{"pageNumber":"4276","pageRowStart":"106875","pageSize":"25","recordCount":165901,"records":[{"id":1003146,"text":"1003146 - 1988 - Control of nuisance populations of crayfish with traps and toxicants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-24T15:53:04.544531","indexId":"1003146","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Control of nuisance populations of crayfish with traps and toxicants","docAbstract":"<p><span>Crayfish have long been a nuisance in fishrearing ponds at fish hatcheries. The rusty crayfish (</span><i>Orconectes rusticus</i><span>) has displaced endemic species and caused serious declines of aquatic plants in some ponds and lakes in the midwestern USA. We attempted to evaluate the effect of intensive trapping on a crayfish population and to identify a selective chemical control agent and evaluate its effectiveness under field conditions. A crayfish population in a small pond was suppressed but not eliminated by trapping; adults were effectively harvested but efficiency diminished sharply as the population declined. Of 19 chemicals tested as possible control agents for crayfish, a synthetic pyrethroid (Baythroid) was by far the most toxic; 25 μg/L produced a complete kill of crayfish in the pond and was also the most selective for crayfish in laboratory tests.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1988)050%3C0103:CONPOC%3E2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bills, T., and Marking, L.L., 1988, Control of nuisance populations of crayfish with traps and toxicants: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 50, no. 2, p. 103-106, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1988)050%3C0103:CONPOC%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"106","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134496,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688d4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bills, T.D.","contributorId":6393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bills","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marking, L. L.","contributorId":90661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marking","given":"L.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70014417,"text":"70014417 - 1988 - Three-dimensional P velocity structure of the crust below Newberry Volcano, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-05T15:46:28.611033","indexId":"70014417","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three-dimensional P velocity structure of the crust below Newberry Volcano, Oregon","docAbstract":"<p><span>Utilizing teleseismic&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;residuals, we have detected a column of high&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;velocity material extending from within 10 km of the surface below the summit of Newberry Volcano, Oregon, to midcrustal depths near 25 km. We interpret this column to be the expression of a swarm of predominantly subsolidus gabbroic sills and dikes which were intruded as the volcano was built. The high&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;velocities observed below the volcano severely limit the size of magma chambers which could presently exist in the crust below Newberry Volcano. Those possible include a few percent of partial melt distributed through large volumes of a mafic intrusion zone in the midcrust; a few, smaller, higher melt fraction zones in the midcrust with dimensions less than 6 km and whose aggregate volume is only a few percent of enclosing volumes of 200 km</span><sup>3</sup><span>; small magma bodies with dimensions of a few kilometers located within the upper 10 km of the crust; or a mafic, crystal-rich magma of arbitrary dimensions located in the upper few km. The low&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;velocities detected in the upper 4 km beneath the center of the summit caldera may be partially caused by a magma chamber in the second of these catagories.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB093iB09p10095","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Stauber, D., Green, S., and Iyer, H.M., 1988, Three-dimensional P velocity structure of the crust below Newberry Volcano, Oregon: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 93, no. B9, p. 10095-10107, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB093iB09p10095.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"10095","endPage":"10107","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226220,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb31ee4b08c986b325bb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stauber, D.A.","contributorId":52183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauber","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Green, S.M.","contributorId":30378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Iyer, H. M.","contributorId":17997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iyer","given":"H.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70014294,"text":"70014294 - 1988 - Stratigraphy, petrology, and provenance of the Albian Blackleaf Formation and the Cenomanian to Turonian lower part of the Frontier Formation in part of Beaverhead and Madison Counties, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:36","indexId":"70014294","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2789,"text":"Mountain Geologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphy, petrology, and provenance of the Albian Blackleaf Formation and the Cenomanian to Turonian lower part of the Frontier Formation in part of Beaverhead and Madison Counties, Montana","docAbstract":"The units constitute a dominantly clastic sequence of sandstone, conglomerate, mudstone, and shale deposited in (west) to shallow marine (east) environments. Petrologic and paleocurrent data support an interpretation that Blackleaf and lower Frontier debris was derived from different source areas. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mountain Geologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0027254X","usgsCitation":"Dyman, T.S., Perry, W.J., and Nichols, D.J., 1988, Stratigraphy, petrology, and provenance of the Albian Blackleaf Formation and the Cenomanian to Turonian lower part of the Frontier Formation in part of Beaverhead and Madison Counties, Montana: Mountain Geologist, v. 25, no. 3, p. 113-128.","startPage":"113","endPage":"128","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226076,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9a4ae4b08c986b31c86a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dyman, T. S.","contributorId":21161,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dyman","given":"T.","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perry, W. J. Jr.","contributorId":64266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, D. J.","contributorId":55466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":66317,"text":"i1897H - 1988 - Hydraulic map of Crystal Rapids, Grand Canyon, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-07T19:26:34.465163","indexId":"i1897H","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1897","chapter":"H","title":"Hydraulic map of Crystal Rapids, Grand Canyon, Arizona","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i1897H","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation and the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Kieffer, S.W., 1988, Hydraulic map of Crystal Rapids, Grand Canyon, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1897, 1 Plate: 56.76 × 38.28 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i1897H.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 56.76 × 38.28 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":187509,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1897h/plate-1-thumb.jpg"},{"id":91544,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1897h/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400825,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9983.htm"}],"scale":"1000","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Crystal Rapids, Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -112.2486,\n              36.1333\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.2422,\n              36.1333\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.2422,\n              36.1394\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.2486,\n              36.1394\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.2486,\n              36.1333\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a25a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kieffer, Susan W.","contributorId":270732,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kieffer","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1000542,"text":"1000542 - 1988 - Use of aerial photography to inventory aquatic vegetation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-21T14:31:39","indexId":"1000542","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2146,"text":"Journal of Aerospace Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of aerial photography to inventory aquatic vegetation","docAbstract":"<p>This study demonstrates the feasibility of using low-altitude aerial photography to inventory submersed macrophytes in the connecting channels of the Great Lakes. For this purpose, we obtained aerial color transparencies and collateral ground truth information about submersed vegetation at 160 stations within four study sites in the St. Clair and Detroit rivers, September 17 to October 4, 1984. Photographs were interpreted by five test subjects to determine with what accuracy they could detect beds of submersed macrophytes, and the precision of delineating the extent of such vegetation beds. The interpreters correctly determined the presence or absence of vegetation 80% of the time (range 73-86%). Differences between individuals were statistically significant. Determination of the presence or absence of macrophytes depended partly on their relative abundance and water clarity. Analysis of one photograph from each of the four study sites revealed that photointerpreters delineated between 35 and 75 ha of river bottom covered by vegetation. This wide range indicates that individuals should be tested to assess their relative capability and be trained before they are employed to delineate plant beds in large-scale inventories. Within limits, low-altitude aerial photography, combined with collateral ground truth information, can be used to determine the presence or absence and delineate the extent of submersed macrophytes in connecting channels of the Great Lakes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0893-1321(1988)1:3(142)","usgsCitation":"Schloesser, D.W., Brown, C.L., and Manny, B.A., 1988, Use of aerial photography to inventory aquatic vegetation: Journal of Aerospace Engineering, v. 1, no. 3, p. 142-150, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0893-1321(1988)1:3(142).","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"142","endPage":"150","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133254,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4ff7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schloesser, Donald W. dschloesser@usgs.gov","contributorId":3579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schloesser","given":"Donald","email":"dschloesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Charles L.","contributorId":102421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Manny, Bruce A. 0000-0002-4074-9329 bmanny@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4074-9329","contributorId":3699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manny","given":"Bruce","email":"bmanny@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1003023,"text":"1003023 - 1988 - High-performance liquid-chromatographic separation of subcomponents of antimycin-A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T23:06:51.57827","indexId":"1003023","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2213,"text":"Journal of Chromatography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-performance liquid-chromatographic separation of subcomponents of antimycin-A","docAbstract":"<p><span>Using a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) technique, a mixture of antimycins A was separated into eight hitherto unreported subcomponents, A</span><sub>1a</sub><span>, A</span><sub>1b</sub><span>, A</span><sub>2a</sub><span>, A</span><sub>2b</sub><span>, A</span><sub>3a</sub><span>, A</span><sub>3b</sub><span>, A</span><sub>4a</sub><span>, and A</span><sub>4b</sub><span>. Although a base-line resolution of the known four major antimycins A</span><sub>1</sub><span>, A</span><sub>2</sub><span>, A</span><sub>3</sub><span>, and A</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;was readily achieved with mobile phases containing acetate buffers, the separation of the new antibiotic subcomponents was highly sensitive to variation in mobile phase conditions. The type and composition of organic modifiers, the nature of buffer salts, and the concentration of added electrolytes had profound effects on capacity factors, separation factors, and peak resolution values. Of the numerous chromatographic systems examined, a mobile phase consisting of methanol-water (70:30) and 0.005&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;tetrabutylammonium phosphate at pH 3.0 yielded the most satisfactory results for the separation of the subcomponents. Reversed-phase gradient HPLC separation of the dansylated or methylated antibiotic compounds produced superior chromatographic characteristics and the presence of added electrolytes was not a critical factor for achieving separation. Differences in the chromatographic outcome between homologous and structural isomers were interpretated based on a differential solvophobic interaction rationale. Preparative reversed-phase HPLC under optimal conditions enabled isolation of pure samples of the methylated antimycin subcomponents for use in structural studies.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0021-9673(88)90007-6","usgsCitation":"Abidi, S.L., 1988, High-performance liquid-chromatographic separation of subcomponents of antimycin-A: Journal of Chromatography, v. 447, no. 1, p. 65-79, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(88)90007-6.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"79","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131309,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"447","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db635313","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abidi, S. L.","contributorId":19898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abidi","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1002532,"text":"1002532 - 1988 - Environmental impacts and regulatory policy. Implications of spray disposal of dredged material in Louisiana wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-17T15:05:29","indexId":"1002532","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1263,"text":"Coastal Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental impacts and regulatory policy. Implications of spray disposal of dredged material in Louisiana wetlands","docAbstract":"The capabilities of a new wetland dredging technology were assessed along with associated newly developed state and federal regulatory policies to determine if policy expectations realistically match the technological achievement. Current regulatory practices require amelioration of spoil bank impacts upon abandonment of an oil/gas well, but this may not occur for many years or decades, if at all. Recently, a dreding method (high-pressure spray spoil disposal) was developed that does not create a spoil bank in the traditional sense. Its potential for reducing environmental impacts was recognized immediately by regulatory agencies for whom minimizing spoil bank impacts is a major concern. The use of high-pressure spray disposal as a suitable alternative to traditional dreding technology has been adopted as policy even though its value as a management tool has never been tested or verified. A qualitative evaluation at two spoil disposal sites in saline marsh indicates that high-pressure spray disposal may indeed have great potential to minimize impacts, but most of this potential remains unverified. Also, some aspects of current regulatory policy may be based on unrealistic expectations as to the ability of this new technology to minimize or eliminate spoil bank impacts.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/08920758809362067","usgsCitation":"Cahoon, D.R., and Cowan, J., 1988, Environmental impacts and regulatory policy. Implications of spray disposal of dredged material in Louisiana wetlands: Coastal Management, v. 16, no. 4, p. 341-362, https://doi.org/10.1080/08920758809362067.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"341","endPage":"362","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134012,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.515625,\n              28.603814407841327\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.000244140625,\n              28.603814407841327\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.000244140625,\n              30.4297295750316\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.515625,\n              30.4297295750316\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.515625,\n              28.603814407841327\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae7df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cahoon, Donald R. 0000-0002-2591-5667","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2591-5667","contributorId":65424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahoon","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":312125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cowan, J.H. Jr.","contributorId":31724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowan","given":"J.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1002688,"text":"1002688 - 1988 - Aircraft MSS data registration and vegetation classification of wetland change detection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-18T10:25:44","indexId":"1002688","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aircraft MSS data registration and vegetation classification of wetland change detection","docAbstract":"Portions of the Savannah River floodplain swamp were evaluated for vegetation change using high resolution (5a??6 m) aircraft multispectral scanner (MSS) data. Image distortion from aircraft movement prevented precise image-to-image registration in some areas. However, when small scenes were used (200-250 ha), a first-order linear transformation provided registration accuracies of less than or equal to one pixel. A larger area was registered using a piecewise linear method. Five major wetland classes were identified and evaluated for change. Phenological differences and the variable distribution of vegetation limited wetland type discrimination. Using unsupervised methods and ground-collected vegetation data, overall classification accuracies ranged from 84 per cent to 87 per cent for each scene. Results suggest that high-resolution aircraft MSS data can be precisely registered, if small areas are used, and that wetland vegetation change can be accurately detected and monitored.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/01431168808954834","usgsCitation":"Christensen, E., Jensen, J., Ramsey, E., and Mackey, H., 1988, Aircraft MSS data registration and vegetation classification of wetland change detection: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 9, no. 1, p. 23-38, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431168808954834.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"38","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134475,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-05-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688824","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christensen, E.J.","contributorId":52545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jensen, J.R.","contributorId":32127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jensen","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ramsey, Elijah W. III 0000-0002-4518-5796","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4518-5796","contributorId":72769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"Elijah W.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":312146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mackey, H.E. Jr.","contributorId":38525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mackey","given":"H.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1003144,"text":"1003144 - 1988 - Residues of benzocaine in rainbow trout, largemouth bass, and fish meal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T15:31:58.759456","indexId":"1003144","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Residues of benzocaine in rainbow trout, largemouth bass, and fish meal","docAbstract":"<p><span>Residues of the anesthetic benzocaine in muscle tissue of rainbow trout (</span><i>Salmo gairdneri</i><span>) and largemouth bass (</span><i>Micropterus salmoides</i><span>) were determined after exposure of the fish to 50 mg benzocaine/L for 15 min and withdrawal times of 0–24 h. The mean concentration of benzocaine residues in fish sampled immediately after exposure was 14.0 μg/g in rainbow trout and 10.6 μg/g in largemouth bass. Residues were below the control value after 8 h of withdrawal in largemouth bass and near the control value after 4 h of withdrawal in rainbow trout. Although residues of benzocaine were high in fish immediately after exposure, the concentration declined rapidly when the fish were held in flowing fresh water. Fish meal prepared from Pacific salmon (</span><i>Oncorhynchus</i><span>&nbsp;sp.) that had been anesthetized with benzocaine or trieaine (MS‐222) contained residues of 45.1 μg benzocaine/g or 47.7 μg trieaine/g.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1988)050%3C0059:ROBIRT%3E2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Allen, J.L., 1988, Residues of benzocaine in rainbow trout, largemouth bass, and fish meal: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 50, no. 1, p. 59-60, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1988)050%3C0059:ROBIRT%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"60","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134461,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a814f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, J. L.","contributorId":49295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1001659,"text":"1001659 - 1988 - Goose counts from aerial photographs using an optical digitizer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-20T12:19:59","indexId":"1001659","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Goose counts from aerial photographs using an optical digitizer","docAbstract":"Abstract has not been submitted","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Gilmer, D., Brass, J., Strong, L., and Card, D., 1988, Goose counts from aerial photographs using an optical digitizer: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 16, p. 204-206.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"204","endPage":"206","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130241,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db67407d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilmer, D.S.","contributorId":22270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmer","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brass, J.A.","contributorId":21887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brass","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Strong, L.L.","contributorId":51235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strong","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Card, D.H.","contributorId":88310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Card","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1002338,"text":"1002338 - 1988 - Habitat islands and the equilibrium theory of island biogeography: testing some predictions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:10","indexId":"1002338","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat islands and the equilibrium theory of island biogeography: testing some predictions","docAbstract":"Species-area data from a study of marsh birds are used to test five predictions generated by the equilibrium theory of island biogeography. Three predictions are supported: we found a significant species-area relationship, a non-zero level of turnover, and a variance-mean ratio of 0.5. One prediction is rejected: the extinction rates were not greater on small islands. The results of one test are equivocal: the number of species on each island was not always the same. As Gilbert (1980) suggests, a strong species-area relationship alone does not validate the theory. The avian communities we studied were on habitat islands, not true islands, and underwent complete extinction annually. Thus caution must be used before applying the theory to these and other habitat islands.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oecologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/BF00376947","usgsCitation":"Brown, M., and Dinsmore, J., 1988, Habitat islands and the equilibrium theory of island biogeography: testing some predictions: Oecologia, v. 75, no. 3, p. 426-429, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00376947.","productDescription":"p. 426-429","startPage":"426","endPage":"429","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":15445,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376947","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"6960.000000000000000"},{"id":129322,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a725","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, M.","contributorId":7655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dinsmore, J.J.","contributorId":63757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinsmore","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1000532,"text":"1000532 - 1988 - Relationships of phytomacrofauna to surface area in naturally occurring macrophyte stands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-12T10:07:16","indexId":"1000532","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2564,"text":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","onlineIssn":"1937-237X","printIssn":"0887-3593","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationships of phytomacrofauna to surface area in naturally occurring macrophyte stands","docAbstract":"Most studies of the relationships between freshwater macrophytes and phytomacrofauna, or the macroinvertebrates associated with the macrophytes, have been based on individual plant collections or samples from monotypic plant stands.  We describe the phytomacrofauna assemblages within naturally occurring, taxonomically mixed stands, and consider how macrophyte surface area and plant morphology influenced phytomacrofauna diversity and abundance.  Samples of submersed macrophytes and phytomacrofauna were collected April-November 1979 in Anchor Bay of Lake St. Clair.  Only the portions of macrophytes within the water column and invertebrates from above the sediment were considered.  Densities of phytomacrofauna were not consistently related to fluctuations in macrophyte surface area, indicating that the use of macrophyte structure by the invertebrates changed during the year.  Both the abundance and species richness of the phytomacrofauna were strongly related to macrophyte species richness reflecting the response of the invertebrates to the structural heterogeneity in taxonomically mixed stands.  Vertically heterogeneous stands with an understory of Chara and an overstory of vascular macrophytes, for example, were likely to contain more invertebrates than stands with only one macrophyte taxon.","language":"English","publisher":"North American Benthological Society","doi":"10.2307/1467918","usgsCitation":"Brown, C.L., Poe, T.P., French, J.R., and Schloesser, D.W., 1988, Relationships of phytomacrofauna to surface area in naturally occurring macrophyte stands: Journal of the North American Benthological Society, v. 7, no. 2, p. 129-139, https://doi.org/10.2307/1467918.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"139","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133437,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db60542c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Charles L.","contributorId":102421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poe, Thomas P.","contributorId":95008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poe","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"French, John R. P. III","contributorId":107635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"French","given":"John","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"R. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schloesser, Donald W. dschloesser@usgs.gov","contributorId":3579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schloesser","given":"Donald","email":"dschloesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1000533,"text":"1000533 - 1988 - Comparison of hatchery-reared lake trout stocked as fall fingerlings and as spring yearlings in Lake Ontario","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-21T13:44:08","indexId":"1000533","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of hatchery-reared lake trout stocked as fall fingerlings and as spring yearlings in Lake Ontario","docAbstract":"<p><span>We made 16 paired releases of lake trout&nbsp;</span><i>Salvelinus namaycush</i><span>&nbsp;of four year classes (1979&ndash;1982) at five locations to compare survival and growth of hatchery-reared fish stocked as fall fingerlings (FF) and as spring yearlings (SY). Comparisons were based on fish at ages 2&ndash;8 recovered with bottom trawls, with gill nets, and from anglers' catches. Mean lengths and weights were greater for SY than for FF at all ages, and SY attained sexual maturity at an earlier age than FF. The survival of FF may have been affected by average size at stocking and by the severity of the weather during the first winter after stocking. Survival ratios of SY to FF lake trout from stocking to age 2 ranged from 1.32:1 to 6.80:1, and a ratio of 2.41:1 was considered to be typical. Stocking cost per 1,000 fish was US$21.76 for FF and $35.45 for SY. Under the most cost-effective hatchery regime for producing lake trout (the maximum number of SY plus some FF to fully utilize hatchery space and personnel year round), rearing cost per 1,000 fish was estimated to be $235.41 for SY and $38.75 for FF.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1988)008<0455:COHRLT>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Elrod, J.H., Ostergaard, D.E., and Schneider, C.P., 1988, Comparison of hatchery-reared lake trout stocked as fall fingerlings and as spring yearlings in Lake Ontario: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 8, no. 4, p. 455-462, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1988)008<0455:COHRLT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"455","endPage":"462","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128904,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae2d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elrod, Joseph H.","contributorId":72737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elrod","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ostergaard, David E.","contributorId":48906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostergaard","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schneider, Clifford P.","contributorId":45251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Clifford","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1000534,"text":"1000534 - 1988 - Chemical characterization and mutagenic properties of polycyclic aromatic compounds in sediment from tributaries of the Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-21T13:34:53","indexId":"1000534","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical characterization and mutagenic properties of polycyclic aromatic compounds in sediment from tributaries of the Great Lakes","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sediments from four inshore industrial sites and a reference site in the Great Lakes were extracted with solvents and characterized chemically for polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). An aqueous phase and a crude organic extract were obtained. The crude organic extract was further resolved into fractions A-2 (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and A-3 (nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic compounds), which were analyzed for PACs by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The extracts and fractions were tested for mutagenicity in three assays: Ames, rat hepatocyte unscheduled DNA synthesis, and Chinese hamster ovary hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (CHO/HGPRT). Sediments from the industrial sites contained 27 to 363 &mu;g/g total PACs; the reference site, less than 1 &mu;g/g. Qualitative differences in the residue profiles among the sites were attributable to the probable sources of the PACs (petroleum versus combustion). Only one industrial site yielded measurable (0.1 &mu;g/g or more) concentrations of individual nitrogen-containing PACs. In the Ames assay, only the highest doses of the A-2 fractions from two sites approached positive results. Conversely, the crude organic extract and A-2 and A-3 fractions from all sites induced unscheduled DNA synthesis. Crude organic extracts and the A-2 and A-3 fractions from all industrial sites gave well-defined dose-response relations in the CHO/HGPRT assay. We established the presence of chemical mutagens in sediment that could be correlated with neoplasms in fish from many of the sites; however, the mutagenicity of the sediment extracts was not completely related to the degree of contamination by PACs. We also discuss the utility of mutagenicity assays in the evaluation of complex chemical mixtures and recommend the use of a CHO/HGPRT-type assay in which cells are not required to proliferate in the presence of potential interfering chemicals.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620070702","usgsCitation":"Fabacher, D.L., Schmitt, C.J., Besser, J.M., and Mac, M.J., 1988, Chemical characterization and mutagenic properties of polycyclic aromatic compounds in sediment from tributaries of the Great Lakes: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 7, no. 7, p. 529-543, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620070702.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"529","endPage":"543","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133439,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1988-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e0e4b07f02db5e457f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fabacher, David L.","contributorId":6815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fabacher","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmitt, Christopher J. 0000-0001-6804-2360 cjschmitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6804-2360","contributorId":491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitt","given":"Christopher","email":"cjschmitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Besser, John M. 0000-0002-9464-2244 jbesser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9464-2244","contributorId":2073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Besser","given":"John","email":"jbesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1002330,"text":"1002330 - 1988 - Fuelwood production and use in rural Swaziland: a case-study of two communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:50","indexId":"1002330","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fuelwood production and use in rural Swaziland: a case-study of two communities","docAbstract":"Information of fuelwood consumption and the local production of wood was collected in two small rural communities in Swaziland. Fuelwood consumption was estimated to be 0.77 t persona??1 yeara??1 in one community (Sigombeni), and 0.63 t persona??1 in the other (Bhekinkhosi). Bhekinkhosi was found to be experiencing a significant fuelwood production/consumption deficit and it expected that Sigombeni will also experience fuelwood deficits by 1990. Individual farm woodlots provided the largest proportion of annual woody biomass production in both areas, accounting for 45% of all profuction in Sigombeni and 73% in Bhekinkhosi. Thirty-seven percent of all farms in Sigombeni and 23% in Bhekinkhosi had woodlots. Virtually all these woodlots consisted primarily of black or green wattle and were established by direct seeding. Two types of community woodlots were identified a?? those established when the area was a private farm and those established with government assistance. The first type of community woodlots was found only in Sigombeni, where it accounted for at least 20% of annual fuelwood production. Community wooslots established with government assistance were an insignificant source of fuelwood in both areas. At an estimated cost of nearly US $500 haa??1, community woodlots planted with government assistance are far more expensive to establish than individual farm woodlots which require no monetary expenditure, assuming local collection of seed. The results indicate a need to increase the local production of fuelwood in rural Swaziland and that encouraging the establishment of onfarm woodlots may be the most effective means of increasing production.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0378-1127(88)90090-4","usgsCitation":"Allen, J.A., Pimentel, D., and Lasoie, J., 1988, Fuelwood production and use in rural Swaziland: a case-study of two communities: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 25, no. 3-4, p. 239-254, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(88)90090-4.","startPage":"239","endPage":"254","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134422,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15411,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(88)90090-4","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"6871.000000000000000"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b423a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, J. A.","contributorId":82644,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pimentel, D.P.","contributorId":19132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pimentel","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lasoie, J.P.","contributorId":36101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lasoie","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1804,"text":"wsp2329 - 1988 - Effects of highway runoff on streamflow and water quality in the Sevenmile Creek basin, a rural area in the Piedmont Province of North Carolina, July 1981 to July 1982","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-07T20:35:42.292711","indexId":"wsp2329","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2329","title":"Effects of highway runoff on streamflow and water quality in the Sevenmile Creek basin, a rural area in the Piedmont Province of North Carolina, July 1981 to July 1982","docAbstract":"An evaluation of water-quality data from streams that receive stormwater runoff from a segment of Interstate Highway 85 in North Carolina indicated increased levels of many constituents compared to levels in nearby undeveloped basins. Additional data collected from a network of dry and wet atmospheric deposition collectors, lysimeter samples, soil surveys, wind measurements, and road sweepings helped define the general sources and migration of chemical substances near the highway. The eight study basins, located in a rural area in the Piedmont of North Carolina, had a combined area of 17.5 square miles and drained a 4.8-mile-long segment of the interstate. The average traffic flow along this section was 25,000 vehicles per day.\r\n\r\nDuring storm runoff, streamflow in basins traversed by the highway rose and fell more rapidly than that in the undeveloped basins. This more rapid response is due to the impervious, paved area of the basins and the manmade drainage systems designed to rapidly move water off the highway.\r\n\r\nAlkalinity, specific conductance, and concentrations of calcium, sodium, and chloride were greater at the highway stations than in the undeveloped basins as a result of highway salting for control of ice. Specific conductance and concentrations of dissolved and total nitrogen peaked at the beginning of each storm event. The data indicated that, for the study basins, highway runoff had little or no effect on suspended sediment, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH. However, the pH at all stations decreased during stormflow because the rainfall drained off by the streams had pH values less than 5.7.\r\n\r\nHigh metals concentrations were found in the soils within 100 feet of the highway and in the soil water infiltrating the soil zone. Chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc concentrations in the streams near the highway generally were above the maximum levels recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for the protection of aquatic life. Lead and cadmium concentrations frequently exceeded the maximum levels recommended by the EPA for drinking water.\r\n\r\n\r\nThe highway is a source of contaminants to surrounding areas. Particulate and metal loads in dustfall and chemical-constituent concentrations in soils decrease exponentially with distance from the highway. The highest concentrations of contaminants were found on the downwind side. Increased concentrations of metals (cadmium, chromium, iron, lead, nickel, and zinc) in rainfall were observed in samples collected near the highway and in samples collected approximately one-half mile away. Material loading due to dustfall was greater than loading due to rainfall. Loading due to saltated particles, those heavier particles bounced along the highway surface, was higher than loading due to dustfall. Saltation loads were greatest during the winter months because of highway deicing and sanding, which supplied an estimated two-thirds of the saltated materials. The remaining one-third of the saltated load came primarily from the deposition of particles from vehicles. Some of the greatest constituent concentrations were measured in the soil water sampled from the lysimeters located adjacent to the highway.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2329","usgsCitation":"Harned, D., 1988, Effects of highway runoff on streamflow and water quality in the Sevenmile Creek basin, a rural area in the Piedmont Province of North Carolina, July 1981 to July 1982: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2329, vi, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2329.","productDescription":"vi, 33 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415468,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25311.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":26958,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2329/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137031,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2329/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Piedmont Province, Sevenmile Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -79.223,\n              36.019\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.125,\n              36.019\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.125,\n              36.083\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.223,\n              36.083\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.223,\n              36.019\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aea2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harned, Douglas","contributorId":11195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harned","given":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":38609,"text":"pp1228D - 1988 - Tertiary marine pelecypods of California and Baja California; Lucinidae through Chamidae","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-11T19:02:55.076011","indexId":"pp1228D","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1228","chapter":"D","title":"Tertiary marine pelecypods of California and Baja California; Lucinidae through Chamidae","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1228D","usgsCitation":"Moore, E.J., 1988, Tertiary marine pelecypods of California and Baja California; Lucinidae through Chamidae: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1228, iv, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1228D.","productDescription":"iv, 46 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":399995,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_114689.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":126488,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1228d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":65426,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1228d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Mexico, United States","state":"Baja California, Baja California Sur, California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -109.86328125,\n              22.776181505086505\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.2041015625,\n              23.36242859340884\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.25878906249999,\n              24.78673454198888\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.73095703125,\n              26.80446076654616\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.15917968749999,\n              29.38217507514529\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.9501953125,\n              29.6880527498568\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.76318359375,\n              30.90222470517144\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.93896484374999,\n              31.409912194070973\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.76318359375,\n              31.765537409484374\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.7412109375,\n              32.62087018318113\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.41162109375,\n              32.95336814579932\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.697265625,\n              33.33970700424026\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.12597656249999,\n              34.32529192442733\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.6533203125,\n              35.0120020431607\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.0146484375,\n              39.095962936305476\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.0146484375,\n              42.049292638686836\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.45312499999999,\n              41.95131994679697\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.56298828125001,\n              40.17887331434696\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.9482421875,\n              36.10237644873644\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.4541015625,\n              33.97980872872457\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.32275390624999,\n              32.32427558887655\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.8505859375,\n              31.653381399664\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.68603515624999,\n              29.554345125748267\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.27978515625,\n              28.265682390146477\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.68603515624999,\n              28.43971381702788\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.47753906249999,\n              27.078691552927534\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.4560546875,\n              26.03704188651584\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.54394531249999,\n              24.50714328310284\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.654296875,\n              23.664650731631614\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.06103515625,\n              22.776181505086505\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.86328125,\n              22.776181505086505\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684fac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Ellen James","contributorId":37742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Ellen","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":38475,"text":"pp1399 - 1988 - Geology and exploration of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, 1974 to 1982","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-09T21:06:26.973485","indexId":"pp1399","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1399","title":"Geology and exploration of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, 1974 to 1982","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1399","usgsCitation":"1988, Geology and exploration of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, 1974 to 1982: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1399, Report: xi, 940 p.; 57 Plates: 24.00 x 57.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1399.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 940 p.; 57 Plates: 24.00 x 57.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420131,"rank":70,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93026.htm","text":"Depositional facies, petrography, and reservoir potential of the Fortress Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous), central North Slope, Alaska","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"93026"},{"id":108289,"rank":61,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12887.htm","text":"Stratigraphy, structure, and palinspastic synthesis of the western Brooks Range, northwestern Alaska [Chapter 7]","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"12887"},{"id":108291,"rank":60,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12890.htm","text":"Geology of the Upper Devonian and Lower Mississippian(?) Kanayut Conglomerate in the central and eastern Brooks Range [Chapter 14]","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"12890"},{"id":65113,"rank":59,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-57.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65112,"rank":58,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-56.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65111,"rank":57,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-55.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65110,"rank":56,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-54.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65109,"rank":55,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-53.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65107,"rank":53,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-51.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65106,"rank":52,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-50.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65105,"rank":51,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-49.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65104,"rank":50,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-48.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65099,"rank":45,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-43.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65098,"rank":44,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-42.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65097,"rank":43,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-41.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65096,"rank":42,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-40.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":420130,"rank":69,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93024.htm","text":"Alaskan North Slope stratigraphic nomenclature and data summary for government-drilled wells","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"93024"},{"id":420129,"rank":68,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93027.htm","text":"Depositional history and seismic stratigraphy of Lower Cretaceous rocks in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska and adjacent areas","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"93027"},{"id":420128,"rank":67,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12892.htm","text":"Evaluation of petroleum source rocks in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, using organic-carbon content, hydrocarbon content, visual kerogen, and vitrinite reflectance [Chapter 17]","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"12892"},{"id":420127,"rank":66,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12891.htm","text":"Structure-contour and isopach maps of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska [Chapter 16]","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"12891"},{"id":420126,"rank":65,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12893.htm","text":"Stratigraphy and diagenetic alteration of Ellesmerian sequence siliciclastic rocks, North Slope, Alaska [Chapter 36]","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"12893"},{"id":420125,"rank":64,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12889.htm","text":"Petroleum potential of representative stratigraphic and structural elements in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska [Chapter 9]","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"12889"},{"id":420124,"rank":63,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12886.htm","text":"History of exploration in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, with emphasis on the period from 1975 to 1982 [Chapter 2]","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"12886"},{"id":108290,"rank":62,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12888.htm","text":"Bedrock geologic map of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska [Chapter 8]","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"12888"},{"id":65095,"rank":41,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-39.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65093,"rank":39,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-37.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65092,"rank":38,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-36.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65091,"rank":37,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-35.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65090,"rank":36,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-34.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65089,"rank":35,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-33.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65088,"rank":34,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-32.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65087,"rank":33,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-31.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65082,"rank":28,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-26.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65081,"rank":27,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-25.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65080,"rank":26,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-24.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65079,"rank":25,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-23.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65078,"rank":24,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-22.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65077,"rank":23,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-21.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65076,"rank":22,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-20.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65075,"rank":21,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-19.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65074,"rank":20,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-18.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65073,"rank":19,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-17.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65071,"rank":17,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-15.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65068,"rank":14,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65067,"rank":13,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65063,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65058,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65057,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65086,"rank":32,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-30.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65084,"rank":30,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-28.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65083,"rank":29,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-27.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65062,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65061,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65060,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65059,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65114,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122156,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":65108,"rank":54,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-52.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65103,"rank":49,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-47.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65102,"rank":48,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-46.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65101,"rank":47,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-45.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65100,"rank":46,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-44.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65072,"rank":18,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-16.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65069,"rank":15,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65066,"rank":12,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65065,"rank":11,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65064,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65094,"rank":40,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-38.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65085,"rank":31,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-29.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65070,"rank":16,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1399/plate-14.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"National Petroleum Reserve","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -161.88,\n              71.39\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.88,\n              67.955\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.816,\n              67.955\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.816,\n              71.39\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.88,\n              71.39\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686258","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Gryc, George","contributorId":45366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gryc","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745712,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":36376,"text":"b1625 - 1988 - Bedrock geology of the Vipond Park 15-minute, Stine Mountain 7 1/2-minute, and Maurice Mountain 7 1/2-minute quadrangles, Pioneer Mountains, Beaverhead County, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-22T18:12:01.090306","indexId":"b1625","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1625","title":"Bedrock geology of the Vipond Park 15-minute, Stine Mountain 7 1/2-minute, and Maurice Mountain 7 1/2-minute quadrangles, Pioneer Mountains, Beaverhead County, Montana","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1625","usgsCitation":"Zen, E., 1988, Bedrock geology of the Vipond Park 15-minute, Stine Mountain 7 1/2-minute, and Maurice Mountain 7 1/2-minute quadrangles, Pioneer Mountains, Beaverhead County, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1625, Report: viii, 49 p.; 2 Plates: 57.64 x 29.96 inches and 53.95 x 29.44 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1625.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 49 p.; 2 Plates: 57.64 x 29.96 inches and 53.95 x 29.44 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":97369,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1625/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":97368,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1625/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":166532,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1625/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":109770,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_21817.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"21817"},{"id":64316,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1625/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Beaverhead County","otherGeospatial":"Vipond Park 15-minute, Stine Mountain 7 1/2 -minute, and Maurice Mountain 7 1/2-minute quadrangles","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -113.125,\n              45.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.125,\n              45.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.75,\n              45.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.75,\n              45.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.125,\n              45.75\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5ee4b07f02db633f09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zen, E-an","contributorId":38564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zen","given":"E-an","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70196327,"text":"70196327 - 1988 - Chemical characteristics of prairie lakes in south-central North Dakota--their potential for influencing use by fish and wildlife","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T15:26:39","indexId":"70196327","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":91,"text":"Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"18","title":"Chemical characteristics of prairie lakes in south-central North Dakota--their potential for influencing use by fish and wildlife","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Swanson, G., Winter, T.C., Adomaitis, V.A., and LaBaugh, J.W., 1988, Chemical characteristics of prairie lakes in south-central North Dakota--their potential for influencing use by fish and wildlife: Technical Report 18, 44 p.","productDescription":"44 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353059,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff338fe4b0da30c1bfd91d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swanson, G.A.","contributorId":49299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":732337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winter, T. C.","contributorId":169945,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Winter","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":25635,"text":"USGS, Lakewood, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":732338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adomaitis, V. A.","contributorId":66198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adomaitis","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":732339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"LaBaugh, James W. 0000-0002-4112-2536 jlabaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4112-2536","contributorId":1311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaBaugh","given":"James","email":"jlabaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":732340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70197190,"text":"70197190 - 1988 - Integrating spatial and frequency information in the search for kuroko deposits of the Hokuroku District, Japan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-21T15:39:46","indexId":"70197190","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrating spatial and frequency information in the search for kuroko deposits of the Hokuroku District, Japan","docAbstract":"<p><span>A new method (FINDER) that uses the area of influence and Bayesian statistics to aid in selection of target areas on the basis of one or more variables and multiple observations was tested with drill hole data. A previously defined bimodal distribution of Na&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>O with the low sodium group confined to a 1.5 X 3.0-km zone beneath the cluster of deposits at Fukazawa was used as a control area for one test of FINDER. Using the Na<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sub>2</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>O means and standard deviations for the control area and minimum Na<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sub>2</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>O values from 174 drill holes, a probability map of centers of sodium depletion is produced for the Hokuroku district. High probability areas correspond to the known deposits that should have been rediscovered and to several areas without known deposits.Use of X-ray data from 165 drill holes, some of which also have chemical analyses, led to the identification of two additional variables, sericite and gypsum plus anhydrite, that allow more drill holes to be used and that expand the areas of influence around drill holes. Sericite is enriched up to 2.15 km and gypsum plus anhydrite up to 3.5 km from the centroid of the control area Fukazawa deposits. For the deposit groups with X-ray data nearby, Fukazawa, Shakanai, and Furutobe, a pattern of sericite enrichment, kuroko deposits, and gypsum plus anhydrite enrichment over 4 or 5 km is shown.With sodium, sericite, and gypsum plus anhydrite, FINDER's high probability areas include each of the four groups of kuroko deposits that should have been rediscovered and only one known deposit that is much smaller than Fukazawa is missed. Several large areas that are favorable centers of undiscovered deposits and other areas that are unlikely centers of deposits are also identified.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.83.1.18","usgsCitation":"Singer, D.A., and Kouda, R., 1988, Integrating spatial and frequency information in the search for kuroko deposits of the Hokuroku District, Japan: Economic Geology, v. 83, no. 1, p. 18-29, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.83.1.18.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"18","endPage":"29","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354366,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","otherGeospatial":"Hokuroku District","volume":"83","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1988-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15af92e4b092d9651e2332","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":735954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kouda, Ryoichi","contributorId":198036,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kouda","given":"Ryoichi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70197161,"text":"70197161 - 1988 - Paleomagnetic results from the Shasta Bally Plutonic Belt in the Klamath Mountains Province, northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-18T13:56:28","indexId":"70197161","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleomagnetic results from the Shasta Bally Plutonic Belt in the Klamath Mountains Province, northern California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Available paleomagnetic data show approximately 100° of clockwise rotation for Permian and Triassic strata of the Eastern Klamath terrane. Jurassic strata of this terrane are rotated approximately 60° clockwise, which is comparable to rotations reported for Jurassic plutons that occur elsewhere in the Klamath Mountains province. Paleomagnetic data obtained during the present study from the Shasta Bally belt of Cretaceous plutons indicate 25.7° ± 13.6° of clockwise rotation for the province since Early Cretaceous time (≃ 136 Ma). The waning stages of rotation at the time of emplacement of the Shasta Bally belt plutons, which was closely followed by deposition of basal strata (Lower Cretaceous) of the Great Valley sequence, probably represents completion of accretion of the province to cratonic North America.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/GL015i001p00056","usgsCitation":"Mankinen, E.A., Irwin, W., and Gromme, C.S., 1988, Paleomagnetic results from the Shasta Bally Plutonic Belt in the Klamath Mountains Province, northern California: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 15, no. 1, p. 56-59, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL015i001p00056.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"56","endPage":"59","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354328,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Mountains Province","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.25,\n              40\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.75,\n              40\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.75,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.25,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.25,\n              40\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff338fe4b0da30c1bfd91b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mankinen, Edward A. 0000-0001-7496-2681 emank@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-2681","contributorId":1054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mankinen","given":"Edward","email":"emank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":735865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Irwin, William P.","contributorId":12889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"William P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gromme, C. Sherman","contributorId":22236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gromme","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Sherman","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70197264,"text":"70197264 - 1988 - Models of grades and tonnages of some lode tin deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-24T13:05:24","indexId":"70197264","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Models of grades and tonnages of some lode tin deposits","docAbstract":"<p class=\"Para\">Descriptive and grade/tonnage models have recently been built for many types of deposits. Such models consist of descriptions of mineralogy, host rocks, ore textures, controls, alteration, geochemical signatures, age, and tectonic settings, together with statistical models of grades, tonnages, and contained metal of deposits of each type. The models are used to identify areas that may contain undiscovered deposits of given types, to convey to non-geologists an idea of the importance of such deposits, and to test and refine classifications of mineral deposits.</p><p class=\"Para\">Descriptive and grade/tonnage models have recently been built for five types of primary tin deposits: rhyolite-hosted such as in Mexico; hydrothermal lodes such as in Cornwall, England, and the Herberton district, Queensland; replacement (or exhalative?) such as Renison Bell, Tasmania; skarn such as at Lost River, Alaska; and greisen such as in the Erzgebirge. Analyses of frequency distributions of tonnage, contained metal, tin grades and the relationships between these variables show that the deposits fall into four well-defined domains that have definite geological characteristics. Rhyolite-hosted, or Mexican, deposits contain a median of 4 t of tin and have a median grade of 0.4% Sn. Hydrothermal lode deposits have the highest grades. Half of such deposits have grades over 1.0% Sn, and the majority contain more than 1,000 t Sn. Large hydrothermal vein deposits contain more than 50,000 t Sn. Replacement (or exhalative?) deposits contain the largest amount of tin (median = 40,000 t). They are only of slightly lower grade (median = 0.80% Sn) than the hydrothermal lodes. Greisen or stockwork deposits have larger tonnages than replacement deposits, but contain less tin (median = 25,000 t).They are also of much lower grade (median = 0.3% Sn). Though grades and tonnages are available for only four skarn deposits, they appear to be more like greisen deposits than replacement deposits when compared using grades, tonnage and contained tin.</p><p class=\"Para\">Although these individual models of primary tin deposits must be regarded as preliminary because of the relatively small number of deposits upon which they are built, they clearly demonstrate differences among types and provide basic information that can be useful in making decisions about exploration strategy, land classification, and tin supply.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology of tin deposits in Asia and the Pacific","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-72765-8_4","usgsCitation":"Menzie, W., Reed, B., and Singer, D.A., 1988, Models of grades and tonnages of some lode tin deposits, chap. <i>of</i> Geology of tin deposits in Asia and the Pacific, p. 73-88, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72765-8_4.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"88","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354465,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15af92e4b092d9651e2330","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Menzie, W. D.","contributorId":52916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menzie","given":"W. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, B.L.","contributorId":29434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":736464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70014757,"text":"70014757 - 1988 - Paleoseismicity and neotectonics of the Cordillera Blanca fault zone, northern Peruvian Andes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-30T16:38:52.420497","indexId":"70014757","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoseismicity and neotectonics of the Cordillera Blanca fault zone, northern Peruvian Andes","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Cordillera Bianca fault zone is a major west dipping normal fault that bounds the west side of a 120- to 170-km-wide zone of active extension along the crest of the northern Peruvian Andes. The fault is approximately 210 km long and exhibits continuous geomorphic evidence of repeated late Pleistocene and Holocene displacements but has not been the source of historical or teleseismically recorded earthquakes. Trenching and mapping of fault scarps provide new information on earthquake recurrence, slip rate, timing of the most recent events, and Andean neotectonics. At Quebrada Queroccocha, 55 km from the south end of the zone, an 11,000- to 14,000-year-old moraine is displaced 12–15 m, and younger valley fill lacustrine and fluvial deposits are displaced 7.5–8 m. Scarp profiles, tectonic terraces, and trench exposures indicate five to seven scarp-forming earthquakes of 2–3 m per event during the past 11,000–14,000 years at this location. Considering uncertainties in the number of events and in the age of the displaced moraine, the average recurrence interval is estimated to be 2440±1060 years. Detrital charcoal from colluviums that predate and postdate the most recent event yielded ages of 2480±65 and 750+80&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup><span>C years B.P., respectively, and stratigraphic relationships suggest that the event may be closer to the older date. The late Quaternary slip rate at Quebrada Queroccocha is 0.86–1.36 mm/yr and appears to be representative of much of the fault zone. At Pachma Bajo, located 30 km from the north end of the zone on a separate segment, displacement during each of the past two events was 2 to ≥ 3 m. The morphology of scarps in alluvial fan and debris flow deposits indicates recurrence intervals of about 1000–3000 years. Relationships between pre-Inca walls and faulted deposits suggest that 1500–2000 years have elapsed since the most recent event. Fault behavior parameters, particularly displacement per event and fault segment length, show that the Cordillera Bianca fault zone is similar to seismogenic normal faults that nucleate&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;7–7½ earthquakes at depths of approximately 15 km. The Quebrada Queroccocha slip rate and analysis of other normal faults in the region suggest cumulative late Quaternary extensional strain rates of about 1–4 mm/yr across the complete zone of Andean crestal extension.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB093iB05p04712","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Schwartz, D.P., 1988, Paleoseismicity and neotectonics of the Cordillera Blanca fault zone, northern Peruvian Andes: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 93, no. B5, p. 4712-4730, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB093iB05p04712.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"4712","endPage":"4730","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225335,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7449e4b0c8380cd77566","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwartz, David P. 0000-0001-5193-9200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5193-9200","contributorId":52968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"David","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70182148,"text":"70182148 - 1988 - Colony attendance and population monitoring of Black-legged Kittiwakes on the Semidi Islands, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-16T16:14:46","indexId":"70182148","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Colony attendance and population monitoring of Black-legged Kittiwakes on the Semidi Islands, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>Patterns of colony attendance in Black-legged Kittiwakes (<i>Rissa tridactyla</i>) were studied over 5 years on the Semidi Islands, western Gulf of Alaska. A census period of 50 days, extending from first egg laying through final hatching, was appropriate because counts made then were subject to the least amount of daily variation. Five counts during that period were sufficient to detect a 25% change in numbers between years; counts made on all 50 days of the census period would detect a 5 to 7% change. There was little evidence for seasonal trends or serial correlation of counts during the census period, but attendance was negatively correlated with wind speed. Half of an apparent 17% increase in population between 1980 and 1981 was due to birds spending more time at their nest sites in the latter year, thereby increasing the mean of attendance counts. Despite such difficulties in the interpretation of attendance counts, birds were considered to be better counting units for population monitoring than nests, because nest densities were subject to large annual fluctuations in breeding effort.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/1368350","usgsCitation":"Hatch, S.A., and Hatch, M.A., 1988, Colony attendance and population monitoring of Black-legged Kittiwakes on the Semidi Islands, Alaska: The Condor, v. 90, no. 3, p. 613-620, https://doi.org/10.2307/1368350.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"613","endPage":"620","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502952,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/condor/vol90/iss3/11","text":"External Repository"},{"id":335797,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Alaska, Semidi Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -157.01385498046875,\n              55.93535636234868\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.46453857421872,\n              55.93535636234868\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.46453857421872,\n              56.30587237022282\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.01385498046875,\n              56.30587237022282\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.01385498046875,\n              55.93535636234868\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"90","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a6c85ce4b025c464286319","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatch, Martha A.","contributorId":181576,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hatch","given":"Martha","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}