{"pageNumber":"4266","pageRowStart":"106625","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184904,"records":[{"id":70017010,"text":"70017010 - 1992 - Statistical sampling of the distribution of uranium deposits using geologic/geographic clusters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:53","indexId":"70017010","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2879,"text":"Nonrenewable Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Statistical sampling of the distribution of uranium deposits using geologic/geographic clusters","docAbstract":"The concept of geologic/geographic clusters was developed particularly to study grade and tonnage models for sandstone-type uranium deposits. A cluster is a grouping of mined as well as unmined uranium occurrences within an arbitrary area about 8 km across. A cluster is a statistical sample that will reflect accurately the distribution of uranium in large regions relative to various geologic and geographic features. The example of the Colorado Plateau Uranium Province reveals that only 3 percent of the total number of clusters is in the largest tonnage-size category, greater than 10,000 short tons U3O8, and that 80 percent of the clusters are hosted by Triassic and Jurassic rocks. The distributions of grade and tonnage for clusters in the Powder River Basin show a wide variation; the grade distribution is highly variable, reflecting a difference between roll-front deposits and concretionary deposits, and the Basin contains about half the number in the greater-than-10,000 tonnage-size class as does the Colorado Plateau, even though it is much smaller. The grade and tonnage models should prove useful in finding the richest and largest uranium deposits. ?? 1992 Oxford University Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nonrenewable Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01782268","issn":"09611444","usgsCitation":"Finch, W., Grundy, W., and Pierson, C.T., 1992, Statistical sampling of the distribution of uranium deposits using geologic/geographic clusters: Nonrenewable Resources, v. 1, no. 2, p. 148-152, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01782268.","startPage":"148","endPage":"152","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205523,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01782268"},{"id":224672,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9741e4b08c986b31b99b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finch, W.I.","contributorId":75919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finch","given":"W.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grundy, W.D.","contributorId":73227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grundy","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pierson, C. T.","contributorId":57055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017328,"text":"70017328 - 1992 - Earth and Mars: Water inventories as clues to accretional histories","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-15T23:21:30.580845","indexId":"70017328","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earth and Mars: Water inventories as clues to accretional histories","docAbstract":"

The Earth has 2.7 km of water on its surface. Its mantle contains at least 150 ppm water, and probably significantly more depending on the amount of undepleted mantle and subducted crustal water that is present. Geologic evidence suggests that a few hundred meters of water are close to the Martian surface, but evidence from SNC meteorites indicates that the Martian mantle is very dry, containing no more than about 35 ppm water. Part of the difference in water content of the mantles of the two planets is attributed to plate tectonics. However, the Earth's mantle appears to contain at least several times the water content of the Martian mantle, even accounting for plate tectonics. We attribute the difference to two possible causes. The first possibility is that melting of the Earth's surface during accretion, as a result of the development of a steam atmosphere, allowed impact-devolatized water at the surface to dissolve into the Earth's interior. In contrast, because of Mars' smaller size and greater distance from the Sun, the Martian surface may not have melted, so that the devolatilized water could not dissolve into the surface. A second and preferred possibility is that Mars, like the Earth, acquired a late volatile rich veneer, but it did not get folded into the interior as with the Earth, but instead remained as a water-rich veneer. The perception of Mars as having a wet surface, but a dry interior, is consistent with what we know of the geologic history of Mars, which can be viewed as the progressive intrusion and overplating of a water-rich crust by dry, mantle-derived volcanic rocks.




","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(92)90207-N","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Carr, M.H., and Wanke, H., 1992, Earth and Mars: Water inventories as clues to accretional histories: Icarus, v. 98, no. 1, p. 61-71, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(92)90207-N.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"71","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224691,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0498e4b0c8380cd50a94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":376146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wanke, H.","contributorId":32685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanke","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017277,"text":"70017277 - 1992 - The uncertainty in earthquake conditional probabilities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-13T00:59:33.392647","indexId":"70017277","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The uncertainty in earthquake conditional probabilities","docAbstract":"

The Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities (WGCEP) questioned the relevance of uncertainty intervals assigned to earthquake conditional probabilities on the basis that the uncertainty in the probability estimate seemed to be greater the smaller the intrinsic breadth of the recurrence-interval distribution. I show here that this paradox depends upon a faulty measure of uncertainty in the conditional probability and that with a proper measure of uncertainty no paradox exists. I also challenge the assertion that the WGCEP probability assessment in 1988 correctly forecast the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake by showing that posterior probability of rupture inferred after the occurrence of the earthquake from the prior WGCEP probability distribution reverts to a nearly informationless distribution.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/92GL00544","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Savage, J., 1992, The uncertainty in earthquake conditional probabilities: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 19, no. 7, p. 709-712, https://doi.org/10.1029/92GL00544.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"709","endPage":"712","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224589,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb148e4b08c986b3252ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017309,"text":"70017309 - 1992 - Effect of salinity on the critical nitrogen concentration of Spartina alterniflora Loisel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-28T17:37:42.751006","indexId":"70017309","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":861,"text":"Aquatic Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Effect of salinity on the critical nitrogen concentration of Spartina alterniflora Loisel","title":"Effect of salinity on the critical nitrogen concentration of Spartina alterniflora Loisel","docAbstract":"

Nitrogen was withheld from the salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora Loisel., in order to determine the effect of salinity (sea salts) on critical tissue nitrogen concentrations (defined here as the minimum tissue concentration required to sustain biomass accumulation). The critical nitrogen concentration per kilogram dry weight of above-ground tissue increased non-linearly from a mean of 8.2 g kg−1 at 5 g l−1 and 20 g l−1 salinity to 13.6 g kg−1 and 22.9 g kg−1 at salinities of 40 g l−1 and 50 g l−1, respectively. Below-ground tissue nitrogen concentrations averaged 62% of the above-ground values irrespective of salinity treatment. These results suggest that the critical nitrogen concentration is a function of salinity and indicate that the internal nitrogen supply required in support of growth increases with salinity. Above-ground tissue nitrogen concentrations reported in the literature and the relationship between salinity and critical nitrogen concentration observed in this study were used to evaluate the nitrogen status of S. alterniflora over a wide range of geographical locations. Comparisons suggest that both short and tall forms of S. alterniflora are nitrogen limited in the majority of marshes along the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts of the US.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0304-3770(92)90040-P","usgsCitation":"Bradley, P., and Morris, J.T., 1992, Effect of salinity on the critical nitrogen concentration of Spartina alterniflora Loisel: Aquatic Botany, v. 43, no. 2, p. 149-161, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(92)90040-P.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"161","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225113,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0602e4b0c8380cd51093","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morris, J. T.","contributorId":70422,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morris","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017280,"text":"70017280 - 1992 - Mechanisms of iron photoreduction in a metal-rich, acidic stream (St. Kevin Gulch, Colorado, U.S.A.)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T20:31:55","indexId":"70017280","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mechanisms of iron photoreduction in a metal-rich, acidic stream (St. Kevin Gulch, Colorado, U.S.A.)","docAbstract":"Iron photoreduction in metal-rich, acidic streams affected by mine drainage accounts for some of the variability in metal chemistry of such streams, producing diel variations in Fe(II). Differentiation of the mechanisms of the Fe photoreduction reaction by a series of in-stream experiments at St. Kevin Gulch, Colorado, indicates that a homogeneous, solution-phase reaction can occur in the absence of suspended particulate Fe and bacteria, and the rate of reaction is increased by the presence of Fe colloids in the stream water. In-stream Fe photoreduction is limited during the diel cycle by the available Fe(III) in the water column and streambed. The quantum yield of Fe(II) was reproducible in diel measurements: the quantum yield, in mol E-1 (from 300 to 400 nm) was 1.4 ?? 10-3 in 1986, 0.8 ?? 10-3 in 1988 and 1.2 ?? 10-3 in 1989, at the same location and under similar streamflow and stream-chemistry conditions. In a photolysis control experiment, there was no detectable production of Fe(II) above background concentrations in stream-water samples that were experimentally excluded from sunlight. ?? 1992.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(92)90130-W","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Kimball, B.A., McKnight, D.M., Wetherbee, G., and Harnish, R., 1992, Mechanisms of iron photoreduction in a metal-rich, acidic stream (St. Kevin Gulch, Colorado, U.S.A.): Chemical Geology, v. 96, no. 1-2, p. 227-239, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(92)90130-W.","startPage":"227","endPage":"239","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224641,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266071,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(92)90130-W"}],"volume":"96","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5370e4b0c8380cd6cab0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimball, B. A.","contributorId":87583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kimball","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":375973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wetherbee, G.A.","contributorId":46136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wetherbee","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harnish, R.A.","contributorId":44565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harnish","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017308,"text":"70017308 - 1992 - Hydrous pyrolysis of crude oil in gold-plated reactors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-14T05:52:59","indexId":"70017308","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrous pyrolysis of crude oil in gold-plated reactors","docAbstract":"

Crude oils from Iraq and California have been pyrolyzed under hydrous conditions at 200 and 300°C for time periods up to 210 days, in gold-plated reactors. Elemental (vanadium, nickel), stable isotopic (carbon), and molecular (n-alkanes, acyclic isoprenoids, steranes, terpanes and aromatic steroid hydrocarbons) analyses were made on the original and pyrolyzed oils. Various conventional crude oil maturity parameters, including 20S/(20S + 20R)-24-ethylcholestane ratios and the side-chain-length distribution of aliphatic and aromatic steroidal hydrocarbons, were measured in an effort to assess the modification of molecular maturity parameters in clay-free settings, similar to those encountered in “clean” reservoirs.

Concentrations of vanadium and nickel in the Iraq oil decrease significantly and the V/(V + Ni) ratio decreases slightly, with increasing pyrolysis time/temperature. Whole oil carbon isotope ratios remain fairly constant during pyrolysis, as do hopane/sterane ratios and carbon number distribution of 5α(H),14α(H),17α(H),20R steranes. These latter three parameters are considered maturity-invariant.

The ratios of short side-chain components to long side-chain components of the regular steranes [C21/(C21 + C29R)] and the triaromatic steroid hydrocarbons [C21/(C21 + C28)] vary systematically with increasing pyrolysis time, indicating that these parameters may be useful as molecular maturity parameters for crude oils in clay-free reservoir rocks. In addition, decreases in bisnorhopane/hopane ratio with increasing pyrolysis time, in a clay-free and kerogen-free environment, suggest that the distribution of these compounds is controlled by either differential thermal stabilities or preferential release from a higher-molecular weight portion of the oil.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(92)90100-C","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Curiale, J., Lundegard, P., and Kharaka, Y., 1992, Hydrous pyrolysis of crude oil in gold-plated reactors: Organic Geochemistry, v. 18, no. 5, p. 745-756, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(92)90100-C.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"745","endPage":"756","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225112,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37b2e4b0c8380cd6109e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curiale, J.A.","contributorId":84078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curiale","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lundegard, P.D.","contributorId":71323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lundegard","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kharaka, Y.K.","contributorId":23568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kharaka","given":"Y.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017307,"text":"70017307 - 1992 - Progress report on the Worldwide Earthquake Risk Management (WWERM) Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:47","indexId":"70017307","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Progress report on the Worldwide Earthquake Risk Management (WWERM) Program","docAbstract":"Considerable progress has been made in the Worldwide Earthquake Risk Management (WWERM) Program since its initiation in late 1989 as a cooperative program of the Agency for International Development (AID), Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA), and the U.S. Geological Survey. Probabilistic peak acceleration and peak Modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) maps have been prepared for Chile and for Sulawesi province in Indonesia. Earthquake risk (loss) studies for dwellings in Gorontalo, North Sulawesi, have been completed and risk studies for dwellings in selected areas of central Chile are underway. A special study of the effect of site response on earthquake ground motion estimation in central Chile has also been completed and indicates that site response may modify the ground shaking by as much as plus or minus two units of MMI. A program for the development of national probabilistic ground motion maps for the Philippines is now underway and pilot studies of earthquake ground motion and risk are being planned for Morocco.","largerWorkTitle":"NIST Special Publication","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 24th Joint Meeting on Wind and Seismic Effects","conferenceLocation":"Gaithersburg, MD, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by Natl Inst of Standards & Technology","publisherLocation":"Gaithersburg, MD, United States","usgsCitation":"Algermissen, S.T., Hays, W., and Krumpe, P.R., 1992, Progress report on the Worldwide Earthquake Risk Management (WWERM) Program, in NIST Special Publication, no. 843, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, p. 329-336.","startPage":"329","endPage":"336","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225063,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"843","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8eaae4b0c8380cd7f30f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Algermissen, S. T.","contributorId":39790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Algermissen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hays, Walter W.","contributorId":66669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hays","given":"Walter W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krumpe, Paul R.","contributorId":69310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krumpe","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014852,"text":"1014852 - 1992 - Host defense mechanisms of Cephalopods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-28T16:04:41.663908","indexId":"1014852","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":810,"text":"Annual Review of Fish Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Host defense mechanisms of Cephalopods","docAbstract":"

Humoral and cellular mechanisms of defense have been described for cephalopods, a relatively advanced group of mollusks. Typical of other mollusks, cephalopod agglutinins are the most documented component of humoral immunity. Lectins, which have agglutinating properties, have been described and characterized from octopuses. Agglutinins from cephalopod hemolymph have also been shown to agglutinate a variety of vertebrate red blood cells, as well as potential bacterial pathogens. Hemocytes are the primary component of cellular immunity. Although the hemocyte role in phagocytosis has been extensively studied in other mollusks, the mechanisms of phagocytosis have not been described extensively for cephalopods. Cephalopod hemocytes have phagocytic capabilities and may function in encapsulation and neutralization of foreign substances; however, the effects of environmental factors and the full extent of phagocytic capabilities of cephalopod hemocytes have not been reported. Hemocytes from cephalopods have a role in wound healing and inflammation which have been reported in detail by several investigators.




","language":"English","publisher":"Annual Reviews","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90054-2","usgsCitation":"Ford, L., 1992, Host defense mechanisms of Cephalopods: Annual Review of Fish Diseases, v. 2, p. 15-41, https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-8030(92)90054-2.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"41","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131662,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62be07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ford, Larisa","contributorId":191025,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ford","given":"Larisa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017306,"text":"70017306 - 1992 - Accretionary margin of north-western Hispaniola: morphology, structure and development of part of the northern Caribbean plate boundary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T17:02:00","indexId":"70017306","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accretionary margin of north-western Hispaniola: morphology, structure and development of part of the northern Caribbean plate boundary","docAbstract":"

Broad-range side-scan sonar (GLORIA) images and single- and multi-channel seismic reflection profiles demonstrate that the margin of north-western Hispaniola has experienced compression as a consequence of oblique North American-Caribbean plate convergence. Two principal morphological or structural types of accretionary wedges are observed along this margin. The first type is characterized by a gently sloping (≈4°) sea floor and generally margin-parallel linear sets of sea-floor ridges that gradually deepen towards the flat Hispaniola Basin floor to the north. The ridges are caused by an internal structure consisting of broad anticlines bounded by thrust faults that dip southwards beneath Hispaniola. Anticlines form at the base of the slope and are eventually sheared and underthrust beneath the slope. In contrast, the second type of accretionary wedge exhibits a steeper (≈6–16°) sea-floor slope characterized by local slumping and a more abrupt morphological transition to the adjacent basin. The internal structure appears chaotic on seismic reflection profiles and probably consists of tight folds and closely spaced faults. We suggest that changes in sea-floor declivity and internal structure may result from variations in the dip or frictional resistance of the décollement, or possibly from changes in the cohesive strength of the wedge sediments. The observed pattern of thickening of Hispaniola Basin turbidites towards the insular margin suggests differential southwards tilting of the Hispaniola Basin strata, probably in response to North America-Caribbean plate interactions since the Early Tertiary. Based upon indirect age control from adjacent parts of the northern caribbean plate boundary, we infer a Late Eocene to Early Miocene episode of transcurrent motion (i.e. little or no tilting), an Early Miocene to Late Pliocene period of oblique convergence (i.e. increased tilt) during which the accretionary wedge began to be constructed, and a Late Pliocene to Recent episode of increased convergence (i.e. twice the Miocene to Pliocene tilt), which has led to rapid uplift and erosion of sediment sources on the margin and on Hispaniola, generating a submarine fan at the base of the insular slope.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0264-8172(92)90005-Y","usgsCitation":"Dillon, W.P., Austin, J.A., Scanlon, K.M., Terence, E.N., and Parson, L., 1992, Accretionary margin of north-western Hispaniola: morphology, structure and development of part of the northern Caribbean plate boundary: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 9, no. 1, Pages 70–72, IN1–IN2, 73–80, IN3–IN6, 81–88, https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(92)90005-Y.","productDescription":"Pages 70–72, IN1–IN2, 73–80, IN3–IN6, 81–88","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e671e4b0c8380cd4742b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":376069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Austin, James A. Jr.","contributorId":72139,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Austin","given":"James","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12811,"text":"Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas, Austin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":376068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scanlon, Kathryn M.","contributorId":6816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scanlon","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Terence, Edgar N.","contributorId":13754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terence","given":"Edgar","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Parson, L.M.","contributorId":69156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parson","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017165,"text":"70017165 - 1992 - Electromagnetic methods for mapping freshwater lenses on Micronesian atoll islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T16:44:34.998388","indexId":"70017165","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Electromagnetic methods for mapping freshwater lenses on Micronesian atoll islands","docAbstract":"
The overall shape of freshwater lenses can be determined by applying electromagnetic methods and inverse layered-earth modeling to the mapping of atoll island freshwater lenses. Conductivity profiles were run across the width of the inhabited islands at Mwoakilloa, Pingelap, and Sapwuahfik atolls of the Pohnpei State, Federated States of Micronesia using a dual-loop, frequency-domain, electromagnetic profiling system. Six values of apparent conductivity were recorded at each sounding station and were used to interpret layer conductivities and/or thicknesses. A three-layer model that includes the unsaturated, freshwater, and saltwater zones was used to simulate apparent-conductivity data measured in the field.
Interpreted results were compared with chloride-concentration data from monitoring wells and indicate that the interface between freshwater and saltwater layers, defined from electromagnetic data, is located in the upper part of the transition zone, where the chloride-concentration profile shows a rapid increase with depth. The electromagnetic method can be used to interpret the thickness of the freshwater between monitoring wells, but can not be used to interpret the thickness of freshwater from monitoring wells to the margin of an island.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(92)90050-6","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Anthony, S.S., 1992, Electromagnetic methods for mapping freshwater lenses on Micronesian atoll islands: Journal of Hydrology, v. 137, no. 1-4, p. 99-111, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(92)90050-6.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"111","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225054,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"137","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08a4e4b0c8380cd51be5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anthony, S. S.","contributorId":89173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016905,"text":"70016905 - 1992 - 15N and13C NMR investigation of hydroxylamine-derivatized humic substances","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-19T00:38:49.494958","indexId":"70016905","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"15N and 13C NMR investigation of hydroxylamine-derivatized humic substances","title":"15N and13C NMR investigation of hydroxylamine-derivatized humic substances","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Association","doi":"10.1021/es00025a011","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Thorn, K.A., Arterburn, J., and Mikita, M., 1992, 15N and13C NMR investigation of hydroxylamine-derivatized humic substances: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 26, no. 1, p. 107-116, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00025a011.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"107","endPage":"116","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224517,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Florida, Georgia, Prince Edward Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.33151616558715,\n 30.82625939067141\n ],\n [\n -82.33195738451336,\n 30.84292891756617\n ],\n [\n -82.38181512319848,\n 30.838382970075955\n ],\n [\n -82.49035497909689,\n 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[\n -64.11637864398614,\n 46.57455451081432\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e228e4b0c8380cd459de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorn, K. A.","contributorId":33294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorn","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arterburn, J.B.","contributorId":97253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arterburn","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mikita, M.A.","contributorId":20081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mikita","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017282,"text":"70017282 - 1992 - A petroleum discovery-rate forecast revisited-The problem of field growth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:49","indexId":"70017282","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2879,"text":"Nonrenewable Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A petroleum discovery-rate forecast revisited-The problem of field growth","docAbstract":"A forecast of the future rates of discovery of crude oil and natural gas for the 123,027-km2 Miocene/Pliocene trend in the Gulf of Mexico was made in 1980. This forecast was evaluated in 1988 by comparing two sets of data: (1) the actual versus the forecasted number of fields discovered, and (2) the actual versus the forecasted volumes of crude oil and natural gas discovered with the drilling of 1,820 wildcat wells along the trend between January 1, 1977, and December 31, 1985. The forecast specified that this level of drilling would result in the discovery of 217 fields containing 1.78 billion barrels of oil equivalent; however, 238 fields containing 3.57 billion barrels of oil equivalent were actually discovered. This underestimation is attributed to biases introduced by field growth and, to a lesser degree, the artificially low, pre-1970's price of natural gas that prevented many smaller gas fields from being brought into production at the time of their discovery; most of these fields contained less than 50 billion cubic feet of producible natural gas. ?? 1992 Oxford University Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nonrenewable Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01782112","issn":"09611444","usgsCitation":"Drew, L., and Schuenemeyer, J., 1992, A petroleum discovery-rate forecast revisited-The problem of field growth: Nonrenewable Resources, v. 1, no. 1, p. 51-60, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01782112.","startPage":"51","endPage":"60","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205529,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01782112"},{"id":224689,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4d6e4b0c8380cd46978","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drew, L.J.","contributorId":69157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schuenemeyer, J.H.","contributorId":106094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuenemeyer","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017332,"text":"70017332 - 1992 - Geochemical characterization of streambed sediment in the upper Illinois River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T11:49:50","indexId":"70017332","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical characterization of streambed sediment in the upper Illinois River basin","docAbstract":"Geochemistry of fine-fraction streambed sediments collected from the upper Illinois River basin was surveyed in the fall of 1987 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment pilot projects. The survey included 567 samples analyzed for 46 elements. Three distinctive distribution patterns were found for seven U.S. Environmental Protection Agency priority pollutants surveyed, as well as for boron and phosphorus: (1) enrichment of elements in the Chicago urban area and in streams draining the urban area relative to rural areas, (2) enrichment in main stems relative to tributaries, and (3) enrichment in low-order streams at high-population-density sites relative to low-population-density sites. Significant differences in background concentrations, as measured by samples from low-order streams, were observed among five subbasins in the study area. Uncertain geochemical correspondence between low-order, background sites and high-order, generally metal enriched sites prevented determination of background levels that would be appropriate for high-order sites. The within-sample ratio of enriched elements was variable within the Chicago area but was constant in the Illinois River downstream from Chicago. Element ratios imply a composite fine-fraction sediment in the Illinois River of 35-40 percent Des Plaines River origin and 60-65 percent Kankakee River origin.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1992.tb03193.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Colman, J., and Sanzolone, R.F., 1992, Geochemical characterization of streambed sediment in the upper Illinois River basin: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 28, no. 5, p. 933-950, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1992.tb03193.x.","startPage":"933","endPage":"950","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267704,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1992.tb03193.x"},{"id":224740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a15f1e4b0c8380cd54fc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colman, J.A.","contributorId":63032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanzolone, R. F.","contributorId":64199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanzolone","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017091,"text":"70017091 - 1992 - Sr-Isotope record of Quaternary marine terraces on the California coast and off Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-25T13:53:10","indexId":"70017091","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sr-Isotope record of Quaternary marine terraces on the California coast and off Hawaii","docAbstract":"Strontium-isotopic ratios of dated corals have been obtained from submerged reefs formed during Quaternary glacial periods off the Hawaiian islands. These data, combined with data from deep-sea sediments, tightly constrain the secular variation of marine 87Sr 86Sr for the past 800,000 yr. Although long-term trends are apparent, no significant (>0.02???), rapid (<100,000 yr) excursions in 87Sr 86Sr were resolved nor did we observe any samples with 87Sr 86Sr greater than that of modern seawater. Strontium in mollusks from elevated marine terraces formed during interglacial periods on the southern California coast show resolvable and consistent variations in 87Sr 86Sr which, when compared to the trend of Quaternary marine 87Sr 86Sr, can be used to infer uplift rates and define approximate ages for the higher terraces. The Sr-isotope age estimates indicate that uplift rates vary among crustal blocks and were not necessarily constant with time. No contrast in Sr-isotopic ratios between similar-age Hawaiian and California fossils was observed, confirming that any change in marine 87Sr 86Sr from glacial to interglacial periods must be small. A realistic appraisal of the potential of Sr-isotope stratigraphy for chronometric applications in the Quaternary suggests that the technique will be limited to relatively coarse distinctions in age. ?? 1992.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(92)90066-R","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Ludwig, K., Muhs, D., Simmons, K.R., and Moore, J., 1992, Sr-Isotope record of Quaternary marine terraces on the California coast and off Hawaii: Quaternary Research, v. 37, no. 3, p. 267-280, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(92)90066-R.","startPage":"267","endPage":"280","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224577,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266478,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(92)90066-R"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9642e4b08c986b31b3d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ludwig, K.R.","contributorId":97112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludwig","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":375366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Muhs, D.R. 0000-0001-7449-251X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":61460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simmons, K. R.","contributorId":68771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmons","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017214,"text":"70017214 - 1992 - Synthetic organic agrochemicals in the lower Mississippi River and its major tributaries: Distribution, transport and fate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:53","indexId":"70017214","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Synthetic organic agrochemicals in the lower Mississippi River and its major tributaries: Distribution, transport and fate","docAbstract":"The Mississippi River and its major tributaries transport herbicides and their degradation products from agricultural areas in the mid-western U.S.A. These compounds include atrazine and its degradation products (desethyl- and desisopropylatrazine), simazine, cyanazine, metolachlor, and alachlor and its degradation products (2-chloro-2',6'-diethylacetanilide, 2-hydroxy-2',6'-diethylacetanilide and 2,6-diethylaniline). These compounds were identified and confirmed by gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry. Loads of these compounds were determined during five sampling trips in 1987-1989. Stream loads of these compounds indicated that atrazine and metolachlor were relatively conservative in downstream transport. Alachlor and its degradation products were generated from point and non-point sources. Seasonal variations and hydrologic conditions controlled the loads of these compounds in the Mississippi River. Cross-channel mixing was slow downstream from major river confluences, possibly requiring several hundred kilometers of downriver transit for completion. The annual transport of these compounds into the Gulf of Mexico was estimated to be < 2% of the annual application of each herbicide in the Midwest.The Mississippi River and its major tributaries transport herbicides and their degradation products from agricultural areas in the mid-western U.S.A. These compounds include atrazine and its degradation products (desethyl- and desisopropylatrazine), simazine, cyanazine, metolachlor, and alachlor and its degradation products (2-chloro-2???,6???-diethylacetanilide, 2-hydroxy-2???,6???-diethylacetanilide and 2,6-diethylaniline). These compounds were identified and confirmed by gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry. Loads of these compounds were determined during five sampling trips in 1987-1989. Stream loads of these compounds indicated that atrazine and metolachlor were relatively conservative in downstream transport. Alachlor and its degradation products were generated from point and non-point sources. Seasonal variations and hydrologic conditions controlled the loads of these compounds in the Mississippi River. Cross-channel mixing was slow downstream from major river confluences, possibly requiring several hundred kilometers of downriver transit for completion. The annual transport of these compounds into the Gulf of Mexico was estimated to be <2% of the annual application of each herbicide in the Midwest.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","conferenceTitle":"Pacifichem '89","conferenceDate":"17 December 1989 through 22 December 1989","conferenceLocation":"Honolulu, HI, USA","language":"English","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Pereira, W.E., Rostad, C., and Leiker, T., 1992, Synthetic organic agrochemicals in the lower Mississippi River and its major tributaries: Distribution, transport and fate, in Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 9, no. 1-2, Honolulu, HI, USA, 17 December 1989 through 22 December 1989, p. 175-188.","startPage":"175","endPage":"188","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225058,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba35fe4b08c986b31fc9e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"McCalady Donald L.","contributorId":128410,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"McCalady Donald L.","id":536360,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Pereira, W. E.","contributorId":46981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pereira","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rostad, C.E.","contributorId":50939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rostad","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leiker, T.J.","contributorId":96719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leiker","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017305,"text":"70017305 - 1992 - Evidence from Cd/Ca ratios in foraminifera for greater upwelling off California 4,000 years ago","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T15:41:21","indexId":"70017305","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence from Cd/Ca ratios in foraminifera for greater upwelling off California 4,000 years ago","docAbstract":"

UPWELLING of nutrient-rich Pacific deep water along the North American west coast is ultimately driven by the temperature difference between air masses over land and over the ocean. The intensity of upwelling, and biological production in the region, could therefore be affected by anthropogenic climate change. Examination of the geological record is one way to study the link between climate and upwelling. Because Pacific deep water is enriched in cadmium, dissolved cadmium concentrations in coastal water off central California reflect the intensity of upwelling. By demonstrating that the Cd/Ca ratio in the shell of a benthic foraminifer, Elphidiella hannai, is proportional to the Cd concentration in coastal water, we show here that foraminiferal Cd/Ca ratios can be used to detect past changes in mean upwelling intensity. Examination of a sediment core from the mouth of San Francisco Bay reveals that foraminiferal Cd/Ca decreased by about 30% from 4,000 years ago to the present, probably because of a reduction in coastal upwelling. This observation is consistent with predictions of atmospheric general circulation models that northwesterly winds, which drive upwelling, became weaker over this period as summer insolation of the Northern Hemisphere decreased.

","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","doi":"10.1038/358054a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"VanGeen, A., Luoma, N., Fuller, C.C., Anima, R., Clifton, H., and Trumbore, S., 1992, Evidence from Cd/Ca ratios in foraminifera for greater upwelling off California 4,000 years ago: Nature, v. 358, no. 6381, p. 54-56, https://doi.org/10.1038/358054a0.","startPage":"54","endPage":"56","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479595,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/61v845hk","text":"External Repository"},{"id":225018,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"358","issue":"6381","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d59e4b0c8380cd52f80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"VanGeen, A.","contributorId":84086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanGeen","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, N.","contributorId":66430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fuller, C. C.","contributorId":29858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anima, R.","contributorId":77304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anima","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clifton, H.E.","contributorId":44151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clifton","given":"H.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Trumbore, S.","contributorId":89287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trumbore","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1008505,"text":"1008505 - 1992 - Comparisons of salinity tolerances and osmotic regulatory capabilities in populations of Sailfin molly (Poecilia latipinna) from brackish and fresh waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-01T12:22:47.582679","indexId":"1008505","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1337,"text":"Copeia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparisons of salinity tolerances and osmotic regulatory capabilities in populations of Sailfin molly (Poecilia latipinna) from brackish and fresh waters","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists","doi":"10.2307/1446150","usgsCitation":"Nordlie, F., Haney, D.C., and Walsh, S., 1992, Comparisons of salinity tolerances and osmotic regulatory capabilities in populations of Sailfin molly (Poecilia latipinna) from brackish and fresh waters: Copeia, v. 1992, no. 3, p. 741-746, https://doi.org/10.2307/1446150.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"741","endPage":"746","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":131918,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1992","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa664","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nordlie, F.G.","contributorId":71930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordlie","given":"F.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haney, D. C.","contributorId":97854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haney","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walsh, S. J. 0000-0002-1009-8537","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1009-8537","contributorId":62171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"S. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016606,"text":"70016606 - 1992 - The new camera calibration system at the US Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:49","indexId":"70016606","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The new camera calibration system at the US Geological Survey","docAbstract":"Modern computerized photogrammetric instruments are capable of utilizing both radial and decentering camera calibration parameters which can increase plotting accuracy over that of older analog instrumentation technology from previous decades. Also, recent design improvements in aerial cameras have minimized distortions and increased the resolving power of camera systems, which should improve the performance of the overall photogrammetric process. In concert with these improvements, the Geological Survey has adopted the rigorous mathematical model for camera calibration developed by Duane Brown. An explanation of the Geological Survey's calibration facility and the additional calibration parameters now being provided in the USGS calibration certificate are reviewed. -Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Light, D., 1992, The new camera calibration system at the US Geological Survey: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 58, no. 2, p. 185-188.","startPage":"185","endPage":"188","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224792,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae15e4b08c986b323ef8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Light, D.L.","contributorId":57606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Light","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016555,"text":"70016555 - 1992 - Baseline element concentrations in soils and plants, Wattenmeer National Park, North and East Frisian Islands, Federal Republic of Germany","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:21:03","indexId":"70016555","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Baseline element concentrations in soils and plants, Wattenmeer National Park, North and East Frisian Islands, Federal Republic of Germany","docAbstract":"Baseline element concentrations are given for dune grass (Ammophilia arenaria), willow (Salix repens), moss (Hylocomium splendens) and associated surface soils. Baseline and variability data for pH, ash, Al, As, Ba, C, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sc, Se, Sr, Th, Ti, V, Y, Yb, and Zn are reported; however, not all variables are reported for all media because, in some media, certain elements were below the analytical detection limit. Spatial variation in element concentration between five Frisian Islands are given for each of the sample media. In general, only a few elements in each media showed statistically significant differences between the islands sampled. The measured concentrations in all sample media exhibited ranges that cannot be attributed to anthropogenic additions of trace elements, with the possible exception of Hg and Pb in surface soils.Baseline element concentrations are given for dune grass (Ammophilia arenaria), willow (Salix repens), moss (Hylocomium splendens) and associated surface soils. Baseline and variability data for pH, ash, Al, As, Ba, C, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sc, Se, Sr, Th, Ti, V, Y, Yb, and Zn are reported; however, not all variables are reported for all media because, in some media, certain elements were below the analytical detection limit. Spatial variation in element concentration between five Frisian Islands are given for each of the sample media. In general, only a few elements in each media showed statistically significant differences between the islands sampled. The measured concentrations in all sample media exhibited ranges that cannot be attributed to anthropogenic additions of trace elements, with the possible exception of Hg and Pb in surface soils.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00478372","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Severson, R.C., Gough, L.P., and van den Boom, G., 1992, Baseline element concentrations in soils and plants, Wattenmeer National Park, North and East Frisian Islands, Federal Republic of Germany: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 61, no. 1-2, p. 169-184, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00478372.","startPage":"169","endPage":"184","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222911,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267645,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00478372"}],"volume":"61","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efd8e4b0c8380cd4a4a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Severson, R. C.","contributorId":46498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Severson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gough, L. P.","contributorId":64198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gough","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"van den Boom, G.","contributorId":7311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van den Boom","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016562,"text":"70016562 - 1992 - Composite transform-convergent plate boundaries: description and discussion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-01T15:23:45","indexId":"70016562","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Composite transform-convergent plate boundaries: description and discussion","docAbstract":"The leading edge of the overriding plate at an obliquely convergent boundary is commonly sliced by a system of strike-slip faults. This fault system is often structurally complex, and may show correspondingly uneven strain effects, with great vertical and translational shifts of the component blocks of the fault system. The stress pattern and strain effects vary along the length of the system and change through time. These margins are considered to be composite transform-convergent (CTC) plate boundaries. Examples are given of structures formed along three CTC boundaries: the Aleutian Ridge, the Solomon Islands, and the Philippines. The dynamism of the fault system along a CTC boundary can enhance vertical tectonism and basin formation. This concept provides a framework for the evaluation of petroleum resources related to basin formation, and mineral exploration related to igneous activity associated with transtensional processes. ?? 1992.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0264-8172(92)90006-Z","issn":"02648172","usgsCitation":"Ryan, H.F., and Coleman, P., 1992, Composite transform-convergent plate boundaries: description and discussion: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 9, no. 1, p. 89-97, https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(92)90006-Z.","startPage":"89","endPage":"97","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222862,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268645,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(92)90006-Z"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f91be4b0c8380cd4d42c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryan, H. F.","contributorId":18002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coleman, P.J.","contributorId":85725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"P.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016552,"text":"70016552 - 1992 - Rhenium-osmium isotope systematics in meteorites I: Magmatic iron meteorite groups IIAB and IIIAB","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-09T01:07:23.354457","indexId":"70016552","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rhenium-osmium isotope systematics in meteorites I: Magmatic iron meteorite groups IIAB and IIIAB","docAbstract":"

Using resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS), Re and Os abundances were determined by isotope dilution (ID) and 187Os/186Os ratios measured in nineteen iron meteorites: eight from group IIAB, ten from group IIIAB, and Treysa (IIIB anomalous). Abundances range from 1.4 to 4800 ppb Re, and from 13 to 65000 ppb Os, and generally agree well with previous ID and neutron activation (NAA) results. The Re and Os data suggest that abundance trends in these iron groups may be entirely explained by fractional crystallization. Addition of late-formed metal to produce Re\"singleOs variation in the B subgroups is not essential but cannot be excluded. Whole-rock isochrons for the IIAB and IIIAB groups are statistically indistinguishable. Pooled data yield an initial 187Os/186Os of 0.794 ± 0.010, with a slope of (7.92 ± 0.20) × 10−2 corresponding to a magmatic iron meteorite age of 4.65 ± 0.11 Ga (using a decay constant of 1.64 × 10−11 a−1). Given the errors in the slope and half life, this age does not differ significantly from the canonical chondrite age of 4.56 Ga, but could be as young as 4.46 Ga.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(92)90022-N","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Morgan, J.W., Walker, R., and Grossman, J.N., 1992, Rhenium-osmium isotope systematics in meteorites I: Magmatic iron meteorite groups IIAB and IIIAB: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 108, no. 4, p. 191-202, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(92)90022-N.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"191","endPage":"202","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222859,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad37e4b0c8380cd86e65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, J. W.","contributorId":92384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walker, R.J.","contributorId":105859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grossman, J. N.","contributorId":41840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016550,"text":"70016550 - 1992 - Groundwater flow, velocity, and age in a thick, fine-grained till unit in southeastern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T16:54:10.902405","indexId":"70016550","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater flow, velocity, and age in a thick, fine-grained till unit in southeastern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"

Piezometer nests were installed at study sites in each of five north-south-trending end moraines of the late Pleistocene Oak Creek Formation in southeastern Wisconsin. The formation is composed primarily of a fine-grained glacial diamicton (till) and laterally continuous and discontinuous, coarse-grained lake and meltwater stream sediment. It overlies the Silurian dolomite aquifer, which is a source of drinking water to rural areas. The average vertical linear velocity and age of ground water in the Oak Creek Formation were estimated by three methods: Darcy's Law, environmental isotopes including 3H, δ2H, δ18O, and 14C (dissolved inorganic carbon), and solute transport modeling of 18O. The F-1 and Metro sites in the Tinley moraine showed excellent agreement among the three estimates of vertical velocity and showed the lowest velocity values (0.3–0.5 cm year−1 downward), which suggests that diffusion controls vertical mass transport at these sites. Although the extrapolated maximum age of ground water is 35 000 years, ground water below 75 m at these sites is probably not older than 15 000 years, which is the maximum age of the formation. Estimates of velocity showed less agreement at study sites in the Lake Border moraine system to the east and ranged from about 0.2 to 20.7 cm year−1; maximum groundwater age could range from 213 to 6000 years. Higher and more variable velocities, perhaps owing to thinner and more heterogeneous sediment in these areas, suggest that diffusion may not dominate vertical mass transport. Heterogeneity and fractures may also promote the development of groundwater flow systems dominated by lateral flow. Because of the uncertainty about the nature of groundwater flow, velocity, and age in the formation east of the Tinley moraine, future waste-disposal activity in southeastern Wisconsin should be confined to the thickest parts of the Tinley moraine near the present F-1 and Metro sites.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(92)90183-V","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Simpkins, W., and Bradbury, K.R., 1992, Groundwater flow, velocity, and age in a thick, fine-grained till unit in southeastern Wisconsin: Journal of Hydrology, v. 132, no. 1-4, p. 283-319, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(92)90183-V.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"283","endPage":"319","numberOfPages":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222857,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"132","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2da4e4b0c8380cd5bf79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpkins, W.W.","contributorId":41594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpkins","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradbury, K. R.","contributorId":86070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016564,"text":"70016564 - 1992 - A three-dimensional, finite element model for coastal and estuarine circulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-30T00:33:36.358212","indexId":"70016564","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A three-dimensional, finite element model for coastal and estuarine circulation","docAbstract":"

This paper describes the development and application of a three-dimensional model for coastal and estuarine circulation. The model uses a harmonic expansion in time and a finite element discretization in space. All nonlinear terms are retained, including quadratic bottom stress, advection and wave transport (continuity nonlinearity). The equations are solved as a global and a local problem, where the global problem is the solution of the wave equation formulation of the shallow water equations, and the local problem is the solution of the momentum equation for the vertical velocity profile. These equations are coupled to the advection-diffusion equation for salt so that density gradient forcing is included in the momentum equations. The model is applied to a study of Delaware Bay, U.S.A., where salinity intrusion is the primary focus.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0278-4343(92)90007-7","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Walters, R.A., 1992, A three-dimensional, finite element model for coastal and estuarine circulation: Continental Shelf Research, v. 12, no. 1, p. 83-102, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(92)90007-7.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"102","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222864,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5fee4b0c8380cd470af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walters, R. A.","contributorId":34174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016554,"text":"70016554 - 1992 - Residence times in river basins as determined by analysis of long-term tritium records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T16:57:14.450633","indexId":"70016554","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Residence times in river basins as determined by analysis of long-term tritium records","docAbstract":"

The US Geological Survey has maintained a network of stations to collect samples for the measurement of tritium concentrations in precipitation and streamflow since the early 1960s. Tritium data from outflow waters of river basins draining 4500–75000 km2 are used to determine average residence times of water within the basins. The basins studied are the Colorado River above Cisco, Utah; the Kissimmee River above Lake Okeechobee, Florida; the Mississippi River above Anoka, Minnesota; the Neuse River above Streets Ferry Bridge near Vanceboro, North Carolina; the Potomac River above Point of Rocks, Maryland; the Sacramento River above Sacramento, California; the Susquehanna River above Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The basins are modeled with the assumption that the outflow in the river comes from two sources—prompt (within-year) runoff from precipitation, and flow from the long-term reservoirs of the basin. Tritium concentration in the outflow water of the basin is dependent on three factors: (1) tritium concentration in runoff from the long-term reservoir, which depends on the residence time for the reservoir and historical tritium concentrations in precipitation; (2) tritium concentrations in precipitation (the within-year runoff component); (3) relative contributions of flow from the long-term and within-year components. Predicted tritium concentrations for the outflow water in the river basins were calculated for different residence times and for different relative contributions from the two reservoirs. A box model was used to calculate tritium concentrations in the long-term reservoir. Calculated values of outflow tritium concentrations for the basin were regressed against the measured data to obtain a slope as close as possible to 1. These regressions assumed an intercept of zero and were carried out for different values of residence time and reservoir contribution to maximize the fit of modeled versus actual data for all the above rivers. The final slopes of the fitted regression lines ranged from 0.95 to 1.01 (correlation coefficient > 0.96) for the basins studied. Values for the residence time of waters within the basins and average relative contributions of the within-year and long-term reservoirs to outflow were obtained. Values for river basin residence times ranged from 2 years for the Kissimmee River basin to 20 years for the Potomac River basin. The residence times indicate the time scale in which the basin responds to anthropogenic inputs. The modeled tritium concentrations for the basins also furnish input data for urban and agricultural settings where these river waters are used.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(92)90117-E","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Michel, R.L., 1992, Residence times in river basins as determined by analysis of long-term tritium records: Journal of Hydrology, v. 130, no. 1-4, p. 367-378, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(92)90117-E.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"378","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489980,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub/434","text":"External Repository"},{"id":222910,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"130","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa974e4b0c8380cd85de2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michel, R. L.","contributorId":86375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1003064,"text":"1003064 - 1992 - Habitat use by larval fishes in backwater lake of the upper Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-11T11:17:20.06031","indexId":"1003064","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat use by larval fishes in backwater lake of the upper Mississippi River","docAbstract":"

Light traps were used to sample larval fishes in Lawrence Lake (Pool 8, upper Mississippi River) from late May through mid-August 1990. Catches differed considerably between vegetated sites and an adjacent open-water area and were highly variable among vegetated stations. Sunfishes (Lepomis spp.) dominated the vegetated sites. Brook silversides (Labidesthes sicculus), Cyprinidae and gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) dominated catches at the open-water site. There was no difference in fish use of vegetated habitats near and far from the main channel of the Mississippi River. Taxonomic diversity was greatest at stations with emergent vegetation.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/02705060.1992.9664706","issn":"02705060","usgsCitation":"Dewey, M.R., and Jennings, C., 1992, Habitat use by larval fishes in backwater lake of the upper Mississippi River: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 7, no. 4, p. 363-372, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1992.9664706.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"363","endPage":"372","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133948,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db6485b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dewey, M. R.","contributorId":48908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dewey","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jennings, Cecil A.","contributorId":38504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"Cecil A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}