Kupaianaha eruption now ranks as the longest-lived historic eruption on the East Rift Zone and the most destructive in Kilauea's recent history.
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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Clague, D., and Heliker, C., 1992, The ten-year eruption of Kilauea Volcano: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 23, no. 6, p. 244-254.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"244","endPage":"254","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314890,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kīlauea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.26290893554688,\n 19.433571773164164\n ],\n [\n -155.2972412109375,\n 19.420620739866035\n ],\n [\n -155.30548095703125,\n 19.40119225476861\n ],\n [\n -155.28488159179688,\n 19.35908924593432\n ],\n [\n -155.19149780273438,\n 19.2573494756706\n ],\n [\n -155.1331329345703,\n 19.2748506284423\n ],\n [\n -155.0562286376953,\n 19.31567937987149\n ],\n [\n -155.1496124267578,\n 19.43616185591159\n ],\n [\n -155.2306365966797,\n 19.419325579756944\n ],\n [\n -155.25604248046875,\n 19.430981649106492\n ],\n [\n -155.26290893554688,\n 19.433571773164164\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a8a6d2e4b0b28f1184dc21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, D.A.","contributorId":36129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clague","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heliker, C.","contributorId":80314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heliker","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187411,"text":"70187411 - 1992 - Landsat thematic mapper products for rangeland assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-02T11:38:50","indexId":"70187411","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1753,"text":"Geocarto International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat thematic mapper products for rangeland assessment","docAbstract":"Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data are useful for mapping rangeland resources worldwide. Spatial resolution and spectral characteristics of the data are adequate for performing a variety of range‐related tasks, including monitoring ecological change. The unique spectral characteristics of TM data are important in the development of products for manual interpretation of images to be used in rangeland assessment. Procedures were developed for using a histogram‐based, data‐dependent stretch of multispectml data values for producing site‐specific TM image products. The process optimizes image information for a given data set without a priori knowledge of the imaged site. Manual interpretation of TM products for rangeland assessment has many applications and will be aided by a standardized procedure for compositing spectral bands.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10106049209354349","usgsCitation":"Haas, R.H., 1992, Landsat thematic mapper products for rangeland assessment: Geocarto International, v. 7, no. 1, p. 27-33, https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049209354349.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"33","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340734,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59099ab2e4b0fc4e44915822","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haas, Robert H.","contributorId":93388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haas","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":693917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70176511,"text":"70176511 - 1992 - Foreward","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-02T14:27:49.75293","indexId":"70176511","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Foreward","docAbstract":"This issue of <i>Earthquakes & Volcanoes</i> focuses on a series of three powerful earthquakes centered near Cape Mendocino, California, on April 25-26, 1992. The sequence began with a magnitude 7.1 mainshock at 11:06 a.m. (local time) on April 25. Strong aftershocks with magnitudes of 6.6 and 6.7 occurred on April 26 at 00:41 a.m. and at 4:18 a.m., respectively.
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This problem, plus the relative immobility of young pups, was thought to explain why pups generally remain inside dens until about 3 weeks of age, and pups younger than 3-weeks-old were thought to be highly vulnerable to loss from exposure. this report details more information about the tolerance of young wolf pups to exposure.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Mech, L.D., 1992, Resistance of young wolf pups to inclement weather: Research Information Bulletin 93, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":350866,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a72e3ebe4b0a9a2e9e08efd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mech, L. David 0000-0003-3944-7769 david_mech@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":2518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mech","given":"L.","email":"david_mech@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2001497,"text":"2001497 - 1992 - Agglutinin response of Atlantic salmon to Aeromonas salmonicida and Yersinia ruckeri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:58","indexId":"2001497","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":70,"text":"Research Information Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"96","title":"Agglutinin response of Atlantic salmon to Aeromonas salmonicida and Yersinia ruckeri","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"93-076/FH","usgsCitation":"Ford, L., and Cipriano, R.C., 1992, Agglutinin response of Atlantic salmon to Aeromonas salmonicida and Yersinia ruckeri: Research Information Bulletin 96, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"2","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198880,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db689210","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ford, L.A.","contributorId":25510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ford","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cipriano, R. C.","contributorId":12400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cipriano","given":"R.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187932,"text":"70187932 - 1992 - Histopathologic biomarkers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-24T15:33:42","indexId":"70187932","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Histopathologic biomarkers","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biomarkers; biochemical, physiological, and histological markers of anthropogenic stress","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Lewis Publishers","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, FL","usgsCitation":"Hinton, D., Baumann, P.C., Gardner, G.R., Hawkins, W.E., Hendricks, J.D., Murchelano, R.A., and Okihiro, M., 1992, Histopathologic biomarkers, chap. of Biomarkers; biochemical, physiological, and histological markers of anthropogenic stress, p. 155-209.","productDescription":"55 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"209","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341701,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59269bd2e4b0b7ff9fb489da","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Huggett, R.J.","contributorId":113557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huggett","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696040,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kimerle, R. 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This study found a possible relationship between δ13C-values and radial position; however, these changes cannot be linked to carbohydrate content and are probably attributable to changing growth conditions during the lifetime of the tree. An apparent linear relationship between the changes in carbohydrate content after sodium para-periodate treatment and corresponding changes in the δ13C-values indicates constant isotopic fractionation between lignin and carbohydrates along the cross-sectional radius. This result indicates that diagenesis has not produced any significant change in the lignin-carbohydrate carbon isotopic fractionation or, alternatively, that diagenesis has erased any fractionation pattern that once existed. A sample of fresh wood from another gymnospermous species was analyzed by the same methods and found to have lignin-carbohydrate carbon isotopic fractionation significantly different from that of the Miocene log section samples, suggesting that differences may be species-related or that the complex mixture of carbohydrates in the fresh wood was isotopically different from that of the degraded wood, and the whole Miocene log was uniformly altered.
Sample decomposition is a fundamental and integral step in the procedure of geochemical analysis. It is often the limiting factor to sample throughput, especially with the recent application of the fast and modern multi-element measurement instrumentation. The complexity of geological materials makes it necessary to choose the sample decomposition technique that is compatible with the specific objective of the analysis. When selecting a decomposition technique, consideration should be given to the chemical and mineralogical characteristics of the sample, elements to be determined, precision and accuracy requirements, sample throughput, technical capability of personnel, and time constraints. This paper addresses these concerns and discusses the attributes and limitations of many techniques of sample decomposition along with examples of their application to geochemical analysis. The chemical properties of reagents as to their function as decomposition agents are also reviewed. The section on acid dissolution techniques addresses the various inorganic acids that are used individually or in combination in both open and closed systems. Fluxes used in sample fusion are discussed. The promising microwave-oven technology and the emerging field of automation are also examined. A section on applications highlights the use of decomposition techniques for the determination of Au, platinum group elements (PGEs), Hg, U, hydride-forming elements, rare earth elements (REEs), and multi-elements in geological materials. Partial dissolution techniques used for geochemical exploration which have been treated in detail elsewhere are not discussed here; nor are fire-assaying for noble metals and decomposition techniques for X-ray fluorescence or nuclear methods be discussed.
The behavioural repertoire of subyearling American shad (Alosa sapidissima) was studied in the laboratory to examine pathways leading to Aggregation and School formation at various group sizes (3–100 fish per 500-liter tank). Three hypotheses were tested: (1) schooling is the dominant behavioural activity of subyearling American shad, (2) development and maintenance of cohesive social behaviour is affected b group size, and (3) survival is a function of group size. Seventeen discrete behaviour patterns were observed. In relation to group size, the amount of time spent Schooling varied directly whereas Following and Aggregating varied inversely. The number of bouts of Parallel orient, Parallel swim, and Pivot also varied inversely with group size. A conceptual model was developed and tested to show how normal schooling behaviour is achieved in small or fragmented groups through intermediary modal action patterns. Sequence analysis showed behavioural diversity to diminish with group size, thereby increasing group cohesion and uniformity of response to stimuli. Probability of survival, determined from weekly mortality in experimental tanks, increased significantly with group size (0.87–0.98 for 3–100 fish). It is hypothesized that survival improves with an increase in the proportion of time spent Schooling, which may increase feeding efficiency, reduce stress, or reduce metabolic expenditures.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0426.1992.tb00676.x","usgsCitation":"Ross, R.M., and Backman, T.W., 1992, Mechanisms and function of school formation in subyearling American shad (Alosa sapidissima): Journal of Applied Ichthyology, v. 8, no. 1-4, p. 143-153, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1992.tb00676.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"153","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479608,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1992.tb00676.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":130562,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611d24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, R. M.","contributorId":39311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Backman, T. W. H.","contributorId":84307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Backman","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2000899,"text":"2000899 - 1992 - Methods for detoxifying the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol in a stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-16T16:07:58","indexId":"2000899","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":79,"text":"Resource Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"184","title":"Methods for detoxifying the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol in a stream","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Gilderhus, P., Bills, T., and Johnson, D., 1992, Methods for detoxifying the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol in a stream: Resource Publication 184, 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199183,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a1e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilderhus, P.A.","contributorId":60156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilderhus","given":"P.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bills, T.D.","contributorId":6393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bills","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, D.A.","contributorId":61370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016910,"text":"70016910 - 1992 - Improved apparatus for measuring hydraulic conductivity at low water content","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-14T06:17:16","indexId":"70016910","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improved apparatus for measuring hydraulic conductivity at low water content","docAbstract":"A modification of the steady-state centrifuge method (SSCM) for unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (K) measurement improves the range and adjustability of this method. The modified apparatus allows mechanical adjustments to vary the measured K by a factor of 360. In addition, the use of different flow-regulating ceramic materials can give a total K range covering about six orders of magnitude. The increment of K adjustment is a factor of about 1.6. This makes it potentially useful for measuring targeted values of K or, through a trial and error procedure, of water content (θ). The range extension afforded by this modification has led to the lowest steady-state K measurement to date: 1.1 × 10−11 m/s at θ of 0.068 m3water/m3 for a sandy soil of the Delhi series (mixed, thermic Typic Xeropsamment).
","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600060017x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J., Akstin, K., and Mello, K., 1992, Improved apparatus for measuring hydraulic conductivity at low water content: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 56, no. 6, p. 1758-1761, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600060017x.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1758","endPage":"1761","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224616,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3951e4b0c8380cd618a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, J. R. 0000-0001-8191-1727","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":58304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Akstin, K.C.","contributorId":105445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Akstin","given":"K.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mello, K.A.","contributorId":54241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mello","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016340,"text":"70016340 - 1992 - A proposed national mineral-resource assessment - A plan to assess the nonfuel mineral resources of the United States and its public lands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:42","indexId":"70016340","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2879,"text":"Nonrenewable Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A proposed national mineral-resource assessment - A plan to assess the nonfuel mineral resources of the United States and its public lands","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nonrenewable Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01782691","issn":"09611444","usgsCitation":"McCammon, R., and Briskey, J., 1992, A proposed national mineral-resource assessment - A plan to assess the nonfuel mineral resources of the United States and its public lands: Nonrenewable Resources, v. 1, no. 4, p. 259-266, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01782691.","startPage":"259","endPage":"266","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205332,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01782691"},{"id":223057,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e517e4b0c8380cd46b07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCammon, R.B.","contributorId":17218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCammon","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Briskey, J.A. Jr.","contributorId":18907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briskey","given":"J.A.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}