Brine seepage into the Dolores River from ground water in Paradox Valley, Colorado constitutes a major source of salt to the Colorado River. Plants are enderway to remove this source of salt by drawing down the Paradox Valley brine (PVB) and forcibly injecting it into a deep disposal well (4.8 km). Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of deep-well injection of PVB. The results show that PVB is near saturation with anhydrite at 25°C, and that heating results in anhydrite precipitation. The amount and the rate at which anhydrite forms is temperature, pressure, and substrate dependent. Paradox Valley brine heated in the presence of Precambrian rocks from the drill core produces the same amount of anhydrite as PVB heated alone, but at a greatly accelerated rate. A 30% dilution of PVB with Dolores River water completely eliminates anhydrite precipitation when the fluid is heated with the Precambrian rocks. Interaction of PVB and Leadville Limestone is characterized by dolomitization of calcite by brine Mg which releases Ca to solution. This added Ca reacts with SO4 to form increased amounts of anhydrite. A 20% dilution of PVB by Dolores River water has no effect on dolomitization and reduces the amount of anhydrite only slightly. A 65% dilution of PVB by Dolores River water still does not prevent dolomitization but does suppress anhydrite formation. Computer modeling of PVB by programs utilizing the Pitzer ion-interaction parameters is in general agreement with the experimental results. Ion-activity products calculated by both SOLMINEQ and PHRQPITZ are close to equilibrium with both anhydrite and dolomite whenever these phases are present experimentally, although the calculations over-estimate by a factor of 2 the degree of saturation. Some discrepancies in the calculated results between the two programs are due largely to differences in mineral solubility data.
Faecal samples were collected from wild birds frequenting salmonid fish hatcheries to determine if birds excrete infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus in their faeces. Samples were collected from early June through early September. IPN virus was detected in faeces from herons, mallards, and other birds at titres similar to the titres found in the hatchery fish. Bird predation and virus prevalence in bird faeces was much reduced at a hatchery using electric fence barriers to deter birds and at a hatchery where the entire raceway area was enclosed by netting.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0044-8486(92)90254-I","usgsCitation":"McAllister, P.E., and Owens, W.J., 1992, Recovery of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus from the faeces of wild piscivorous birds: Aquaculture, v. 106, no. 3/4, p. 227-232, https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(92)90254-I.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"227","endPage":"232","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131983,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"3/4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db635455","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McAllister, P. E.","contributorId":71913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAllister","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Owens, W. J.","contributorId":15968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owens","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017104,"text":"70017104 - 1992 - Widespread buried Precambrian layered sequences in the U.S. mid- continent: Evidence for large Proterozoic depositional basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-19T17:30:17.436221","indexId":"70017104","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Widespread buried Precambrian layered sequences in the U.S. mid- continent: Evidence for large Proterozoic depositional basins","docAbstract":"Large regions of the North American mid-continent are underlain by Precambrian layered rocks buried beneath Phanerozoic sedimentary strata. South of the Wichita Mountains, published seismic reflection profiles show a Precambrian layered assemblage extending for at least 40 km in both the north-south and east-west directions, and industry data show that it may continue 150 km to the southeast. Seismic reflection data in the Illinois region show a Precambrian layered assemblage extending 320 km in an east-west direction and 200 km in a north-south direction. In both cases, the layered rocks are as much as 12 km thick. Apparent sequence boundaries (onlap, downlap) within these assemblages suggest they are parts of large depositional basins with diffractions and dipping strat due to faulting. The layered sequences correlate with regions of relatively long-wavelength and low-amplitude magnetic anomalies; the extent of this magnetic signature suggests that about 200,000 km{2} of Illinois, Indiana, and western Ohio, about 50,000 km{2} of southernmost Oklahoma and north-central Texas, and about 32,000 km{2} of southern Missouri and northern Arkansas may be underlain by similar Precambrian strata.
Drill holes indicate that the top of the mid-continent Precambrian \"basement\" is composed largely of silicic igneous rocks. Such material may comprise a large part of the layered sequences. Alternatively, these igneous rocks could be intermixed with, or underlain by, nonvolcanic (meta?)sedimentary strata. The strong reflectivity of some layers suggest that minor mafic flows and/or sills may also be present. Analysis of U/Pb and Nd/Sm isotopes within the granites and rhyolites imply that the layered sequences postdate crustal formation at 1.7-2.0 Ga and predate or are contemporaneous with the 1.3-1.5 Ga crystallization ages of the granites and rhyolites. Though these layered rocks have a spatial association with igneous rocks and thus have likely been metamorphosed, the possibility tha they contain Precambrian hydrocarbons that escaped heating is as yet untested.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/BDFF89FC-1718-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Pratt, T.L., Hauser, E., and Nelson, K.D., 1992, Widespread buried Precambrian layered sequences in the U.S. mid- continent: Evidence for large Proterozoic depositional basins: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 76, no. 9, p. 1384-1401, https://doi.org/10.1306/BDFF89FC-1718-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1384","endPage":"1401","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224818,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mid-continent region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82,\n 44\n ],\n [\n -105,\n 44\n ],\n [\n -105,\n 31\n ],\n [\n -82,\n 31\n ],\n [\n -82,\n 44\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"76","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd0afe4b08c986b32efd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pratt, T. L.","contributorId":53072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hauser, E.C.","contributorId":41150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hauser","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, Kim","contributorId":92810,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"Kim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014903,"text":"1014903 - 1992 - Immunization of channel catfish with a crude, acid-extracted preparation of motile aeromonad S-layer protein Biomedical Letters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-07T13:12:31.178449","indexId":"1014903","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1036,"text":"Biomedical Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Immunization of channel catfish with a crude, acid-extracted preparation of motile aeromonad S-layer protein Biomedical Letters","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Ford, L., and Thune, R., 1992, Immunization of channel catfish with a crude, acid-extracted preparation of motile aeromonad S-layer protein Biomedical Letters: Biomedical Letters, v. 47, no. 188, p. 355-362.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"355","endPage":"362","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130843,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"188","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c647","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ford, L.A.","contributorId":25510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ford","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thune, R.L.","contributorId":100240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thune","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017106,"text":"70017106 - 1992 - Characteristics of a sandy depositional lobe on the outer Mississippi fan from SeaMARC IA sidescan sonar images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-22T13:22:47.519085","indexId":"70017106","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characteristics of a sandy depositional lobe on the outer Mississippi fan from SeaMARC IA sidescan sonar images","docAbstract":"SeaMARC IA sidescan sonar images of the distal reaches of a depositional lobe on the Mississippi Fan show that channelized rather than unconfined transport was the dominant transport mechanism for coarse-grained sediment during the formation of this part of the deep-sea fan. Overbank sheet flow of sands was not an important process in the transport and deposition of the sandy and silty sediment found on this fan. The dendritic distributary pattern and the high order of splaying of the channels, only one of which appears to have been active at a time, suggest that coarse-grained deposits on this fan are laterally discontinuous.
Humoral and cellular mechanisms of defense have been described for cephalopods, a relatively advanced group of mollusks. Typical of other mollusks, cephalopod agglutinins are the most documented component of humoral immunity. Lectins, which have agglutinating properties, have been described and characterized from octopuses. Agglutinins from cephalopod hemolymph have also been shown to agglutinate a variety of vertebrate red blood cells, as well as potential bacterial pathogens. Hemocytes are the primary component of cellular immunity. Although the hemocyte role in phagocytosis has been extensively studied in other mollusks, the mechanisms of phagocytosis have not been described extensively for cephalopods. Cephalopod hemocytes have phagocytic capabilities and may function in encapsulation and neutralization of foreign substances; however, the effects of environmental factors and the full extent of phagocytic capabilities of cephalopod hemocytes have not been reported. Hemocytes from cephalopods have a role in wound healing and inflammation which have been reported in detail by several investigators.
The Cordilleran orogen in south-eastern Alaska includes 14 distinct metamorphic belts that make up three major metamorphic complexes, from east to west: the Coast plutonic–metamorphic complex in the Coast Mountains; the Glacier Bay–Chichagof plutonic–metamorphic complex in the central part of the Alexander Archipelago; and the Chugach plutonic–metamorphic complex in the northern outer islands. Each of these complexes is related to a major subduction event. The metamorphic history of the Coast plutonic–metamorphic complex is lengthy and is related to the Late Cretaceous collision of the Alexander and Wrangellia terranes and the Gravina overlap assemblage to the west against the Stikine terrane to the east. The metamorphic history of the Glacier Bay–Chichagof plutonic–metamorphic complex is relatively simple and is related to the roots of a Late Jurassic to late Early Cretaceous island arc. The metamorphic history of the Chugach plutonic–metamorphic complex is complicated and developed during and after the Late Cretaceous collision of the Chugach terrane with the Wrangellia and Alexander terranes.
The Coast plutonic–metamorphic complex records both dynamothermal and regional contact metamorphic events related to widespread plutonism within several juxtaposed terranes. Widespread moderate-P/T dynamothermal metamorphism affected most of this complex during the early Late Cretaceous, and local high-P/T metamorphism affected some parts during the middle Late Cretaceous. These events were contemporaneous with low- to moderate-P, high-T metamorphism elsewhere in the complex. Finally, widespread high-P–T conditions affected most of the western part of the complex in a culminating late Late Cretaceous event. The eastern part of the complex contains an older, pre-Late Triassic metamorphic belt that has been locally overprinted by a widespread middle Tertiary thermal event.
The Glacier Bay–Chichagof plutonic–metamorphic complex records dominantly regional contact-metamorphic events that affected rocks of the Alexander and Wrangellia terranes. Widespread low-P, high-T assemblages occur adjacent to regionally extensive foliated granitic, dioritic and gabbroic rocks. Two closely related plutonic events are recognized, one of Late Jurassic age and another of late Early and early Late Cretaceous age; the associated metamorphic events are indistinguishable. A small Late Devonian or Early Mississippian dynamothermal belt occurs just north-east of the complex. Two older low-grade regional metamorphic belts on strike with the complex to the south are related to a Cambrian to Ordovician orogeny and to a widespread Middle Silurian to Early Devonian orogeny.
The Chugach plutonic–metamorphic complex records a widespread late Late Cretaceous low- to medium/high-P, moderate- T metamorphic event and a local transitional or superposed early Tertiary low-P, high-T regional metamorphic event associated with mesozonal granitic intrusions that affected regionally deformed and metamorphosed rocks of the Chugach terrane. The Chugach complex also includes a post-Late Triassic to pre-Late Jurassic belt with uncertain relations to the younger belts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1525-1314.1992.tb00097.x","issn":"02634929","usgsCitation":"Brew, D.A., Himmelberg, G.R., Loney, R.A., and Ford, A.B., 1992, Distribution and characteristics of metamorphic belts in the south-eastern Alaska part of the North American Cordillera: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 10, no. 3, p. 465-482, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1992.tb00097.x.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"465","endPage":"482","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225167,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-05-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a027fe4b0c8380cd50088","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brew, D. A.","contributorId":88344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brew","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Himmelberg, G. R.","contributorId":27106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Himmelberg","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loney, R. A.","contributorId":90757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loney","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ford, A. B.","contributorId":44924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ford","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1007874,"text":"1007874 - 1992 - Demographic structure of California chaparral in the long-term absence of fire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-21T16:54:24.945664","indexId":"1007874","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2490,"text":"Journal of Vegetation Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Demographic structure of California chaparral in the long-term absence of fire","docAbstract":"Demographic structure of 12 chaparral sites unburned for 56 to 120 years was investigated. All sites were dominated by vigorous shrub populations and, although there was colonization by seedlings of woodland tree species in several stands, successional replacement of chaparral was not imminent. Although successional changes in community composition were evident, there was no indication of a decline in species diversity. Non-sprouting species of Ceanothus suffered the greatest mortality at most, but not all, sites. Sprouting shrubs, such as Quercus and Heteromeles had very little mortality, even in stands more than a century old. All postfire resprouting species had multiple stems of different ages indicating these shrubs were capable of continuously regenerating their canopy from basal sprouts. Ceanothus populations were highly clumped and there was a significant correlation across all sites between variance/mean ratio and percentage mortality. As Ceanothus populations thinned, they became less clumped. In mixed chaparral stands, Quercus and Heteromeles were significantly taller than associated Ceanothus shrubs and overtopped the Ceanothus; at two sites, the density of live Quercus per plot was correlated with the density of dead Ceanothus. Thus, mortality of Ceanothus stems is likely related to both intra and interspecific interations.
Seedling recruitment was observed for most shrub species that regenerate after fire by resprouting; seedling and sapling densities ranging from 1000–36 500 ha-1 were recorded for Quercus dumosa, Rhamnus crocea, Prunus ilicifolia, Heteromeles arbutifolia and Cercocarpus betuloides. For all but the last species, seedlings and saplings were most abundant beneath the canopy cover and not in gaps. Across all sites, recruitment was significantly correlated with depth and bio-mass of the litter layer. Cercocarpus betuloides was present in several stands, but seedling establishment was found only in one very open, disturbed stand. Regardless of stand age, taxa such as Adenostoma, Arctostaphylos and Ceanothus, which recruit seedlings after fire, had no significant seedling production.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3236001","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J., 1992, Demographic structure of California chaparral in the long-term absence of fire: Journal of Vegetation Science, v. 3, p. 79-90, https://doi.org/10.2307/3236001.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"90","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129898,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-02-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66ed35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017162,"text":"70017162 - 1992 - Effects of climatic change and climatic variability on the Thornthwaite moisture index in the Delaware River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:52","indexId":"70017162","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1252,"text":"Climatic Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of climatic change and climatic variability on the Thornthwaite moisture index in the Delaware River basin","docAbstract":"The Thornthwaite moisture index is useful as an indicator of the supply of water in an area relative to the demand under prevailing climatic conditions. This study examines the effects of long-term changes in climate (temperature and precipitation) on the Thornthwaite moisture index in the Delaware River basin. Temperature and precipitation estimates for doubled-CO2 conditions derived from three general circulation models (GCMs) are used to study the response of the moisture index for steady-state doubled-CO2 conditions and for gradual changes from present to doubled-CO2 conditions. Results of the study indicate that temperature and precipitation under doubled-CO2 conditions will cause the Thornthwaite moisture index to decrease, implying significantly drier conditions in the Delaware River basin than currently exist. The amount of decrease depends, however, on the GCM climatic-change scenario used. The results also indicate that future changes in the moisture index will be partly masked by natural year-to-year variability in temperature and precipitation. ?? 1992 Kluwer Academic Publishers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Climatic Change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00154172","issn":"01650009","usgsCitation":"McCabe, G.J., and Wolock, D., 1992, Effects of climatic change and climatic variability on the Thornthwaite moisture index in the Delaware River basin: Climatic Change, v. 20, no. 2, p. 143-153, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00154172.","startPage":"143","endPage":"153","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205586,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00154172"},{"id":225007,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06b0e4b0c8380cd51390","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCabe, G. J. Jr.","contributorId":77551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolock, D.M. 0000-0002-6209-938X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":36601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017161,"text":"70017161 - 1992 - Mass transfer constraints on the chemical evolution of an active hydrothermal system, Valles caldera, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:53","indexId":"70017161","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mass transfer constraints on the chemical evolution of an active hydrothermal system, Valles caldera, New Mexico","docAbstract":"Partial equilibrium conditions occur between fluids and secondary minerals in the Valles hydrothermal system, contained principally in the Tertiary rhyolitic Bandelier Tuff. The mass transfer processes are governed by reactive phase compositions, surface areas, water-rock ratios, reaction rates, and fluid residence times. Experimental dissolution of the vitric phase of the tuff was congruent with respect to Cl in the solid and produced reaction rates which obeyed a general Arrhenius release rate between 250 and 300??C. The 18O differences between reacted and unreacted rock and fluids, and mass balances calculations involving Cl in the glass phase, produced comparable water-rock ratios of unity, confirming the importance of irreversible reaction of the vitric tuff. A fluid residence time of approximately 2 ?? 103 years, determined from fluid reservoir volume and discharge rates, is less than 0.2% of the total age of the hydrothermal system and denotes a geochemically and isotopically open system. Mass transfer calculations generally replicated observed reservoir pH, Pco2, and PO2 conditions, cation concentrations, and the secondary mineral assemblage between 250 and 300??C. The only extraneous component required to maintain observed calcite saturation and high Pco2 pressures was carbon presumably derived from underlying Paleozoic limestones. Phase rule constraints indicate that Cl was the only incompatible aqueous component not controlled by mineral equilibrium. Concentrations of Cl in the reservoir directly reflect mass transport rates as evidenced by correlations between anomalously high Cl concentrations in the fluids and tuff in the Valles caldera relative to other hydrothermal systems in rhyolitic rocks. ?? 1992.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"White, A.F., Chuma, N., and Goff, F., 1992, Mass transfer constraints on the chemical evolution of an active hydrothermal system, Valles caldera, New Mexico: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 49, no. 3-4, p. 233-253.","startPage":"233","endPage":"253","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224965,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5259e4b0c8380cd6c347","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, A. F.","contributorId":36546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chuma, N.J.","contributorId":48319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chuma","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goff, F.","contributorId":53408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goff","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1007906,"text":"1007906 - 1992 - Commissioned Review. Carbon: freshwater plants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-27T09:31:38","indexId":"1007906","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3090,"text":"Plant, Cell & Environment","onlineIssn":"1365-3040","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Commissioned Review. Carbon: freshwater plants","docAbstract":"δ13C values for freshwater aquatic plant matter varies from −11 to −50‰ and is not a clear indicator of photosynthetic pathway as in terrestrial plants. Several factors affect δ13C of aquatic plant matter. These include: (1) The δ13C signature of the source carbon has been observed to range from +1‰ for HCO3− derived from limestone to −30‰ for CO2 derived from respiration. (2) Some plants assimilate HCO3−, which is –7 to –11‰ less negative than CO2. (3) C3, C4, and CAM photosynthetic pathways are present in aquatic plants. (4) Diffusional resistances are orders of magnitude greater in the aquatic environment than in the aerial environment. The greater viscosity of water acts to reduce mixing of the carbon pool in the boundary layer with that of the bulk solution. In effect, many aquatic plants draw from a finite carbon pool, and as in terrestrial plants growing in a closed system, biochemical discrimination is reduced. In standing water, this factor results in most aquatic plants having a δ13C value similar to the source carbon. Using Farquhar's equation and other physiological data, it is possible to use δ13C values to evaluate various parameters affecting photosynthesis, such as limitations imposed by CO2 diffusion and carbon source.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Plant, Cell and Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3040.1992.tb01653.x","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J., and Sandquist, D., 1992, Commissioned Review. Carbon: freshwater plants: Plant, Cell & Environment, v. 15, no. 9, p. 1021-1035, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1992.tb01653.x.","startPage":"1021","endPage":"1035","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129818,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268428,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1992.tb01653.x"}],"volume":"15","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-04-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae6c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sandquist, D.R.","contributorId":37281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandquist","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017158,"text":"70017158 - 1992 - Redistribution of soil nitrogen, carbon and organic matter by mechanical disturbance during whole-tree harvesting in northern hardwoods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-19T10:23:57","indexId":"70017158","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Redistribution of soil nitrogen, carbon and organic matter by mechanical disturbance during whole-tree harvesting in northern hardwoods","docAbstract":"To investigate whether mechanical mixing during harvesting could account for losses observed from forest floor, we measured surface disturbance on a 22 ha watershed that was whole-tree harvested. Surface soil on each 10 cm interval along 81, randomly placed transects was classified immediately after harvesting as mineral or organic, and as undisturbed, depressed, rutted, mounded, scarified, or scalped (forest floor scraped away). We quantitatively sampled these surface categories to collect soil in which preharvest forest floor might reside after harvest. Mechanically mixed mineral and organic soil horizons were readily identified. Buried forest floor under mixed mineral soil occurred in 57% of mounds with mineral surface soil. Harvesting disturbed 65% of the watershed surface and removed forest floor from 25% of the area. Mechanically mixed soil under ruts with organic or mineral surface soil, and mounds with mineral surface soil contained organic carbon and nitrogen pools significantly greater than undisturbed forest floor. Mechanical mixing into underlying mineral soil could account for the loss of forest floor observed between the preharvest condition and the second growing season after whole-tree harvesting.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0378-1127(92)90162-3","issn":"03781127","usgsCitation":"Ryan, D., Huntington, T.G., and Wayne, M.C., 1992, Redistribution of soil nitrogen, carbon and organic matter by mechanical disturbance during whole-tree harvesting in northern hardwoods: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 49, no. 1-2, p. 87-99, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(92)90162-3.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"99","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488052,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(92)90162-3","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":224920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","otherGeospatial":" Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest","volume":"49","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3bae4b0e8fec6cdb948","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryan, D.F.","contributorId":43626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huntington, Thomas G. 0000-0002-9427-3530 thunting@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":117440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"Thomas","email":"thunting@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":375586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wayne, Martin C.","contributorId":84634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wayne","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017154,"text":"70017154 - 1992 - The influence of pH on biotite dissolution and alteration kinetics at low temperature","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-12T16:03:48.576753","indexId":"70017154","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The influence of pH on biotite dissolution and alteration kinetics at low temperature","docAbstract":"Biotite dissolution rates in acidic solutions were determined in fluidized-bed reactors and flowthrough columns. Biotite dissolution rates increased inversely as a linear function of pH in the pH range 3–7, where the rate order n = −0.34. Biotite dissolved incongruently over this pH range, with preferential release of magnesium and iron from the octahedral layer. Release of tetrahedral silicon was much greater at pH 3 than at higher pH. Iron release was significantly enhanced by low pH conditions.
Solution compositions from a continuous exposure flow-through column of biotite indicated biotite dissolves incongruently at pH 4, consistent with alteration to a vermiculite-type product. Solution compositions from a second intermittent-flow column exhibited elevated cation release rates upon the initiation of each exposure to solution.
The presence of strong oxidizing agents, the mineral surface area, and sample preparation methodology also influenced the dissolution or alteration kinetics of biotite.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(92)90290-Y","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Acker, J.G., and Bricker, O., 1992, The influence of pH on biotite dissolution and alteration kinetics at low temperature: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 56, no. 8, p. 3073-3092, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(92)90290-Y.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"3073","endPage":"3092","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224871,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad31e4b08c986b323a48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Acker, James G.","contributorId":52334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Acker","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bricker, O.P.","contributorId":33717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"O.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017150,"text":"70017150 - 1992 - Energy budgets and resistances to energy transport in sparsely vegetated rangeland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-21T16:53:42.972072","indexId":"70017150","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":681,"text":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Energy budgets and resistances to energy transport in sparsely vegetated rangeland","docAbstract":"Partitioning available energy between plants and bare soil in sparsely vegetated rangelands will allow hydrologists and others to gain a greater understanding of water use by native vegetation, especially phreatophytes. Standard methods of conducting energy budget studies result in measurements of latent and sensible heat fluxes above the plant canopy which therefore include the energy fluxes from both the canopy and the soil. One-dimensional theoretical numerical models have been proposed recently for the partitioning of energy in sparse crops. Bowen ratio and other micrometeorological data collected over phreatophytes growing in areas of shallow ground water in central Nevada were used to evaluate the feasibility of using these models, which are based on surface and within-canopy aerodynamic resistances, to determine heat and water vapor transport in sparsely vegetated rangelands. The models appear to provide reasonably good estimates of sensible heat flux from the soil and latent heat flux from the canopy. Estimates of latent heat flux from the soil were less satisfactory. Sensible heat flux from the canopy was not well predicted by the present resistance formulations. Also, estimates of total above-canopy fluxes were not satisfactory when using a single value for above-canopy bulk aerodynamic resistance.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0168-1923(92)90039-7","usgsCitation":"Nichols, W., 1992, Energy budgets and resistances to energy transport in sparsely vegetated rangeland: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, v. 60, no. 3-4, p. 221-247, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(92)90039-7.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"247","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224822,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0946e4b0c8380cd51e53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, William D.","contributorId":98296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"William D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017149,"text":"70017149 - 1992 - Morphology and genesis of carbonate soils on the Kyle Canyon fan, Nevada, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-27T18:50:22.681728","indexId":"70017149","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1760,"text":"Geoderma","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphology and genesis of carbonate soils on the Kyle Canyon fan, Nevada, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"The physical and chemical properties of soils formed in an arid climate on calcareous alluvium of the Kyle Canyon alluvial fan, southern Nevada, were studied in order to infer the rates and relative importance of various soil-forming processes. These studies included field and microscopic observations and analyses of thin sections, major oxides, extractable iron, and clay minerals. The results are interpreted to reflect five major pedogenic processes: (1) The calcic horizons and calcretes of Kyle Canyon soils form by precipitation of CaCO3, derived from eolian dust and alluvium, as clast coats, matrix cement, and massive layers. (2) The A and uppermost B horizons are essentially dust-derived, for they contain large amounts of detrital material not present in the alluvial parent material, and their major-oxide content is similar to that of modern dust. (3) Clay particles are translocated from A into B horizons. (4) Iron-bearing minerals in the near-surface B horizons are slowly oxidized. (5) Carbonate and aluminosilicate grains are both displaced and replaced by pedogenic CaCO3; the silica released by replacement of aluminosilicates may be locally precipitated as amorphous or opaline silica and (or) incorporated into newly formed palygorskite and sepiolite.
Rates of soil development at Kyle Canyon are approximate due to uncertainties in age estimates. Some soil field properties change at rates that are similar to rates for soils formed in rhyolitic parent material near Mercury, Nevada. The rate of accumulation of CaCO3 (3–5 g m−2 yr−1) at Kyle Canyon is an order of magnitude faster than that near Mercury, but is comparable to rates calculated for soils in southern New Mexico and Utah.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7061(92)90044-8","issn":"00167061","usgsCitation":"Reheis, M., Sowers, J., Taylor, E.M., McFadden, L.D., and Harden, J., 1992, Morphology and genesis of carbonate soils on the Kyle Canyon fan, Nevada, U.S.A.: Geoderma, v. 52, no. 3-4, p. 303-342, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(92)90044-8.","productDescription":"40 p.","startPage":"303","endPage":"342","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224779,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Kyle Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.02485441038871,\n 36.08389845190658\n ],\n [\n -114.83591375199063,\n 36.08389845190658\n ],\n [\n -114.83591375199063,\n 36.668503207542486\n ],\n [\n -116.02485441038871,\n 36.668503207542486\n ],\n [\n -116.02485441038871,\n 36.08389845190658\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5e4de4b0c8380cd70941","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reheis, M.C. 0000-0002-8359-323X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8359-323X","contributorId":36128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reheis","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sowers, J.M.","contributorId":89546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sowers","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, E. M.","contributorId":55842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McFadden, L. D.","contributorId":15765,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McFadden","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harden, J.W. 0000-0002-6570-8259","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":38585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70016904,"text":"70016904 - 1992 - Multispectral thermal infrared mapping of the 1 October 1988 Kupaianaha flow field, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:53","indexId":"70016904","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multispectral thermal infrared mapping of the 1 October 1988 Kupaianaha flow field, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Multispectral thermal infrared radiance measurements of the Kupaianaha flow field were acquired with the NASA airborne Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) on the morning of 1 October 1988. The TIMS data were used to map both the temperature and emissivity of the surface of the flow field. The temperature map depicted the underground storage and transport of lava. The presence of molten lava in a tube or tumulus resulted in surface temperatures that were at least 10?? C above ambient. The temperature map also clearly defined the boundaries of hydrothermal plumes which resulted from the entry of lava into the ocean. The emissivity map revealed the boundaries between individual flow units within the Kupaianaha field. In general, the emissivity of the flows varied systematically with age but the relationship between age and emissivity was not unique. Distinct spectral anomalies, indicative of silica-rich surface materials, were mapped near fumaroles and ocean entry sites. This apparent enrichment in silica may have resulted from an acid-induced leaching of cations from the surfaces of glassy flows. Such incipient alteration may have been the cause for virtually all of the emissivity variations observed on the flow field, the spectral anomalies representing areas where the acid attack was most intense. ?? 1992 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00301118","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Realmuto, V., Hon, K., Kahle, A., Abbott, E., and Pieri, D., 1992, Multispectral thermal infrared mapping of the 1 October 1988 Kupaianaha flow field, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 55, no. 1-2, p. 33-44, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00301118.","startPage":"33","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205496,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301118"},{"id":224516,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a60a8e4b0c8380cd715e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Realmuto, V.J.","contributorId":60779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Realmuto","given":"V.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hon, K.","contributorId":20471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hon","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kahle, A.B.","contributorId":36928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kahle","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Abbott, E.A.","contributorId":64814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbott","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pieri, D.C.","contributorId":100547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pieri","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017296,"text":"70017296 - 1992 - A spatial model to aggregate point-source and nonpoint-source water-quality data for large areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T15:19:28","indexId":"70017296","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A spatial model to aggregate point-source and nonpoint-source water-quality data for large areas","docAbstract":"More objective and consistent methods are needed to assess water quality for large areas. A spatial model, one that capitalizes on the topologic relationships among spatial entities, to aggregate pollution sources from upstream drainage areas is described that can be implemented on land surfaces having heterogeneous water-pollution effects. An infrastructure of stream networks and drainage basins, derived from 1:250,000-scale digital-elevation models, define the hydrologic system in this spatial model. The spatial relationships between point- and nonpoint pollution sources and measurement locations are referenced to the hydrologic infrastructure with the aid of a geographic information system. A maximum-branching algorithm has been developed to simulate the effects of distance from a pollutant source to an arbitrary downstream location, a function traditionally employed in deterministic water quality models. ?? 1992.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0098-3004(92)90021-I","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"White, D., Smith, R.A., Price, C.V., Alexander, R.B., and Robinson, K.W., 1992, A spatial model to aggregate point-source and nonpoint-source water-quality data for large areas: Computers & Geosciences, v. 18, no. 8, p. 1055-1073, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(92)90021-I.","startPage":"1055","endPage":"1073","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266167,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(92)90021-I"},{"id":224927,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5a1e4b0c8380cd46ea7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, D.A.","contributorId":24502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, R. A.","contributorId":60584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Price, C. V.","contributorId":19190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Alexander, R. B.","contributorId":108103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Robinson, K. W.","contributorId":27488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017213,"text":"70017213 - 1992 - Associations of free-living bacteria and dissolved organic compounds in a plume of contaminated groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:53","indexId":"70017213","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Associations of free-living bacteria and dissolved organic compounds in a plume of contaminated groundwater","docAbstract":"Associations of free-living bacteria (FLB) and dissolved organic contaminants in a 4-km-long plume of sewage-contaminated groundwater were investigated. Abundance of FLB in the core of the plume (as delineated by maximum specific conductance) steadily decreased in the direction of flow from a point 0.25 km downgradient from the source to the toe of the plume. At 0.25 km downgradient, FLB comprised up to 31% of the total bacterial population, but constituted < 7% of the population at 2 km downgradient. Abundance of FLB correlated strongly (r = 0.80 n = 23) with total dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in contaminated groundwater between 0.64 and 2.1 km downgradient, although distributions of individual contaminants such as di-, tri- and tetrachloroethene were highly variable, and their association with FLB less clear. Numbers of FLB in the downgradient portion of the plume which is contaminated with branched-chain alkylbenzenesulfonate (ABS) surfactants were low (< 5??108/L) in spite of relatively high levels of DOC (up to 4 mg/L). However, abundance of FLB correlated strongly with non-surfactant DOC along vertical transects through the plume. The ratio of FLB to DOC and the ratio of FLB to attached bacteria generally decreased in the direction of flow and, consequently, with the age of the organic contaminants.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","conferenceTitle":"Pacifichem '89","conferenceDate":"17 December 1989 through 22 December 1989","conferenceLocation":"Honolulu, HI, USA","language":"English","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Harvey, R., and Barber, L., 1992, Associations of free-living bacteria and dissolved organic compounds in a plume of contaminated groundwater, in Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 9, no. 1-2, Honolulu, HI, USA, 17 December 1989 through 22 December 1989, p. 91-103.","startPage":"91","endPage":"103","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225057,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee95e4b0c8380cd49e41","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"McCalady Donald L.","contributorId":128410,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"McCalady Donald L.","id":536359,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, R.W. 0000-0002-2791-8503","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":11757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barber, L.B. II","contributorId":6097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"L.B.","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017214,"text":"70017214 - 1992 - Synthetic organic agrochemicals in the lower Mississippi River and its major tributaries: Distribution, transport and fate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:53","indexId":"70017214","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Synthetic organic agrochemicals in the lower Mississippi River and its major tributaries: Distribution, transport and fate","docAbstract":"The Mississippi River and its major tributaries transport herbicides and their degradation products from agricultural areas in the mid-western U.S.A. These compounds include atrazine and its degradation products (desethyl- and desisopropylatrazine), simazine, cyanazine, metolachlor, and alachlor and its degradation products (2-chloro-2',6'-diethylacetanilide, 2-hydroxy-2',6'-diethylacetanilide and 2,6-diethylaniline). These compounds were identified and confirmed by gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry. Loads of these compounds were determined during five sampling trips in 1987-1989. Stream loads of these compounds indicated that atrazine and metolachlor were relatively conservative in downstream transport. Alachlor and its degradation products were generated from point and non-point sources. Seasonal variations and hydrologic conditions controlled the loads of these compounds in the Mississippi River. Cross-channel mixing was slow downstream from major river confluences, possibly requiring several hundred kilometers of downriver transit for completion. The annual transport of these compounds into the Gulf of Mexico was estimated to be < 2% of the annual application of each herbicide in the Midwest.The Mississippi River and its major tributaries transport herbicides and their degradation products from agricultural areas in the mid-western U.S.A. These compounds include atrazine and its degradation products (desethyl- and desisopropylatrazine), simazine, cyanazine, metolachlor, and alachlor and its degradation products (2-chloro-2???,6???-diethylacetanilide, 2-hydroxy-2???,6???-diethylacetanilide and 2,6-diethylaniline). These compounds were identified and confirmed by gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry. Loads of these compounds were determined during five sampling trips in 1987-1989. Stream loads of these compounds indicated that atrazine and metolachlor were relatively conservative in downstream transport. Alachlor and its degradation products were generated from point and non-point sources. Seasonal variations and hydrologic conditions controlled the loads of these compounds in the Mississippi River. Cross-channel mixing was slow downstream from major river confluences, possibly requiring several hundred kilometers of downriver transit for completion. The annual transport of these compounds into the Gulf of Mexico was estimated to be <2% of the annual application of each herbicide in the Midwest.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","conferenceTitle":"Pacifichem '89","conferenceDate":"17 December 1989 through 22 December 1989","conferenceLocation":"Honolulu, HI, USA","language":"English","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Pereira, W.E., Rostad, C., and Leiker, T., 1992, Synthetic organic agrochemicals in the lower Mississippi River and its major tributaries: Distribution, transport and fate, in Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 9, no. 1-2, Honolulu, HI, USA, 17 December 1989 through 22 December 1989, p. 175-188.","startPage":"175","endPage":"188","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225058,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba35fe4b08c986b31fc9e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"McCalady Donald L.","contributorId":128410,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"McCalady Donald L.","id":536360,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Pereira, W. E.","contributorId":46981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pereira","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rostad, C.E.","contributorId":50939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rostad","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leiker, T.J.","contributorId":96719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leiker","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017314,"text":"70017314 - 1992 - Determining baselines and variability of elements in plants and soils near the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:53","indexId":"70017314","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determining baselines and variability of elements in plants and soils near the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska","docAbstract":"Recent investigations on the Kenai Peninsula had two major objectives: (1) to establish elemental baseline concentrations ranges for native vegetation and soils; and, (2) to determine the sampling density required for preparing stable regional geochemical maps for various elements in native plants and soils. These objectives were accomplished using an unbalanced, nested analysis-of-variance (ANOVA) barbell sampling design. Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) BSG (feather moss, whole plant), Picea glauca (Moench) Voss (white spruce, twigs and needles), and soil horizons (02 and C) were collected and analyzed for major and trace total element concentrations. Using geometric means and geometric deviations, expected baseline ranges for elements were calculated. Results of the ANOVA show that intensive soil or plant sampling is needed to reliably map the geochemistry of the area, due to large local variability. For example, producing reliable element maps of feather moss using a 50 km cell (at 95% probability) would require sampling densities of from 4 samples per cell for Al, Co, Fe, La, Li, and V, to more than 15 samples per cell for Cu, Pb, Se, and Zn.Recent investigations on the Kenai Peninsula had two major objectives: (1) to establish elemental baseline concentrations ranges for native vegetation and soils; and, (2) to determine the sampling density required for preparing stable regional geochemical maps for various elements in native plants and soils. These objectives were accomplished using an unbalanced, nested analysis-of-variance (ANOVA) barbell sampling design. Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) BSG (feather moss, whole plant), Picea glauca (Moench) Voss (white spruce, twigs and needles), and soil horizons (02 and C) were collected and analyzed for major and trace total element concentrations. Using geometric means and geometric deviations, expected baseline ranges for elements were calculated. Results of the ANOVA show that intensive soil or plant sampling is needed to reliably map the geochemistry of the area, due to large local variability. For example, producing reliable element maps of feather moss using a 50 km cell (at 95% probability) would require sampling densities of from 4 samples per cell Al, Co, Fe, La, Li, and V, to more than 15 samples per cell for Cu, Pb, Se, and Zn.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/BF00475493","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Crock, J., Severson, R.C., and Gough, L.P., 1992, Determining baselines and variability of elements in plants and soils near the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 63, no. 3-4, p. 253-271, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00475493.","startPage":"253","endPage":"271","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205615,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00475493"},{"id":225213,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffede4b0c8380cd4f49d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crock, J.G.","contributorId":58236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crock","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Severson, R. C.","contributorId":46498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Severson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gough, L. P.","contributorId":64198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gough","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014697,"text":"1014697 - 1992 - Retention of visible implant tags in lake trout and Atlantic salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-24T14:56:20.853935","indexId":"1014697","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Retention of visible implant tags in lake trout and Atlantic salmon","docAbstract":"Retention and readability of visible implant (VI) tags were evaluated in adult (2‐yearold) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), adult (4‐year‐old) lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), and yearling (10‐month‐old) fish of both species. Tags were implanted in adipose eyelid tissue posterior to the eye. After 10 months, retention in yearlings was 49% by Atlantic salmon and 41% by lake trout. In adults, retention was 84% by Atlantic salmon and 45% by lake trout. Tag retention in yearling Atlantic salmon increased with fish weight at tagging; tag retention, by weight‐groups, was 0% for fish that weighed 20 g or less; 46% for 21–40‐g fish; and 71% for 41–99‐g fish. Tag retention in adults of Atlantic salmon and lake trout was not related to fish weight. After 10 months, the percentage of readable tags was 100% in yearling Atlantic salmon and 82% in adult Atlantic salmon, and 0% in yearling lake trout and 77% in adult lake trout. None of the tags in yearling lake trout were readable 294 d after implant, because of cloudiness of the adipose eyelid tissue. Tags recovered from fish with cloudy adipose tissue were readable. The proportion of total tag loss occurring in the first 70 d after tagging was 78% in yearling Atlantic salmon and 22% in adult Atlantic salmon, and 67% in yearling lake trout and 41% in adult lake trout. An illuminated magnifier lamp (1.7 × magnification) greatly increased the readability of the VI tags. The VI tags were effective for Atlantic salmon larger than 30 g, but they were not effective for lake trout.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1992)054%3C0163:ROVITI%3E2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Kincaid, H.L., and Calkins, G., 1992, Retention of visible implant tags in lake trout and Atlantic salmon: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 54, no. 3, p. 163-170, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1992)054%3C0163:ROVITI%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"170","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131176,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db6043bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kincaid, H. L.","contributorId":21891,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kincaid","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calkins, G.T.","contributorId":48133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calkins","given":"G.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}